217:"A lichen is a stable, self-supporting association of a fungus or fungal-like organism, the primary mycobiont, and a morphologically undifferentiated, unicellular to filamentous alga and/or a cyanobacterium, the primary (and secondary) photobiont, along with obligately associated elements of the fungal and bacterial microbiome contained therein. The phenotype of the mycobiont in the lichenized state (the exhabitant) typically functions as a greenhouse around the photobiont (the inhabitant), the mechanical, physiological and evolutionary properties of the symbiosis thereby exhibiting analogies with agriculture."
77:
53:
87:
135:
22:
1232:
type. This variability often leads to inaccuracies in age estimation, making lichenometry less reliable compared to other dating methods. While age estimates obtained by lichenometry should be interpreted with caution, it can provide valuable information when combined with other dating techniques, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of geological and historical timelines.
2801:
Delves, Jay; Lewis, Jason E.J.; Ali, Niaz; Asad, Saeed A.; Chatterjee, Sudipto; Crittenden, Peter D.; Jones, Matthew; Kiran, Aysha; Prasad Pandey, Bishnu; Reay, David; Sharma, Subodh; Tshering, Dendup; Weerakoon, Gothamie; van Dijk, Netty; Sutton, Mark A.; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Ellis, Christopher J.
1231:
and mountainous environments. This dating technique, though innovative in its approach, encounters several limitations and challenges. One of the primary issues is the variability in growth rates of lichens, which can be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, altitude, and substrate
1007:
is significant for seed plant dispersal, but its role in dispersing lichen has been largely unexplored until a study demonstrated that lichen fragments can survive and regenerate after passing through the digestive systems of snails, suggesting that gastropods may be vital, previously overlooked
2957:
Ellis, Christopher J.; Asplund, Johan; Benesperi, Renato; Branquinho, Cristina; Di Nuzzo, Luca; Hurtado, Pilar; Martínez, Isabel; Matos, Paula; Nascimbene, Juri; Pinho, Pedro; Prieto, María; Rocha, Bernardo; Rodríguez-Arribas, Clara; Thüs, Holger; Giordani, Paolo (2021).
3594:
Mallen-Cooper, Max; Rodríguez-Caballero, Emilio; Eldridge, David J.; Weber, Bettina; Büdel, Burkhard; Höhne, Hermann; Cornwell, Will K. (2023). "Towards an understanding of future range shifts in lichens and mosses under climate change".
2908:
Elkhateeb, Waill A.; Daba, Ghoson M.; Sheir, Donia; Nguyen, The-Duy; Hapuarachchi, Kalani K.; Thomas, Paul W. (2021). "Mysterious world of lichens: highlights on their history, applications, and pharmaceutical potentials".
201:
suggested redefinition of lichen: a self-sufficient ecosystem formed by the interaction of a thallus-forming fungus, an extracellular arrangement of one or more photosynthetic partners, and a variable number of other
209:
proposal of modified definition of lichen, "integrating aspects put forward by
Ainsworth et al. (1971), Hawksworth (1988), Honegger (1991, 2012), Goward (1994), Kirk et al. (2008), and Hawksworth and Grube
2307:
Adenubi, Olubukola
Tolulope; Famuyide, Ibukun Michael; McGaw, Lyndy Joy; Eloff, Jacobus Nicolaas (2022). "Lichens: An update on their ethnopharmacological uses and potential as sources of drug leads".
2335:
Allen, Jessica L.; McMullin, R. Troy; Tripp, Erin A.; Lendemer, James C. (2019). "Lichen conservation in North
America: a review of current practices and research in Canada and the United States".
3847:
Ravera, Sonia; Benesperi, Renato; Bianchi, Elisabetta; Brunialti, Giorgio; Di Nuzzo, Luca; Frati, Luisa; Giordani, Paolo; Isocrono, Deborah; Nascimbene, Juri; Vallese, Chiara; Paoli, Luca (2023).
254:
lichen #'s as of 2017: "the number of lichenized species is now tabulated at 19,409 and the number of fungal genera, families, and orders including lichens at 1,002, 119, and 40, respectively"
3450:
Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera".
3478:
Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017b). "Corrections and amendments to the 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota".
2691:
Cometto, Agnese; Leavitt, Steven D.; Millanes, Ana M.; Wedin, Mats; Grube, Martin; Muggia, Lucia (2022). "The yeast lichenosphere: high diversity of basidiomycetes from the lichens
3624:
Miranda-González, Ricardo; McCune, Bruce (2020). "The weight of the crust: Biomass of crustose lichens in tropical dry forest represents more than half of foliar biomass".
1037:
this (2018) source has a large discussion on both lichenization and lichen fossils. "This leaves 190 accepted lichen fossils, most of which (90%) are from
Paleogene amber."
4506:
238:
note duplication of this with "Lichen evolution" later. I think here, mention of lichenization should be brief and to the point, with more information in later section.
3819:
Pichler, Gregor; Muggia, Lucia; Carniel, Fabio
Candotto; Grube, Martin; Kranner, Ilse (2023). "How to build a lichen: from metabolite release to symbiotic interplay".
144:
63:
4501:
2392:
Anderson, J.; Lévesque, N.; Caron, F.; Beckett, P.; Spiers, G.A. (2022). "A review on the use of lichens as a biomonitoring tool for environmental radioactivity".
4456:"The impact of nitrogen pollution in the agricultural landscape on lichens: a review of their responses at the community, species, biont and physiological levels"
929:
and its importance in predicting responses to climate change, emphasizing the role of water content, vapour pressure differential, and symbiont dynamics.
804:
review (2021): "Towards a
Systems Biology Approach to Understanding the Lichen Symbiosis: Opportunities and Challenges of Implementing Network Modelling"
2590:
Calcott, Mark J.; Ackerley, David F.; Knight, Allison; Keyzers, Robert A.; Owen, Jeremy G. (2018). "Secondary metabolism in the lichen symbiosis".
1105:
review (2021): "A systematic review on biomonitoring using lichen as the biological indicator: A decade of practices, progress and challenges"
4496:
4444:
4120:
4094:
3949:
3923:
3515:
2879:
Eisenreich, Wolfgang; Knispel, Nihat; Beck, Andreas (2011). "Advanced methods for the study of the chemistry and the metabolism of lichens".
2791:
2652:
2634:
2493:
3933:
Saini, Khem Chand; Nayaka, Sanjeeva; Bast, Felix (2019). "Diversity of Lichen
Photobionts: Their Coevolution and Bioprospecting Potential".
3573:
Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Leavitt, Steven D. (2011). "Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi".
3706:"Towards a systems biology approach to understanding the lichen symbiosis: opportunities and challenges of implementing network modelling"
2485:
Armstrong, Richard A. (2017). "Adaptation of
Lichens to Extreme Conditions". In Shukla, Vertika; Kumar, Sanjeev; Kumar, Narendra (eds.).
4516:
4511:
4491:
109:
3527:"Species in lichen-forming fungi: balancing between conceptual and practical considerations, and between phenotype and phylogenomics"
3219:
Hayward, G.D.; Rosentreter, R. (1994). "Lichens as nesting material for northern flying squirrels in the northern Rocky Mountains".
2540:
4199:
Spribille, Toby; Resl, Philipp; Stanton, Daniel E.; Tagirdzhanova, Gulnara (2022). "Evolutionary biology of lichen symbioses".
2282:"A systematic review on biomonitoring using lichen as the biological indicator: A decade of practices, progress and challenges"
3417:
Lakatos, Michael; Lange-Bertalot, Horst; Büdel, Burkhard (2004). "Diatoms living inside the thallus of the green algal lichen
33:
2450:
1114:
review (2023): "Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.: The Multifaceted Suitability of the Lung Lichen to Monitor Forest Ecosystems"
100:
58:
382:: "The weight of the crust: Biomass of crustose lichens in tropical dry forest represents more than half of foliar biomass"
773:
4158:
Spribille, Toby; Tagirdzhanova, Gulnara; Goyette, Spencer; Tuovinen, Veera; Case, Rebecca; Zandberg, Wesley F. (2020).
3396:
Kranner, Ilse; Beckett, Richard; Hochman, Ayala; Nash, Thomas H. (2008). "Desiccation-tolerance in lichens: a review".
4057:
Scheidegger, Christoph; Werth, Silke (2009). "Conservation strategies for lichens: insights from population biology".
3798:
Pankratov, T.A.; Kachalkin, A. V.; Korchikov, E.S.; Dobrovol’skaya, T.G. (2017). "Microbial communities of lichens".
2662:
Chen, Jie; Blume, Hans-Peter; Beyer, Lothar (2000). "Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonization — a review".
4029:
Scharnagl, Klara; Tagirdzhanova, Gulnara; Talbot, Nicholas J. (2023). "The coming golden age for lichen biology".
1227:
method that estimates the age of exposed rock surfaces by measuring lichen growth rates, predominantly applied in
996:. They grow between the thallus filaments on extracellular material of the mycobiont. It's probably an example of
4247:
Upreti, Dalip K.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Nayaka, Sanjeeva (2005). "Commercial and Ethnic Use of Lichens in India".
4104:
Sonina, Angella V.; Androsova, Vera I. (2020). "Coastal Lichens: Distribution Patterns and Adaptive Strategies".
2503:
Asplund, Johan; Wardle, David A. (2017). "How lichens impact on terrestrial community and ecosystem properties".
992:, a common filamentous lichen of Neotropical lowland rainforests, is inhabited by several species of terrestrial
4260:
3986:
Sanders, William B.; Masumoto, Hiroshi (2021). "Lichen algae: the photosynthetic partners in lichen symbioses".
1291:
510:
3552:
Lücking, Robert (2020). "Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective".
3375:
Joulain, Daniel; Tabacchi, Raphaël (2009b). "Lichen extracts as raw materials in perfumery. Part 2: treemoss".
3292:"Asymmetric co-evolution in the lichen symbiosis caused by a limited capacity for adaptation in the photobiont"
1314:
1097:
39:
3354:
Joulain, Daniel; Tabacchi, Raphaël (2009). "Lichen extracts as raw materials in perfumery. Part 1: oakmoss".
868:
838:
4268:
Ureña-Vacas, Isabel; González-Burgos, Elena; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Gómez-Serranillos, María Pilar (2023).
3071:
Grimm, Maria; Grube, Martin; Schiefelbein, Ulf; Zühlke, Daniela; Bernhardt, Jörg; Riedel, Katharina (2021).
1199:
1031:
974:
source (1994): "Lichens as nesting material for northern flying squirrels in the northern Rocky Mountains"
1302:
study (2023): "Towards an understanding of future range shifts in lichens and mosses under climate change"
1228:
475:
review (2017): "Past, present, and future research in bipolar lichen-forming fungi and their photobionts"
360:
337:
3499:
Lücking, Robert; Nelsen, Matthew P. (2018). "Ediacarans, Protolichens, and Lichen-Derived Penicillium".
988:
354:
323:
Review (2011): "Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi"
178:
108:
on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
453:
review (2021): "Advances in Understanding of Desiccation Tolerance of Lichens and Lichen-Forming Algae"
4078:
Scheidigger, Christoph (2021). "2.4. High alpine lichens". In Büdel, Burkhard; Friedl, Thomas (eds.).
4401:
3887:
3760:
3666:
3633:
3604:
3430:
3334:
3303:
2888:
2671:
2465:
2429:
2344:
1147:
review (2021): "Ethnolichenology—The Use of Lichens in the Himalayas and Southwestern Parts of China"
1054:
study (2020): "The macroevolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in lichens"
893:
3747:
Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lücking, Robert; Boyce, C. Kevin; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Ree, Richard H. (2020).
469:
186:
review (2020): "Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective"
2736:"Comparative cryptogam ecology: a review of bryophyte and lichen traits that drive biogeochemistry"
937:
613:
531:
ii. Cyanobacterial - including most common genera, % of lichens containing cyanobacterial partners
4428:
Yusuf, Mohd (2020). "A Review on Trends and Opportunity in Edible Lichens". In Yusuf, Mohd (ed.).
76:
52:
4082:. Life in Extreme Environments. Vol. 6. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 161–174.
3467:
3325:
Holzschuh, Andrea (2016). "Does rock climbing threaten cliff biodiversity? - A critical review".
3236:
2723:
933:
882:
436:
410:
397:
366:
4392:
Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai; Taylor, T.N. (2005). "Lichen-like symbiosis 600 million years ago".
2838:"Indigenous knowledge and use of lichens by the lichenophilic communities of the Nepal Himalaya"
3704:
Nazem-Bokaee, Hadi; Hom, Erik F.Y.; Warden, Andrew C.; Mathews, Sarah; Gueidan, Cécile (2021).
1610:
1608:
4441:
4417:
4300:
4188:
4147:
4117:
4091:
4046:
3946:
3920:
3836:
3787:
3736:
3693:
3512:
3279:
3208:
3165:
3137:
3103:
3060:
2990:
2868:
2825:
2788:
2764:
2716:
2649:
2631:
2607:
2528:
2490:
2409:
2381:
2324:
932:
review (2023): "Functional Traits in Lichen Ecology", discussing how "functional traits" (see
902:
review (2011): "Advanced methods for the study of the chemistry and the metabolism of lichens"
657:
600:
544:
3. Yeast - briefly when and how they discovered this was an integral partner for some species
423:
246:
review (2018): "Fungal diversity in lichens: from extremotolerance to interactions with algae"
134:
2618:
Cansaran-Duman, Demet; Aras, Sümer (2015). "Lichens as an Alternative Biosorbent: A Review".
1350:(caribou) diet, "...Our results indicate that in the winter caribou primarily consume lichen"
1117:
review (2019): "Antarctic Studies Show Lichens to be Excellent Biomonitors of Climate Change"
608:
A. External appearance (i.e. lichen growth forms) - explanation of macrolichen vs microlichen
4467:
4433:
4409:
4378:
4351:
4324:
4291:
4281:
4256:
4233:
4208:
4179:
4171:
4139:
4109:
4083:
4066:
4038:
4016:
3995:
3972:
3938:
3912:
3895:
3864:
3828:
3807:
3778:
3768:
3727:
3717:
3684:
3674:
3641:
3612:
3582:
3561:
3538:
3504:
3487:
3459:
3438:
3405:
3384:
3363:
3342:
3311:
3270:
3260:
3228:
3199:
3189:
3157:
3127:
3094:
3084:
3051:
3041:
3014:
2981:
2971:
2943:
2918:
2896:
2859:
2849:
2815:
2780:
2755:
2747:
2708:
2679:
2623:
2599:
2576:
2520:
2512:
2473:
2437:
2401:
2373:
2364:
Allen, Jessica L.; Lendemer, James C. (2022). "A call to reconceptualize lichen symbioses".
2352:
2316:
2293:
1079:
646:
550:
source (2022): "The yeast lichenosphere: high diversity of basidiomycetes from the lichens
4080:
Life at Rock Surfaces: Challenged by Extreme Light, Temperature and Hydration Fluctuations
3853:(L.) Hoffm.: The multifaceted suitability of the lung lichen to monitor forest ecosystems"
3003:"Past, present, and future research in bipolar lichen-forming fungi and their photobionts"
953:
624:
317:
3132:
3115:
1144:
review (2023): "Lichen Depsides and Tridepsides: Progress in Pharmacological Approaches"
4405:
3891:
3764:
3670:
3637:
3608:
3434:
3338:
3307:
3030:"Advances in understanding of desiccation tolerance of lichens and lichen-forming algae"
2892:
2675:
2469:
2433:
2348:
588:
B. Bipartite vs tripartite lichens - % of each, with explanation of advantages conferred
4295:
4269:
4183:
4159:
3782:
3749:"The macroevolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in lichens"
3748:
3731:
3705:
3688:
3654:
3508:
3274:
3248:
3203:
3177:
3098:
3072:
3055:
3029:
2985:
2959:
2863:
2837:
2759:
2735:
1251:
635:
299:
259:
230:
some background info here (in section "What are lichens and how should they be named?")
4367:"Ethnolichenology—the use of lichens in the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China"
3442:
2922:
2683:
1269:
Review (2009): "Conservation strategies for lichens: insights from population biology"
801:
review (2023): "How to build a lichen: from metabolite release to symbiotic interplay"
4485:
2726:
2441:
1224:
1171:
962:
review (2017): "How lichens impact on terrestrial community and ecosystem properties"
926:
547:
this (2017) review summarizes knowledge of yeasts in lichen (maybe too dated for use)
4130:
Spribille, Toby (2018). "Relative symbiont input and the lichen symbiotic outcome".
2836:
Devkota, Shiva; Chaudhary, Ram Prasad; Werth, Silke; Scheidegger, Christoph (2017).
2563:
Boch, Steffen; Prati, Daniel; Werth, Silke; Rüetschi, Jörg; Fischer, Markus (2011).
1299:
review (2019): "Climate Change, Bioclimatic Models and the Risk to Lichen Diversity"
370:. For comparison, the highest recorded elevation for a plant is 6,400 m (21,000 ft).
313:
average number of species per genus is 19.5, and 256 genera contain a single species
4311:
Webber, Quinn M.R.; Ferraro, Kristy M.; Hendrix, Jack G.; Vander Wal, Eric (2022).
4113:
3265:
2804:"Lichens as spatially transferable bioindicators for monitoring nitrogen pollution"
1217:
1040:
review (2009): photobionts do not co-evolve along with their mycobiont counterparts
1004:
997:
307:
303:
295:
291:
92:
4340:"Lichenometric dating and its limitations and problems: a guide for practitioners"
3028:
Gasulla, Francisco; del Campo, Eva M; Casano, Leonardo M.; Guéra, Alfredo (2021).
2976:
2420:
Armstrong, Richard; Bradwell, Tom (2010). "Growth of crustose lichens: a review".
2405:
2298:
2281:
2082:
1322:
review (2020): Impact of nitrogen pollution from agricultural practices on lichens
4160:"3D biofilms: in search of the polysaccharides holding together lichen symbioses"
3942:
3935:
Microbial Diversity in Ecosystem Sustainability and Biotechnological Applications
3346:
3161:
2820:
2803:
2712:
2627:
2581:
2564:
3491:
3463:
3409:
2784:
1247:
1068:
679:
523:
i. Algal - including most common genera, % of lichens containing algal partners
4220:
Stanton, Daniel E.; Ormond, Amaris; Koch, Natalia M.; Colesie, Claudia (2023).
3916:
3655:"Fungal diversity in lichens: from extremotolerance to interactions with algae"
3543:
3526:
2377:
2356:
1141:
review (2022): ethnopharmacological uses and potential as sources of drug leads
4437:
4143:
4087:
4070:
4042:
3999:
3961:"Antarctic studies show lichens to be excellent biomonitors of climate change"
3899:
3811:
3722:
3586:
3316:
3291:
3089:
2900:
2854:
2477:
2320:
1108:
review (2022): lichens as a biomonitoring tool for environmental radioactivity
526:
review (2021): "Lichen algae: the photosynthetic partners in lichen symbioses"
283:
82:
4472:
4455:
4365:
Yang, Mei-Xia; Devkota, Shiva; Wang, Li-Song; Scheidegger, Christoph (2021).
4175:
4020:
3565:
2226:
1051:
review (2016): "Lichenized Fungi and the Evolution of Symbiotic Organization"
980:
source (1999): "A Review of the Behavior and Ecology of the Northern Parula (
4413:
3773:
2960:"Functional traits in lichen ecology: a review of challenge and opportunity"
2734:
Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Lang, S.I.; Soudzilovskaia, N.A.; During, H.J. (2007).
1087:
lots of documented commercial and ethnic uses of lichens in India, and Nepal
720:
579:
rganisms (not traditionally recognized as lichen symbionts), part of of 3-D
387:
C. Various substrates used (including endolithic, within plant parts, etc.)
4420:
4303:
4191:
4150:
4049:
3839:
3790:
3739:
3696:
3282:
3211:
3168:
3140:
3106:
3063:
3046:
2993:
2871:
2828:
2767:
2719:
2610:
2531:
2412:
2384:
2327:
753:
E. Size and growth rate (here? or in section about lichenometry? or both?)
518:(2019) "...the known photobionts are only about 156 species from 56 genera"
4329:
4312:
925:
review (2023): This review highlights the growing understanding of lichen
4356:
4339:
4270:"Lichen depsides and tridepsides: Progress in pharmacological approaches"
2751:
2524:
1614:
1347:
789:
review (2018): "Relative symbiont input and the lichen symbiotic outcome"
742:
580:
277:
271:
265:
3679:
3470:
3019:
3002:
1451:
1449:
290:
the largest families, in terms of number of species and genera, are the
4286:
4238:
4221:
3239:
2603:
1198:
review (2009): "Lichen extracts as raw materials in perfumery. Part 2:
1192:
1191:
review (2009): "Lichen extracts as raw materials in perfumery. Part 1:
952:
review (2007); how lichens contribute to biogeochemical cycling (i.e.,
731:
690:
379:
348:
The highest reported elevation for a lichen is 7,400 m (24,300 ft), in
4383:
4366:
4212:
3977:
3960:
3869:
3848:
3832:
3645:
3616:
3194:
2948:
2931:
2516:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
940:
structure and function, and the development of life-history strategies
798:
review (2023): "Chronicle of Research into Lichen-Associated Bacteria"
3388:
3367:
2932:"Climate change, bioclimatic models and the risk to lichen diversity"
1638:
993:
349:
3232:
2775:
Crawford, Stuart D. (2019). "Lichens Used in Traditional Medicine".
4007:
Sanders, William B (2023). "Is lichen symbiont mutualism a myth?".
3148:
Hauck, Markus (2010). "Ammonium and nitrate tolerance in lichens".
1830:
1150:
review (2019, book chapter): "Lichens Used in Traditional Medicine"
959:
review (2000): "Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonization"
3525:
Lücking, Robert; Leavitt, Steven D.; Hawksworth, David L. (2021).
1155:
1153:
52 different genera of lichens are used in traditional medicines,
709:
105:
4313:"What do caribou eat? A review of the literature on caribou diet"
1686:
1111:
review (2023): as bioindicators for monitoring nitrogen pollution
537:
source (2017, book chapter): "Symbiotic Cyanobacteria in Lichens"
1986:
1334:
review (2016): "Does rock climbing threaten cliff biodiversity?"
352:(Nepal); these are the rock- and soil-dwelling crustose lichens
2034:
1818:
3907:
Rikkinen, Jouko (2017). "Symbiotic Cyanobacteria in Lichens".
3116:"Lichenized fungi and the evolution of symbiotic organization"
2541:"A Review of the Behavior and Ecology of the Northern Parula (
2262:
15:
1179:(2020) "A Review on Trends and Opportunity in Edible Lichens"
856:
review (2017): "Secondary metabolism in the lichen symbiosis"
378:
Could mention this (2020) study in a discussion about lichen
2010:
1782:
1746:
1734:
1539:
1048:
source (2005): "Lichen-like symbiosis 600 million years ago"
456:
review (2017): "Adaptation of Lichens to Extreme Conditions"
133:
1626:
1515:
2202:
2094:
1890:
822:
review (2010): "Ammonium and nitrate tolerance in lichens"
807:
review (2020): "The Lichens’ Microbiota, Still a Mystery?"
251:
F. Number of classes, orders, genera and species included
2070:
1962:
1722:
1503:
792:
review (2022): "Evolutionary biology of lichen symbioses"
243:
E. Percentage of fungal species that have this lifestyle
2118:
1806:
1428:
1404:
194:
review (2020): "Lichens redefined as complex ecosystems"
3249:"Chronicle of research into lichen-associated bacteria"
1455:
1440:
1416:
3001:
Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; Pérez‐Ortega, Sergio (2017).
2779:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 31–97.
1902:
1491:
1272:
Aspects of lichen conversation in US and Canada (2019)
1794:
810:
review (2023): "Is lichen symbiont mutualism a myth?"
4430:
Lichen-Derived Products: Extraction and Applications
920:
A. ecological significance of lichens in ecosystems
795:(2022): "A call to reconceptualize lichen symbioses"
168:
various acceptable pronunciations, first use of word
104:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
2487:
Plant Adaptation Strategies in Changing Environment
2238:
1974:
3959:Sancho, Leopoldo; Pintado, Ana; Green, T. (2019).
2178:
2046:
2022:
1866:
2422:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1662:
1650:
1129:source (2001): "Lichen Dyes: The New Source Book"
977:review (2017): "Microbial communities of lichens"
969:C. Interactions with other (non-human) organisms
450:review (2008): "Desiccation-Tolerance in Lichens"
2190:
2154:
3753:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2142:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1385:
32:does not require a rating on Knowledge (XXG)'s
3937:. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 307–323.
1938:
1842:
1467:
2449:Armstrong, Richard A.; Bradwell, Tom (2011).
1914:
1854:
1698:
8:
4222:"Lichen ecophysiology in a changing climate"
3176:Hawksworth, David L.; Grube, Martin (2020).
851:A. Biosynthetic pathways to lichen products
4108:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
3073:"The lichens' microbiota, still a mystery?"
2648:(2nd ed.). Mineola, New York: Dover Books.
2622:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1479:
756:Review (2010): "Growth of crustose lichens"
320:and their application in lichenized fungi")
3911:. World Scientific (Europe). pp. 147–167.
2166:
1950:
1710:
759:Review (2011): "Growth of foliose lichens"
235:D. How often lichen lifestyle has evolved
224:B. Where lichens fit in the "tree of life"
47:
4471:
4382:
4355:
4328:
4294:
4285:
4237:
4182:
3976:
3868:
3781:
3772:
3730:
3721:
3687:
3678:
3542:
3315:
3273:
3264:
3202:
3193:
3178:"Lichens redefined as complex ecosystems"
3131:
3097:
3088:
3054:
3045:
3018:
2984:
2975:
2947:
2862:
2853:
2842:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
2819:
2758:
2580:
2297:
2250:
2058:
1674:
1527:
375:B. Percentage of earth's surface covered
4507:NA-importance Lichen task force articles
3878:Rikkinen, Jouko (2015). "Cyanolichens".
2106:
1891:Lakatos, Lange-Bertalot & Büdel 2004
1599:
1587:
1540:Garrido-Benavent & Pérez‐Ortega 2017
665:B. External non-reproductive structures
227:C. Why they're named for fungal partner
1758:
1373:
1366:
49:
4502:Draft-Class Lichen task force articles
3421:in neotropical lowland rain forests".
3247:He, Zichen; Naganuma, Takeshi (2022).
2394:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
1429:Lücking, Hodkinson & Leavitt 2017b
1405:Lücking, Leavitt & Hawksworth 2021
3653:Muggia, Lucia; Grube, Martin (2018).
2545:) With Notes From Oklahoma and Texas"
2451:"Growth of foliose lichens: a review"
2214:
2130:
1770:
1456:Lücking, Hodkinson & Leavitt 2017
1441:Lücking, Hodkinson & Leavitt 2017
1417:Lücking, Hodkinson & Leavitt 2017
984:) With Notes From Oklahoma and Texas"
345:A. Where they're found on the planet
191:A. Explanation of composite organism
7:
3133:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016
1998:
1926:
701:C. External reproductive structures
4454:Zarabska-Bożejewicz, Daria (2020).
3114:Grube, Martin; Wedin, Mats (2016).
1878:
1795:Eisenreich, Knispel & Beck 2011
899:3. Analytical chemistry techniques
38:It is of interest to the following
4261:10.1663/0013-0001(2005)0592.0.CO;2
3509:10.1016/b978-0-12-813012-4.00023-1
1492:Miranda-González & McCune 2020
499:A. Explanation of component parts
287:(several hundreds of species each)
21:
19:
14:
3909:Algal and Cyanobacteria Symbioses
3443:10.1111/j.0022-3646.2004.02-205.x
2923:10.2174/2210315510666200128123237
2644:Casselman, Karen Diadick (2001).
2366:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1975:Upreti, Divakar & Nayaka 2005
118:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Fungi
98:This page is within the scope of
4132:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
2646:Lichen Dyes. The New Source Book
2442:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00374.x
2047:Sancho, Pintado & Green 2019
874:C. Detection of lichen products
863:B. Categories of lichen products
641:3. Fruticose (including byssoid)
483:source (2020): "Coastal Lichens"
85:
75:
51:
20:
2565:"Lichen endozoochory by snails"
619:1. Crustose (including leprose)
306:(916 spp., 43 genera), and the
4114:10.1007/978-3-030-17854-3_34-1
3266:10.3390/microorganisms10112111
2930:Ellis, Christopher J. (2019).
2489:. Singapore: Springer Nature.
2179:Cansaran-Duman & Aras 2015
1867:Hayward & Rosentreter 1994
1:
3880:Biodiversity and Conservation
3377:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
3356:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
2977:10.3390/microorganisms9040766
2684:10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00085-5
2406:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106797
2337:Biodiversity and Conservation
2299:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107197
1663:Armstrong & Bradwell 2011
1651:Armstrong & Bradwell 2010
1564:Saini, Nayaka & Bast 2019
1008:vectors for lichen dispersal.
774:Lichen anatomy and physiology
534:source (2015): "Cyanolichens"
112:and see a list of open tasks.
4497:NA-importance Fungi articles
4338:Winchester, Vanessa (2023).
3943:10.1007/978-981-13-8487-5_13
3347:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.010
3162:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.036
2911:The Natural Products Journal
2821:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121575
2777:Lichen Secondary Metabolites
2713:10.1016/j.funbio.2022.07.004
2628:10.1007/978-3-319-10969-5_20
2582:10.1371/journal.pone.0018770
2309:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2191:Scheidegger & Werth 2009
2155:Joulain & Tabacchi 2009b
1939:Yuan, Xiao & Taylor 2005
1843:Chen, Blume & Beyer 2000
4317:Canadian Journal of Zoology
3492:10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.058
3464:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361
3410:10.1639/0007-2745-111.4.576
2785:10.1007/978-3-030-16814-8_2
2143:Joulain & Tabacchi 2009
1576:Sanders & Masumoto 2021
1552:Sonina & Androsova 2020
1386:Hawksworth & Grube 2020
947:B. Role in nutrient cycles
461:E. Restricted vs widespread
4533:
4517:WikiProject Fungi articles
4512:Lichen task force articles
4492:Draft-Class Fungi articles
4226:American Journal of Botany
3917:10.1142/9781786340580_0005
3544:10.1007/s13225-021-00477-7
3501:Transformative Paleobotany
3007:American Journal of Botany
2378:10.1016/j.tree.2022.03.004
2357:10.1007/s10531-019-01827-3
1468:Lumbsch & Leavitt 2011
1312:
1292:Lichens and climate change
1289:
1246:review (2015): lichens as
1215:
1169:
1095:
1077:
1066:
1029:
891:
880:
866:
836:
833:Reproduction and dispersal
771:
740:
729:
718:
707:
688:
677:
655:
644:
633:
622:
611:
598:
511:List of lichen photobionts
508:
467:
434:
421:
408:
395:
335:
176:
142:This page is supported by
121:Template:WikiProject Fungi
4438:10.1002/9781119593249.ch8
4164:FEMS Microbiology Letters
4144:10.1016/j.pbi.2018.02.007
4088:10.1515/9783110646467-006
4071:10.1016/j.fbr.2009.10.003
4043:10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.054
4000:10.1017/S0024282921000335
3900:10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8
3812:10.1134/S0026261717030134
3723:10.3389/fmicb.2021.667864
3710:Frontiers in Microbiology
3587:10.1007/s13225-011-0123-z
3503:. Elsevier. pp. 551–590.
3317:10.1007/s12229-009-9028-x
3090:10.3389/fmicb.2021.623839
3077:Frontiers in Microbiology
2901:10.1007/s11101-011-9215-3
2855:10.1186/s13002-017-0142-2
2697:Rhizoplaca melanophthalma
2478:10.1007/s13199-011-0108-4
2321:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115657
2227:Mallen-Cooper et al. 2023
1915:Lücking & Nelsen 2018
1855:Asplund & Wardle 2017
1699:Allen & Lendemer 2022
1315:Lichens and air pollution
556:Rhizoplaca melanophthalma
141:
70:
46:
4473:10.3390/agronomy10121852
3566:10.11646/megataxa.1.1.16
2592:Chemical Society Reviews
2539:Bay, Michael D. (1999).
2239:Zarabska-Bożejewicz 2020
1735:Nazem-Bokaee et al. 2021
1098:Lichens as bioindicators
781:A. Internal organisation
310:(791 species, 25 genera)
4414:10.1126/science.1111347
3774:10.1073/pnas.2001913117
3597:Journal of Biogeography
3327:Biological Conservation
3290:Hill, David J. (2009).
3150:Environmental Pollution
2808:Environmental Pollution
2083:Ureña-Vacas et al. 2023
1831:Cornelissen et al. 2007
1329:C. Habitat destruction
888:2. Microcrystallization
869:List of lichen products
839:Reproduction in lichens
480:G. Marine / freshwater
302:(943 spp., 43 genera),
4432:. Wiley. pp. 189–201.
4176:10.1093/femsle/fnaa023
4106:Handbook of Halophytes
4059:Fungal Biology Reviews
4021:10.1093/biosci/biad073
3047:10.3390/plants10040807
2881:Phytochemistry Reviews
1951:Grube & Wedin 2016
1711:He & Naganuma 2022
1032:List of fossil lichens
768:Anatomy and physiology
447:D. Extremes tolerated
138:
4330:10.1139/cjz-2021-0162
3120:Microbiology Spectrum
2552:Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci
2286:Ecological Indicators
2119:Elkhateeb et al. 2021
1687:Spribille et al. 2022
1639:Spribille et al. 2020
1615:Pankratov et al. 2017
817:C. Nitrogen fixation
145:the Lichen task force
137:
4357:10.3390/land12030611
3423:Journal of Phycology
3296:The Botanical Review
3221:Journal of Mammalogy
2280:Abas, Azlan (2021).
2011:Anderson et al. 2022
1019:Evolution of lichens
894:Microcrystallization
4406:2005Sci...308.1017Y
4400:(5724): 1017–1020.
3892:2015BiCon..24..973R
3765:2020PNAS..11721495N
3759:(35): 21495–21503.
3680:10.3390/life8020015
3671:2018Life....8...15M
3638:2020Biotr..52.1298M
3609:2023JBiog..50..406M
3435:2004JPcgy..40...70L
3339:2016BCons.204..153H
3308:2009BotRv..75..326H
3020:10.3732/ajb.1700182
2893:2011PChRv..10..445E
2676:2000Caten..39..121C
2470:2011Symbi..53....1A
2434:2010GeAnA..92....3A
2349:2019BiCon..28.3103A
2071:Adenubi et al. 2022
1987:Devkota et al. 2017
1807:Stanton et al. 2023
1783:Calcott et al. 2018
1723:Pichler et al. 2023
1627:Cometto et al. 2022
1516:Gasulla et al. 2021
1504:Kranner et al. 2008
936:) influence lichen
614:Lichen growth forms
361:Pertusaria bryontha
338:Lichen biogeography
298:(2161, 79 genera),
294:(2765, 77 genera),
257:largest genera are
4287:10.3390/jof9010116
4239:10.1002/ajb2.16131
3851:Lobaria pulmonaria
3419:Coenogonium linkii
2752:10.1093/aob/mcm030
2604:10.1039/C7CS00431A
2505:Biological Reviews
2263:Webber et al. 2022
2035:Ravera et al. 2023
2023:Delves et al. 2023
1965:, pp. 21495–21503.
1963:Nelsen et al. 2020
1223:Lichenometry is a
1159:is the most common
989:Coenogonium linkii
934:functional ecology
883:Spot test (lichen)
437:Foliicolous lichen
411:Terricolous lichen
398:Corticolous lichen
367:Lecanora polytropa
355:Carbonea vorticosa
179:Lichen systematics
139:
34:content assessment
4446:978-1-119-59171-9
4384:10.3390/d13070330
4213:10.1111/nph.18048
4122:978-3-030-17854-3
4096:978-3-11-064646-7
4037:(11): R512–R518.
3988:The Lichenologist
3978:10.3390/d11030042
3951:978-981-13-8486-8
3925:978-1-78634-057-3
3870:10.3390/f14102113
3833:10.1111/nph.18780
3646:10.1111/btp.12837
3617:10.1111/jbi.14542
3517:978-0-12-813012-4
3195:10.1111/nph.16630
3013:(11): 1660–1674.
2949:10.3390/d11040054
2793:978-3-030-16813-1
2654:978-0-486-41231-3
2636:978-3-319-10968-8
2517:10.1111/brv.12305
2495:978-981-10-6743-3
2343:(12): 3103–3138.
2203:Allen et al. 2019
1819:Ellis et al. 2021
1747:Grimm et al. 2021
1346:review (2022) on
1286:A. Climate change
1045:B. Lichenization
1026:A. Fossil lichens
658:Squamulose lichen
601:Lichen morphology
583:some lichens make
575:hotosynthesizing
424:Saxicolous lichen
332:Range and habitat
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
101:WikiProject Fungi
4524:
4477:
4475:
4450:
4424:
4388:
4386:
4361:
4359:
4334:
4332:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4274:Journal of Fungi
4264:
4243:
4241:
4216:
4207:(5): 1566–1582.
4195:
4186:
4154:
4126:
4100:
4074:
4053:
4024:
4003:
3982:
3980:
3955:
3929:
3903:
3874:
3872:
3843:
3827:(4): 1362–1378.
3815:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3649:
3632:(6): 1298–1308.
3620:
3590:
3575:Fungal Diversity
3569:
3548:
3546:
3531:Fungal Diversity
3521:
3495:
3474:
3446:
3413:
3392:
3389:10.1002/ffj.1923
3371:
3368:10.1002/ffj.1916
3350:
3321:
3319:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3243:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:(5): 1281–1283.
3172:
3156:(5): 1127–1133.
3144:
3135:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3024:
3022:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2953:
2951:
2926:
2904:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2832:
2823:
2797:
2771:
2762:
2740:Annals of Botany
2730:
2687:
2658:
2640:
2620:Phytoremediation
2614:
2598:(5): 1730–1760.
2586:
2584:
2559:
2549:
2543:Parula americana
2535:
2511:(3): 1720–1738.
2499:
2481:
2455:
2445:
2416:
2388:
2360:
2331:
2303:
2301:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:, pp. 3103–3138.
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2095:Yang et al. 2021
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1941:, pp. 1017–1020.
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1903:Boch et al. 2011
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1857:, pp. 1720–1738.
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1785:, pp. 1730–1760.
1780:
1774:
1773:, pp. 1127–1133.
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1542:, pp. 1660–1674.
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:, pp. 1298–1308.
1489:
1483:
1480:Scheidigger 2021
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1388:, pp. 1281–1283.
1383:
1377:
1371:
1225:geochronological
1092:A. Biomonitoring
1080:Ethnolichenology
1074:Uses (by humans)
1063:Study of lichens
982:Parula americana
647:Fruticose lichen
442:Misc. substrates
318:Species concepts
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
95:
90:
89:
88:
79:
72:
71:
66:
55:
48:
25:
24:
23:
16:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4453:
4447:
4427:
4391:
4364:
4337:
4310:
4267:
4249:Economic Botany
4246:
4219:
4201:New Phytologist
4198:
4157:
4129:
4123:
4103:
4097:
4077:
4056:
4031:Current Biology
4028:
4006:
3985:
3958:
3952:
3932:
3926:
3906:
3877:
3846:
3821:New Phytologist
3818:
3797:
3746:
3703:
3652:
3623:
3593:
3572:
3551:
3524:
3518:
3498:
3477:
3449:
3416:
3395:
3374:
3353:
3324:
3289:
3246:
3233:10.2307/1382514
3218:
3182:New Phytologist
3175:
3147:
3113:
3070:
3027:
3000:
2956:
2929:
2907:
2878:
2835:
2800:
2794:
2774:
2746:(5): 987–1001.
2733:
2693:Tephromela atra
2690:
2661:
2655:
2643:
2637:
2617:
2589:
2562:
2547:
2538:
2502:
2496:
2484:
2453:
2448:
2419:
2391:
2363:
2334:
2306:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2167:Winchester 2023
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:, pp. 987–1001.
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1341:D. Overgrazing
1317:
1294:
1281:
1264:
1220:
1212:G. Lichenometry
1174:
1100:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1034:
1021:
1003:source (2011):
954:biogeochemistry
915:
896:
885:
871:
846:
841:
835:
776:
770:
745:
734:
723:
712:
693:
682:
660:
649:
638:
627:
625:Crustose lichen
616:
603:
597:
552:Tephromela atra
513:
494:
472:
439:
426:
413:
400:
340:
334:
269:(550 species),
263:(820 species),
202:microorganisms.
181:
175:
165:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
91:
86:
84:
61:
12:
11:
5:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4451:
4445:
4425:
4389:
4362:
4335:
4323:(3): 197–207.
4308:
4265:
4255:(3): 269–273.
4244:
4217:
4196:
4155:
4127:
4121:
4101:
4095:
4075:
4054:
4026:
4015:(9): 623–634.
4004:
3994:(5): 347–393.
3983:
3956:
3950:
3930:
3924:
3904:
3886:(4): 973–993.
3875:
3844:
3816:
3806:(3): 293–309.
3795:
3744:
3701:
3650:
3621:
3603:(2): 406–417.
3591:
3570:
3549:
3522:
3516:
3496:
3480:The Bryologist
3475:
3458:(4): 361–416.
3452:The Bryologist
3447:
3414:
3404:(4): 576–593.
3398:The Bryologist
3393:
3383:(3): 105–116.
3372:
3351:
3322:
3302:(3): 326–338.
3287:
3253:Microorganisms
3244:
3227:(3): 663–673.
3216:
3173:
3145:
3111:
3068:
3025:
2998:
2964:Microorganisms
2954:
2927:
2917:(3): 275–287.
2905:
2887:(3): 445–456.
2876:
2833:
2798:
2792:
2772:
2731:
2707:(9): 587–608.
2701:Fungal Biology
2688:
2670:(2): 121–146.
2659:
2653:
2641:
2635:
2615:
2587:
2560:
2536:
2500:
2494:
2482:
2446:
2417:
2389:
2372:(7): 582–589.
2361:
2332:
2304:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:, pp. 197–207.
2255:
2253:, pp. 153–162.
2251:Holzschuh 2016
2243:
2231:
2229:, pp. 406–417.
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2181:, pp. 233–241.
2171:
2159:
2157:, pp. 105–116.
2147:
2135:
2133:, pp. 189–201.
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2059:Casselman 2001
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1977:, pp. 269–273.
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1929:, pp. 326–338.
1919:
1917:, pp. 551–590.
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1869:, pp. 663–673.
1859:
1847:
1845:, pp. 121–146.
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1797:, pp. 445–456.
1787:
1775:
1763:
1761:, pp. 623–634.
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1675:Spribille 2018
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1629:, pp. 587–608.
1619:
1617:, pp. 293–309.
1604:
1602:, pp. 147–167.
1592:
1590:, pp. 973–993.
1580:
1578:, pp. 347–393.
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1528:Armstrong 2017
1520:
1508:
1506:, pp. 576–593.
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1390:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1290:Main article:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1252:bioremediation
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1216:Main article:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1170:Main article:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1096:Main article:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1030:Main article:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1001:
985:
978:
975:
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
960:
957:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
930:
914:
911:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
905:
904:
903:
897:
892:Main article:
889:
886:
881:Main article:
878:
872:
867:Main article:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:
857:
845:
842:
837:Main article:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
827:
826:
825:
824:
823:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
782:
772:Main article:
769:
766:
765:
764:
763:
762:
761:
760:
757:
751:
748:
747:
746:
741:Main article:
738:
735:
730:Main article:
727:
724:
719:Main article:
716:
713:
708:Main article:
705:
699:
698:
697:
694:
689:Main article:
686:
683:
678:Main article:
675:
672:
669:
663:
662:
661:
656:Main article:
653:
650:
645:Main article:
642:
639:
636:Foliose lichen
634:Main article:
631:
628:
623:Main article:
620:
612:Main article:
609:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
592:
591:
590:
589:
586:
585:
584:
561:
560:
559:
548:
542:
541:
540:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
527:
521:
520:
519:
509:Main article:
506:
503:
493:
490:
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
478:
477:
476:
470:Bipolar lichen
468:Main article:
465:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
451:
445:
444:
443:
435:Main article:
432:
431:
430:
422:Main article:
419:
418:
417:
409:Main article:
406:
405:
404:
396:Main article:
393:
392:
391:
385:
384:
383:
373:
372:
371:
336:Main article:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
321:
314:
311:
300:Verrucariaceae
288:
260:Xanthoparmelia
255:
249:
248:
247:
241:
240:
239:
233:
232:
231:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
212:
211:
206:
205:
204:
203:
196:
195:
188:
187:
177:Main article:
174:
171:
170:
169:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
140:
130:
129:
127:
124:Fungi articles
110:the discussion
97:
96:
80:
68:
67:
56:
44:
43:
37:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4529:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4474:
4469:
4466:(12): e1852.
4465:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4025:</ref: -->
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3863:(10): e2113.
3862:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:(1): 78–103.
3559:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3537:(1): 99–154.
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3259:(11): e2111.
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2575:(4): e18770.
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:11250/2578209
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:Crawford 2019
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:Rikkinen 2017
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:Rikkinen 2015
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1229:high latitude
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:Edible lichen
1168:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:C. Medicines
1135:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
990:
986:
983:
979:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:
968:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
949:
948:
946:
939:
935:
931:
928:
927:ecophysiology
924:
923:
922:
921:
919:
918:
917:
916:
912:
901:
900:
898:
895:
890:
887:
884:
879:
877:1. Spot tests
876:
875:
873:
870:
865:
862:
855:
854:
853:
852:
850:
849:
848:
847:
843:
840:
832:
821:
820:
819:
818:
816:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
786:
785:
784:B. Symbiosis
783:
780:
779:
778:
777:
775:
767:
758:
755:
754:
752:
749:
744:
739:
736:
733:
728:
725:
722:
717:
714:
711:
706:
703:
702:
700:
695:
692:
687:
684:
681:
676:
674:3. Cephalodia
673:
670:
667:
666:
664:
659:
654:
652:4. Squamulose
651:
648:
643:
640:
637:
632:
629:
626:
621:
618:
617:
615:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
602:
594:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
553:
549:
546:
545:
543:
536:
533:
532:
530:
525:
524:
522:
517:
516:
515:
514:
512:
507:
505:2. Photobiont
504:
501:
500:
498:
497:
496:
495:
491:
482:
481:
479:
474:
473:
471:
466:
463:
460:
455:
452:
449:
448:
446:
441:
440:
438:
433:
428:
427:
425:
420:
415:
414:
412:
407:
402:
401:
399:
394:
389:
388:
386:
381:
377:
376:
374:
369:
368:
363:
362:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
344:
343:
342:
341:
339:
331:
322:
319:
315:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
285:
280:
279:
274:
273:
268:
267:
262:
261:
256:
253:
252:
250:
245:
244:
242:
237:
236:
234:
229:
228:
226:
223:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
207:
200:
199:
198:
197:
193:
192:
190:
189:
185:
184:
183:
182:
180:
172:
167:
166:
162:
147:
146:
136:
132:
131:
128:
111:
107:
103:
102:
94:
83:
81:
78:
74:
73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
41:
35:
31:
27:
18:
17:
4463:
4459:
4429:
4397:
4393:
4374:
4370:
4347:
4343:
4320:
4316:
4277:
4273:
4252:
4248:
4229:
4225:
4204:
4200:
4167:
4163:
4135:
4131:
4105:
4079:
4065:(3): 55–66.
4062:
4058:
4034:
4030:
4012:
4008:
3991:
3987:
3968:
3964:
3934:
3908:
3883:
3879:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3824:
3820:
3803:
3800:Microbiology
3799:
3756:
3752:
3713:
3709:
3662:
3658:
3629:
3625:
3600:
3596:
3581:(1): 59–72.
3578:
3574:
3557:
3553:
3534:
3530:
3500:
3486:(1): 58–69.
3483:
3479:
3455:
3451:
3429:(1): 70–73.
3426:
3422:
3418:
3401:
3397:
3380:
3376:
3362:(2): 49–61.
3359:
3355:
3330:
3326:
3299:
3295:
3256:
3252:
3224:
3220:
3185:
3181:
3153:
3149:
3123:
3119:
3080:
3076:
3037:
3033:
3010:
3006:
2967:
2963:
2939:
2935:
2914:
2910:
2884:
2880:
2845:
2841:
2811:
2807:
2776:
2743:
2739:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2667:
2663:
2645:
2619:
2595:
2591:
2572:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2508:
2504:
2486:
2461:
2457:
2425:
2421:
2397:
2393:
2369:
2365:
2340:
2336:
2312:
2308:
2289:
2285:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2193:, pp. 55–66.
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2145:, pp. 49–61.
2138:
2126:
2114:
2109:, pp. 31–97.
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1759:Sanders 2023
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1677:, pp. 57–63.
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1470:, pp. 59–72.
1463:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1381:
1374:Lücking 2020
1369:
1309:B. Pollution
1262:Conservation
1218:Lichenometry
1186:E. Perfumes
1154:
1005:Endozoochory
998:commensalism
987:
981:
576:
572:
568:
567:nicellular,
564:
555:
551:
502:1. Mycobiont
365:
359:
353:
308:Lecanoraceae
304:Ramalinaceae
296:Graphidaceae
292:Parmeliaceae
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
143:
99:
93:Fungi portal
40:WikiProjects
29:
4377:(7): e330.
4350:(3): e611.
4280:(1): e116.
3333:: 153–162.
3040:(4): e807.
2970:(4): e766.
2814:: e121575.
2464:(1): 1–16.
2428:(1): 3–17.
2292:: e107197.
1893:, p. 70–73.
1665:, pp. 1–16.
1653:, pp. 3–17.
1566:, abstract.
1554:, pp. 1–22.
1248:biosorbents
1069:Lichenology
715:2. Pycnidia
685:4. Rhizines
680:Cephalodium
492:Composition
429:Foliicolous
403:Terricolous
390:Corticolous
4486:Categories
4009:BioScience
3971:(3): e42.
3665:(2): e15.
3626:Biotropica
2942:(4): e54.
2400:: 106797.
2315:: 115657.
2241:, p. 1852.
2215:Ellis 2019
2131:Yusuf 2020
1771:Hauck 2010
750:D. Colours
737:4. Podetia
668:1. Thallus
630:2. Foliose
595:Morphology
563:4. UNPOs:
464:F. Bipolar
416:Saxicolous
316:section: "
284:Pertusaria
4371:Diversity
4138:: 57–63.
3965:Diversity
2936:Diversity
2848:(1): 15.
2727:251240771
2458:Symbiosis
2121:, p. 278.
1999:Abas 2021
1927:Hill 2009
1482:, p. 163.
1458:, p. 370.
1443:, p. 371.
1361:Citations
1243:H. Misc.
1209:F. Crafts
938:community
844:Chemistry
726:3. Isidia
721:Pycnidium
671:2. Cortex
163:Etymology
4460:Agronomy
4421:15890881
4304:36675938
4192:32037451
4151:29529531
4050:37279685
3840:36710517
3791:32796103
3740:34012428
3697:29789469
3554:Megataxa
3471:44250015
3283:36363703
3212:32484275
3169:20096494
3141:28087947
3107:33859626
3064:33923980
2994:33917569
2872:28222809
2829:37028790
2802:(2023).
2768:17353205
2720:36008051
2611:29094129
2569:PLOS One
2558:: 33–40.
2532:27730713
2413:34968948
2385:35397954
2328:36007717
1881:, p. 36.
1879:Bay 1999
1348:reindeer
1200:treemoss
1124:B. Dyes
743:Podetium
704:1. Ascus
696:5. Cilia
581:biofilms
278:Cladonia
272:Arthonia
266:Lecanora
210:(2020)."
173:Taxonomy
4402:Bibcode
4394:Science
4296:9866793
4184:7164778
3888:Bibcode
3857:Forests
3783:7474681
3761:Bibcode
3732:8126723
3689:6027233
3667:Bibcode
3634:Bibcode
3605:Bibcode
3431:Bibcode
3335:Bibcode
3304:Bibcode
3275:9698887
3240:1382514
3204:7497170
3099:8042158
3056:8073698
2986:8067525
2889:Bibcode
2864:5320728
2760:2802918
2672:Bibcode
2466:Bibcode
2430:Bibcode
2345:Bibcode
2273:Sources
1279:Threats
1193:oakmoss
1166:D. Food
994:diatoms
913:Ecology
732:Isidium
691:Rhizine
380:biomass
64:Lichens
3034:Plants
2664:CATENA
364:, and
350:Makalu
281:, and
36:scale.
4232:(2).
4170:(5).
3468:JSTOR
3237:JSTOR
3126:(6).
2724:S2CID
2548:(PDF)
2454:(PDF)
1156:Usnea
710:Ascus
115:Fungi
106:Fungi
59:Fungi
30:draft
28:This
4442:ISBN
4418:PMID
4344:Land
4301:PMID
4189:PMID
4148:PMID
4118:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4047:PMID
3947:ISBN
3921:ISBN
3837:PMID
3788:PMID
3737:PMID
3694:PMID
3659:Life
3513:ISBN
3280:PMID
3209:PMID
3166:PMID
3138:PMID
3104:PMID
3061:PMID
2991:PMID
2869:PMID
2826:PMID
2789:ISBN
2765:PMID
2717:PMID
2695:and
2650:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2608:PMID
2529:PMID
2491:ISBN
2410:PMID
2382:PMID
2325:PMID
1250:for
554:and
4468:doi
4434:doi
4410:doi
4398:308
4379:doi
4352:doi
4325:doi
4321:100
4292:PMC
4282:doi
4257:doi
4234:doi
4230:110
4209:doi
4205:234
4180:PMC
4172:doi
4168:367
4140:doi
4110:doi
4084:doi
4067:doi
4039:doi
4017:doi
3996:doi
3973:doi
3939:doi
3913:doi
3896:doi
3865:doi
3829:doi
3825:238
3808:doi
3779:PMC
3769:doi
3757:117
3728:PMC
3718:doi
3685:PMC
3675:doi
3642:doi
3613:doi
3583:doi
3562:doi
3539:doi
3535:109
3505:doi
3488:doi
3484:120
3460:doi
3456:119
3439:doi
3406:doi
3402:111
3385:doi
3364:doi
3343:doi
3331:204
3312:doi
3271:PMC
3261:doi
3229:doi
3200:PMC
3190:doi
3186:227
3158:doi
3154:158
3128:doi
3095:PMC
3085:doi
3052:PMC
3042:doi
3015:doi
3011:104
2982:PMC
2972:doi
2944:doi
2919:doi
2897:doi
2860:PMC
2850:doi
2816:doi
2812:328
2781:doi
2756:PMC
2748:doi
2709:doi
2705:126
2699:".
2680:doi
2624:doi
2600:doi
2577:doi
2521:hdl
2513:doi
2474:doi
2438:doi
2402:doi
2398:243
2374:doi
2353:doi
2317:doi
2313:298
2294:doi
2290:121
571:on-
4488::
4464:10
4462:.
4458:.
4440:.
4416:.
4408:.
4396:.
4375:13
4373:.
4369:.
4348:12
4346:.
4342:.
4319:.
4315:.
4299:.
4290:.
4276:.
4272:.
4253:59
4251:.
4228:.
4224:.
4203:.
4187:.
4178:.
4166:.
4162:.
4146:.
4136:44
4134:.
4116:.
4090:.
4063:23
4061:.
4045:.
4035:33
4033:.
4013:73
4011:.
3992:53
3990:.
3969:11
3967:.
3963:.
3945:.
3919:.
3894:.
3884:24
3882:.
3861:14
3859:.
3855:.
3835:.
3823:.
3804:86
3802:.
3786:.
3777:.
3767:.
3755:.
3751:.
3735:.
3726:.
3716:.
3714:12
3712:.
3708:.
3692:.
3683:.
3673:.
3661:.
3657:.
3640:.
3630:52
3628:.
3611:.
3601:50
3599:.
3579:50
3577:.
3556:.
3533:.
3529:.
3511:.
3482:.
3466:.
3454:.
3437:.
3427:40
3425:.
3400:.
3381:24
3379:.
3360:24
3358:.
3341:.
3329:.
3310:.
3300:75
3298:.
3294:.
3278:.
3269:.
3257:10
3255:.
3251:.
3235:.
3225:75
3223:.
3207:.
3198:.
3184:.
3180:.
3164:.
3152:.
3136:.
3122:.
3118:.
3102:.
3093:.
3083:.
3081:12
3079:.
3075:.
3059:.
3050:.
3038:10
3036:.
3032:.
3009:.
3005:.
2989:.
2980:.
2966:.
2962:.
2940:11
2938:.
2934:.
2915:11
2913:.
2895:.
2885:10
2883:.
2867:.
2858:.
2846:13
2844:.
2840:.
2824:.
2810:.
2806:.
2787:.
2763:.
2754:.
2744:99
2742:.
2738:.
2722:.
2715:.
2703:.
2678:.
2668:39
2666:.
2630:.
2606:.
2596:47
2594:.
2571:.
2567:.
2556:79
2554:.
2550:.
2527:.
2519:.
2509:92
2507:.
2472:.
2462:53
2460:.
2456:.
2436:.
2426:92
2424:.
2408:.
2396:.
2380:.
2370:37
2368:.
2351:.
2341:28
2339:.
2323:.
2311:.
2288:.
2284:.
1607:^
1448:^
1393:^
358:,
275:,
62::
4476:.
4470::
4449:.
4436::
4423:.
4412::
4404::
4387:.
4381::
4360:.
4354::
4333:.
4327::
4306:.
4284::
4278:9
4263:.
4259::
4242:.
4236::
4215:.
4211::
4194:.
4174::
4153:.
4142::
4125:.
4112::
4099:.
4086::
4073:.
4069::
4052:.
4041::
4023:.
4019::
4002:.
3998::
3981:.
3975::
3954:.
3941::
3928:.
3915::
3902:.
3898::
3890::
3873:.
3867::
3849:"
3842:.
3831::
3814:.
3810::
3793:.
3771::
3763::
3742:.
3720::
3699:.
3677::
3669::
3663:8
3648:.
3644::
3636::
3619:.
3615::
3607::
3589:.
3585::
3568:.
3564::
3558:1
3547:.
3541::
3520:.
3507::
3494:.
3490::
3473:.
3462::
3445:.
3441::
3433::
3412:.
3408::
3391:.
3387::
3370:.
3366::
3349:.
3345::
3337::
3320:.
3314::
3306::
3285:.
3263::
3242:.
3231::
3214:.
3192::
3171:.
3160::
3143:.
3130::
3124:4
3109:.
3087::
3066:.
3044::
3023:.
3017::
2996:.
2974::
2968:9
2952:.
2946::
2925:.
2921::
2903:.
2899::
2891::
2874:.
2852::
2831:.
2818::
2796:.
2783::
2770:.
2750::
2729:.
2711::
2686:.
2682::
2674::
2657:.
2639:.
2626::
2613:.
2602::
2585:.
2579::
2573:6
2534:.
2523::
2515::
2498:.
2480:.
2476::
2468::
2444:.
2440::
2432::
2415:.
2404::
2387:.
2376::
2359:.
2355::
2347::
2330:.
2319::
2302:.
2296::
2217:.
2169:.
2097:.
2085:.
2073:.
2061:.
2049:.
2037:.
2025:.
2013:.
2001:.
1989:.
1953:.
1905:.
1821:.
1809:.
1749:.
1737:.
1725:.
1713:.
1701:.
1689:.
1641:.
1530:.
1518:.
1431:.
1419:.
1407:.
1376:.
1202:"
1195:"
1000:.
956:)
577:O
573:P
569:N
565:U
558:"
148:.
42::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
