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205:{\displaystyle u(\mathbf {x} )={\frac {-1}{4\pi }}\int _{S}\rho (\mathbf {y} ){\frac {\partial }{\partial \nu }}{\frac {1}{|\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} |}}\,d\sigma (\mathbf {y} )}
356:{\displaystyle u(\mathbf {x} )=\int _{S}\rho (\mathbf {y} ){\frac {\partial }{\partial \nu }}P(\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} )\,d\sigma (\mathbf {y} )}
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denotes the directional derivative in the direction of the outward unit normal in the
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in three-dimensions. Thus a double layer potential
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458:"Double-layer potential"
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