Knowledge (XXG)

Dongotono language

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The voiced palatal stop /ɟ/ is described as implosive (/ʄ/). Vossen also notes that /b/ is interchangeable with implosive , and /d/ is interchangeable with implosive . /p/ does not occur word-initially in Vossen's Dongotono data, and is replaced by or between vowels. /pː/ does not seem to be
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Vossen states that for all the non-Bari languages, including Dongotono, the verbs fall into two morphological classes, conventionally called Class 1 and Class 2. Class 2 verbs have a stem with an initial close-front vowel /i-/ or /ɪ-/, and Class 1 verb stems are consonant-initial. A number of
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There has been very little research on Dongotono, but some tentative phonological and morphological observations can be found in Vossen (1982), based on wordlist data collected in the 1970s. Vossen notes that the data are too limited to draw any safe conclusions. He observed that the phoneme
277:, and the Dongotono live in large and densely populated settlements which include Chakari, Ikotos, Isoke and Chorokol,. There are an estimated 5,000 speakers of the language, and the language is considered threatened, though the number of Dongotono people may be as much as 35,000. 683:
present in Dongotono. /k/ is replaced by in certain environments but is retained in others. There are no examples the voiced velar stop /g/ in Vossen's Dongotono data. The glottal stop /ʔ/ occurs word-finally only. The glides /wː/ and /jː/ are only found word-medially.
249:. Of these languages, Lopit is most similar to Dongotono, with a comparative study showing 66.4% lexical similarity between the two. The same study showed 60.6% lexical similarity between Dongotono and Lotuko, and 56.5% similarity between Dongotono and Lokoya. 229:. Within Eastern Nilotic, Dongotono is considered part of the Lotuko language group, in the Lotuko-Maa branch of Teso-Lotuko-Maa (also referred to as the non-Bari languages). Other members of the Lotuko language group include 883:
Some example Dongotono words are given below, from the wordlist in Vossen (1982). Each Dongotono word is in the phonetic transcription used by Vossen, as there is not yet an established orthography for the language.
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inventories of Dongotono, Lokoya and Lopit were similar enough to be treated together, and provided a consonant inventory for all three languages together, represented in the table below.
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Vossen observes that on the surface there are four tones in Dongotono: High, Low, Mid, and High-Falling. They appear to be used for both lexical and grammatical contrasts.
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Vossen finds no examples of vowel length being contrastive in Dongotono. He observes that vowel harmony plays an important role, but does not describe the process.
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Number-marking on nouns appears to be extremely irregular. A variety of suffixes are used to indicate singular, singulative, and plural.
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However, Vossen notes that no different symbols were used for /a/ and /a/ "as they cannot be distinguished phonetically".
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Dongotono has been classified as a member of the Eastern Nilotic branch of Nilotic, in the Eastern Sudanic sub-grouping of
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Like other languages in the Lotuko group, Dongotono has two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine.
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According to Vossen, Dongotono has two sets of five vowels, distinguished by the phonological feature
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possible verbal affixes were observed but their functions not determined.
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The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions
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The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions
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The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions
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The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions
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The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions
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The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions
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The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions
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The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions
865:, as is typical for most Eastern Nilotic languages. 2487: 2467: 2451: 2408: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2340: 2288: 2247: 2238: 2212: 2203: 2162: 2126: 2086: 2058: 2049: 2010: 1968: 1947: 1938: 1910: 1877: 1837: 1806: 1790: 1781: 1719: 1696: 1680: 1621: 1568: 1281: 1265: 1220:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. pp. 213–219. 1160:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. pp. 189–192. 180: 154: 149: 61: 51: 41: 31: 21: 213:language spoken by an estimated 5,000 people in 1205:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 193. 1190:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 193. 1175:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 192. 1093:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 111. 1063:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 165. 261:, who live on the north-western slopes of the 1515: 1243: 8: 209:(Dongotono pronunciation: /dóŋòtónò/) is an 2382: 2373: 2244: 2209: 2055: 2046: 2031: 1944: 1787: 1778: 1761: 1574: 1565: 1548: 1522: 1508: 1500: 1250: 1236: 1228: 18: 695:(). These are listed in the table below. 273:. Administratively, this area is part of 886: 697: 293: 257:The Dongotono language is spoken by the 1009: 16:Eastern Nilotic language of South Sudan 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 861:Word order in Dongotono is generally 245:, all spoken in nearby regions of in 7: 14: 1078:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. 832: 825: 809: 800: 782: 773: 759: 752: 745: 738: 669: 651: 638: 621: 597: 567: 538: 526: 514: 503: 471: 458: 450: 443: 436: 429: 417: 410: 401: 394: 376: 367: 358: 345: 1: 1541:Nilo-Saharan language family 2567: 375: 373: 366: 364: 357: 355: 344: 342: 2546:Eastern Nilotic languages 2520: 2045: 2030: 1777: 1760: 1577: 1564: 1547: 1537: 1531:Eastern Sudanic languages 822: 707: 702: 700: 676: 664: 662: 660: 658: 644: 633: 631: 629: 627: 611: 607: 605: 603: 592: 590: 588: 577: 575: 573: 562: 560: 558: 547: 534: 523: 490: 488: 486: 484: 482: 480: 407: 386: 382: 353: 351: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 26: 2551:Languages of South Sudan 2017:Large group listed below 1259:Languages of South Sudan 265:in the southern part of 1216:Vossen, Rainer (1982). 1201:Vossen, Rainer (1982). 1186:Vossen, Rainer (1982). 1171:Vossen, Rainer (1982). 1156:Vossen, Rainer (1982). 1089:Vossen, Rainer (1982). 1074:Vossen, Rainer (1982). 1059:Vossen, Rainer (1982). 1048:(subscription required) 1034:(subscription required) 267:Eastern Equatoria State 253:Geographic distribution 169: – Dongotono 1539:Part of the proposed 1282:Indigenous languages 693:Advanced Tongue Root 2139:Lango (South Sudan) 863:Verb-Subject-Object 263:Dongotono Mountains 176: – Okolie 2533: 2532: 2527:extinct languages 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2483: 2482: 2363: 2362: 2336: 2335: 2199: 2198: 2038:Nilotic languages 2026: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2006: 2005: 1873: 1872: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1676: 1675: 1497: 1496: 1266:Official language 1046:(18th ed., 2015) 1032:(18th ed., 2015) 1001: 1000: 840: 839: 728: 724: 720: 716: 680: 679: 616: 586: 556: 499: 391: 340: 204: 203: 193:  Dongotonic 57:5,000 (2013) 2558: 2383: 2374: 2245: 2210: 2056: 2047: 2040: 2032: 1945: 1788: 1779: 1762: 1575: 1566: 1549: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1501: 1252: 1245: 1238: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1127: 1121: 1120: 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2088:Teso–Turkana 1975: 1768: 1650: 1608: 1581: 1555: 1353: 1324:Belanda Viri 1217: 1211: 1202: 1196: 1187: 1181: 1172: 1166: 1157: 1151: 1139:. 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Retrieved 1108: 1099: 1090: 1084: 1075: 1069: 1060: 1054: 1041: 1027: 882: 874: 871: 867: 860: 852: 844: 841: 690: 681: 284: 256: 227:Nilo-Saharan 224: 206: 205: 181: 124: 73:Nilo-Saharan 2260:Belanda Bor 1920:Keiga Jirru 1641:El Hugeirat 1623:Hill Nubian 1369:Juba Arabic 1131:"Dongotona" 1105:"Dongotona" 614:Approximant 271:South Sudan 247:South Sudan 215:South Sudan 85:Kir–Abbaian 36:South Sudan 2540:Categories 2213:Dinka–Nuer 2164:Ongamo–Maa 2096:Karamojong 1983:Daju Mongo 1610:Old Nubian 1484:West Banda 1043:Ethnologue 1029:Ethnologue 1004:References 893:Dongotono 879:Vocabulary 290:Consonants 121:–Dongotono 2525:indicate 2395:Kupsabiny 2134:Dongotono 2116:Nyangatom 1838:Southwest 1807:Southeast 1771:languages 1767:Southern 1734:Miisiirii 1589:Dongolawi 1558:languages 1554:Northern 1354:Dongotono 1339:Daasanach 1024:Dongotono 769:Close-mid 497:Fricative 281:Phonology 207:Dongotono 183:Glottolog 157:ISO 639-3 125:Dongotono 42:Ethnicity 27:Dongotono 22:Dongotono 2423:Kipsigis 2378:Kalenjin 2369:Southern 2289:Southern 2248:Northern 1379:Jur Modo 914:mountain 794:Open-mid 315:Alveolar 305:Lab-dent 197:dong1294 190:dong1301 103:–Lotuko– 2523:Italics 2495:Datooga 2428:Markwet 2275:Shilluk 2205:Western 2184:Samburu 2111:Turkana 2076:Mandari 2051:Eastern 2012:Nilotic 1969:Western 1955:Logorik 1948:Eastern 1850:Didinga 1729:Mararit 1711:Nyimang 1646:Ghulfan 1636:Dilling 1464:Shilluk 1424:Mangaya 1344:Didinga 1299:Avokaya 1273:English 1135:Gurtong 1109:Gurtong 997:mʊ́nʊ́ 989:kwenyí 973:chɪ́mà 890:English 857:Grammar 554:Lateral 330:Glottal 320:Palatal 162:Either: 109:Lotuko– 91:Nilotic 2500:Omotik 2475:Pökoot 2468:Pökoot 2433:Naandi 2400:Sabaot 2316:Dholuo 2306:Adhola 2301:Acholi 2172:Maasai 2144:Lokoya 2127:Lotuko 2106:Toposa 1988:Nyolge 1925:Temein 1912:Temein 1902:Sillok 1865:Tennet 1860:Laarim 1798:Majang 1783:Surmic 1739:Sungor 1706:Afitti 1658:Kadaru 1652:Haraza 1604:Nobiin 1583:Birgid 1570:Nubian 1479:Toposa 1474:Togoyo 1454:Olu’bo 1419:Lotuko 1409:Lokoya 1399:Laarim 1384:Kaligi 1289:Acholi 1141:Jan 9, 1137:. 2014 1111:. 2014 1038:Okolie 978:animal 957:ñyàrí 933:kûtûk 925:kárɪ́ 901:kɔlɔŋ 687:Vowels 584:Rhotic 310:Dental 300:Labial 239:Lokoya 235:Lotuko 115:Lotuko 101:Ateker 32:Region 2459:Ogiek 2443:Tugen 2438:Terik 2418:Keiyo 2387:Elgon 2342:Burun 2321:Kumam 2280:Thuri 2255:Anuak 2220:Dinka 2189:Camus 2178:Ngasa 2154:Otuho 2149:Lopit 1993:Nyala 1977:Beigo 1960:Shatt 1855:Murle 1845:Baale 1824:Mursi 1819:Meʼen 1814:Kwegu 1791:North 1721:Taman 1698:Nyima 1663:Karko 1599:Midob 1594:Kenzi 1489:Zande 1444:Ndogo 1434:Murle 1414:Lopit 1404:Lango 1389:Kresh 1364:Indri 1349:Dinka 1334:Bongo 1304:Baale 1115:9 Jan 994:snake 981:tíàŋ 965:kárí 962:water 954:grass 949:sánì 941:kání 930:mouth 922:river 917:dôŋé 734:Close 704:Front 338:Nasal 325:Velar 243:Lango 231:Lopit 119:Lopit 2311:Alur 2270:Päri 2230:Reel 2225:Nuer 2101:Teso 2071:Kuku 2066:Bari 2059:Bari 1998:Sila 1940:Daju 1930:Tese 1897:Molo 1892:Kelo 1887:Gaam 1829:Suri 1744:Tama 1688:Nara 1681:Nara 1668:Wali 1631:Dair 1469:Suri 1459:Opuo 1449:Nuer 1439:Naka 1429:Moru 1394:Kuku 1359:Homa 1329:Beli 1319:Bari 1314:Baka 1143:2015 1117:2015 986:bird 970:fire 946:tree 938:hand 909:afa 906:moon 849:Tone 819:Open 709:Back 389:Stop 241:and 2265:Jur 2240:Luo 1374:Jur 1309:Bai 1294:Aja 1040:at 1026:at 898:sun 173:oie 166:ddd 111:Maa 105:Maa 2542:: 1133:. 1107:. 1012:^ 674:ː 656:ː 476:ː) 424:tː 419:d̪ 412:t̪ 269:, 237:, 233:, 217:. 75:? 1769:n 1556:k 1523:e 1516:t 1509:v 1251:e 1244:t 1237:v 1145:. 1119:. 834:a 827:a 811:ɔ 802:ɛ 784:o 775:e 761:ʊ 754:u 747:ɪ 740:i 671:j 653:w 640:j 623:w 599:r 569:l 543:) 540:x 537:( 528:s 519:) 516:f 513:( 508:) 505:ɸ 502:( 473:p 470:( 463:) 460:ʔ 457:( 452:g 445:k 438:ɟ 431:c 403:b 396:p 378:ŋ 369:ɲ 360:n 347:m 87:? 81:?

Index

South Sudan
Dongotono people
Language family
Nilo-Saharan
Eastern Sudanic
Kir–Abbaian
Nilotic
Eastern Nilotic
Ateker
Maa
Maa
Lopit
ISO 639-3
ddd
oie
Glottolog
dong1301
dong1294
Eastern Nilotic
South Sudan
Nilo-Saharan
Lopit
Lotuko
Lokoya
Lango
South Sudan
Dongotono people
Dongotono Mountains
Eastern Equatoria State
South Sudan

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