493:
931: (1st Cir.) ("We believe that the Dost factors are generally relevant and provide some guidance in evaluating whether the display in question is lascivious. We emphasize, however, that these factors are neither comprehensive nor necessarily applicable in every situation. Although Dost provides some specific, workable criteria, there may be other factors that are equally if not more important in determining whether a photograph contains a lascivious exhibition. The inquiry will always be case-specific.").
659:, 32 F.3d 733 (3d Cir. 1994) did not prohibit ordinary swim team or underwear model photographs, but "although the genitals were clothed in that case, they were covered by thin, opaque clothing with an obvious purpose to draw attention to them, were displayed by models who spread or extended their legs to make the pubic and genital region entirely visible to the viewer, and were displayed by models who danced or gyrated in a way indicative of adult sexual relations".
783:
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757:, necessitates a drawn out analysis of materials that most people would not, in the past, have considered obscene or even sexual in nature. Through such analyses, police, judges, lawyers, and, ultimately, members of the public are forced to closely inspect increasingly innocuous images of children (and children generally) to determine whether the depicted children might be acting in a sexual manner."
682:, the Eighth Circuit held that even if the child is acting innocently, the images can be lascivious if they are intended to be sexual. In that case, videos had been taken of nude girls "freeze-framed at moments when their pubic areas are most exposed, as, for instance, when they are doing cartwheels; and these areas are at the center of the image and form the focus of the depiction." In
662:
The Fifth
Circuit of the United States departed from Dost with respect to the intent of the Defendant, concluding well that a given photo may constitute child pornography even if the photographer clearly had only asexual intent, and that likewise a photo of a child in a winter coat was not child
707:
that deals specifically with appealing to the prurient interest. The other two prongs of the Miller test are whether or not the material violates contemporary community standards and whether or not the material in question has serious artistic, literary, or political value.
612:
factors (sexually suggestive setting, inappropriate attire or unnatural poses, and a suggestion of sexual coyness) were absent from the videos taken by the defendant, but the Eighth
Circuit ruled that a reasonable jury could still find that he had acted lasciviously.
711:
However, because obscenity and child pornography are two distinct categories of speech, and child pornography is not required to be obscene, any relation to the Miller standard as applied to virtual/fictional child pornography is immaterial, as explained by
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567:
1302:
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professor Amy Adler as forcing members of the public to look at pictures of children as a pedophile would in order to determine whether they are considered inappropriate. "As everything becomes
1559:
982:"Revised Regulations for Records Relating to Visual Depictions of Sexually Explicit Conduct; Inspection of Records Relating to Depiction of Simulated Sexually Explicit Performance; Final Rule"
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686:, the court noted that "statements made by the producer about the images are relevant in determining whether the images were intended to elicit a sexual response in the viewer."
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in the eyes of the law—clothed children, coy children, children in settings where children are found—perhaps children themselves become pornographic".
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604:, the court developed six criteria. Not all of the criteria need to be met, nor are other criteria necessarily excluded in this test. For example, in
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1986). The case involved 22 nude or semi-nude photographs of females aged 10–14 years old. The undeveloped film containing the images was mailed to a
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This article discusses the case United States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828 (S.D. Cal. 1986); not United States v. Dost, 575 F.2d 1303 (10th Cir. 1978)
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In order to better determine whether a visual depiction of a minor constitutes a "lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area" under
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666:"Lascivious" can describe a multitude of elements including the child's partial or complete nudity or the focus of the image (as held in
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Whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually suggestive, i.e., in a place or pose generally associated with sexual activity.
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Whether the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappropriate attire, considering the age of the child.
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Whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a willingness to engage in sexual activity.
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Whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to elicit a sexual response in the viewer.
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885:"United States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828 - Dist. Court, SD California 1986 - Google Scholar"
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Whether the focal point of the visual depiction is on the child's genitalia or pubic area.
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1124:"Danger of Fighting Monsters: Addressing the Hidden Harms of Child Pornography Law, The"
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1032:"U.S. v. KEMMERLING | 285 F.3d 644 (2002) | 5f3d6441868 | Leagle.com"
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pornography, even if a pedophile was sexually stimulated by the latter.
1148:
1091:"Miller v. California, 413 US 15 - Supreme Court 1973 - Google Scholar"
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On appeal of a court's determination that a depiction is lascivious, a
389:
1105:"Amy Adler discusses her legal scholarship in interdisciplinary forum"
1008:"United States v. Steen, No. 10-50114 (5th Cir., Filed Feb. 25, 2011)"
653:
documentation regulations in a 2008 rule, writing that the precedent
1051:"A Call to Rewrite America's Child Pornography Test: The Dost Test"
1357:
1303:
Child
Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990
942:"U.S. v. Johnson, 639 F.3d 433 | Casetext Search + Citator"
753:
Robert J. Danay notes, "The application of these factors, as in
674:), the filmmaker's intent, or the viewer's reaction (as held in
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703:
generally under US law. Dost only focused on the prong of the
1073:"U.S. v. Horn, 187 F.3d 781 | Casetext Search + Citator"
641:
Concerning the lascivious display of clothed genitalia, the
734:
is required, due to the First
Amendment rights implicated.
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Whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude.
690:
Relation to other elements of US child pornography law
992:(244): 77431–77472. December 18, 2008. Archived from
558:
is a six-factor guideline established in 1986 in the
1201:
Legal objections to pornography in the United States
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President's
Commission on Obscenity and Pornography
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1858:Legal status of drawn pornography depicting minors
840:Legal status of drawn pornography depicting minors
1289:Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act
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699:sets the precedent as to what may constitute
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8:
1684:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group
475:Sex offender registries in the United States
1540:Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014
1730:
1550:Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship
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1863:Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children
1560:Possession of Extreme Pornographic Images
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1867:Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
1787:Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996
1107:. NYU School of Law News. Archived from
1873:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
1845:Debate regarding child pornography laws
903:"Blogger's Legal Guide: Adult Material"
873:
482:
461:
221:
37:
21:
1656:Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
1279:Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance
7:
1545:British Board of Film Classification
1313:Pornography Victims Compensation Act
1677:United States v. Extreme Associates
645:described use of the Dost test in
14:
1663:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
715:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
1899:United States obscenity case law
809:
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781:
767:
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29:
1196:Adult film industry regulations
670:), the child's act (as held in
1607:American Booksellers v. Hudnut
899:Electronic Frontier Foundation
817:Erotica and pornography portal
1:
1555:Obscene Publications Act 1959
16:United States court guideline
560:United States district court
289:Criminal transmission of HIV
1284:Child Online Protection Act
742:The test was criticized by
668:United States v. Kemmerling
1925:
1642:R v Glad Day Bookshops Inc
1308:Communications Decency Act
643:U.S. Department of Justice
547:
498:Human sexuality portal
119:Deviant sexual intercourse
1820:United States v. Williams
1565:Video Recordings Act 2010
1122:Danay, Robert J. (2005).
924:United States v. Amirault
721:United States v. Williams
462:Sex offender registration
299:Female genital mutilation
1049:Dowling, Kieran (2014).
606:United States v. Johnson
909:on September 11, 2023.
830:Child pornography laws
227:varies by jurisdiction
1904:Child pornography law
1614:California v. Freeman
864:, 495 U.S. 103 (1990)
858:, 458 U.S. 747 (1982)
852:, 394 U.S. 557 (1969)
680:United States v. Horn
656:United States v. Knox
564:United States v. Dost
470:Sex offender registry
1909:1986 in American law
1628:Miller v. California
1408:United Arab Emirates
1295:Custodian of Records
1180:Pornography legality
789:United States portal
696:Miller v. California
566:, 636 F. Supp. 828 (
439:UK Section 63 (2008)
294:Cybersex trafficking
1812:PROTECT Act of 2003
929:173 F.3d 28
176:Reproductive rights
51:Reproductive rights
1795:New York v. Ferber
1670:Stanley v. Georgia
1621:Jacobellis v. Ohio
1111:on March 26, 2023.
901:(25 August 2011).
856:New York v. Ferber
850:Stanley v. Georgia
284:Child prostitution
250:Anti-miscegenation
181:Right to sexuality
171:Red-light district
114:Pedophile advocacy
74:Conversion therapy
64:Capital punishment
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1020:on June 24, 2022.
996:on April 8, 2023.
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701:illegal obscenity
647:child pornography
601:§ 2256(2)(B)
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304:Forcible touching
272:Child pornography
222:Specific offences
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38:Social issues
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1840:COPINE scale
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1701:Meese Report
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1222:South Africa
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1109:the original
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1077:casetext.com
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1059:the original
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395:Sexual abuse
375:Revenge porn
336:Prostitution
226:
214:Circumcision
204:Survival sex
186:Sex industry
1766:Philippines
1761:Netherlands
1723:pornography
1649:R v Peacock
1590:New Zealand
1489:Netherlands
1388:South Korea
1378:Philippines
705:Miller test
580:Los Angeles
574:company in
449:Trafficking
309:Fornication
154:Pornography
98:Transgender
82:Civil union
70:LGBT rights
1893:Categories
1734:By country
1635:R v Butler
1353:Kazakhstan
869:References
775:Law portal
584:California
262:Bestiality
56:Homophobia
1741:Australia
1585:Australia
1383:Singapore
1348:Hong Kong
1343:Indonesia
845:Obscenity
738:Criticism
597:18 U.S.C.
576:Hollywood
454:Voyeurism
427:U.S. laws
380:Seduction
363:statutory
346:procuring
319:Obscenity
255:U.S. laws
1771:Portugal
1504:Portugal
1424:Bulgaria
1398:Thailand
1373:Pakistan
1368:Maldives
1363:Malaysia
1253:Colombia
1231:Americas
761:See also
724:(2008).
637:Case law
608:, three
590:Criteria
568:S.D.Cal.
444:Violence
324:U.S. law
238:Adultery
94:Intersex
90:Adoption
1578:Oceania
1524:Ukraine
1469:Ireland
1464:Iceland
1459:Hungary
1449:Germany
1439:Finland
1434:Estonia
1429:Denmark
1258:Jamaica
1217:Nigeria
1134:(151).
744:NYU Law
730:de novo
684:Johnson
483:Portals
417:Slavery
390:Sexting
368:marital
331:Pimping
46:Consent
1746:Canada
1519:Sweden
1509:Russia
1499:Poland
1494:Norway
1479:Latvia
1454:Greece
1444:France
1417:Europe
1403:Turkey
1393:Taiwan
1263:Mexico
1248:Canada
1238:Brazil
1210:Africa
1140:848724
1138:
1036:Leagle
927:,
732:review
678:). In
672:Ferber
599:
422:Sodomy
341:forced
314:Incest
144:Ethics
1833:Other
1756:Japan
1751:India
1721:Child
1694:Other
1599:Cases
1514:Spain
1484:Malta
1474:Italy
1358:Japan
1338:India
1333:China
1243:Chile
1018:(PDF)
1011:(PDF)
562:case
400:child
129:Norms
1853:test
1851:Dost
1725:laws
1326:Asia
1188:Laws
1136:SSRN
755:Knox
718:and
676:Knox
651:2257
649:and
610:Dost
556:test
554:Dost
551:The
358:Rape
277:Laws
243:Laws
159:Laws
1895::
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1533:UK
1272:US
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