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This lack of a cure or vaccine is a definite problem in the equine industry, especially in developing countries where equines are highly valuable for both agriculture and transportation. Dourine is considered an endemic problem in developing countries, where over sixty percent of equines in the world
133:
or VSGs. These VSGs allow the organism to constantly manipulate and change the surface structure of its proteins, which means it is constantly being presented to the immune system as a new foreign organism and this prevents the body from mounting a large enough immune response to eradicate the
171:. However, none of the listed drugs are a cure and even the individual animals that are treated will experience relapses. Although this disease is not fatal in all cases and spontaneous recovery can occur, the death rate is relatively high and listed at a mortality rate of over fifty percent.
128:
has been manipulated to adapt to and proliferate in other species, such as dogs, rabbits, mice and rats, but this has never been observed to occur naturally. Although this limits spread of the disease because it is restricted to the equine population alone, the organism has developed complex
154:
Because this disease is highly durable in its equine host, it has proved very difficult to develop a vaccine for it. There are four main drugs on the market that are used to treat the clinical signs of dourine:
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animals. This is not an economically feasible option for many people who depend on horses for their livelihood. Therefore, it is crucial to continue research in this field and develop a viable vaccine.
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mechanisms over time to better equip itself for prolonged survival in the equine species. As normal for its genus, the parasite efficiently evades the host animal's immune system through the use of
142:
Dourine is spread venereally, and causes disc-shaped lesions of the reproductive organs, nervous system and skin, acute inflammation and edema of the genitals, followed by hindlimb paralysis,
75:. The occurrence of dourine is notifiable in the European Union under legislation from the OIE. There currently is no vaccine and although clinical signs can be treated, there is no cure.
286:
318:
Hagos, A; Goddeeris, BM; Yilkal, K; Alemu, T; Fikru, R; Yacob, HT; Feseha, G; Claes, F (4 August 2010). "Efficacy of
Cymelarsan and Diminasan against
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105:, so much so that even observation under microscope is not sufficient to differentiate between the two as their structure is very similar.
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existing in the natural world, being known only as a sexually transmitted disease of members of the equine family, including
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Gillingwater, K.; Büscher, P.; Brun, R. (September 2007). "Establishment of a panel of reference
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are located. The protocol for this disease, as stated by OIE, currently stands at slaughter of
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Tibary, Ahmed; Pearson, Lisa K.; Fite, Cheryl L. "Chapter 8 - Reproductive Tract
Infections".
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Raibaud, A; Gaillard, C; Longacre, S; Hibner, U; Buck, G; Bernardi, G; Eisen, H (July 1983).
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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368:: distribution, biology, treatment and phylogenetic relationship (a review)".
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at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health
Information Database
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American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fifth Edition
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Brun, Reto; Hecker, Hermann; Lun, Zhao-Rong (October 1998). "
408:"Genomic environment of variant surface antigen genes of
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53:, meaning mangy (said of a female camel), feminine of
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Gizaw, Yonas; Megersa, Mulisa; Fayera, Teka (2017).
71:, which belongs to an important genus of parasitic
101:has been discovered to be most closely linked to
285:. Horserace Betting Levyboard. pp. 59–65.
146:and death in more than fifty percent of cases.
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592:Current status of Covering sickness worldwide
36:Dourine of horses – its cause and suppression
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584:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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474:"Dourine: a neglected disease of equids"
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562:"OIE Technical Disease Card: Dourine"
478:Tropical Animal Health and Production
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27:Disease of horses and other Equidae
57:, meaning dirty), is a disease of
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292:from the original on 4 April 2022
322:infections in mice and horses".
61:and other members of the family
131:variable surface glycoproteins
1:
382:10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00146-0
237:strains for drug screening".
336:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.041
251:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.020
65:. The disease is caused by
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526:Equine Infectious Diseases
539:Merck Veterinary Manual.
490:10.1007/s11250-017-1280-1
138:Transmission and symptoms
49:(French, from the Arabic
618:Horse breeding and studs
586:Medical Subject Headings
628:Veterinary protozoology
437:10.1073/pnas.80.14.4306
370:Veterinary Parasitology
324:Veterinary Parasitology
239:Veterinary Parasitology
410:Trypanosoma equiperdum
320:Trypanosoma equiperdum
279:Codes of Practice 2020
235:Trypanosoma equiperdum
126:Trypanosoma equiperdum
99:Trypanosoma equiperdum
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88:Trypanosoma equiperdum
68:Trypanosoma equiperdum
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108:Dourine has no known
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428:1983PNAS...80.4306R
528:(Second ed.).
362:Trypanosoma evansi
231:Trypanosoma evansi
103:Trypanosoma evansi
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541:"Trypanosomiasis"
43:Covering sickness
34:Mohler, John R.,
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598:Disease card
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177:seropositive
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169:Quinapyramin
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165:Cymerlarsan
95:Trypanosoma
93:Out of the
607:Categories
208:2017-05-19
184:References
144:paraplegia
198:"Dourine"
161:Diminazen
150:Treatment
134:disease.
508:28439783
344:20417035
287:Archived
259:17624671
79:Parasite
73:protozoa
582:Dourine
499:5432633
456:6308614
424:Bibcode
390:9806490
157:Suramin
118:donkeys
114:fomites
110:vectors
97:genus,
63:Equidae
47:dourine
18:Dourine
588:(MeSH)
546:19 May
506:
496:
454:
447:384026
444:
388:
342:
296:24 May
257:
204:. 2017
167:, and
59:horses
51:darina
38:(1911)
565:(PDF)
290:(PDF)
283:(PDF)
122:mules
55:darin
45:, or
548:2017
504:PMID
452:PMID
386:PMID
364:and
340:PMID
298:2022
255:PMID
233:and
494:PMC
486:doi
442:PMC
432:doi
378:doi
332:doi
328:171
247:doi
243:148
112:or
609::
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482:49
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