42:
259:, the younger brother of the Zhengtong Emperor became the new emperor of the Ming dynasty. Orders claiming to be issued by the previous emperor were to be ignored and no negotiations regarding the hostage situation would be entertained. The rationale was that the emperor's life is not as important as the fate of the country.
336:
Esen continued attempting to use
Zhengtong Emperor to negotiate with the Ming court but to no avail as the new emperor was gaining power and had no intention of giving it back to his brother. Eventually Esen released the Zhengtong Emperor in 1450. This was because he saw no advantage keeping him any
307:
On 12 October, Esen once again tried his diplomatic approach but was rebuffed by Ming forces. Then Esen invited the Ming court to send leading officials to escort the
Zhengtong Emperor back to the capital hoping to take more high ranking hostages. However the Ming court only sent out two low ranking
262:
Yu Qian was promoted to minister of war although he had been already planning and arranging measures for the defense of
Beijing beforehand. Yu Qian believed that a major reason for the defeat in the Tumur Crisis was caused by poor logistics and lack of supplies. Large granaries were set up and the
340:
Esen faced criticism for his failure to capitalize his initial victory over the Ming. Certain historians have argued that Esen had not only failed to win better terms than the prior arrangements, he was forced to accept less favorable terms in return for resumption of trade with the Ming. In 1453
224:
Esen attempted to use the captured
Zhengtong Emperor to raise a ransom and negotiate a favorable treaty including trade benefits. The emperor's family planned to raise funds to secure the emperor's release. The Ming court at first was inclined to follow the counsel of Xu Youzhen, an official who
347:
The
Jingtai Emperor was impressed with Yu Qian's accomplishment and promoted him to be the Crown Prince's Guardian and Tutor. However, in 1457, the previous Zhengtong Emperor successfully launched a coup and overthrew his brother, the Jingtai Emperor. Yu Qian was falsely accused of treason and
287:
On 1 October, Esen and his forces moved to capture
Beijing. Their first assault was on Datong where once again, they brought the Zhengtong Emperor to the gates and explained their aim to restore him back to the throne. However the defenders ignored their request.
278:
As a result of the Ming dynasty installing a new emperor, Esen was unable to leverage the
Zhengtong Emperor to obtain a deal. Therefore, his chieftains agreed to move forward to invading Beijing with the claim of wanting to restore the Zhengtong Emperor to power.
295:
and instead would go through the Zijing Pass. The defenders were able to hold up for several days but eventually Esen's forces managed to breakthrough and by 11 October, they had reached
Beijing where they were facing the
311:
On 13 October, Esen attacked the
Deshengmen gate. However a tactic Yu Qian frequently employed was to lure Esen's forces in the cities and then shut the gates once they were in. Inside the cities were
321:
On 17 October, Esen realized with his forces outnumbered and with any reinforcements being blocked from coming through the Juyong Pass, that there was no chance of success and withdrew from
Beijing.
275:
were mobilized to defend the capital and weapon manufacturing was significantly increased. By the time of the battle, Beijing had a force of around 220,000 soldiers ready.
1016:
743:
344:
The Ming dynasty underwent a restructuring of the organization of its armed forces and allowed more oversight from the capital bureaucracy rather than just the eunuchs.
1223:
996:
625:
875:
1378:
1028:
315:
lying in ambush who would attack the trapped forces using ranged weapons such as firearms and rockets. Esen's brothers were killed in these attacks.
678:
1174:
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573:
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1119:
974:
1373:
789:
683:
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618:
1254:
245:
718:
809:
769:
329:
On 20 October, Esen sent envoys to negotiate a peace deal with the Ming court. On 8 November, Esen's forces moved outside the
1388:
178:
166:
1301:
1023:
1281:
1059:
927:
897:
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337:
longer and the Mongol economy relied on their trade with the Ming dynasty so Esen was obligated to reopen negotiations.
238:
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824:
723:
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713:
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Esen declared himself Khan where internal conflict broke out and 2 years later was assassinated by his own men.
1334:
1213:
799:
218:
1244:
1153:
819:
673:
225:
suggested that since the garrison forces around Beijing were less than 100,000, the court should retreat to
1181:
1129:
937:
829:
318:
Fighting continued for the next few days where Ming forces would constantly use the same ambush tactics.
1383:
1286:
1264:
1249:
890:
870:
748:
708:
698:
1317:
885:
784:
663:
213:
led an invasion against the Ming dynasty in the year 1449. In September, Esen was victorious in the
1167:
1006:
949:
902:
860:
834:
738:
688:
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728:
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703:
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330:
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17:
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41:
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logistic network was reworked. Reserves forces from neighboring provinces such as
584:
563:
1296:
1239:
774:
292:
252:
rejected this proposal and said those who advocated retreat should be executed.
214:
206:
121:
348:
sentenced to death. Many of Yu Qian's enemies called for him to be executed by
229:
while things were still in balance. This was following the example of when the
1218:
1074:
312:
297:
47:
1259:
301:
268:
234:
51:
349:
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226:
137:
75:
603:
264:
186:
1124:
1043:
272:
356:. Yu Qian was posthumously rehabilitated nine years later by the
291:
Esen eventually changed plans from attacking Beijing through the
1038:
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527:
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586:
The Cambridge History of China: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644
502:
500:
583:
Twitchett, Denis; Mote, Frederick W. (23 April 1998).
46:
Map of Beijing in 1449. Esen's forces were facing the
27:
1449 conflict between the Oriats and the Ming dynasty
1343:
1310:
1232:
1191:
1138:
1095:
1052:
962:
848:
757:
651:
642:
352:but the Zhengtong Emperor reduced his sentence to
565:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
34:
1224:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
619:
545:
533:
518:
491:
476:
464:
452:
427:
412:
385:
201:As a result of trade sanctions issued by the
8:
185:), was a battle that took place between the
54:gates from the North West corner of the map.
648:
626:
612:
604:
40:
31:
304:gates from its corner in the north west.
506:
397:
308:officers and therefore the ploy failed.
369:
1175:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
7:
562:Barfield, Thomas Jefferson (1989).
1379:Battles involving the Ming dynasty
25:
810:Japanese missions to Ming China
242:captured its capital of Kaifeng
684:Campaign against the Uriankhai
589:. Cambridge University Press.
182:
170:
1:
744:Campaigns against the Mongols
1282:Covered jar with carp design
898:Transition from Ming to Qing
1399:Military history of Beijing
1277:Ming presentation porcelain
876:Japanese invasions of Korea
1415:
1374:Battles involving Mongolia
1139:Compilations and Documents
770:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
1272:Chinese lacquerware table
1034:Embroidered Uniform Guard
795:Prince of Anhua rebellion
546:Twitchett & Mote 1998
534:Twitchett & Mote 1998
519:Twitchett & Mote 1998
492:Twitchett & Mote 1998
477:Twitchett & Mote 1998
465:Twitchett & Mote 1998
453:Twitchett & Mote 1998
428:Twitchett & Mote 1998
413:Twitchett & Mote 1998
386:Twitchett & Mote 1998
146:
112:
94:
58:
39:
1335:Great Ming Treasure Note
1214:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
997:Administrative divisions
800:Prince of Ning rebellion
18:Draft:Defense of Beijing
1154:The Hundred-word Eulogy
820:Great Rites Controversy
674:Ming conquest of Yunnan
1192:Palaces and Mausoleums
1182:Ming Veritable Records
830:Luso-Chinese agreement
113:Commanders and leaders
1389:15th century in China
1287:Yongning Temple Stele
1024:Imperial Commissioner
749:Reign of Ren and Xuan
709:Ming treasure voyages
699:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
219:the Zhengtong Emperor
173:), also known as the
886:Sino-Dutch conflicts
785:Rebellion of Cao Qin
714:Ming–Turpan conflict
664:Red Turban Rebellion
1233:Society and Culture
1168:Yongle Encyclopedia
1007:Imperial Clan Court
950:Kingdom of Tungning
903:Jurchen unification
835:Jiajing wokou raids
724:Battle of Palembang
689:Battle of Buir Lake
1082:Military conquests
928:Peasant rebellions
805:Capture of Malacca
780:Defense of Beijing
694:Lin Kuan rebellion
237:after the Jurchen
175:Defense of Beijing
163:Defense of Jingshi
66:11–17 October 1449
35:Defense of Jingshi
1394:Conflicts in 1449
1361:
1360:
1070:Gunpowder weapons
1029:Grand coordinator
992:Grand Secretariat
958:
957:
852:(1572–1683)
761:(1435–1572)
729:Battle of Kherlen
679:Ming–Mong Mao War
669:Wu Mian rebellion
655:(1368–1435)
596:978-1-107-10649-9
575:978-1-55786-043-9
255:On 22 September,
159:
158:
90:
89:
16:(Redirected from
1406:
1161:Huang-Ming Zuxun
933:Jiashen Incident
923:She-An Rebellion
908:Seven Grievances
881:Donglin movement
866:Bozhou rebellion
853:
762:
739:Lam Sơn uprising
719:Ming–Đại Ngu War
704:Jingnan campaign
656:
649:
628:
621:
614:
605:
600:
579:
568:. B. Blackwell.
549:
543:
537:
531:
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468:
462:
456:
450:
431:
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416:
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401:
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389:
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358:Chenghua Emperor
354:public beheading
221:being captured.
184:
172:
103:(Mongol Khanate)
60:
59:
44:
32:
21:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:History of Ming
1339:
1306:
1228:
1204:Chaotian Palace
1187:
1147:History of Yuan
1134:
1091:
1048:
954:
854:
851:
844:
840:Single whip law
815:Ningbo incident
790:Miao rebellions
763:
760:
753:
657:
654:
638:
632:
597:
582:
576:
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246:Minister of War
217:, resulting in
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133:Jingtai Emperor
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28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1328:Yongle Tongbao
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1323:Hongwu Tongbao
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1199:Forbidden City
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1087:Nine Garrisons
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871:Ordos campaign
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734:Ming–Kotte War
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548:, p. 340.
538:
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521:, p. 334.
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496:
494:, p. 331.
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479:, p. 330.
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455:, p. 328.
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388:, p. 325.
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244:. However the
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1209:Ming Xiaoling
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1017:Vassal prince
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1002:Eastern Depot
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976:
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945:Southern Ming
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560:
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528:
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520:
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512:
508:
507:Barfield 1989
503:
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398:Barfield 1989
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211:Northern Yuan
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101:Northern Yuan
99:
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65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1384:1449 in Asia
1350:
1344:Other topics
1255:Four Masters
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
985:House of Zhu
938:Shanhai Pass
918:Great Plague
861:Jianzhou war
779:
635:Ming dynasty
585:
564:
541:
514:
472:
460:
393:
350:slow slicing
346:
343:
339:
335:
328:
320:
317:
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306:
290:
286:
277:
261:
254:
231:Song dynasty
223:
203:Ming dynasty
200:
191:Ming dynasty
174:
162:
160:
107:Ming dynasty
95:Belligerents
86:Ming victory
29:
1297:Tai history
980:Family tree
891:Liaoluo Bay
825:Renyin plot
775:Tumu Crisis
293:Juyong Pass
239:Jin dynasty
215:Tumu Crisis
207:Esen Taishi
122:Esen Taishi
1368:Categories
1265:Zhe School
1219:Ming tombs
1103:Inner Asia
1075:Shenjiying
1065:Great Wall
963:Government
364:References
331:Great Wall
313:Shenjiying
298:Deshengmen
197:Background
48:Deshengmen
1260:Wu School
1245:Musicians
1108:Manchuria
1096:Frontiers
325:Aftermath
233:moved to
193:in 1449.
1311:Currency
1250:Painting
1060:Military
1053:Military
302:Xizhimen
269:Shandong
257:Zhu Qiyu
235:Hangzhou
189:and the
147:Strength
71:Location
52:Xizhimen
1318:Coinage
1292:Economy
1120:Vietnam
1012:Princes
970:Emperor
758:Middle
644:History
556:Sources
250:Yu Qian
227:Nanjing
209:of the
179:Chinese
167:Chinese
155:220,000
138:Yu Qian
76:Beijing
1240:Poetry
1130:Yunnan
652:Early
637:topics
593:
572:
283:Battle
265:Shanxi
187:Oirats
181::
169::
152:70,000
83:Result
1302:Islam
1125:Wokou
1113:Tibet
1044:Fotou
913:Sarhū
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