69:, freight being shipped between the Channel ports led to a time-consuming process of shipping from source, unloading onto a ship, re-loading onto rail wagons and then onward delivery on the continent. This ran a significant cost of finance, time and also was detrimental in the amount of labour required to handle the transhipment. During the First World War, despite many innovative efforts to get military supplies to the front (such as small barges sailing across the Channel), the British military established a train ferry at
120:, which could be as much as 23 feet (7 m) in Dover Harbour, a separate dock was created which was protected against the extremes of tidal difference. Additionally, the dock was specially constructed with concrete in the water and a substrate of chalk removed from beneath it. The geological problems of building on the grey chalk (which was found to be riddled with cavities) was a problem that presented itself to the builders of the Channel Tunnel, a venture which brought the train ferry service to an end.
22:
157:, which was capable of a two-hour journey time between the two ports, which resulted in the possibility of up to four sailings each way per day. Loading and unloading at both terminals was undertaken with two locomotives each drawing a train of railway wagons on or off at the same time. This was to prevent the ship shifting under the weight change when wagons were taken away or added. The
498:
The train ferry carried its last cargo in
December 1995. The opening of the Channel Tunnel prompted the demise of the train ferry to and from Dover, as most flows were re-routed through the tunnel, though its freight loadings have seen lower tonnages than the train ferry carried. Part of the reason
161:
was built with an open section at the stern of the ship (as were most other train ferry vessels); this allowed for the transport of dangerous goods which could dissipate fumes if they leaked, but also that the wagons that contained the dangerous goods were more accessible in case of emergencies.
112:
ferry service for trains across the channel to
Dunkerque. Dunkerque was chosen above other French ports because of its recently refurbished docks. Initial lightly loaded freight services started in 1936, but a full service for freight did not begin in earnest until 1937, with the Night Ferry
88:
Whilst this process was by no means unique in
Britain (at least two water crossing train ferries were in operation across the Firths of Forth and Tay until their respective bridges were built), train ferries on the open sea was new to the British railway system.
196:
to France and Spain. Total tonnage of freight carried between
Germany, France, Spain and the United Kingdom in 1993 was almost 706,000 tonnes (778,000 tons). A further 200,000 tonnes (220,000 tons) was transferred between the UK and other countries in Europe.
149:
were installed at
Admiralty Pier at Dover. This allowed loading and unloading of the ferry whatever the water level as the linkspan was adaptable for the height variances of the tide. At the same time, a single ship was introduced, the
499:
for the lower tonnages was down to uncertainty with illegal immigrants, but also crucially, the dangerous goods that the train ferry carried were banned from travelling through the tunnel, so these loads were lost to road transport.
526:
However, even by 2003 Norfolkline forecast a sharp increase in demand for transport on this route, especially with tourists, and as a result sought to aim at a more passenger-oriented market with the route, and ordered three
695:
This is date when the vessel was scrapped, sold on or moved permanently away from the train ferry route. Some vessels remained in
Sealink or other railway operator control, but did not carry railway vehicles
522:
and road freight. The new service operated by
Norfolkline quickly proved to be a breakout success, as the initial one-ship operation expanded to four vessels within five years of the new service opening.
555:
to
Norfolkline, however these were heavily oriented towards road freight, as shown by their high lane metres but low pax capacity. It was in October 2005 that the first of the three newbuilds – the
588:
suffix, alongside being repainted into DFDS' house livery. Today, the service continues as a three-ship service under the DFDS banner, as one of two routes operated by the company across the
49:. After rationalisation of other Anglo-European train ferries, the Dover to Dunkerque sailing was the last to survive, though it ended its days on freight carryings only after the
104:
train ferry in 1924, using the former ferries and docking equipment as produced for the
British military at Southampton and Richborough during the First World War. In 1933, the
1727:
1732:
185:
between 1991 and 1995. Traffic imported into Dover via the train ferry included, fruit, chemicals and nuclear fuels between the continent and the BNFL complex at
1544:
580:
bought
Norfolkline, and subsequently inherited the Norfolkline network, including the Dover-Dunkerque service. The triplets were then renamed, ditching the
665:
Ferries for train passengers existed in many locations; train ferries that actually carried coaches, locomotives and wagons only operated from Dover and
1464:
769:
518:
revived the service. However, whilst the old service was tailored to the needs of the rail freight market, this new service was instead aimed at
73:
to enable trains and wagons to be taken onto a ferry without having to transfer the goods from wagons. Other crossings were also established at
1717:
686:
The Night Ferry was suspended in September 1939 due to the Second World War and was resurrected in 1946. It ceased running completely in 1980.
1722:
1338:
1101:
1035:
1355:
718:
596:. The service occasionally has seen additional vessels operate to Dunkerque, chiefly when industrial action shuts down the neighbouring
561:– entered service between Dover and Dunkerque, and slowly, one by one the Merchants were phased out. In 2006, the other two newbuilds –
502:
The train ferry dock at Dover has since been partially infilled and was in use as an aggregate terminal in the late 1990s/early 2000s.
794:
1537:
1501:
1313:
1240:
958:
893:
53:
passenger service ended in 1980. The last Dover to Dunkerque wagon-freight ferry service became redundant upon the opening of the
93:
131:
as mine-laying ships as the advantage of having rails set into the deck, allowed for easy transport onto the ship of the mines.
1712:
417:
After being used on the train ferry route on a rolling basis with other routes, she was sold to another ferry company in 1993
1553:
210:
1702:
1530:
474:
Interchangeability with other train ferries was not common; the Harwich to Zeebrugge train ferry used other ships (
1445:
182:
371:. The ship was used sporadically as a train ferry and was finally moved away from the Channel routes in 1984.
1652:
974:
627:
328:
552:
170:
Freight arriving and departing from the Dover ferry terminal was brought into Dover, or forwarded on, via
670:
1604:
1572:
1286:
1185:
1008:
638:
447:
151:
105:
78:
1028:
Mapping the railways : the journey of Britain's railways through maps from 1819 to the present day
1517:
275:
1707:
1628:
556:
378:
510:
As for the Dover-Dunkerque service in general, the railway ferry shut down in 1995, however in 2000
1676:
1636:
1612:
674:
573:– entered service, and with the triplets in service, the Merchant quad were phased out completely.
547:
301:
245:
205:
The train ferry route utilised a number of ships in its near 60-year history. For the purposes of
192:
Exports included china clay from the south west of England to Switzerland and steel products from
1596:
1644:
1497:
1480:
1431:
1334:
1309:
1236:
1149:
1097:
1031:
954:
889:
866:
618:
836:
41:
that operated between the United Kingdom and Europe. The route connected the English port of
1580:
1564:
1392:
568:
562:
266:
124:
802:
645:
66:
21:
127:, and during the war, the three ships that plied the route were redeployed in use by the
1588:
597:
533:
54:
1696:
1233:
Night Ferry : a tribute to Britain's only international through train, 1936-1980
589:
528:
401:
1668:
1660:
1620:
743:
577:
424:
351:
171:
924:
669:
to the continent. This excludes the wartime shipping of military stores from the
1522:
1290:
1189:
1012:
601:
515:
74:
70:
50:
38:
1153:
186:
128:
1484:
870:
600:, like in 2015 when Calais suffered from strike action around the closure of
464:
178:
174:
101:
82:
46:
123:
The Night Ferry service last ran in September 1939 due to the onset of the
1203:
1256:
193:
146:
139:
949:
Harris, Colin; Hart, Malcolm; Varley, Paul; Warren, Colin, eds. (1996).
612:
The Dover to Dunkerque train ferry has appeared in TV, films and books;
1281:
Wolmar, Christian (23 December 1995). "Electric rail plans 'shelved'".
666:
97:
1465:
Dover District Heritage Strategy; Appendix 1, Theme 4.1 Communications
394:
Only operated on the Dover to Dunkerque route for two years 1972–1974
294:
during the Second World War. She was sold in 1969 but laid up in 1973
593:
511:
719:"Port of Richborough and the birth of the cross channel train ferry"
1417:
519:
108:
started on a train ferry terminal in the port at Dover to allow a
42:
20:
1094:
Freight-train formations in colour for the modeller and historian
748:
A Pictorial Postcard History of Harwich, Dovercourt and Parkeston
206:
117:
1526:
884:
Compton, Gerald (2001). "3; Transport". In Yates, Nigel (ed.).
16:
Train ferry that operated between the United Kingdom and Europe
1146:
The allocation history of B.R. diesels and electrics. Volume 6
57:
when freight was carried directly through the Channel Tunnel.
1393:"Disused Stations: Dover Marine/Dover Western Docks Station"
209:(British Rail's numbering system), all the ships were given
1306:
Freightmaster review : a decade of change 1995 to 2004
861:
Stothard, Peter, ed. (13 October 1997). "New Train Ferry".
1127:
1125:
1051:
1049:
1047:
770:"Ports in WW1 - Forgotten Wrecks of the First World War"
1180:"Night ferries played their part in second world war".
490:) which were not used on the Dover to Dunkerque route.
1148:(3 ed.). Bromsgrove: Roger Harris. p. 225.
1003:"Remembering train ferry rides across the channel".
1475:Ratcliffe, David (December 2015). "Rail and Sail".
344:Scrapped straight from train ferry service in 1988
113:passenger service starting a year earlier in 1936.
116:Due to the height difference between high and low
1379:
1308:. Swindon: Freightmaster Publishing. p. 21.
908:
823:
217:which was withdrawn before TOPS was introduced.
1432:"MV Isle of Innisfree (III) – Past and Present"
1356:"Eurotunnel's plan to boost intermodal freight"
1538:
1030:(2 ed.). Glasgow: Collins. p. 132.
8:
774:forgottenwrecks.maritimearchaeologytrust.org
1479:. No. 235. Horncastle: Mortons Media.
1545:
1531:
1523:
888:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 138.
1728:Ports and harbours of the English Channel
1446:"MV Isle of Innisheer – Past and Present"
1116:
1079:
951:Engineering geology of the Channel Tunnel
641:(TV series) S5 E24 “A double in diamonds”
134:Competition first came from vehicle only
1231:Behrend, George; Buchanan, Gary (1985).
219:
135:
109:
1235:. Jersey: Jersey Artists. p. 110.
1131:
1067:
1055:
1026:Holland, Julian; Spaven, David (2014).
709:
658:
1733:Connections across the English Channel
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1333:. Shepperton: Ian Allan. p. 61.
1226:
1224:
1096:. Surrey: Ian Allan. pp. 45–49.
998:
996:
919:
917:
7:
975:"Train Ferry Dock and Train Ferries"
37:was one of two regular rail freight
1418:"Building the 'D' Class – Part One"
953:. London: T. Telford. p. 111.
717:Batchelor, Simon (30 August 2014).
1494:Rail Freight Since 1968; Wagonload
925:"Dover Marine/Dover Western Docks"
14:
1470:(Report). Dover District Council.
1463:Found, Ben; Mason, Simon (2013).
1354:Hope, Richard (1 November 2003).
138:ferries in 1952 when a Dover to
94:London and North Eastern Railway
367:Some sources state its name as
865:. No. 66019. p. 23.
440:Sold to another ferry company
1:
1718:Ports and harbours of England
1554:British Rail Class 99 (ships)
886:Kent in the twentieth century
634:1965 - The Night Ferry (book)
1723:Ports and harbours of France
723:National Railway Museum blog
622:(film; seen towards the end)
506:Revival as car ferry service
321:during the Second World War
1397:www.disused-stations.org.uk
1331:Diesel decades : 1990s
837:"The Harwich Train Ferries"
531:. By 2005 four ships – the
35:Dover–Dunkerque train ferry
1749:
1518:Dover Ferry Photos website
1496:. Kettering: Silver Link.
181:from 1977 to 1991, and as
45:, with the French port of
1560:
1092:Ratcliffe, David (2012).
841:Harwich & Dovercourt
183:Railfreight Distribution
145:In 1988, a new dock and
584:prefix and gaining the
1713:History of Dover, Kent
1492:Shannon, Paul (2006).
1380:Found & Mason 2013
1329:Shannon, Paul (2009).
1144:Harris, Roger (2006).
909:Found & Mason 2013
824:Found & Mason 2013
592:– the other ending in
553:Norse Merchant Ferries
30:
1304:Buck, Martin (2004).
1257:"HHV Ferry: Chartres"
551:were on charter from
177:network (labelled as
142:service was started.
24:
1703:Port of Dover, Kent
1184:. 20 October 2011.
1007:. 13 October 2010.
675:Port of Southampton
671:Port of Richborough
221:
1607:Speedlink Vanguard
1575:Nord Pas-de-Calais
979:doverhistorian.com
608:In popular culture
488:Speedlink Vanguard
449:Nord Pas-de-Calais
220:
159:Nord Pas-de-Calais
154:Nord Pas-de-Calais
31:
1688:
1687:
1340:978-0-7110-3384-9
1103:978-0-7110-3447-1
1037:978-0-00-750649-1
981:. 20 October 2013
619:The Lady Vanishes
548:Northern Merchant
472:
471:
1740:
1679:Transcontainer I
1639:Shepperton Ferry
1615:Twickenham Ferry
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1507:
1488:
1471:
1469:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1434:. 17 March 2013.
1428:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1261:www.hhvferry.com
1253:
1247:
1246:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1208:www.hhvferry.com
1200:
1194:
1193:
1177:
1158:
1157:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1000:
991:
990:
988:
986:
971:
965:
964:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
921:
912:
906:
900:
899:
881:
875:
874:
858:
852:
851:
849:
847:
833:
827:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
801:. Archived from
791:
785:
784:
782:
780:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
714:
697:
693:
687:
684:
678:
663:
628:The Ipcress File
558:Maersk Dunkerque
303:Shepperton Ferry
267:Second World War
247:Twickenham Ferry
234:Withdrawal date
222:
137:
125:Second World War
111:
106:Southern Railway
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1599:Cambridge Ferry
1556:
1551:
1514:
1504:
1491:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1448:. 30 June 2012.
1444:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1360:Railway Gazette
1353:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1283:The Independent
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1179:
1178:
1161:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1002:
1001:
994:
984:
982:
973:
972:
968:
961:
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
929:kentrail.org.uk
923:
922:
915:
907:
903:
896:
883:
882:
878:
860:
859:
855:
845:
843:
835:
834:
830:
822:
818:
808:
806:
805:on 14 July 2014
799:Granton History
795:"Train Ferries"
793:
792:
788:
778:
776:
767:
766:
762:
752:
750:
742:
741:
737:
727:
725:
716:
715:
711:
706:
701:
700:
694:
690:
685:
681:
664:
660:
655:
646:Steptoe and Son
610:
508:
496:
480:Cambridge Ferry
314:September 1972
213:status, except
203:
168:
67:First World War
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:External links
1510:
1509:
1508:
1502:
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1472:
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1451:
1437:
1423:
1409:
1384:
1372:
1346:
1339:
1321:
1314:
1296:
1273:
1248:
1241:
1220:
1195:
1159:
1136:
1121:
1117:Ratcliffe 2015
1109:
1102:
1084:
1080:Ratcliffe 2015
1072:
1060:
1043:
1036:
1018:
992:
966:
959:
941:
913:
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623:
609:
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598:Port of Calais
529:newbuild ships
507:
504:
495:
492:
470:
469:
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460:December 1995
458:
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172:British Rail's
167:
164:
96:established a
62:
59:
55:Channel Tunnel
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1745:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1655:Saint Germain
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:Norfolk Ferry
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:Suffolk Ferry
1563:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1503:1-85794-264-7
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1382:, p. 29.
1381:
1376:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1315:0-9537540-4-9
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1242:0-901845-13-2
1238:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Dover Express
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1134:, p. 83.
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:, p. 15.
1118:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1082:, p. 17.
1081:
1076:
1073:
1070:, p. 82.
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:, p. 80.
1057:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:Dover Express
999:
997:
993:
980:
976:
970:
967:
962:
960:0-7277-2045-7
956:
952:
945:
942:
930:
926:
920:
918:
914:
911:, p. 24.
910:
905:
902:
897:
895:0-85115-587-1
891:
887:
880:
877:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
842:
838:
832:
829:
826:, p. 44.
825:
820:
817:
804:
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744:"Train Ferry"
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29:leaving Dover
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1477:Rail Express
1476:
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1426:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:
1349:
1330:
1324:
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1299:
1282:
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1264:. Retrieved
1260:
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1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1181:
1145:
1139:
1132:Shannon 2006
1112:
1093:
1087:
1075:
1068:Shannon 2006
1063:
1056:Shannon 2006
1027:
1021:
1004:
983:. Retrieved
978:
969:
950:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:
904:
885:
879:
862:
856:
844:. Retrieved
840:
831:
819:
807:. Retrieved
803:the original
798:
789:
777:. Retrieved
773:
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751:. Retrieved
747:
738:
726:. Retrieved
722:
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585:
581:
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570:Maersk Dover
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564:Maersk Delft
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246:
231:Launch date
228:TOPS number
214:
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191:
169:
158:
153:
144:
133:
122:
115:
91:
87:
64:
34:
32:
26:
18:
1708:Dover, Kent
1591:Essex Ferry
1204:"HHV Ferry"
648:(TV series)
602:MyFerryLink
516:Norfolkline
514:subsidiary
484:Essex Ferry
265:during the
255:March 1934
166:Commodities
75:Southampton
71:Richborough
65:Before the
51:Night Ferry
1697:Categories
1671:Saint Eloi
1402:1 February
1365:2 February
1266:3 February
1213:2 February
1154:1052348563
985:1 February
934:1 February
846:1 February
809:1 February
728:1 February
704:References
426:Saint Eloi
319:Shepperton
284:July 1934
263:Twickenham
187:Sellafield
129:Royal Navy
1623:Vortigern
1485:1362-234X
1291:312422145
1190:899281828
1013:237540045
871:0140-0460
863:The Times
639:The Saint
465:SeaFrance
353:Vortigern
258:May 1974
179:Speedlink
175:wagonload
102:Zeebrugge
83:Liverpool
77:, Dover,
47:Dunkerque
1663:Chartres
1631:Anderida
1287:ProQuest
1186:ProQuest
1009:ProQuest
779:25 April
753:25 April
673:and the
576:In 2010
534:Midnight
463:Sold to
403:Chartres
380:Anderida
369:Vortigan
317:Was HMS
290:Was HMS
261:Was HMS
211:Class 99
194:Teesside
147:linkspan
140:Boulogne
79:Newhaven
1677:99 014
1669:99 013
1661:99 012
1653:99 011
1647:Invicta
1645:99 010
1637:99 009
1629:99 008
1621:99 007
1613:99 006
1605:99 005
1597:99 004
1589:99 003
1581:99 002
1573:99 001
1565:99 001
1457:Sources
667:Harwich
644:1974 -
637:1967 -
625:1965 -
616:1938 -
586:Seaways
520:lorries
494:Closure
454:99 001
431:99 013
408:99 012
385:99 008
358:99 007
335:99 011
308:99 009
292:Hampton
252:99 006
98:Harwich
61:History
27:St Eloi
1500:
1483:
1337:
1312:
1289:
1239:
1188:
1152:
1100:
1034:
1011:
957:
892:
869:
696:again.
631:(film)
594:Calais
582:Maersk
512:Maersk
486:, and
237:Notes
1468:(PDF)
653:Notes
543:Brave
437:1990
434:1975
414:1993
411:1974
391:1981
388:1971
364:1988
361:1969
341:1988
338:1951
225:Name
201:Ships
136:ro-ro
118:tides
110:ro-ro
43:Dover
1498:ISBN
1481:ISSN
1404:2019
1367:2019
1335:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1268:2019
1237:ISBN
1215:2019
1150:OCLC
1098:ISBN
1032:ISBN
987:2019
955:ISBN
936:2019
890:ISBN
867:ISSN
848:2019
811:2019
781:2019
755:2019
730:2019
578:DFDS
567:and
545:and
539:Dawn
240:Ref
207:TOPS
92:The
81:and
33:The
152:MS
100:to
25:MV
1699::
1395:.
1358:.
1285:.
1259:.
1223:^
1206:.
1162:^
1124:^
1046:^
995:^
977:.
927:.
916:^
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797:.
772:.
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604:.
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85:.
1546:e
1539:t
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1156:.
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989:.
963:.
938:.
898:.
873:.
850:.
813:.
783:.
757:.
732:.
677:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
