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rather than points in APT II, and allowed him to conceptualize their realization in a machine tool's rectilinear framework. The Servo Lab received Air Force sponsorship for numerical control hardware, software, and adaptive control, followed by computer-aided design, computer graphics hardware and software, and
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in 1980, and
Honorary Engineer of the Year Award from the San Fernando Valley Engineer's Council, 1981. The MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science named after him the Douglas T. Ross Career Development Associate Professor of Software Development. The D.T.Ross Medal Award of the
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Starting in 1956, MIT had a contract for a new program in numerical control, this time emphasizing automatic programming for three-dimensional parts to be produced by 3- and 5-axis machine tools. Ross stated his work with radar vector handling led naturally to his defining tool paths as space curves
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touching on epistemology, ontology, and philosophy of science. Ross wrote a wealth of material on Plex, delivering lectures at conferences and holding an abortive seminar at MIT in 1984. However, he was unable to find the audience he believed Plex deserved, and by the late 1980s he considered it an
478:
At the conclusion of APT I, Ross and John
Francis Reintjes were interviewed for MIT science reporter television by Robert S. Woodbury. There was considerable public interest in the increasing sophistication of numerically controlled machine tools. The interview is illustrative of Ross's long stated
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and arms used to hand trace strip chart curves of radar noise data. When the machine was in use, variables in equations were represented by rotations in its shafts. These were connected with mechanical pens which plot an accurate curve worked out by the shafts continuous movement. Interpreted
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to use on various machines like the PDP-11 minicomputer. Versions of p-System were freely exchanged between interested users. The p-System was brought to Ross's attention by a developer at their San Diego branch . Ross visited UCSD and was smitten by a college operation building a system he
552:. In 1968, Ross taught what he suggested was the world's first software engineering course at MIT. He participated in the foundational NATO Software Engineering Conference in Garmisch, Germany, 7–11 October 1968. Many MIT project users built their systems on AED. Post Assembly revisions of
572:
SofTech's work on airborne and other instrumentation systems involved building software development tools. By the late 70's microprocessors like the 8086 were starting to be used for these embedded systems. The
University of California at San Diego Pascal System (UCSD p-System, see
673:
Ross' Structured
Analysis grew out of his "philosophy of problem-solving", which he named Plex in the late 1950s. Later in Ross's life, this became something of an obsession. In the 1980s, he minimized his role at SofTech to concentrate on developing Plex into a wide-ranging
446:
and software technology, from 1951. This continued for almost 20 years. In 1957 the last of Ross's original three research assistants, Sam Matsa, left for IBM to develop AUTOPROMT, a three-dimensional APT derivative, and later (1967) co-founded, with Andy Van Dam, the ACM
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recognized as kindred to his AED efforts. SofTech licensed the p-System and established a
Microsystems subsidiary in 1979. SofTech's compiling, dynamic loading, and linking tools helped make the p-System a powerful development environment. UCSD p-System was used on
430:. Around 1954, Ross wrote the first hand-drawn graphics input program to a computer. He stated it was "One of the few programs that I ever wrote that worked the first time" The Air Force was interested in continuing beyond MIT's
459:
1785:
Integrated
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Function Modeling Manual (IDEF0) (Report). Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. June
479:
belief in the graphics potential of the computer. He showed the audience a photograph of a vector sweep image from a display scope in the form of a Disney cartoon character coupled in a coordinate space with a canonical
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The next few years would see the completing of APT's influential
Arithmetic Elements and then the broad collaboration pioneered in the APT project was repeated in building the computer-aided design system named
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Early industry practitioners of computer aided drafting and manufacturing visited MIT in formal exchanges of the developing technologies. Ross organized many standards making conferences for the
304:
2274:
1448:
Ross, Douglas T. (August 1991). "From
Scientific Practice to Epistemological Discovery". In Floyd, Christiane; Zulligho, Heinz; Budde, Reinhard; Keil-Slawik, Reinhard (eds.).
2265:
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513:), solidifying his place as a touchstone in any future history of CAD. The next decade brought a refining of his philosophy of system design. He was a founding member of
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correctly, this curve gave a graphic solution to the problem. This initiated Ross's entry to the Servo Lab with a summer job in June 1952 in the field of airborne
514:
307:
and was chairman emeritus. He retired at
Softech, having served as the company's president from 1969 to 1975, when he became chairman of the board of directors.
322:
Berliner Kreis
Scientific Forum for Product Development of the WiGeP Academic Society of Product Development Berliner Kreis & WGMK was named in his honor.
2907:
2102:
1940:
983:
Ross, Douglas T. (1980). "Removing the limitations of natural language (with the principles behind the RSA language)". In Freeman, H.; Lewis, P.M. (eds.).
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was a group of people, six or eight part-time students. It was suggested that Ross could use Whirlwind in his work. Whirlwind at that time had exactly one
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memory. He taught himself to program it in the summer of 1952. His masters thesis related to Computational Techniques for Fourier Transformation.
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276:(MIT) in 1954. Afterward, he began but didn't finish his Ph.D., at MIT due to his pressing work as head of MIT's Computer Applications Group.
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2189:
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feedback-modeling, System Dynamics simulation language were written in AED-0, Ross's extended version of ALGOL 60 and used into the 1980s.
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1958:
292:
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2559:
538:
318:
132:
2608:
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688:
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Ross, Douglas T. (1988). "Foreword to David Marca and Clement McGowan, SADT Structured Analysis and Design Technique". McGraw-Hill.
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1424:
2797:
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FIPS PUB 183 Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology. 1993.
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1933:
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Ross was born in China, where his parents both worked as medical missionaries, and he then grew up in the United States in
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1108:"Douglas T. Ross – Chairman Emeritus, Ret., SofTech, Inc.; Lecturer, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT"
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Ross, Douglas T.; Goodenough, John B.; Irvine, C. A. (1975). "Software engineering: process, principles, and goals".
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Ross came to MIT in the fall of 1951 as a teaching assistant in the mathematics department. His wife, Pat, was a "
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423:
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IEEE 1320.1-1998. IEEE Standard for Functional Modeling Language: Syntax and Semantics for IDEF0 (Report).
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1576:. Brussels: Scientific Affairs Division. pp. 32, 41, 44, 57, 95, 96, 98, 99, 121, 124, 127, 151, 216.
775:. Electronic Systems Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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1611:. Electronic Systems Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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312:
243:
215:
126:
108:
1609:"Investigations in Computer-Aided Design for Numerically Controlled Production: Final Technical Report"
913:
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Ross, Douglas T. (1961). "A generalized technique for symbol manipulation and numerical calculation".
3286:
3281:
2939:
1047:
Ross, Douglas T. (1989). "The NATO Conferences from the Perspective of an Active Software Engineer".
883:
Ross, Douglas T.; Schoman, Kenneth E. Jr. (1977). "Structured Analysis for Requirements Definition".
865:
Ross, Douglas T.; Schoman, Kenneth E. Jr. (1976). "Structured Analysis for Requirements Definition".
557:
553:
542:
443:
223:
346:), the language that drives numerical control in manufacturing. Also he originated the term CAD for
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1997:
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665:) standard in 1998. The IEEE IDEF0 standard superseded FIPS PUB 183, which was retired in 2002.
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from the Numerical Control Society, in 1975, and the Distinguished Contributions Award from the
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1406:"Specialized Computer Equipment for Generation and Display of Three Dimensional Curvilinear"
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He worked on numerous projects around the Whirlwind secret room of the Cape Cod System
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Douglas T. Ross (1988). "From Scientific Practice to Epistemological Discovery". In:
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Ross, Douglas T.; Johnson, Walter L.; Porter, James H.; Ackley, Stephanie I. (1968).
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Software Engineering: Report on a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee
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803:"Automatic generation of efficient lexical processors using finite state techniques"
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Doug Ross, A Personal View of the Personal Work Station: Some Firsts in the Fifties
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Dijkstra's Crisis: The End of Algol and Beginning of Software Engineering, 1968-72
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1865:. Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics GmbH; and University of Trier
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770:"Investigations in computer-aided design for numerically controlled production"
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679:"intolerable burden of responsibility" to be its sole proponent and prophet.
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2005:
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Honorary Engineer of the Year Award, San Fernando Valley Engineer's Council
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1204:"Papers on automatic programming for numerically controlled machine tools"
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1977:
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copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States
218:, and is considered to be the father of Automatically Programmed Tools (
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1911:
Douglas T. Ross papers, MC 414. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
1411:. Electronic Systems Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
635:
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509:(ANSI) and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (BEMA, renamed
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in programming and informatics, as an early active participant in the
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1388:"Computer-Aided Design: A Statement of Objectives MIT USAF 8436-TM-4"
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1671:(2). ACM Digital Library Association for Computing Machinery: 1–49.
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Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
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2010:
1949:
1637:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 6. Archived from
1183:"Origins of the APT Language for Automatically Programmed Tools".
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The first programming language Ross designed was one in which the
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2015:
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Ross, Douglas T. (1985). "Applications and Extensions of SADT".
950:"Origins of the APT Language for Automatically Programmed Tools"
647:
2903:
1922:
1142:. Association for Computing Machinery Video Presentation. 1986.
618:
3127:
1567:; McClure, Robert M., eds. (January 1969). "5.3.2. Concepts".
914:"Structured Analysis (SA): A Language for Communicating Ideas"
634:
methods. During the 1970s, along with other contributors from
610:
which now resides in the Computer History Museum collections.
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1891:
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Ross wrote dozens of articles and some reports. A selection:
520:
577:) was developed in 1978 to provide students with a common
305:
MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department
214:, Inc. He is most famous for originating the term CAD for
1607:
Ross, D. T.; Ward, J. E. (1 December 1959 – 3 May 1967).
1341:
APT System Volume 1 General Description of the APT System
1112:
Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
876:
Conference on Data: Abstraction, Definition and Structure
338:
text and graphics. Many consider him to be the father of
1114:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. January 8, 2000
1735:
Oral history interview with John Brackett and Doug Ross
1070:
Horspool, Nigel (2007). "Douglas T. Ross (1929–2007)".
1049:
International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)
569:
compiler known to have existed, with the AED-0 system.
1368:
MIT Science Reporter: "Automatically Programmed Tools"
1155:
Retrospectives 1: The early years in computer graphics
1087:"Doug Ross, 77; developed important computer language"
458:
project largely finished in February 1959. It had the
206:(21 December 1929 – 31 January 2007) was an American
1886:
Three oral history interviews with Douglas T. Ross,
1742:. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota
1661:"AB26.2.2 Features Essential for a Workable ALGOL X"
874:"Toward Foundations for the Understanding of Type".
434:
objective of standardizing the numerical control of
180:
Computational Techniques for Fourier Transformation
3184:
3126:
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3000:
2991:
2938:
2868:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above
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International Federation for Information Processing
2231:
2224:
2215:
2188:
1996:
1966:
1957:
1540:
Thomas Haigh. UW-Milwaukee & Universität Siegen
1085:Marquard, Bryan (Globe staff) (February 10, 2007).
657:(IEEE) IDEF0 Working Group which produced the IEEE
602:based machines. Ross later bought the PDP-11 based
531:
International Federation for Information Processing
287:, Inc., which began as an early supplier of custom
173:
157:
147:
122:
98:
74:
66:
54:
35:
28:
1072:Source Software: Practice & Experience archive
1799:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
655:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
521:MIT's electrical engineering and computer science
334:computer project, which was the first to display
1371:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1959.
768:Ross, Douglas Taylor; Ward, John Erwin (1968).
2105:(ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (
1762:SADT: Structured Analysis and Design Technique
1631:"An Algorithmic Theory of Language (AB26.2.2)"
515:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
230:in manufacturing. His later work focused on a
2915:
1934:
1841:
1839:
1831:Software Development and Reality Construction
1451:Software Development and Reality Construction
8:
2275:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
1732:Brackett, John; Ross, Douglas (2004-05-07).
537:on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which
2103:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
1242:"ACM SIGGRAPH: History of the Organization"
1157:, SIGGRAPH 89 Proceedings, pp. 27–28,
491:(AED). Ross sometimes called it informally
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2470:
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2228:
2221:
1963:
1941:
1927:
1919:
1913:Institute Archives and Special Collections
1457:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 60–70.
638:, Inc., Ross helped develop SADT into the
466:. The legacy of this work can be found in
25:
1707:Douglas T. Ross Memorial Video Collection
1248:. The Association for Computing Machinery
965:
921:IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
885:IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
818:
721:
279:In the 1950s, he participated in the MIT
19:For other people named Douglas Ross, see
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1393:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1355:http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/107611
628:structured analysis and design technique
614:Structured analysis and design technique
283:computer project. In 1969, Ross founded
113:structured analysis and design technique
1760:Marca, David; McGowan, Clement (1988).
1062:
644:Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing
630:(SADT), Ross was an early developer of
511:Information Technology Industry Council
16:American computer scientist (1929–2007)
1845:Douglas T. Ross (1977, revised 1999).
1589:
1579:
1299:
1288:
1223:
1212:
1035:
1024:
789:
778:
650:suite of analysis and design methods.
378:analog correlation computer, built by
2338:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1102:
1100:
659:Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling
507:American National Standards Institute
274:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
162:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
88:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
1635:Defense Technical Information Center
2249:Association for Computing Machinery
2171:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (
1665:ACM SIGPLAN Notices: ALGOL Bulletin
1475:"Profile of IFIP Working Group 2.1"
370:before it officially took over the
293:United States Department of Defense
131:Distinguished Contributions Award,
1863:DBLP Computer Science Bibliography
319:Society of Manufacturing Engineers
133:Society of Manufacturing Engineers
14:
3317:People from Canandaigua, New York
3297:MIT School of Engineering faculty
1629:Ross, Douglas T. (October 1966).
1473:; Guttmann, Walter (2016-08-17).
689:Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
606:"graphics workhorse" computer of
462:, and thus was released into the
3327:Scientists from New York (state)
3307:MIT School of Engineering alumni
2882:
2881:
2872:
2871:
1459:A personal note 2.5.3 (page 64).
1425:"Algorithmic Theory of Language"
1375:from the original on 2021-12-14.
1266:Machover, Carl (February 1998).
948:Ross, Douglas T. (August 1978).
525:He was involved with developing
426:and at the Eglin Air Force Base
102:Automatically Programmed Tools (
3212:Comparison of Pascal and Delphi
1404:Stotz, Robert H. (March 1963).
1317:Ross, Doug (21 February 1984),
2846:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60
1740:University Digital Conservancy
1704:Ross, Douglas T. (1962–2007).
1413:Work done on IBM 709 and TX-2.
541:, maintains, and supports the
470:programs of the 21st century.
340:Automatically Programmed Tools
310:Among his many honors are the
1:
3322:American expatriates in China
1531:Haigh, Thomas (August 2010).
493:The Art of Engineering Design
418:Automatically Programmed Tool
374:computer. Her group used the
234:he developed and named Plex.
21:Douglas Ross (disambiguation)
3292:American computer scientists
2318:Case Institute of Technology
1353:D. T. Ross CBI oral history
1074:. Vol. 37. p. 691.
489:Automated Engineering Design
330:Ross contributed to the MIT
2931:Pascal programming language
2851:ALGOL 68 to other languages
1915:, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1890:, University of Minnesota,
1714:. Mountain View, California
1659:Ross, D. T. (August 1967).
1508:"ScopeEtc: IFIP21: Foswiki"
642:method for the Air Force's
533:(IFIP). He was a member of
3343:
3207:Comparison of Pascal and C
432:Numerical Control Projects
18:
3312:American chief executives
3202:
2863:
2473:
2384:
2355:Royal Radar Establishment
1888:Charles Babbage Institute
1202:Ross, Douglas T. (1958).
912:Ross, Douglas T. (1977).
807:Communications of the ACM
741:Communications of the ACM
710:Communications of the ACM
704:Ross, Douglas T. (1961).
384:ball-and-disk integrators
210:pioneer, and chairman of
189:
140:
3176:Visual Component Library
2328:University of St Andrews
1833:. Springer-Verlag, 1991.
295:(DoD) for the languages
2627:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
2323:University of Edinburgh
2203:Van Wijngaarden grammar
1712:Computer History Museum
1677:10.1145/1139498.1139500
1140:Computer History Museum
1006:10.1109/MC.1985.1662862
933:10.1109/TSE.1977.229900
897:10.1109/TSE.1977.229899
850:10.1109/C-M.1975.218952
706:"Computer-aided design"
653:He was a member of the
527:international standards
424:SAGE air defense system
3302:Oberlin College alumni
3156:Object Windows Library
2270:IFIP Working Group 2.1
1905:Oral history Siggraph
1298:Cite journal requires
1222:Cite journal requires
1034:Cite journal requires
788:Cite journal requires
623:
535:IFIP Working Group 2.1
270:electrical engineering
2709:Cornelis H. A. Koster
2481:Roland Carl Backhouse
2424:Joseph Henry Wegstein
2333:Manchester University
2292:Burroughs Corporation
967:10.1145/960118.808374
820:10.1145/364175.364185
753:10.1145/366199.366256
723:10.1145/366532.366554
621:
584:IBM Personal Computer
543:programming languages
474:Computer-aided design
393:power density spectra
354:MIT Whirlwind project
348:computer-aided design
313:Joseph Marie Jacquard
244:Canandaigua, New York
216:computer-aided design
127:Joseph Marie Jacquard
109:Computer-aided design
1498:Swierstra, Doaitse;
985:Software Engineering
563:Ross wrote the only
554:Jay Wright Forrester
444:software engineering
376:Servomechanisms Labs
224:programming language
2743:Willem van der Poel
2399:Hermann Bottenbruch
1274:(1). Archived from
1185:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
1163:10.1145/77276.77279
1153:Ross, Doug (1989),
954:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
632:structured analysis
626:As the inventor of
622:SADT basis element.
596:MOS Technology 6502
500:Extended for Design
389:fire-control system
364:Marchant calculator
303:. Ross lectured at
248:Bachelor of Science
30:Douglas Taylor Ross
3194:Pascal MicroEngine
2888:Category: ALGOL 60
2719:Charles H. Lindsey
2499:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2394:Friedrich L. Bauer
2082:Dartmouth ALGOL 30
1319:oral history oh065
624:
468:next generation NC
368:Lincoln Laboratory
362:banging away on a
208:computer scientist
3269:
3268:
3122:
3121:
2973:Concurrent Pascal
2897:
2896:
2826:
2825:
2788:
2787:
2724:Barry J. Mailloux
2663:
2662:
2599:Jacob T. Schwartz
2494:Stephen R. Bourne
2460:
2459:
2414:Heinz Rutishauser
2364:
2363:
2211:
2210:
1859:"Douglas T. Ross"
1771:978-0-0704-0235-5
1504:Meertens, Lambert
1471:Meertens, Lambert
1437:on April 8, 2022.
1423:Ross, Douglas T.
1386:Ross, Douglas T.
1338:Douglas T. Ross.
1191:(8). August 1978.
987:. Academic Press.
646:(ICAM) program's
266:Master of Science
228:numerical control
193:
192:
142:Scientific career
46:December 21, 1929
3334:
3260:Component Pascal
3220:
3099:Microsoft Pascal
3058:Pic Micro Pascal
2998:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2885:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2818:John C. Reynolds
2763:van Wijngaarden^
2732:Lambert Meertens
2614:Bernard Vauquois
2471:
2452:Robert M. Graham
2382:
2373:
2297:Elliott Brothers
2229:
2222:
1964:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1892:21 February 1984
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1847:"The Plex Tract"
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1647:
1646:
1641:on June 26, 2013
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1469:Jeuring, Johan;
1466:
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1436:
1430:. Archived from
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1321:, babbage inst,
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676:pseudophilosophy
579:operating system
246:. He received a
232:pseudophilosophy
185:
152:Computer science
61:
58:January 31, 2007
45:
43:
26:
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3218:
3198:
3180:
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2934:
2928:
2898:
2893:
2878:Category: ALGOL
2870:
2859:
2856:ALGOL 68 to C++
2835:
2822:
2784:
2775:Philip Woodward
2759:Michel Sintzoff
2751:Douglas T. Ross
2659:
2655:Kristen Nygaard
2636:
2580:John E. L. Peck
2509:Robert W. Floyd
2456:
2428:
2360:
2343:
2306:
2280:
2234:
2207:
2198:Jensen's device
2184:
2071:Burroughs ALGOL
1992:
1969:
1959:Implementations
1953:
1947:
1896:1 November 1989
1883:
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1764:. McGraw-Hill.
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1500:Gibbons, Jeremy
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813:(12): 805–813.
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703:
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685:
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523:
476:
420:
391:evaluation and
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328:
264:in 1951, and a
262:Oberlin College
240:
183:
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79:Oberlin College
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3079:Virtual Pascal
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2831:ALGOL Bulletin
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2650:Ole-Johan Dahl
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2565:Carroll Morgan
2562:
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2539:
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2514:Jeremy Gibbons
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2483:
2478:
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2449:
2447:Bernard Galler
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2419:Klaus Samelson
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2302:Regnecentralen
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2061:Atlas Autocode
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2013:
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1882:
1881:External links
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1590:|website=
1565:Randell, Brian
1552:
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1506:(2011-03-02).
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878:: 63–65. 1976.
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747:(3): 147–150.
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3043:PascalABC.NET
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2813:Peter O'Hearn
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2575:Maurice Nivat
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2225:Organizations
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2098:Elliott ALGOL
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2065:Edinburgh IMP
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1801:(IEEE). 1998.
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1278:on 2015-09-24
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1268:"CG Pioneers"
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3094:Turbo Pascal
3084:Apple Pascal
3072:Discontinued
2886:
2876:
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2808:Ron Morrison
2803:Tony Brooker
2780:Nobuo Yoneda
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2632:Mike Woodger
2609:David Turner
2604:Micha Sharir
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3033:Free Pascal
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2793:Hal Abelson
2701:Michael Guy
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1952:programming
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332:Whirlwind I
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268:(M.Sc.) in
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3146:FireMonkey
3114:Pascal/MT+
3109:JRT Pascal
3048:GNU Pascal
3023:VSI Pascal
2840:Comparison
2619:Eiiti Wada
2570:Peter Naur
2532:Tony Hoare
2348:Government
2190:Formalisms
2031:ALGOL 68RS
2026:ALGOL 68-R
1900:7 May 2004
1869:2020-08-12
1746:2020-08-17
1718:2020-09-08
1690:2020-08-12
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1615:2020-08-12
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1484:2020-10-13
1282:2020-08-12
1252:2020-08-12
1057:References
1051:: 101–102.
716:(5): 235.
608:Ken Bowles
556:'s famous
395:analyses.
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2021:ALGOL 68C
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226:to drive
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3161:OpenWire
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1988:ALGOL 68
1983:ALGOL 60
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1542:(Report)
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2011:ALCOR
1950:ALGOL
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1681:S2CID
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