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118:
742:
and overlapping armor plating which characterizes the genus. The chest would have been much more likely to have flexed laterally (like most living reptiles and amphibians) while the animal was walking. The first few tail vertebrae were similar to the body vertebrae, so the front of the tail would probably have been held level with the body. The rest of the tail would have been more capable of bending downward, but lacked many adaptations for lateral movement. This means that, if
1288:
140:
727:
1747:
771:
554:
395:
634:
803:
osteoderm development lies in the fact that the ridges formed from the bone instead of the pits. In most prehistoric armored animals with pitted osteoderms, the pitting pattern formed due to specific spots of the bone being reabsorbed, creating pits. This even holds true to other doswelliids such as
650:
would have been incapable of any notable form of movement other than vertical scissor-like snapping. In addition, the expanded back of the skull and very deep rear part of the lower jaw likely housed muscles that could let the jaw both open and close with a high amount of force. This contrasts with
741:
was long and flexible, although also heavily armored, so it was likely incapable of bending above the horizontal, instead probably being used more for downwards and lateral (side-to-side) movement. The body was also probably incapable of moving up and down to much of an extent due to the extensive
437:. Two additional slabs were later unearthed at the same site and almost certainly pertained to the same individual. One of these slabs contained additional vertebrae and ribs while the other contained a partial skull and mandible. These additional slabs were collectively termed the
667:
are support for the idea that it was an aquatic carnivore. In addition, its relatively compact osteoderms are also evidence for an aquatic lifestyle. However, it may not necessarily have been strictly aquatic, as these features are also found in animals such as
603:
is also distinctive. The neck is elongated and partially covered by a fused collection of bony scutes called a nuchal plate. The ribs in the front part of the torso project horizontally from the spine and then bend at nearly 90-degree angles to give the body of
1041:"First occurrence of Doswellia cf. D. kaltenbachi (Archosauriformes) from the Late Triassic (middle Norian) Chinle Formation of Arizona and its implications on proposed biostratigraphic correlations across North America during the Late Triassic"
790:
analysis to study growth patterns. The analysis concluded that the osteoderm formed by "intramembraneous ossification" due to the lack of structural fibers within it. This means that the bone of the osteoderm formed from a soft layer of
645:
The quadratojugal and surangular bones (on the cranium and lower jaw, respectively) were both incorporated into the jaw joint, reinforcing the joint and preventing side-to-side or front-to back movement. As a result, the jaws of
539:
determined that its supposed snout fragments represented an entire skull of a related doswelliid. Once major anatomical differences were discovered, the species was given its own genus,
527:. The holotype of this species was NMMNH P-61909, an incomplete skeleton including skull fragments, osteoderms, vertebrae, and possible limb fragments. It was found in strata of the
568:
features in its skeleton. The skull is low and elongated with a narrow snout and wide temporal region behind the eye sockets. The temporal region is unusual in that it is
324:. It possesses many unusual features including a wide, flattened head with narrow jaws and a box-like rib cage surrounded by many rows of bony plates. The type species
1896:
814:
shows no evidence for reabsorption of specific areas, instead showing increased amounts of bone growth in the web of ridges which surround the pits. Although certain "
1827:
1306:
651:
modern crocodilians, which have a powerful bite but a much weaker ability to open their jaws. Nevertheless, the high amount of sculpturing in the skull of
750:, material that is preserved suggests that both the front and rear legs were strongly built. Although the bizarre downward pointing hip could have given
468:
after the
Doswell specimens were found. The Ashland specimens are cataloged as USNM 186989 and USNM 244215. Assorted osteoderms and vertebrae from the
1336:
746:
was an aquatic predator, it probably would not have used its tail for swimming as in modern crocodilians. Although limb material is not well known in
1814:
1921:
871:, a group that includes crocodilians and their extinct relatives. More recently, Dilkes and Sues (2009) proposed a close relationship between
1911:
825:
archosaurs) also have osteoderms which form from bone growth in specific areas, their osteoderms are relatively smooth rather than pitted.
1729:
1001:, gen. et comb. nov. (Archosauriformes, Proterochampsia), and cranial convergence in snout elongation across stem and crown archosaurs".
1886:
1093:"Redescription and phylogenetic relationships of Doswellia kaltenbachi (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia"
655:
is similar to the skulls of modern crocodilians. It is likely an adaptation to minimize stresses in the skull during a powerful bite.
426:
1916:
700:) or defense, partially burying itself to keep its armor exposed yet protect its soft underside. This technique is used by modern
1906:
762:), various other primitive features suggest that it was more likely to have been sprawling or semi-sprawling most of the time.
501:
1205:"The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs"
1329:
859:, a group of archosaurs that traditionally included many Triassic archosaurs. He placed the genus within its own family,
532:
1881:
1750:
139:
1241:"An unusual new archosauriform from the Middle–Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the monophyly of Doswelliidae"
1901:
1451:
528:
361:
795:, rather than fibrous tendons or cartilage. Growth marks within the bone indicate that the holotype specimen of
1322:
997:
Brenen M. Wynd; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Michelle R. Stocker; Andrew B. Heckert (2020). "A detailed description of
1891:
481:
473:
333:
117:
1767:
1853:
1039:
Parker, William G.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Marsh, Adam D.; Kligman, Ben T.; Bader, Kenneth (2021-11-03).
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1293:
822:
572:, which means that the lower of the two temporal holes on either side of the skull has closed. The
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696:. It is also conceivable that it was capable of limited burrowing either for shelter (as in
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bone has expanded into the region the lower temporal opening would normally occupy. Paired
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stretched from the nuchal plate to the tail. At least ten rows covered the widest part of
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460:, a little south of Doswell. These specimens were initially believed to have belonged to
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extend beyond the skull's back margin to form small horn-like projections. The skull of
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In the 1950s and 1960s, several additional bones (including vertebrae, osteoderms, a
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356:, the town from which much of the taxon's remains have been found. A second species,
321:
297:
68:
30:
1203:
Ponce, Dennis A.; Cerda, Ignacio A.; Desojo, Julia B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (2017).
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to
Doswelliidae, and found support for Dilkes and Sues' classification in their own
1648:
1594:
1573:
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1301:
1141:"An unusual newly discovered archosaur from the Upper Triassic of Virginia, U.S.A."
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1179:"Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) Tetrapods from the Southwestern United States"
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which also had its osteoderms analyzed, differed from the genus in multiple ways.
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1393:
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891:
868:
856:
806:
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43:
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915:, the family Doswelliidae is still considered valid due to other taxa (such as
633:
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were discovered in 1974 during the construction of a sewage treatment plant in
1543:
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1375:
1302:
Images of a large portion of the holotype specimen, housed at the
Smithsonian.
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417:) unearthed a large block containing a partial skeleton, including numerous
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In 2012, a new species of archosauriform was described and referred to
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was named in 1980 from fossils found within the Vinita member of the
161:
1761:
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959:
Heckert, Andrew B.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Spielmann, Justin A. (2012).
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from the Upper
Triassic Bluewater Creek Formation, New Mexico, USA"
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632:
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lacks several bones found in other archosauriforms, including the
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found at the site (USNM 437574) was also referred to the species.
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Julia B. Desojo, Martin D. Ezcurra and Cesar L. Schultz (2011).
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which is known to have preyed on terrestrial reptiles such as
516:, making the Arizona remains among the youngest in the genus.
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of North
America. It is the most notable member of the family
718:, so there is no direct evidence for burrowing adaptations.
799:
died at 13 years of age. Perhaps the most unique aspect of
663:
The pointed teeth, long snout, and upward-pointing eyes of
1183:
New Mexico Museum of
Natural History and Science Bulletin
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bone of the hip also projects horizontally. Rows of
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1612:
1562:
1513:
1462:
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692:, and (most speculatively) large flying or hopping
413:. A party led by James Kaltenbach (the namesake of
1144:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
863:, and suborder, Dosweliina. Parrish (1993) placed
961:"A new species of the enigmatic archosauromorph
931:from Texas) being considered close relatives of
883:(2011) added the South American archosauriforms
851:, was described by Weems in 1980. Weems placed
1330:
8:
730:Multiple rows of armor from the holotype of
425:(bony plates), and other bones. This block,
1177:Long, Robert A.; Murry, Phillip A. (1995).
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1245:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
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714:lizards. The front limbs are unknown in
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684:. Other possible food sources include
398:Vertebrae and ribs of the holotype of
7:
1198:
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875:and the early archosauriform family
810:. However, the studied osteoderm of
766:Histology and osteoderm development
1097:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1045:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1003:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
774:An osteoderm from the holotype of
14:
608:a box-like shape. The blade-like
441:, USNM 214823. An isolated right
1746:
1745:
1728:
1286:
1258:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00655.x
1091:Dilkes, D.; Sues, H. D. (2009).
981:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01200.x
867:among the most primitive of the
429:244214, has been designated the
382:fossils are also known from the
138:
782:In 2017, an osteoderm from the
405:The most complete specimens of
360:was described in 2012 from the
1109:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010362
502:Petrified Forest National Park
1:
1922:Fossil taxa described in 1980
1212:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1057:10.1080/02724634.2021.1976196
1015:10.1080/02724634.2019.1748042
531:exposed at Sixmile Canyon in
1912:Triassic geology of Virginia
312:was a low and heavily built
535:. A 2020 redescription of "
533:McKinley County, New Mexico
488:have also been assigned to
1938:
1887:Prehistoric reptile genera
911:only distantly related to
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907:are now considered to be
831:, a supposed relative of
754:an upright posture as in
529:Bluewater Creek Formation
508:. They were found in the
362:Bluewater Creek Formation
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135:Scientific classification
133:
124:
115:
23:
16:Extinct genus of reptiles
1917:Paleontology in Virginia
999:Rugarhynchos sixmilensis
523:, as the second species
344:, is part of the larger
1907:Paleontology in Arizona
758:(including the armored
492:. Fossils referable to
482:Monitor Butte Formation
474:Colorado City Formation
334:Falling Creek Formation
332:(formerly known as the
316:which lived during the
1310:at Palaeos Vertebrates
1225:10.4202/app.00381.2017
779:
734:
642:
637:The paratype skull of
564:possesses many highly
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537:Doswellia" sixmilensis
456:) were unearthed near
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1854:Paleobiology Database
849:Doswellia kaltenbachi
786:holotype was given a
776:Doswellia kaltenbachi
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732:Doswellia kaltenbachi
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639:Doswellia kaltenbachi
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525:Doswellia sixmilensis
415:Doswellia kaltenbachi
400:Doswellia kaltenbachi
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380:Doswellia kaltenbachi
326:Doswellia kaltenbachi
271:Doswellia kaltenbachi
127:Doswellia kaltenbachi
1139:R. E. Weems (1980).
659:Diet and life habits
125:Life restoration of
1294:Paleontology portal
899:analysis. Although
823:paracrocodylomorph
780:
735:
643:
641:, seen from below.
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403:
342:Taylorsville Basin
1882:Proterochampsians
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1841:Open Tree of Life
1768:Taxon identifiers
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1614:Proterochampsidae
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877:Proterochampsidae
793:periosteal tissue
629:Jaw functionality
480:, as well as the
411:Doswell, Virginia
346:Newark Supergroup
330:Doswell Formation
304:, related to the
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1902:Triassic Arizona
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510:Blue Mesa Member
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1251:(4): 839–871.
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1146:. New Series.
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909:erpetosuchids
906:
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367:
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347:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Late Triassic
320:stage of the
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Late Triassic
295:
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287:
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273:
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100:
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55:
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39:
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31:Late Triassic
26:
22:
19:
1775:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1654:
1649:Stenoscelida
1647:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1600:
1595:Rugarhynchos
1593:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1574:Ankylosuchus
1572:
1564:Doswelliidae
1552:Vigilosaurus
1550:
1542:
1534:
1528:Litorosuchus
1526:
1492:
1389:
1380:
1307:
1268:11336/160636
1248:
1244:
1234:
1215:
1211:
1186:
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1147:
1143:
1100:
1096:
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1044:
1006:
1002:
998:
972:
968:
962:
932:
928:Ankylosuchus
926:
916:
912:
904:
900:
897:phylogenetic
890:
884:
880:
872:
869:crurotarsans
864:
861:Doswelliidae
852:
848:
845:type species
842:
832:
826:
816:rauisuchians
811:
805:
800:
796:
788:histological
783:
781:
775:
751:
747:
743:
738:
737:The neck of
736:
731:
715:
709:
681:Malerisaurus
679:
669:
664:
662:
652:
647:
644:
638:
624:Paleobiology
617:
605:
600:
599:The body of
598:
586:postfrontals
581:
561:
560:
542:Rugarhynchos
540:
536:
524:
520:
518:
497:
493:
489:
465:
447:
434:
414:
406:
404:
399:
386:of Arizona.
379:
375:Rugarhynchos
373:
366:Chinle Group
357:
349:
325:
309:
302:Doswelliidae
284:
283:
282:
270:
269:
263:Type species
250:
249:
237:Doswelliidae
214:
201:
188:
126:
24:
18:
1800:Wikispecies
1683:Gualosuchus
1588:Jaxtasuchus
1394:Eucrocopoda
1150:(7): 1–53.
918:Jaxtasuchus
905:Archeopelta
892:Archeopelta
857:Thecodontia
807:Jaxtasuchus
801:Doswellia's
760:ankylosaurs
686:crustaceans
549:Description
545:, in 2020.
498:kaltenbachi
378:. Bonafide
276:Weems, 1980
256:Weems, 1980
1876:Categories
1544:Vancleavea
1473:see below↓
1425:Sauropsida
1410:Sauropsida
1376:Sauropsida
939:References
828:Vancleavea
702:armadillos
698:alligators
671:Parasuchus
614:osteoderms
470:Otis Chalk
462:phytosaurs
423:osteoderms
370:New Mexico
1806:Doswellia
1776:Doswellia
1581:Doswellia
1362:Kingdom:
1308:Doswellia
1103:: 58–79.
1073:243474578
1065:0272-4634
1023:219917329
963:Doswellia
933:Doswellia
913:Doswellia
879:. Desojo
873:Doswellia
865:Doswellia
853:Doswellia
833:Doswellia
812:Doswellia
797:Doswellia
784:Doswellia
756:dinosaurs
752:Doswellia
748:Doswellia
744:Doswellia
739:Doswellia
716:Doswellia
676:phytosaur
665:Doswellia
653:Doswellia
648:Doswellia
620:'s back.
618:Doswellia
606:Doswellia
601:Doswellia
582:Doswellia
570:euryapsid
562:Doswellia
521:Doswellia
494:Doswellia
490:Doswellia
466:Doswellia
419:vertebrae
407:Doswellia
390:Discovery
350:Doswellia
314:carnivore
310:Doswellia
296:from the
285:Doswellia
251:Doswellia
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
36:220
25:Doswellia
1791:Q2667011
1785:Wikidata
1751:Category
1370:Chordata
1368:Phylum:
1364:Animalia
1189:: 1–238.
901:Tarjadia
886:Tarjadia
722:Movement
711:Cordylus
706:echidnas
690:bivalves
590:tabulars
452:, and a
439:paratype
431:holotype
421:, ribs,
338:Virginia
230:Family:
182:Reptilia
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
1846:4127945
1833:1418503
1820:4819190
1374:Class:
1164:1006472
1117:7025069
923:Germany
855:within
818:" (non-
694:insects
566:derived
512:of the
506:Arizona
458:Ashland
450:dentary
364:of the
354:Doswell
318:Carnian
243:Genus:
178:Class:
105:↓
1162:
1115:
1071:
1063:
1021:
881:et al.
592:, and
1859:38302
1828:IRMNG
1390:Clade
1381:Clade
1208:(PDF)
1160:JSTOR
1113:S2CID
1069:S2CID
1019:S2CID
921:from
610:ilium
574:jugal
478:Texas
454:femur
443:jugal
336:) in
290:genus
215:Clade
202:Clade
189:Clade
1815:GBIF
1450:see
1423:see
1061:ISSN
925:and
903:and
889:and
843:The
708:and
674:, a
496:cf.
486:Utah
472:and
427:USNM
44:PreꞒ
1263:hdl
1253:doi
1249:161
1220:doi
1152:doi
1105:doi
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1011:doi
977:doi
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484:in
476:in
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247:†
234:†
221:†
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89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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