203:
he never received public acknowledgment. General Haig says he asked for his two superiors, Lord Milner and
General Henry Wilson (CIGS), to come to France and appoint a fighting general like Foch to lead at the Front. Prime Minister Lloyd George says he also asked Milner to go to France. However, no proof can be found of General Haig's claim, although the Prime Minister's claim can be verified. Also, in his war memoirs, Lloyd George published evidence that says General Haig put forward a retreat order to the Channel Ports on March 25, just a day after his supposed request for Foch. The retreat order is verified by General Maxime Weygand, General Foch's chief of staff. Prime Minister Clemenceau mentioned it to Lord Milner the moment Milner arrived at the Doullens Conference, and Milner said he would look into it. Haig told his boss that he was misunderstood, that the order was simply a request for the French to cover his right flank. However, the order is very clear, even mentioning "the Channel Ports" of Dunkirk, Boulogne, and Calais. Orders given to the B.E.F. commander from 1914 gave him the authority to fall back to the Channel Ports if the situation looked hopeless, but not to evacuate. A decision to return to England would be made at a higher level. Fortunately, the Doullens decision that appointed General Foch commander of the Western Front nullified any idea of a Dunkirk evacuation in 1918. Later, in early June and with the French facing apparently catastrophic defeat from the German
255:"Lord Milner asked Prime Minister Clemenceau into the corner of the room and said, 'The British generals accept command of General Foch'. Clemenceau answered, 'Is this a proposal from the government?', to which Lord Milner replied, 'The British government, I guarantee, will ratify what we have decided. Do we agree?' The Prime Minister said, 'We agree...We just need to find a formula that leads to susceptibilities. I’m going to see Foch...Wait for me…'. Clemenceau adds, 'I called Foch, I made him aware of the proposal and I asked him to find the formula necessary to avoid crumpling at Haig and Pétain.' Foch, after half a minute or so of reflection, said to me: 'Here is what one could write: By decision of the Governments of Great Britain and France, General Foch is responsible for coordinating, on the Western Front, the operations of the French and British armies whose commanders-in-chief Marshal Haig and General Pétain, will have to give him all the information useful for the establishment of this coordination'. I approved of this formula, <and> Foch scribbled it down…”
344:, France. In January 1918, the allies agreed to meet once a month to discuss war strategy. Its purpose was to resolve the Allies' reinforcement troop shortages in the fourth year of the war. The French and the British were by this late stage of the conflict struggling to meet the numbers for the maintenance of the war, and requested of the American representatives present an escalation of that country's plans for the shipment its troop formations across the North Atlantic Ocean to assist with making up the shortfall. At this meeting, the allies agreed to modify "The London Agreement" signed by Lord Milner and General Pershing just a week earlier, in order to ramp up the shipment of American troops to France.
220:
228:
244:
141:
271:“The Beauvais conference on April 3rd gave me sufficient powers to lead the Allied War. They are not known to subordinates, due to indecisions, <and> delays in execution. To remedy this, by my letter of April 5th, I had the honor to ask you to be so kind as to let me know the title I should take in my new duties. I propose that of, “Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies”. As there are no delay in the conduct of operations, please send my request urgently to the English government so that it can respond without delay.”
149:
17:
236:
184:
the role, and placed him in executive charge of co-ordinating the operations of the Allied Armies on the
Western Front. One of Foch's remarks at the conference, to give confidence to the British military figures present (who had grave doubts about the willingness of the French to go on with the war) about his qualifications for the role was: "I would fight without a break. I would fight in front of
115:. PĂ©tain had previously agreed to send six divisions if the British were attacked; these (and more) had been sent, but when Haig requested an additional 20 divisions to support the threatened British 5th Army, PĂ©tain declined, fearing that the attack was a diversionary tactic for an - as yet - undisclosed attack by the Germans upon the French Army.
359:
in favor of linking up with the French and continuing the war. It was decided that foregoing embarkation and maintaining a link with the French would be the policy. On 21 June 1918, the B.E.F. Commander's instructions were updated to order him in the time of crisis to advance southward and maintain contact with the French army at all costs.
279:
historical differences between
Britain and France, and the possibility that a French General in overall charge of the Western Front, which included five British Armies, might not be received well by the British people, it is possible that those who attended the Doullens Conference conspired not to tell the entire truth about what took place.
522:
262:“On <March> 27th, a commission invited to define the powers given to our chief of staff (Foch had kept his old job, which was not very compatible with that of a field general), Under Secretary of State for War Jeanneney said, “Foch is above Pétain and Douglas Haig to put them <all> in agreement.”
202:
Controversy exists about the
Doullens Conference because of various people's claims, but primarily Haig's, that they deserve credit for uniting the Western Front. Upon Lord Milner's return from France on the evening of March 26, he was given official thanks by his peers on the war cabinet. However,
183:
The conference was successful in forming a unified command. It agreed to the creation of an Allied
Commander-in-Chief with the power to co-ordinate Allied operations collectively. The members attending the conference believed that General Ferdinand Foch was the most qualified figure for the nature of
126:
travelled to France, he met with
Georges Clemenceau on the 25th, and he urged the appointment of General Foch to unite the front. In the afternoon, the Paris group traveled to Compiegne to make the change official. However, the British generals were meeting at Abbeville (75 miles away), and the two
106:
being initially routed from its trench systems to the point that there appeared to exist the danger as it fell back en masse of it being overwhelmed, risking a breakthrough of the French and
British lines on the Western Front by the Germans. The strategic situation was made more unsure for the Allies
358:
On May 2, Prime
Minister Lloyd George had all the generals meet at the Prefect's house in Abbeville to discuss war strategy. It was found that in a crisis both General's Wilson and Haig supported a retreat north toward the Channel Ports. Others supported an advancement south, sacrificing the ports
278:
In all of recorded history, only one other general wrote his own promotion order and gave himself a title, and that general was
Napoleon Bonaparte. On May 18, 1804, Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France, and in December he crowned himself in front of the Pope and a large audience. Given the
251:
It appears as though the
Doullens participants left behind a secret that they all agreed not to discuss. It is commonly understood that the agreement was written by Prime Minister Clemenceau, the civilian leader over the French Army. However, a comparison of handwriting between Georges Clemenceau
131:
town hall on the morning of the 26th, but this was changed to Doullens because Field Marshal Haig had already planned a meeting with his subordinate Army Commanders there. There was a concern that the advancing Germans might actually overrun the town of Doullens before the conference was convened,
274:
Foch’s request for a title was immediately approved by both the British and French governments. Prime Minister Clemenceau says the word, "Commander" was a problem for the British (General Haig's title was, "Commander in Chief, British Expeditionary Forces"), so at the suggestion of General Smuts,
258:
Due to the high status and public renown of General's Haig and PĂ©tain, Prime Minister Clemenceau was sensitive to their reaction of General Foch's promotion. This is confirmed by Prime Minister Clemenceau's aide, General Mordacq. Also, Foch knew how to write the order. Even so, the next day:
324:
was present at this meeting to give the United States' assent to the candidature of Foch for the post. As mentioned, General Foch's title was addressed on April 14, 1918, after he wrote to Prime Minister Clemenceau. It was approved by the British War Cabinet the following day.
252:
and Ferdinand Foch shows that Foch was its author. From a legal point of view, an officer cannot write his own promotion order; it must be written by his superior. The situation that early afternoon at Doullens town hall is explained by author Gabriel Terrail:
210:
Other, smaller controversies exist with regards to claims made by Lloyd George and General Henry Wilson, and a rumour from French Minister of Munitions Loucher that two Doullens Agreements were written during the conference.
191:
The text of the Doullens Agreement can be found in the UK National Archives, and in The Times (of London) newspaper. A copy of the agreement, written by Prime Minister Clemenceau, can be found here.
70:, a member of the British War Cabinet, being dispatched to France by Prime Minister Lloyd George, on 24 March, to assess conditions on the Western Front, and to report back.
132:
so close to the front and so precipitous being the German assault, but this didn't happen and it was held there despite being in the path of the oncoming German advance.
950:
82:
launched a massive offensive against the British on the Western Front with the strategic aim of defeating the Allies in the West and winning World War I, before the
985:
Tucker, Spencer, & Laura Matysek Wood, and Justin D. Murphy, "The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia", unknown: Taylor & Francis, 1996
432:
25:
1069:
219:
227:
1016:
976:
Paschall, Rod, & Colonel Rod Paschall, and John S. D. Eisenhower, "The Defeat of Imperial Germany 1917-1918", unknown: Da Capo Press, 1994
965:
916:
550:
488:
907:
1074:
1004:
687:
355:, to facilitate co-ordination of the Italian Army's operations there with those taking place on the Western Front in France and Belgium.
351:
consented to General Foch's (as the new 'Allied Commander-in-Chief') authority extending to the Southern European theatre front in North
300:
on 3 April 1918 as a result of the above matter. The end agreement addressed a commander in chief's (General's Haig, PĂ©tain, Pershing,
177:
268:
A final controversy over General Foch's promotion occurred on April 15. A day earlier, he wrote the following letter to Clemenceau:
86:, which had recently entered the conflict on the Allies' side, could mass enough troops in France to intervene in the conflict. The
1034:
History of the Great War, Military Operations in France and Belgium, 1918: The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries, Vol VII
973:
Tucker, Spencer, & Priscilla Mary Roberts, and John S. D. Eisenhower, "World War I: A Student Encyclopedia", unknown: ABC, 2005
207:(Chemin des Dames) Offensive, provisional preparations for an evacuation would be begun by Lloyd George, and ended by Lord Milner.
630:
1089:
282:
Even respected author B.H. Liddell-Hart said about Foch in 1931, "Like Napoleon at Notre Dame, he was about to crown himself."
243:
180:, Field Marshal Haig, and Generals Henry Wilson, Herbert Lawrence, and Archibald Montgomery were the British representatives.
1047:
988:
Wallach, Jehuda Lothar, "Uneasy Coalition: The Entente Experience in World War I" unknown: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1993
402:
709:
672:
103:
63:
55:
1094:
875:
1084:
995:
204:
317:
83:
429:
188:. I would fight in Amiens. I would fight behind Amiens. I would fight all the time. I would never surrender".
107:
by a lack of co-ordination between the Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies on the Western Front, General
1079:
140:
87:
59:
1032:
1038:
889:
786:
607:
991:
Mordacq, Henri, "Unity of Command: How it Was Achieved", Paris: Tallandier, 1929 (translated from french)
584:
535:
940:
929:
861:
658:
461:
388:
119:
924:
Gilbert, Martin, "Winston S. Churchill, Vol, IV, The Stricken World" 1917-1922, London: Heinemann, 1975
194:
Lord Milner's complete notes on the meeting can be found in Prime Minister Clemenceau's autobiography.
156:
The meeting was held at the Hotel de Ville, its French attendees were General PĂ©tain, French President
50:, on 26 March 1918 between French and British military leaders and governmental representatives during
738:
Marshall-Cornwall, Sir James, “Foch as Military Commander”, New York: Crane, Russak, 1972, Appendix II
1064:
763:
644:
834:
821:
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561:
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337:
321:
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291:
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33:
29:
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108:
66:
which threatened a breakthrough of their lines during the war's final year. It occurred due to
99:
1012:
Woodward, David R., "Lloyd George and the Generals", Newark, DE: University of Delaware, 1983
348:
112:
122:
was needed to prevent a German breakthrough. For this reason, British War Cabinet Minister
436:
16:
961:
Marshall-Cornwall, Sir James, “Foch as Military Commander”, New York: Crane, Russak, 1972
102:. The commencement of the German offensive was an astonishing success, with the British
982:
Centenary News, "Doullens on parade for Foch centenary", 'Centenary News' website, 1919
235:
173:
169:
165:
979:
Marshall, Samuel Lyman Atwood, "World War I", unknown: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001
428:'Doullens on parade for Foch centenary', World War I 'Centenary News' website (1919).
1058:
958:
Weygand, Maxime, "Memoires, Vol I", France: Flammarion, 1953 (translated from french)
79:
67:
609:
Cooper, Duff, "Haig, The Second Volume", London: Faber and Faber, 1936, pgs. 451-454
313:
307:
401:
Callwell, C.E., "Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, His Life and Diaries, Vol. II",
128:
123:
51:
152:
The Stained Glass at Doullens Town Hall, commemorating the Doullens Conference.
328:
The text of the Beauvais Agreement can be found in the UK National Archives.
341:
586:
Lloyd George, David, "War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, Vol. V, 1917-1918"
430:
https://www.centenarynews.com/article/doullens-on-parade-for-foch-centenary
598:
Weygand, Maxime, "Memoires, Vol I", France: Flammarion, 1953, pgs. 276-280
390:
Amery, Leo, "My Political Life, Vol II", London: Hutchinson, 1953, pg. 147
297:
275:
Foch's title was always translated by the British as "General in Chief".
43:
54:. Its purpose was to better co-ordinate their armies' operations on the
312:) right to protest an order that he felt threatened his army. General
185:
47:
144:
Lord Milner's report to the War Cabinet, submitted the next morning.
118:
It became clear in the crisis that better co-ordination between the
955:, Paris: Literary & Artistic Co., 1920 (translated from french)
620:
Gilbert, Martin, "Winston S. Churchill, Vol. IV, 1917-1922", pg. 80
447:
Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, and John S. D. Eisenhower,
375:
Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, and John S. D. Eisenhower,
223:
The Doullens Conference Room, noting seating positions at the table
352:
242:
234:
226:
218:
147:
139:
15:
700:
Mordacq, Henri, "Unity of Command: How it Was Achieved", pg. 79
415:
Rod Paschall, Colonel Rod Paschall, and John S. D. Eisenhower,
997:
Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, His Life and Diaries, Vol II
849:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
265:
This disagreement set into motion the Beauvais Conference.
847:
Spencer Tucker, Laura Matysek Wood, and Justin D. Murphy,
231:
The suspect desk, where the Doullens Agreement was written
776:
Woodward, David, "Lloyd George and the Generals", pg. 295
127:
sides could not connect. The Allies decided to meet at
801:
Uneasy Coalition: The Entente Experience in World War I
460:
Clemenceau, Georges, "Grandeur and Misery of Victory",
247:
The Doullens Agreement reproduced in Clemenceau's hand
823:
National Archives, CAB 23-6, pg. 72 of 457, minute 12
537:
Clemenceau, Georges, "Grandeur and Misery of Victory"
945:, vol. 6 (New ed.), Boston: Little, Brown
934:, vol. 5 (New ed.), Boston: Little, Brown
340:meeting held on 1–2 May 1918 in the French town of
296:A secondary meeting occurred at the French town of
629:Wright, Peter E., "At The Supreme War Council",
588:, Boston: Little Brown, 1936, pgs. 387 & 388
111:, and his peer British Commander, Field Marshal
785:Liddell-Hart, B.H. "Foch, The Man of Orleans",
539:, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1930, pgs. 407-423
8:
860:Lloyd George, David, "War Memoirs", Vol VI,
553:National Archives, CAB 23-5, pg. 397 of 475
491:National Archives, CAB 23-5, pg. 396 of 475
671:Terrail, Gabriel, "The Unique Command",
417:The Defeat of Imperial Germany 1917-1918
316:, senior military representative of the
78:On 21 March 1918 the Army Groups of the
803:(Greenwood Publishing Group, 1993), 114
368:
347:Also at this conference Prime Minister
1037:, London: Macmillan, 1935, (Doullens:
478:(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001), 357
26:Dury, Compiègne and Abbeville Meetings
7:
1049:Doullens: The Room of Single Command
449:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia
377:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia
14:
942:War Memoirs Of David Lloyd George
931:War Memoirs Of David Lloyd George
921:, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1930
918:"Grandeur and Misery of Victory"
1070:European theatre of World War I
970:, London: Faber and Faber, 1936
851:(Taylor & Francis, 1996), 1
643:X Committee Minutes, CAB-23-17
524:The Times, May 22, 1928, pg. 16
332:The Second Abbeville Conference
812:Cornwall-Marshall, Appendix II
474:Samuel Lyman Atwood Marshall,
1:
1009:, New York: G.P. Putnam, 1921
761:National Archives, CAB 23-14,
1021:, Boston: Little Brown, 1931
939:Lloyd George, David (1937),
928:Lloyd George, David (1936),
723:National Archives, CAB 23-6,
172:, and Minister of Munitions
1075:Western Front (World War I)
909:"My Political Life, Vol II"
1111:
1006:At The Supreme War Council
419:(Da Capo Press, 1994), 144
289:
23:
20:Doullens Town Hall, France
677:(translated from french)
1018:Foch, The Man of Orleans
912:London: Hutchinson, 1953
318:United States of America
84:United States of America
1090:World War I conferences
1000:, London: Cassell, 1927
967:Haig, The Second Volume
799:Jehuda Lothar Wallach,
88:German spring offensive
727:pg. 8 of 457, minute 2
248:
240:
239:The Doullens Agreement
232:
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153:
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21:
915:Clemenceau, Georges,
451:(ABC-CLIO, 2005), 588
379:(ABC-CLIO, 2005), 587
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151:
143:
19:
1015:Liddell-Hart, B.H.,
952:"The Unique Command"
994:Callwell, MG C.E.,
338:Supreme War Council
336:This was the fifth
322:Supreme War Council
292:Beauvais Conference
286:Beauvais Conference
136:Doullens Conference
40:Doullens Conference
34:Supreme War Council
30:Beauvais Conference
949:Terrail, Gabriel,
874:Callwell, Vol II,
674:pgs. 212 & 213
435:2019-02-02 at the
249:
241:
233:
225:
162:Georges Clemenceau
154:
146:
68:Lord Alfred Milner
60:a dramatic advance
22:
1095:March 1918 events
1046:Foucart, Pierre,
646:pgs. 46-47 of 206
100:Operation Michael
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1085:1918 conferences
1031:Edmonds, James,
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749:CAB 23-6, pg. 72
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349:Vittorio Orlando
303:Albert (Belgium)
205:"Bluecher-Yorck"
158:Raymond Poincaré
113:Sir Douglas Haig
98:), started with
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109:Philippe PĂ©tain
96:Kaiser's Battle
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58:in the face of
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170:Maxime Weygand
166:Ferdinand Foch
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836:Ibid., pg. 18
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476:World War I
198:Controversy
124:Lord Milner
64:German Army
52:World War I
1059:Categories
901:References
863:pgs. 41-42
571:2020-09-24
509:2020-09-24
168:, General
164:, General
160:, Premier
104:Fifth Army
74:Background
24:See also:
363:Footnotes
342:Abbeville
888:Cooper,
686:Wright,
433:Archived
298:Beauvais
215:A Secret
44:Doullens
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176:. Lord
62:by the
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306:, and
186:Amiens
178:Milner
120:Allies
48:France
32:; and
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129:Dury
38:The
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