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allowing for more ankle support, as injuries became more common . Eventually the tied laces were replaced with buckles and the leather boots were replaced with plastic. This allowed the bindings to be more closely matched to the fit of the boot, and offer improved performance. The new plastic model contained two parts of the boots: an inner boot and an outer shell. The inner part of the boot (also called the liner) is the cushioning part of the boot and contains a footbed along with a cushion to keep a skier's foot warm and comfortable. The outer shell is the part of the boot that is made of plastic and contains the buckles. Most ski boots contain a strap at shin level to allow for extra strength when tightening the boots.
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253:, which means "split piece of wood or firewood." Skis were first invented to cross wetlands and marshes in the winter when they froze over. Skiing was an integral part of transportation in colder countries for thousands of years. In the 1760s, skiing was recorded as being used in military training. The Norwegian army held skill competitions involving skiing down slopes, around trees and obstacles while shooting. The birth of modern alpine skiing is often dated to the 1850s, and during the late 19th century, skiing was adapted from a method of transportation to a competitive and recreational sport. Norwegian legend
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help a skier who skis jumps, rails, and other features placed throughout the terrain park. Freestyle skis are usually fully symmetric, meaning they are the same dimensions from the tip of the ski to the backside (tail) of the ski. All-mountain skis are the most common type of ski, and tend to be used as a typical alpine ski. All-mountain skis are built to do a little bit of everything; they can be used in fresh snow (
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beginner slopes (green circle) are between 6% and 25%. Intermediate slopes (blue square) are between 25% and 40%. Difficult slopes (black diamond) are 40% and up. Although slope gradient is the primary consideration in assigning a trail difficulty rating, other factors come into play. A trail will be rated by its most difficult part, even if the rest of the trail is easy.
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doctors. Head injuries caused in skiing can lead to death or permanent brain damage. In alpine skiing, for every 1000 people skiing in a day, on average between two and four will require medical attention. Most accidents are the result of user error leading to an isolated fall. Learning how to fall correctly and safely can reduce the risk of injury.
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Alternating right and left allows the skis to remain parallel and point ahead without turning. The increase and release sequence results in the up and down motions of the upper body. Some skiers go down the top of moguls and control the speed by checking at the tops. This is how they can practically go straight down the fall line without gaining speed.
211:, and related snow sports, amounted to 30 million in Europe, 20 million in North America, and 14 million in Japan. As of 1996, there were reportedly 4,500 ski areas, operating 26,000 ski lifts and enjoying skier visits. The predominant region for downhill skiing was Europe, followed by Japan and the US.
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Ski helmets reduce the chances of head injury while skiing. Ski helmets also help to provide warmth to the head since they incorporate an inner liner that traps warmth. Helmets are available in many styles, and typically consist of a hard plastic/resin shell with inner padding. Modern ski helmets may
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The snowplough turn is the simplest form of turning and is usually learned by beginners. To perform the snowplough turn one must be in the snowplough position while going down the ski slope. While doing this they apply more pressure to the inside of the opposite foot of which the direction they would
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are usually used when there is a large amount of fresh snow; the shape of a powder ski is wide, allowing the ski to float on top of the snow, compared to a normal downhill ski which would most likely sink into the snow. Freestyle skis are used by skiers who ski terrain parks. These skis are meant to
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Downhill skiing technique focuses on the use of turns to smoothly turn the skis from one direction to another. Additionally, the skier can use the same techniques to turn the ski away from the direction of movement, generating skidding forces between the skis and snow which further slow the descent.
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In 2014, there were more than 114,000 alpine skiing-related injuries treated in hospitals, doctor's offices, and emergency rooms. The most common types of ski injuries are those of the knee, head, neck and shoulder area, hands and back. Ski helmets are highly recommended by professionals as well as
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In the United States and Canada, there are four rating symbols: Easy (green circle), Intermediate (blue square), and
Difficult (black diamond), and Experts Only (double black diamond) Ski trail difficulty is measured by percent slope, not degree angle. A 100% slope is a 45-degree angle. In general,
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In most ski resorts, the runs are graded according to comparative difficulty so that skiers can select appropriate routes. The grading schemes around the world are related, although with significant regional variations. A beginner-rated trail at a large mountain may be more of an intermediate-rated
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The oldest and still common type of turn on skis is the stem, angling the tail of the ski off to the side, while the tips remain close together. In doing so, the snow resists passage of the stemmed ski, creating a force that retards downhill speed and sustains a turn in the opposite direction. When
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The protective gear used in alpine skiing includes: helmets, mouth guards, shin guards, chin guards, arm guards, back protectors, pole guards, and padding. Mouth guards can reduce the effects of a concussion and protect the teeth of the athlete. Shin guards, pole guards, arm guards and chin guards
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will reach the maximum possible speed for that slope. A skier with skis pointed perpendicular to the fall line, across the hill instead of down it, will accelerate more slowly. The speed of descent down any given hill can be controlled by changing the angle of motion in relation to the fall line,
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Carving is based on the shape of the ski itself; when the ski is rotated onto its edge, the pattern cut into its side causes it to bend into an arc. The contact between the arc of the ski edges and the snow naturally causes the ski to tend to move along that arc, changing the skiers direction of
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The binding is a device used to connect the skier's boot to the ski. The purpose of the binding is to allow the skier to stay connected to the ski, but if the skier falls the binding can safely release them from the ski to prevent injury. There are two types of bindings: the heel and toe system
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Ski boots are one of the most important accessories to skiing. They connect the skier to the skis, allowing them full control over the ski. When ski boots first came about they were made of leather and laces were used. The leather ski boots started off as low-cut, but gradually became taller,
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This is an advanced form of speed control by increasing the pressure on one inside edge (for example the right ski), then releasing the pressure and shifting immediately to increasing the other inside edge (the left ski). Then repeat if necessary. Each increased pressure slows the speed.
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are mainly used in slalom skiing in order to protect the body parts having impact with the gates. Back protectors and padding, also known as stealth, is worn for giant slalom and other speed events in order to better protect the body if an athlete were to have an accident at high speeds.
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Good technique results in a fluid flowing motion from one descent angle to another one, adjusting the angle as needed to match changes in the steepness of the run. This looks more like a single series of S's than turns followed by straight sections.
839:. In the United States, winter season lengths are projected to decline by more than 50 percent by 2050 and by 80 percent by 2090 if greenhouse gas emissions continue at current rates. About half of the 103 ski resorts in the
479:) or used when skiing groomed runs. Slalom race skis, usually referred to as race skis, are short, narrow skis, which tend to be stiffer because they are meant for those who want to go fast as well as make quick sharp turns.
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1405:
Wobus, Cameron; Small, Eric E.; Hosterman, Heather; Mills, David; Stein, Justin; Rissing, Matthew; Jones, Russell; Duckworth, Michael; Hall, Ronald; Kolian, Michael; Creason, Jared; Martinich, Jeremy (2017).
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assign ratings to their own trails, rating a trail compared only with other trails at that resort. Also considered are width of the trail, sharpest turns, terrain roughness, and whether the resort regularly
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projects snowpack in the mountains could decline 70 percent by 2100 (however, if humans manage to keep global warming below 2 °C, the snow-cover reduction would be limited to 30 percent by 2100).
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Modern alpine skis are shaped to enable carve turning, and have evolved significantly since the 1980s, with variants including powder skis, freestyle skis, all-mountain skis, and children's skis.
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turn style. The wooden skis designed by
Norheim closely resemble the shape of modern slalom skis. Norheim was the champion of the first downhill skiing competition, reportedly held in
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289:) after the city (first printed in 1901 in guidelines for ski jumping). The telemark turn was the alternative technique. The christiania turn later developed into
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As of 2023, there were estimated to be 55 million people worldwide who engaged in alpine skiing. The estimated number of skiers, who practiced alpine,
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324:) on a field or frozen lake. This type of competition used the natural and typical terrain in Telemark. Some races were on "bumpy courses" (
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on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent, then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent.
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like to turn. This type of turn allows the skier to keep a controlled speed and introduces the idea of turning across the fall line.
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in 1906. Two to three decades later, the sport spread to the rest of Europe and the US. The first slalom ski competition occurred in
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operating in 2012 may not be able to maintain an economically viable ski season by 2050. In Europe, half of the glacial ice in the
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Publishing, Harvard Health. "Calories Burned in 30 Minutes for People of Three
Different Weights." July 2004. Web. March 2, 2021.
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332:) for difficulty. The first known slalom competitions were presumably held in Telemark around 1870 in conjunction with
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include many additional features such as vents, earmuffs, headphones, goggle mounts, and camera mounts.
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Winter season lengths are projected to decline at ski areas across North
America and Europe due to the
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1408:"Projected climate change impacts on skiing and snowmobiling: A case study of the United States"
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first began the trend of skis with curved sides, and bindings with stiff heel bands made of
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both skis are stemmed, there is no net turning force, only retardation of downhill speed.
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Other disciplines administered by the FIS but not usually considered part of alpine are
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1074:. Oslo: Hjemmenes forlag i samarbeid med Foreningen til ski-idrettens fremme.
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competitions, involving the same athletes and on slopes next to the ski jump.
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1510:– Alpine Canada Alpin, National Governing Body for Ski Racing within Canada
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Ski trails are measured by percent slope, not degree angle. (North
America)
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The ancient origins of skiing can be traced back to prehistoric times in
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30:"Alpine ski" and "Ski slope" redirect here. For the 1981 video game, see
596:. Broadly speaking, competitive skiing is divided into two disciplines:
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where varying sizes and shapes of wooden planks were found preserved in
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may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode, including 'sticky'
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Idrettsordboka: norsk-engelsk/engelsk-norsk ordbok for vinteridretter.
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Caprona, Yann de: Norsk etymologisk ordbok. Oslo: Kagge forlag, 2014.
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often began on a steep mountain, continued along a logging-slides (
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Ski poles, one in each hand, are used for balance and propulsion.
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study, alpine skiing burns between 360 and 532 calories per hour.
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971:"Alpine skiing Equipment and History – Olympic Sport History"
125:" skiers—those skiing outside ski area boundaries—may employ
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1372:"Follow These Tips to Stay Safe While Skiing on the Slopes"
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1. Non-sidecut: cross-country, telemark and mountaineering
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1285:"Ski Helmets Guide – Ski Equipment – Mechanics of Skiing"
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935:. Tourism (Cassell). Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 26.
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Snow
Business: A Study of the International Ski Industry
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To planker og en lidenskap : skiløpingens historie
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Four groups of different ski types, from left to right:
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in 1868. Norheim impressed spectators when he used the
86:), which use skis with free-heel bindings. Whether for
1441:"Managing for climate change in the alpine ski sector"
1522:– Bio information and stories on U.S. elite athletes
277:(Oslo) in 1868, the technique was originally called
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702:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1481:"Less snow and a shorter ski season in the Alps"
34:. For resorts that offer skiing activities, see
912:"Protect Yourself From COVID-19 in Ski Resorts"
790:European piste rating system (blue, red, black)
248:
1205:(Rev. and updated ed.). New York: Knopf.
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1338:"Skiing Injury Prevention – OrthoInfo – AAOS"
296:The term "slalom" is from Norwegian dialects
8:
1516:– The National Governing Body for Ski Racing
581:Elite competitive skiers participate in the
377:skiing across the hill rather than down it.
293:as the standard technique in alpine skiing.
1059:Den moderne skiidrott hundre år: 1866–1966.
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1092:Alpin skisport: utfor, slalåm, storslalåm.
352:was first used at a skiing competition in
1592:Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms
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762:Learn how and when to remove this message
344:(turning competition on hills), the term
1346:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
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498:(step-in) and the plate system binding.
328:) and sometimes included "steep jumps" (
156:. A competition corresponding to modern
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320:) and was completed with a sharp turn (
148:Alpine ski racing has been held at the
137:to deliver them to the top of a slope.
348:had not been introduced at that time.
312:(wild trails). Skiing competitions in
1260:"Ski Equipment – Mechanics of Skiing"
7:
1016:Sood, Suemedha (December 22, 2010).
994:
992:
906:
904:
902:
700:adding citations to reliable sources
1514:U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association
25:
887:. International Olympic Committee
98:, which provide such services as
58:, is the pastime of sliding down
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1425:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.04.006
1094:Oslo: Teknologisk forlag 1980.
975:International Olympic Committee
687:needs additional citations for
634:, incorporating events such as
94:, it is typically practiced at
1439:Scott, D.; Dawson, J. (2013).
1:
1460:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.009
1235:"How to Choose Downhill Skis"
1018:"Where did skiing come from?"
775:trail on a smaller mountain.
1486:. European Geosciences Union
1370:Doyle, Mike (May 12, 2017).
1310:"Ski Racing 101 – Equipment"
1115:Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
2980:Radio-controlled car racing
1412:Global Environmental Change
261:. Norheim also trended the
3149:
2635:Mountain bike orienteering
1057:Bjaaland, Olav S. (1966).
849:European Geosciences Union
841:Northeastern United States
665:
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520:
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493:Ski binding § History
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29:
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2959:Offshore powerboat racing
2911:Motorcycle chariot racing
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2500:
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2213:
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1526:Retro Ski – ski history
1178:Bergsland, Einar (1946):
1154:Huntford, Roland (2006).
1134:Skiing throughout history
1043:Norske ski erobrer verden
837:effects of global warming
489:Ski binding § Alpine
2954:Inshore powerboat racing
1289:www.mechanicsofsport.com
1264:www.mechanicsofsport.com
180:Alpine ski slope in the
70:, unlike other types of
27:Sport of skiing downhill
3107:List of forms of racing
2474:Middle-distance running
249:
197:San Carlos de Bariloche
172:Participants and venues
2949:Jet sprint boat racing
1201:The handbook of skiing
929:Hudson, Simon (2000).
914:. 2021. Archived from
823:Harvard Medical School
791:
783:
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508:Ski boot § Alpine
456:
372:A skier following the
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48:
3133:Winter Olympic sports
2552:Cross country running
2479:Long-distance running
2402:Summer Olympic sports
2280:Winter Olympic sports
2233:Category:Snowboarding
1454:. Elsevier: 244–254.
1041:Vaage, Jakob (1952).
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626:parallel giant slalom
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195:Alpine ski slopes in
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179:
46:
3046:Cross-country skiing
3020:Slalom skateboarding
2703:Mountain bike racing
1953:Technique / learning
1683:Cross-country skiing
1617:Cross-country skiing
1197:Gamma, Karl (1992).
1070:aage, Jakob (1979).
918:on January 28, 2021.
821:According to a 2004
696:improve this article
668:Piste § Ratings
209:cross-country skiing
2854:Pickup truck racing
2789:Paralympic swimming
2779:Open water swimming
2688:Road bicycle racing
1720:Olympic disciplines
1536:Colorado Ski Museum
1531:Alpine Ski Database
1508:Alpine Canada Alpin
1158:. Oslo: Aschehoug.
847:has melted and the
600:Racing, comprising
590:World Championships
567:World Championships
340:from 1886 included
139:Back-country skiers
62:-covered slopes on
3070:Multi-sport racing
2869:Touring car racing
2655:Canoe orienteering
2650:Radio orienteering
2645:Trail orienteering
2382:Ski mountaineering
2051:List of ski brands
1823:Ski mountaineering
1778:Para-alpine skiing
1688:Backcountry skiing
1448:Tourism Management
1182:. Oslo: Aschehoug.
1136:. Oslo: Samlaget.
1111:Hem, Olav (1996).
1045:. Oslo: Gyldendal.
861:Para-alpine skiing
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610:super giant slalom
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243:is related to the
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160:was introduced in
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2944:Hydroplane racing
2893:Motorcycle racing
2859:Sports car racing
2784:Marathon swimming
2665:Mountain marathon
2630:Foot orienteering
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2398:Paralympic sports
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1756:Other disciplines
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1587:History of skiing
1342:www.orthoinfo.org
1165:978-82-03-20945-1
1132:Bø, Olav (1993).
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771:
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662:Ski trail ratings
561:competing in the
466:Ski § Alpine
300:meaning a trail (
16:(Redirected from
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3077:Adventure racing
2939:Drag boat racing
2931:Motorboat racing
2886:
2864:Stock car racing
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2746:Greyhound racing
2670:Car orienteering
2640:Ski orienteering
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2598:Backward running
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279:christiania turn
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66:with fixed-heel
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594:Winter Olympics
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563:combined slalom
559:Marcel Hirscher
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487:Main articles:
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150:Winter Olympics
116:ski patrol
56:downhill skiing
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977:. May 15, 2018
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3015:Sandboarding
3010:Longboarding
3003:Board racing
2921:Track racing
2901:Beach racing
2874:Truck racing
2817:Motor racing
2751:Horse racing
2741:Camel racing
2622:Orienteering
2562:Fell running
2513:Road running
2494:Steeplechase
2394:
2375:snowboarding
2349:
2201:Surface lift
2179:Gondola lift
2000:Skate skiing
1896:Snowboarding
1813:Night skiing
1796:Other skiing
1783:Speed skiing
1768:Glade skiing
1732:Giant slalom
1711:
1676:Recreational
1657:Ski marathon
1576:snowboarding
1488:. Retrieved
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916:the original
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694:Please help
689:verification
686:
656:grass skiing
652:speed skiing
649:
606:giant slalom
580:
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451:2. Parabolic
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51:
50:
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3025:Street luge
2844:Kart racing
2834:Drag racing
2826:Auto racing
2693:Cyclo-cross
2593:Racewalking
2370:ski jumping
2333:short-track
2196:Hybrid lift
1960:Carved turn
1909:Backcountry
1818:Ski archery
1667:Ski touring
1629:Ski jumping
1610:Competitive
1490:February 3,
1465:February 3,
1022:www.bbc.com
866:Skiboarding
804:the trail.
797:Ski resorts
638:, aerials,
577:Competition
472:Powder skis
453:3. Twin-tip
362:Switzerland
334:ski jumping
330:sprøytehopp
318:tømmerslepe
310:ville låmir
275:Christiania
239:. The word
131:helicopters
127:snowmobiles
112:restaurants
104:snow making
96:ski resorts
84:ski jumping
3122:Categories
2975:Air racing
2916:Rally raid
2718:BMX racing
2572:Skyrunning
2484:Relay race
2338:long-track
2313:Ice hockey
2157:detachable
2124:Snowmaking
2114:Ski tunnel
1990:Ski school
1980:Snowplough
1975:Pivot turn
1934:Slopestyle
1919:Freeriding
1886:Slopestyle
1876:Ski ballet
1861:Freeskiing
1856:Freeriding
1773:Heliskiing
1634:Ski flying
1622:Paralympic
1142:8252138853
1121:8200227758
1100:8251201942
1080:8270061689
872:References
722:newspapers
592:, and the
537:Ski helmet
406:Carve turn
354:Sonnenberg
88:recreation
36:Ski resort
32:Alpine Ski
3092:Aquathlon
3082:Triathlon
2906:Motocross
2660:Rogaining
2469:Sprinting
2395:See also:
2360:freestyle
2296:Bobsleigh
2164:Funicular
2152:Chairlift
2139:Ski lifts
2097:Superpipe
2092:Half-pipe
2080:amenities
2058:Snowboard
2009:Equipment
1965:Jump turn
1929:Half-pipe
1924:Freestyle
1881:Ski cross
1698:Skijoring
1650:Endurance
1376:ThoughtCo
891:March 12,
752:June 2019
644:ski cross
586:World Cup
455:4. Powder
439:Equipment
374:fall line
368:Technique
364:in 1922.
342:svingrenn
326:kneikelåm
245:Old Norse
237:peat bogs
201:Argentina
182:Zillertal
123:Off-piste
100:ski lifts
3087:Duathlon
3061:Sledding
2799:Climbing
2771:Swimming
2526:Marathon
2489:Hurdling
2301:skeleton
2291:Biathlon
2189:tricable
2109:Ski area
2016:Bindings
1803:Biathlon
1747:Combined
1742:Downhill
1418:: 1–14.
1352:March 8,
1319:March 1,
1221:25632229
1027:March 8,
981:March 8,
855:See also
640:halfpipe
618:downhill
614:combined
523:Ski pole
483:Bindings
415:Checking
411:motion.
385:Stemming
314:Telemark
184:valley,
135:snowcats
80:Telemark
68:bindings
2608:Parkour
2452:Running
2323:Skating
2308:Curling
2184:bicable
2174:Funitel
2169:Funifor
2031:Monoski
1914:Big air
1851:Big air
1737:Super-G
948:May 15,
736:scholar
565:at the
400:Carving
225:Finland
215:History
186:Austria
90:or for
2712:Keirin
2536:Ekiden
2444:Racing
2350:alpine
2345:Skiing
2078:Resort
2026:Helmet
1904:Alpine
1727:Slalom
1572:Skiing
1219:
1209:
1180:På ski
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939:
817:Health
808:Safety
802:grooms
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642:, and
636:moguls
616:, and
602:slalom
588:, the
531:Helmet
491:, and
477:powder
358:Mürren
350:Slalom
346:slalåm
298:slalåm
263:slalom
259:willow
233:Norway
229:Sweden
221:Russia
162:Norway
158:slalom
152:since
114:, and
72:skiing
2968:Other
2581:Other
2129:Trail
2104:Piste
2041:Skins
2036:Poles
2021:Boots
1871:Mogul
1484:(PDF)
1444:(PDF)
1061:Oslo.
743:JSTOR
729:books
517:Poles
502:Boots
247:word
143:skins
92:sport
82:, or
54:, or
2400:and
2318:Luge
2063:Suit
2046:Skis
1574:and
1492:2019
1467:2019
1383:2017
1354:2019
1321:2020
1296:2017
1271:2017
1246:2017
1217:OCLC
1207:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1029:2019
1000:ISBN
983:2019
950:2018
937:ISBN
893:2010
845:Alps
715:news
654:and
624:and
571:2017
460:Skis
250:skíð
231:and
166:Oslo
154:1936
64:skis
60:snow
2068:Wax
1456:doi
1420:doi
1239:REI
698:by
583:FIS
569:in
306:sla
302:låm
285:or
273:in
241:ski
164:at
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