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539:, unlike the typical guardian of a treasure hoard, does not stay put in his burial place but roams around his farmstead of Hrappstaðir, menacing the living. Víga-Hrappr's ghost, it has been suggested, was capable of transforming into the seal with human-like eyes which appeared before Þorsteinn svarti/surt (Thorsteinn the Black) sailing by ship, and was responsible for the sinking of the ship to prevent the family from reaching Hrappstaðir. The ability to shape-shift has been ascribed to Icelandic ghosts generally, particularly into the shape of a seal.
836:. After Glámr dies on Christmas Eve, "people became aware that Glámr was not resting in peace. He wrought such havoc that some people fainted at the sight of him, while others went out of their minds". After a battle, Grettir eventually gets Glámr on his back. Just before Grettir kills him, Glámr curses Grettir because "Glámr was endowed with more evil force than most other ghosts", and thus he was able to speak and leave Grettir with his curse after his death.
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the back, so that he went flying out through the window, with sparks hissing around him as he hit the water. Ola knew he had no time to lose, so he set off at a great rate, running through the churchyard which lay between his home and the boathouse. As he ran, he cried, "Up, all you
Christian souls, and help me!" Then he heard the sound of fighting between the ghosts and the draugr, who were battling each other with
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580:. Iron could injure a draugr, as is the case with many supernatural creatures, although it would not be sufficient to stop it. Sometimes the hero is required to dispose of the body in unconventional ways. The preferred method is to cut off the draugr's head, burn the body, and dump the ashes in the sea—the emphasis being on making absolutely sure that the draugr was dead and gone.
427:, but rather, contagiousness or transmittable nature of vampirism, that is to say, how a vampire begets another by turning his or her attack victim into one of his own kind. Sometimes the chain of contagion becomes an outbreak, e.g., the case of Þórólfr bægifótr (Thorolf Lame-foot or Twist-Foot), and even called an "epidemic" regarding Þórgunna (Thorgunna).
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appetite, as shown in the encounter of Aran and Asmund, sword brothers who made an oath that, if one should die, the other would sit vigil with him for three days inside the burial mound. When Aran died, Asmund brought his own possessions into the barrow—banners, armor, hawk, hound, and horse—then set himself to wait the three days:
556:, where Grettir is cursed to be unable to become any stronger. Draugar also brought disease to a village and could create temporary darkness in daylight hours. They preferred to be active during the night, although they did not appear to be vulnerable to sunlight like some other revenants. Draugr can also kill people with bad luck.
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has the half-boat in its coat of arms) and announced death for those who saw him or even wanted to pull them down. This trait is common in the northernmost part of Norway, where life and culture was based on fishing more than anywhere else. The reason for this may be that the fishermen often drowned
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During the first night, Aran got up from his chair and killed the hawk and hound and ate them. On the second night he got up again from his chair, and killed the horse and tore it into pieces; then he took great bites at the horse-flesh with his teeth, the blood streaming down from his mouth all the
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he had bought for the holidays. When he got in, he noticed a draugr sitting on the keg, staring out to sea. Ola, with great presence of mind and great bravery (it might not be amiss to state that he already had done some drinking), tiptoed up behind the draugr and struck him sharply in the small of
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The oxen which had been used to haul
Thorolf's body were ridden to death by demons, and every single beast that came near his grave went raving mad and howled itself to death. The shepherd at Hvamm often came racing home with Thorolf after him. One day that Fall neither sheep nor shepherd came back
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The draugr's victims were not limited to trespassers in its home. The roaming undead devastated livestock by running the animals to death either by riding them or pursuing them in some hideous, half-flayed form. Shepherds' duties kept them outdoors at night, and they were particular targets for the
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Some draugar are immune to weapons, and only a hero has the strength and courage needed to stand up to so formidable an opponent. In legends, the hero would often have to wrestle the draugr back to his grave, thereby defeating him, since weapons would do no good. A good example of this is found in
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Traditionally in
Iceland, a pair of open iron scissors was placed on the chest of the recently deceased, and straws or twigs might be hidden among their clothes. The big toes were tied together or needles were driven through the soles of the feet in order to keep the dead from being able to walk.
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The main indication that a deceased person will become a draugr is that the corpse is not in a horizontal position but is found standing upright (Víga-Hrappr), or in a sitting position (Þórólfr), indicating that the dead might return. Ármann
Jakobsson suggests further that breaking the draugr's
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The most effective means of preventing the return of the dead was believed to be a corpse door, a special door through which the corpse was carried feet-first with people surrounding it so that the corpse couldn't see where it was going. The door was then bricked up to prevent a return. It is
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The draugr's motivation was primarily envy and greed. Greed causes it to viciously attack any would-be grave robbers, but the draugr also expresses an innate envy of the living stemming from a longing for the things of life which it once had. They also exhibit an immense and nearly insatiable
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A more speculative case of vampirism is that of Glámr, who was asked to tend sheep for a haunted farmstead and was subsequently found dead with his neck and every bone in his body broken. It has been surmised by commentators that Glámr by "contamination" was turned into an undead
886:) is a supernatural being that occurs in legends along the coast of Norway. Draugen was originally a dead person who either lived in the mound (in Norse called haugbúi) or went out to haunt the living. In later folklore, it became common to limit the figure to a ghost of a dead
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A draugr in
Icelandic folktales collected in the modern age can also change into a great flayed bull, a grey horse with a broken back but no ears or tail, and a cat that would sit upon a sleeper's chest and grow steadily heavier until their victim suffocated.
849:: "It seemed as though the howe was agape, and that Gunnar had turned within the howe to look upwards at the moon. They thought that they saw four lights within the howe, but not a shadow to be seen. Then they saw that Gunnar was merry, with a joyful face."
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Draugar have the ability to enter into the dreams of the living, and they will frequently leave a gift behind so that "the living person may be assured of the tangible nature of the visit". Draugar also have the ability to curse a victim, as shown in the
797:, draugar are driven off by holding a "door-doom". One by one, they are summoned to the door-doom and given judgment and forced out of the home by this legal method. The home was then purified with holy water to ensure that they never came back.
813:"howe, barrow, tumulus") which was a mound-dweller, the dead body living on within its tomb. The notable difference between the two was that the haugbui is unable to leave its grave site and only attacks those who trespass upon their territory.
498:). The possession of long claws features also in the case of another revenant, Ásviðr (Aswitus) who came to life in the night and attacked his foster-brother Ásmundr (Asmundus) with them, scratching his face and tearing one of his ears.
459:(black as hell and bloated to the size of a bull)". Þórólfr Lame-foot, when lying dormant, looked "uncorrupted" and also "was black as death and swollen to the size of an ox". The close similarity of these descriptions have been noted.
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Draugar usually possessed superhuman strength, and were "generally hideous to look at", bearing a necrotic black or blue color, and were associated with a "reek of decay" or more precisely inhabited haunts that often issued foul stench.
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by
Grettir when he sings a verse to reply to the question of how he gained the treasure sword. This was rendered "In the barrow where that thing .. fell" in the 1869 translation, and "in a murky mound.. a ghost was felled then " by
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and bunches of seaweed. The next morning, when people came to church, the whole yard was strewn with coffin covers, boat boards, and seaweed. After the fight, which the ghosts won, the draugr never came back to that
647:, whether this is explicitly told in the case of Grettir who receives the curse from Glámr, or only implied in the case of Þórólfr, whose son warns the others to beware while they unbend Þórólfr's seated posture.
1180:Ármann Jakobsson notes that in this and comparable instances, the term "troll" designates some sort of revenant, more specifically the human undead. Since the term can also mean ‘demon’, the sense is ambiguous.
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Animals feeding near the grave of a draugr might be driven mad by the creature's influence. They may also die from being driven mad. Thorolf, for example, caused birds to drop dead when they flew over his
1100:, Amleth enters a burial mound, in search of a magical sword named "Draugr". Inside the grave chamber Amleth encounters an undead Mound Dweller (draugr), who he has to fight in order to obtain the blade.
1091:, a group of Viking warriors encounter the draugr while searching for a missing person inside a huge forest. The draugr are depicted as blue-black animated corpses wielding many magical abilities.
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1109:, entitled "The Draugen," involved draugen as the ghosts of sailors who died at sea. While their form was ghostly, the captain was able to wear a coat, and had a shock of seaweed for hair.
486:) which was "black and huge.. roaring loudly and blowing fire", and moreover, possessed long scratching claws, and the claws stuck in the neck, prompting the hero Hrómundr to refer to the
1031:, draugr are the undead mummified corpses of fallen warriors that inhabit the ancient burial sites of a Nordic-inspired race of man. They first appeared in the Bloodmoon expansion to
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Tradition also held that the coffin should be lifted and lowered in three different directions as it was carried from the house to confuse a possible draugr's sense of direction.
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The draugr is a "corporeal ghost" with a physical tangible body and not an "imago", and in tales it is often delivered a "second death" by destruction of the enlivened corpse.
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lying on a beach became the object of a quarrel between the two types of draug (headless and seaweed-headed). A similar source even tells of a third type, the
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858:, a shepherd is assaulted by a blue-black draugr. The shepherd's neck is broken during the ensuing scuffle. The shepherd rises the next night as a draugr.
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may not necessarily follow what the term might have meant in the strict sense during medieval times, but rather follow a modern definition or notion of
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Draugrs often give off a morbid stench, not unlike the smell of a decaying body. The mound where Kárr the Old was entombed reeked horribly. In
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while he was eating…. The third night Asmund became very drowsy, and the first thing he knew, Aran had got him by the ears and torn them off.
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in great numbers, and the stories of restless dead coming in from sea were more common in the north than any other region of the country.
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to the undead in medieval literature, even if it is never explicitly referred to as such in the text, and designated them rather as a
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describes how bones were dug up belonging to a dead sorceress who had appeared in dreams, and they were "blue and evil looking".
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who had drifted at sea, and who was not buried in
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and spread throughout the Norse culture, founded on the idea that the dead could only leave through the way they entered.
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die a "second death" as
Chester Gould calls it, when their bodies decay, are burned, dismembered or otherwise destroyed".
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Draugar live in their graves or royal palaces, often guarding treasure buried with them in their burial mound. They are
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The Nørre Nærå Runestone is interpreted as having a "grave binding inscription" used to keep the deceased in its grave.
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notes, "most medieval
Icelandic ghosts are evil or marginal people. If not dissatisfied or evil, they are unpopular".
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from trees. There was thus a connection between the idea of a felled tree's trunk and that of a dead man's corpse.
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Keyworth, G. David (December 2006). "Was the
Vampire of the Eighteenth Century a Unique Type of Undead-Corpse?".
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Hörðr Grímkelsson’s two underlings die even before entering Sóti the Viking's mound, due to the "gust and stink (
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1929:, p. 15: "Thorgunna's death also brought on what might be called an epidemic of aggressive revenants".
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Housman, Laurence (illustrations); R. Nisbet Bain (1893 translation); Jonas Lie (original Danish) (1893).
2175:(September 1958). "Weland the Smith Burial Practices as Sites of Cultural Memory in the Íslendingasögur".
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Icelandic "Sótti haugbúinn með kappi" is rendered "the barrow-wight setting on with hideous eagerness" in
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needing to be decapitated in order to incapacitate them from further hauntings is a common theme in the
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has acquired the meaning of "a pale, ineffectual, and slow-minded person that drags himself along".
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1901:, p. 313: "Vampirism is transmittable, to which Þórólfr bægifótr's many victims bear witness".
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Polomé, Edgar C.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). "Spirit". In Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.).
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The modern and popular connection between the draug and the sea can be traced back to authors like
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and Regine Nordmann, whose works include several books of fairy tales, as well as the drawings of
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in late 1897, with the idea further pursued by more modern commentators. The focus here is not on
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The Function of the Living Dead in Medieval Norse and Celtic literature : Death and Desire
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A "draug" from modern Scandinavian folklore aboard a ship, in sub-human form, wearing oilskins
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also meant a tree trunk or dry dead wood, or in poetry could refer to a man or warrior, since
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Bennett, Lisa (2014). "Burial Practices as Sites of Cultural Memory in the Íslendingasögur".
3013:—— (2011). "Vampires and watchmen: Categorizing the mediaeval Icelandic undead".
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2509:"Viking Answer Lady Webpage - The Walking Dead: Draugr and Aptrgangr in Old Norse Literature"
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1917:, "Ch. 34: Thorolf's ghost". p. 115ff.; "Ch. 63: Thorolf comes back from the Dead". p. 186ff.
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3315:. University of California Publications in Linguistics 83. University of California Press.
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Note similarity to a shepherd killed by Thorolf's ghost, also found with every bone broken.
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1039:. Draugar are a common enemy, the first encountered by the player, in the 2018 video game
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563:. This fire would form a barrier between the land of the living and the land of the dead.
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in the text, though called a "troll" in it. Yet Glámr is still routinely referred to as a
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1022:. Tolkien's barrow-wights bear obvious similarity to, and were inspired by the haugbúi.
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Beings in British folklore such as "shag-boys" and "hogboons" derive their names from
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as 'ghost' in his dictionary) wrote the preface to Jón Árnason's folklore collection.
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A somewhat ambivalent, alternative view of the draugr is presented by the example of
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The undead Víga-Hrappr exhibited the ability to sink into the ground to escape from
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A draugr's presence might be shown by a great light that glowed from the mound like
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Comitatus, Individual and Honor: Studies in North Germanic Institutional Vocabulary
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Caciola, Nancy (August 1996). "Wraiths, Revenants and Ritual in Medieval Culture".
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990:. The notion of draugs who live in the mountains is present in the poetic works of
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employed this term in his novels, though "barrow-wight" is actually a rendering of
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1996:, p. 297: " some kind of infection is also apparent in the account of Glámr".
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513:)" wafting out of it. When enraged Þráinn filled the barrow with an "evil reek."
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The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature
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But, though the draug usually presages death, there is an amusing account in
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Troublesome Corpses: Vampires & Revenants, from Antiquity to the Present
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Grettis Saga. The Story of Grettir the Strong, translated from the Icelandic
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2629:. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. p. 55.
1858:. However, though the dead might live again, they could also die again.
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Draugar are noted for having numerous magical abilities (referred to as
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2968:(2009). "The Fearless Vampire Killers: A Note about the Icelandic
2737:"Comprar o Age of Mythology: Retold - New Gods Pack: Freyr - Xbox"
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The color is literally‘blue’, thus "blue as hell, and great as a
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vase for his head. He sailed in a half-boat with blocked sails (
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314:, Glámr the ghost in the same saga is never explicitly called a
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2275:(and smell there was therein none of the sweetest)". Literally
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back to one's body. These reanimated individuals were known as
2725:. Norwegian-American Historical Association. 1941. p. 42.
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Besides Glámr, other examples are Víga-Hrappr Sumarliðason in
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386:'s collection, based on the classification groundwork laid by
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often used terms for trees to represent humans, especially in
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is defined as "a ghost, spirit, esp. the dead inhabitant of a
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Vampires: A Field Guide to the Creatures that Stalk the Night
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Also Þráinn's " barrow was filled with a horrible stench" in
972:. Up north, the tradition of sea-draugs is especially vivid.
2303:. Þórhallur Vilmundarson; Bjarni Vilhjálmsson (edd.), p. 40.
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The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
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The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
2352:, Ch. 18, pp. 79–80; introduction, p. 12; index of names,
1850:"The will appears to be strong, strong enough to draw the
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Scandinavian-Canadian Studies/Études scandinaves au Canada
1566:"[excerpt from] Gr ch. 18b: Living in gravemounds"
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Night-wolves, Half-trolls and the Dead Who Won't Stay Down
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Any mean, nasty, or greedy person can become a draugr. As
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1992:, pp. 310–311: "This creature contaminates Glámr";
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1195:; Þórólfr bægifótr (lame-foot) or the ghosts of Fróðá in
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posture is a necessary or helpful step in destroying the
455:("corpse-pale"). Glámr when found dead was described as "
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The undead Víga-Hrappr Sumarliðason (Killer-Hrapp) of
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1973:
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1432:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 195, endnote 27.
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A further caveat is that the application of the term
2604:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 22–23.
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The draugr has also been conceived of as a type of "
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3223:"Wrestling with ghosts in Icelandic popular belief"
2722:Norwegian-American Studies and Records - Volume 12
878:, the draug (the modern spelling used in Denmark,
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1068:The Draugr is one of the Norse myth units of the
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34:. "Draug" redirects here; for the 2018 film, see
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3794:
3776:
3767:
3735:
3616:
3607:
3576:
3346:
2811:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–78.
1661:
1570:Pre-Christian Religions of the North: Sources
8:
3847:
3838:
3753:
3703:
2323:. University of Michigan Press. p. 163.
2267:Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)
2215:
1955:Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)
1531:Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)
1422:Burns, Marjorie (2014). Houghton, John Wm.;
1240:Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)
1169:Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)
254:from West Norse, as the native Swedish form
3156:—— (1946b). "Norse ghosts II".
2705:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1401:. Cambridge University Press. p. 172.
1315:
1313:
929:of a northerner who managed to outwit him:
435:) by whatever being was haunting the farm.
38:; for the Norwegian role-playing game, see
3583:
3569:
3561:
3353:
3339:
3331:
2255:
2068:
1548:
1398:Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain
239:and his brothers created the first humans
3015:Journal of English and Germanic Philology
1821:It is pointed out that the lexicographer
1716:
1714:
1564:PCRN project and Skaldic project (2014).
761:Learn how and when to remove this message
180:is regarded not so much as a ghost but a
2462:
2434:
2376:
2095:
1883:
1797:
1544:
1542:
3291:. Desert Island Books. pp. 29–35.
2541:Gautrek's Saga and Other Medieval Tales
2388:
2153:
2135:
1926:
1785:
1764:, p. 190, e.g., and Willam Sayers
1293:
1160:
306:Unlike Kárr inn gamli (Kar the Old) in
3119:(1946). "Norse ghosts: A study in the
2755:
2698:
2570:
2044:
2032:
2005:
1510:Burns citing Gilliver et al. (2009) .
1455:
1445:
2479:Magnusson & Pálsson (trr.) (1969)
2365:Magnusson & Pálsson (trr.) (1969)
2346:Magnusson & Pálsson (trr.) (1969)
2120:Magnusson & Pálsson (trr.) (1969)
2017:
1619:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1326:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 118.
786:speculated that this belief began in
261:The word is hypothetically traced to
7:
2107:
1622:. Taylor & Francis. p. 538.
699:adding citations to reliable sources
235:, referencing the myth that the god
27:Undead creature from Norse mythology
3088:Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie
2934:"Fornaldarsǫgur Norðrlanda (cont.)"
2860:. Edinburgh: Southside Publishers.
2809:Stories and Ballads of the Far Past
2795:. Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer.
2088:Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1973)
1974:Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1973)
1939:Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1973)
1911:Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1973)
447:The draugar were said to be either
361:in various scholarly works, or the
331:, but actually only referred to as
2686:Weird Tales from the Northern Seas
2552:CITEREFPálssonEdwards_(trr.)1973.
2511:. Vikinganswerlady.com. 2005-12-14
25:
3504:Horse burial in Germanic paganism
2627:Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology
1082:, fighting with bows and arrows.
968:, who spent some years living in
830:, who is defeated by the hero in
826:One of the best-known draugar is
805:A variation of the draugr is the
616:hunger and hatred of the undead:
476:"turned himself into a troll" in
4037:Scandinavian legendary creatures
3901:
3227:Arv: Nordic Yearbook of Folklore
3203:. Career Press. pp. 81–93.
3035:10.5406/jenglgermphil.110.3.0281
3027:10.5406/jenglgermphil.110.3.0281
2902:Scudder, Bernard (tr.) (2005) .
2230:Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson (1987)
1751:from the original on 2018-10-05.
1360:. Paul G. Remley (foreword by).
1033:The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind
675:
423:, which is not attested for the
3052:Viking and Medieval Scandinavia
2932:Andrews, A. LeRoy (1912–1913).
2805:"The Saga of Hromund Greipsson"
2496:Icelandic Folktales and Legends
2447:Fox & Pálsson (trr.) (1974)
2411:Icelandic Folktales and Legends
1302:An Icelandic-English dictionary
1300:Cleasby; Vigfusson edd. (1974)
686:needs additional citations for
325:Beings not specifically called
310:, who is specifically called a
105:creature from the Scandinavian
2905:The Saga of Grettir the Strong
2843:. University of Toronto Press.
2317:Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis
1484:(2009) . Black, Ronald (ed.).
1:
3170:10.1080/0015587X.1946.9717823
3141:10.1080/0015587x.1946.9717812
2972:and Demonic Contamination in
2598:Mitchell, Stephen A. (2011).
2157:The Saga of Hromund Greipsson
1025:In video game series such as
978:describes land-draugs coming
568:Óláfr Hǫskuldsson the Peacock
457:blár sem Hel en digr sem naut
283:"deceive" (see also Avestan "
201:" in the 1869 translation of
112:Commentators extend the term
4042:Germanic legendary creatures
4007:Creatures in Norse mythology
3545:Rebirth in Germanic paganism
2774:General and cited references
2202:Clemoes & Dickins (1959)
1980:, "Ch. 34: Thorolf's ghost".
1762:Clemoes & Dickins (1959)
1261:, hence the Latinized names.
634:Sitting posture and evil eye
136:, literally "again-walker" (
1490:. Oxford University Press.
1037:The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
30:For the planet Draugr, see
4073:
2792:Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar
2762:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1103:Season two episode two of
415:" by folktale anthologist
278:
269:
109:literature and folktales.
29:
3899:
3262:10.1080/00155870600928872
3219:Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson
2990:10.1080/00155870903219771
1426:; Martsch, Nancy (eds.).
1320:Langeslag, P. S. (2015).
1273:Hrómundar saga Gripssonar
1119:has been named "Draugr".
980:fresh from the graveyards
577:Hrómundar saga Gripssonar
479:Hrómundar saga Gripssonar
40:Draug (role-playing game)
3396:Hel (mythological being)
1721:Sayers, William (1994).
1354:Smith, Gregg A. (2007).
1210:Both these occur in the
1078:, associated to the god
1075:Age of Mythology: Retold
399:Ghost with physical body
3875:
3866:
3857:
3727:
3718:
3660:
3535:Death in Norse paganism
3285:—— (2007).
2879:Pálsson, Hermann (trr.)
2837:Pálsson, Hermann (trr.)
2586:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
2529:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
2334:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
2297:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
2271:
2244:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
2057:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
1994:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
1990:Ármann Jakobsson (2009)
1899:Ármann Jakobsson (2009)
1872:Ármann Jakobsson (2009)
1839:Ármann Jakobsson (2009)
1810:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
1774:Ármann Jakobsson (2009)
1706:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
1691:Ármann Jakobsson (2011)
1014:used the term for both
910:A recorded legend from
584:Behaviour and character
547:Other magical abilities
509:
495:
357:
349:
341:
333:
327:
295:
223:In Old Norse, the term
211:
167:
130:
118:
63:
58:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3889:
3848:
3839:
3820:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3651:
3617:
3608:
3080:Boer, Richard Constant
3064:10.1484/J.VMS.5.105211
2828:. London: F. S. Ellis.
2820:Morris, William (trr.)
2787:Boer, Richard Constant
2625:Bane, Theresa (2010).
2299:, p. 291, n42, citing
1604:Svenskt dialektlexikon
1238:" is the rendering in
1049:was added to the game
1002:Aasmund Olavsson Vinje
956:Use in popular culture
953:
871:
778:
623:
608:
394:Overall classification
219:Cognates and etymology
141:
98:
82:
74:
4032:Scandinavian folklore
4017:Circumpolar mythology
3593:Scandinavian folklore
2650:Cook, Robert (2001).
2173:Davidson, H. R. Ellis
1011:The Lord of the Rings
876:Scandinavian folklore
869:
776:
371:are lumped into one.
339:(‘revenants’, pl. of
3195:Curran, Bob (2005).
3190:. Bowes & Bowes.
2852:Edwards, Paul (trr.)
1823:Guðbrandur Vigfússon
1723:"The arctic desert (
1662:Scudder (tr.) (2005)
1424:Croft, Janet Brennan
1070:New Gods Pack: Freyr
1018:and the dead men of
695:improve this article
468:Þráinn (Thrain) the
322:by modern scholars.
197:was referred to as "
3540:Matres and Matronae
3499:Hogback (sculpture)
2654:. London: Penguin.
2406:Simpson, Jacqueline
2391:, p. 33, n102.
2216:Andrews (1912–1913)
2059:, pp. 291–292.
1812:, pp. 281–282.
1640:. 29 September 2019
1592:. 11 February 2024.
667:Means of prevention
263:Proto-Indo European
4027:Icelandic folklore
3970:Old Norse religion
3101:Past & Present
2849:Pálsson, Hermannn;
2817:Eiríkur Magnússon;
1366:Edwin Mellen Press
1362:Lewiston, New York
872:
841:Gunnar Hámundarson
779:
490:as a sort of cat (
451:("death-blue") or
3994:
3993:
3558:
3557:
3363:Germanic paganism
3210:978-1-56414-807-0
3084:"Zur Grettissaga"
2925:Secondary sources
2611:978-0-8122-4290-4
2421:978-0-520-02116-7
2256:Boer (ed.) (1900)
2069:Boer (ed.) (1900)
1673:Kárr is called a
1549:Boer (ed.) (1900)
1155:Explanatory notes
1028:The Elder Scrolls
966:Theodor Kittelsen
771:
770:
763:
745:
517:Magical abilities
16:(Redirected from
4064:
4012:Corporeal undead
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3905:
3894:
3884:Will-o'-the-wisp
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3825:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3709:
3700:
3691:
3665:
3656:
3622:
3613:
3594:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3550:Soul (etymology)
3487:Burial practices
3355:
3348:
3341:
3332:
3326:
3302:
3281:
3244:
3214:
3191:
3187:The Anglo-Saxons
3173:
3152:
3112:
3095:
3075:
3046:
3009:
2966:Ármann Jakobsson
2961:
2938:Modern Philology
2919:
2898:
2871:
2844:
2829:
2812:
2796:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2573:, pp. 81–93
2568:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2505:
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2492:
2486:
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2454:
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2425:
2398:
2392:
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2362:
2356:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2304:
2294:
2288:
2274:
2269:Ch. 18, p. 47: "
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2169:
2163:
2152:Chadwick (1921)/
2150:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2047:, p. 82–83.
2042:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1965:
1952:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1896:
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1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1744:: 11 and notes.
1735:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1649:
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1577:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1478:Marshall, Jeremy
1470:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1393:Williams, Howard
1389:
1380:
1379:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1308:
1298:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1259:Saxo Grammaticus
1255:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1165:
986:is even used of
809:(from Old Norse
766:
759:
755:
752:
746:
744:
703:
679:
671:
590:Ármann Jakobsson
512:
360:
354:
346:
338:
330:
281:
280:
274:"phantom", from
272:
271:
229:Old Norse poetry
214:
207:J. R. R. Tolkien
170:
135:
123:
68:
21:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3986:Danish folklore
3974:
3965:Norse mythology
3953:
3906:
3897:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3559:
3554:
3523:
3482:
3461:
3425:
3369:
3359:
3329:
3323:
3305:
3299:
3284:
3247:
3241:
3217:
3211:
3194:
3176:
3155:
3117:Chadwick, N. K.
3115:
3098:
3078:
3049:
3012:
2964:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2901:
2895:
2874:
2868:
2847:
2832:
2815:
2799:
2785:
2781:
2779:Primary sources
2776:
2771:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2697:
2691:
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2596:
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2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2477:
2473:
2467:The Road to Hel
2463:Davidson (1943)
2461:
2457:
2445:
2441:
2435:Chadwick (1946)
2433:
2429:
2422:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2377:Keyworth (2007)
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2332:
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2250:
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2238:
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2196:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2096:Keyworth (2006)
2086:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1984:
1972:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1884:Keyworth (2006)
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1798:Chadwick (1946)
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1712:
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1697:
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1672:
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1660:
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1627:
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1610:
1601:
1597:
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1587:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1547:
1540:
1529:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1474:Gilliver, Peter
1472:
1471:
1467:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1353:
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1341:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
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1265:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1209:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1125:
1008:translation of
982:, and the term
958:
927:Northern Norway
900:Bø Municipality
874:In more recent
864:
824:
822:Icelandic sagas
819:
803:
767:
756:
750:
747:
704:
702:
692:
680:
669:
653:
636:
613:
598:
586:
549:
531:
519:
441:
439:Physical traits
396:
304:
302:Broadened usage
221:
162:
150:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
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4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:Ysätters-Kajsa
3886:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3765:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Hel (location)
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3303:
3297:
3282:
3256:(3): 241–260.
3245:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3192:
3182:Dickins, Bruce
3178:Clemoes, Peter
3174:
3164:(3): 106–127.
3153:
3113:
3096:
3082:, ed. (1898).
3076:
3047:
3021:(3): 281–300.
3010:
2984:(3): 307–316.
2962:
2950:10.1086/386906
2944:(3): 601–630.
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2872:
2866:
2857:Eyrbyggja Saga
2845:
2841:Grettir's Saga
2830:
2813:
2801:=Kershaw, Nora
2797:
2789:, ed. (1900).
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2728:
2712:
2675:
2660:
2642:
2635:
2617:
2610:
2590:
2588:, p. 296.
2575:
2558:
2554:Eyrbyggja Saga
2545:
2533:
2531:, p. 295.
2521:
2500:
2487:
2471:
2455:
2451:Grettir's Saga
2439:
2427:
2420:
2393:
2389:Caciola (1996)
2381:
2369:
2357:
2338:
2336:, p. 290.
2326:
2305:
2289:
2248:
2246:, p. 291, n43.
2236:
2222:
2208:
2194:
2183:(3): 154–155.
2164:
2154:Kershaw (1921)
2140:
2136:Bennett (2014)
2128:
2112:
2100:
2098:, p. 244.
2092:Eyrbyggja Saga
2080:
2074:Kap. XVIII.9,
2061:
2049:
2037:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1982:
1978:Eyrbyggja Saga
1966:
1947:
1943:Eyrbyggja Saga
1931:
1927:Caciola (1996)
1919:
1915:Eyrbyggja Saga
1903:
1888:
1876:
1874:, p. 311.
1864:
1843:
1841:, p. 284.
1831:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1786:Caciola (1996)
1778:
1766:
1754:
1710:
1708:, p. 285.
1695:
1693:, p. 284.
1680:
1666:
1651:
1625:
1608:
1595:
1581:
1556:
1538:
1518:
1516:, pp. 214–216.
1503:
1496:
1482:Weiner, Edmund
1465:
1438:
1414:
1407:
1381:
1374:
1368:. p. 14.
1339:
1332:
1309:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1263:
1257:As related by
1250:
1227:
1218:
1213:Eyrbyggja saga
1203:
1198:Eyrbyggja saga
1182:
1173:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1117:PSR B1257+12 A
957:
954:
863:
860:
855:Eyrbyggja saga
823:
820:
818:
815:
802:
801:Similar beings
799:
795:Eyrbyggja saga
769:
768:
683:
681:
674:
668:
665:
652:
649:
635:
632:
612:
609:
597:
594:
585:
582:
548:
545:
530:
529:Shape-shifting
527:
518:
515:
440:
437:
409:
408:
401:
400:
395:
392:
303:
300:
220:
217:
205:, long before
161:
158:
149:
146:
126:barrow-dweller
32:PSR B1257+12 A
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4069:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3324:
3322:9780520095496
3318:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3298:9781905328307
3294:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3240:9789122012436
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:(152): 3–45.
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2915:9780141937922
2911:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2894:9780140442182
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:Laxdaela Saga
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2867:9780900025075
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2636:9780786444526
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:Curran (2005)
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2543:, pp. 99-101.
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2483:Laxdaela Saga
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:, p. 53.
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2379:, p. 71.
2378:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:Laxdaela Saga
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2272:þeygi þefgott
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:, p. 44.
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:Laxdaela Saga
2121:
2116:
2113:
2110:, p. 55.
2109:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:Curran (2005)
2041:
2038:
2035:, p. 82.
2034:
2033:Curran (2005)
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:, p. 15.
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:, p. 95.
2007:
2006:Lindow (1976)
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:(who defined
1824:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:, p. 51.
1799:
1794:
1791:
1788:, p. 28.
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:Rietz, J. E.
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1497:9780199568369
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1441:
1439:9781476614861
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1408:9781139457934
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:9780773453531
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:9781843844259
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Norse funeral
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1094:In the movie
1092:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
971:
967:
963:
955:
952:
949:
948:coffin boards
944:
940:
936:
935:Christmas Eve
930:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
868:
861:
859:
857:
856:
850:
848:
847:
842:
837:
835:
834:
829:
821:
816:
814:
812:
808:
800:
798:
796:
791:
789:
783:
775:
765:
762:
754:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712: –
711:
707:
706:Find sources:
700:
696:
690:
689:
684:This section
682:
678:
673:
672:
666:
664:
662:
658:
655:The revenant
650:
648:
646:
642:
633:
631:
629:
622:
617:
610:
607:
602:
595:
593:
591:
583:
581:
579:
578:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
546:
544:
540:
538:
537:
536:Laxdaela saga
528:
526:
524:
516:
514:
511:
506:
505:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:was a fiend (
481:
480:
475:
471:
466:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
445:
438:
436:
434:
428:
426:
422:
421:blood-sucking
418:
414:
406:
405:
404:
398:
397:
393:
391:
389:
388:Konrad Maurer
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
369:
364:
359:
353:
352:
345:
344:
337:
336:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
273:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
241:Ask and Embla
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
176:". Often the
175:
171:
169:
159:
157:
155:
147:
145:
143:
139:
134:
133:
127:
122:
121:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
66:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3661:
3472:
3311:
3307:Lindow, John
3287:
3253:
3249:
3230:
3226:
3200:
3186:
3161:
3157:
3135:(2): 50–65.
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3055:
3051:
3018:
3014:
2981:
2977:
2974:Grettis Saga
2973:
2969:
2941:
2937:
2904:
2883:
2876:Fox, Denton;
2856:
2840:
2834:Fox, Denton;
2824:
2808:
2791:
2748:11 September
2746:. Retrieved
2740:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2690:. Retrieved
2685:
2678:
2651:
2645:
2626:
2620:
2600:
2593:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2524:
2513:. Retrieved
2503:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2430:
2410:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2349:
2341:
2329:
2320:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2261:Kap. XVIII,
2259:Grettis saga
2258:
2251:
2239:
2225:
2211:
2197:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2156:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2083:
2072:Grettis saga
2071:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2018:Smith (2007)
2013:
2001:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1959:Grettis saga
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1879:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1834:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1674:
1669:
1642:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1559:
1511:
1506:
1486:
1468:
1428:
1417:
1397:
1356:
1322:
1301:
1296:
1271:
1266:
1253:
1230:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1196:
1192:Laxdæla saga
1190:
1185:
1176:
1163:
1149:Wiedergänger
1111:
1104:
1102:
1097:The Northman
1095:
1093:
1088:Draug (film)
1086:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1057:early access
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1009:
995:
992:Henrik Ibsen
983:
976:Arne Garborg
974:
959:
932:
924:
919:
914:tells how a
909:
894:, but had a
873:
853:
851:
844:
838:
833:Grettis saga
831:
827:
825:
810:
806:
804:
794:
792:
784:
780:
757:
751:October 2018
748:
738:
731:
724:
717:
705:
693:Please help
688:verification
685:
661:family sagas
656:
654:
651:Annihilating
640:
637:
624:
621:to the farm.
619:
614:
604:
599:
587:
575:
572:
565:
558:
554:Grettis saga
550:
541:
534:
532:
522:
520:
502:
500:
487:
483:
477:
467:
462:Laxdæla saga
460:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
432:
429:
424:
410:
402:
379:
375:
373:
367:
366:
362:
324:
319:
315:
311:
308:Grettis saga
307:
305:
289:
275:
266:
260:
255:
250:is a modern
247:
246:In Swedish,
245:
224:
222:
203:Grettis saga
202:
199:barrow-wight
194:
192:
187:Grettis saga
185:
177:
165:
163:
151:
131:
125:
119:
113:
111:
64:
50:
46:
44:
36:Draug (film)
3947:Påskkärring
3641:Church grim
3509:Ship burial
3452:Neorxnawang
2908:. Penguin.
2887:. Penguin.
2652:Njal's saga
2402:Jón Árnason
2301:Harðar saga
2108:Boer (1898)
1729:Bárðar saga
1551:, Cap. 18,
1456:|work=
628:bowl barrow
611:Bloodthirst
504:Harðar saga
417:Andrew Lang
384:Jón Árnason
160:Terminology
4001:Categories
3920:Askeladden
3729:Marmennill
3697:Gjenganger
3653:Deildegast
3636:Changeling
3514:Stone ship
2692:2014-03-17
2661:0140447695
2515:2010-07-01
2367:, p.78, n1
2219:p. 603–604
1644:12 January
1638:Wiktionary
1634:"shag-boy"
1575:2020-11-17
1533:. Ch. 18.
1284:References
1129:Gjenganger
1052:Eve Online
1042:God of War
846:Njáls saga
721:newspapers
351:reimleikar
335:aptrgǫngur
164:Old Norse
142:afturganga
3834:Troll cat
3688:Fossegrim
3646:Cyprianus
3619:Bäckahäst
3478:Einherjar
3437:Fólkvangr
3430:Locations
3367:mythology
3361:Death in
3278:162921894
3043:162278413
3006:162338244
2958:224836243
2701:cite book
2556:, p. 115.
2498:, p. 107.
2494:Simpson,
2469:, p. 161.
2283:‘smell’+
2126:, p. 235.
1725:Helluland
1606:, p. 102.
1458:ignored (
1448:cite book
1289:Citations
1114:exoplanet
1020:Dunharrow
997:Peer Gynt
962:Jonas Lie
951:district.
912:Trøndelag
888:fisherman
523:trollskap
492:Old Norse
470:berserker
343:aptrganga
292:Old Norse
270:dʰrowgʰos
212:haugbúinn
154:revenants
138:Icelandic
132:aptrganga
128:") or an
95:Norwegian
71:Icelandic
69:; modern
61:, plural
55:Old Norse
4052:Vampires
3979:See also
3850:Vardøger
3610:Askafroa
3528:See also
3494:Bog body
3466:Entities
3457:Valhalla
3447:Náströnd
3421:Valkyrie
3416:Sleipnir
3309:(1976).
3270:30035373
3250:Folklore
3233:: 7–20.
3221:(1987).
3184:(1959).
3158:Folklore
3129:Folklore
3123:and the
3072:48501879
3058:: 27–2.
2998:40646533
2978:Folklore
2881:(1969).
2854:(1973).
2839:(1974).
2822:(1869).
2803:(1921).
2758:cite web
2670:47938075
2485:, p. 103
2453:, p. 36.
2404:(1972).
2319:(1943).
2233:pp. 9–10
2177:Folklore
1746:Archived
1678:Scudder.
1590:"Draugr"
1395:(2006).
1304:. s. v.
1144:Spriggan
1139:Selkolla
1123:See also
988:vampires
817:Folklore
710:"Draugr"
645:evil eye
496:kattakyn
453:nár-fölr
449:hel-blár
368:haugbúar
365:and the
279:dʰrewgʰ-
252:loanword
233:kennings
182:revenant
148:Overview
101:) is an
3958:Origins
3841:Valravn
3806:Skogsrå
3779:Bergsrå
3756:Nis Puk
3706:Helhest
3679:Erlking
3519:Tumulus
3374:Figures
3149:1256952
3125:Haugbúi
3094:: 1–72.
2408:(ed.).
2287:‘good’.
2279:‘not’+
2189:1258855
1860:Draugar
1856:draugar
1072:DLC of
1062:Valheim
1047:Draugur
1006:Nynorsk
1000:), and
970:Svolvær
933:It was
916:cadaver
896:seaweed
892:oilskin
852:In the
807:haugbui
788:Denmark
735:scholar
561:foxfire
474:Valland
413:vampire
407:Vampire
363:draugar
328:draugar
296:haugbui
120:haugbúi
91:Swedish
83:dreygur
79:Faroese
75:draugur
65:draugar
4057:Ghosts
4047:Undead
4022:Ghouls
3929:Blenda
3911:People
3868:Vættir
3822:Skrømt
3788:Hulder
3738:Myling
3713:Kraken
3662:Draugr
3601:Beings
3473:Draugr
3391:Gefjon
3386:Freyja
3319:
3295:
3276:
3268:
3237:
3207:
3147:
3121:Draugr
3109:651055
3107:
3070:
3041:
3033:
3004:
2996:
2970:Draugr
2956:
2912:
2891:
2864:
2668:
2658:
2633:
2608:
2418:
2354:p. 255
2263:p. 125
2205:p. 188
2187:
1963:p. 102
1827:draugr
1675:draugr
1494:
1436:
1405:
1372:
1330:
1306:draugr
1016:Nazgûl
1004:. The
943:brandy
904:Norway
884:Sweden
882:, and
880:Norway
862:Recent
811:haugr'
737:
730:
723:
716:
708:
657:draugr
641:draugr
488:dragur
433:draugr
425:draugr
380:draugr
376:draugr
358:draugr
347:) and
320:draugr
316:draugr
312:draugr
225:draugr
195:draugr
178:draugr
168:draugr
114:draugr
103:undead
93:, and
87:Danish
85:, and
59:draugr
47:draugr
18:Draugs
3877:Vǫrðr
3859:Vargr
3829:Troll
3815:Selma
3797:Sjörå
3747:Nisse
3669:Dwarf
3631:Bysen
3401:Norns
3274:S2CID
3266:JSTOR
3145:JSTOR
3105:JSTOR
3068:JSTOR
3039:S2CID
3031:JSTOR
3002:S2CID
2994:JSTOR
2954:S2CID
2185:JSTOR
2161:p. 68
2076:p. 64
1749:(PDF)
1734:(PDF)
1727:) in
1553:p. 65
1535:p. 48
1245:p. 99
1106:Hilda
1059:game
984:draug
920:gleip
828:Glámr
742:JSTOR
728:books
596:Greed
510:ódaun
484:dólgr
265:stem
248:draug
174:cairn
99:draug
51:draug
3938:Disa
3763:Neck
3720:Mara
3626:Bøyg
3406:Odin
3365:and
3317:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3205:ISBN
2910:ISBN
2889:ISBN
2862:ISBN
2764:link
2750:2024
2742:Xbox
2707:link
2666:OCLC
2656:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2285:gott
2281:þefr
2277:þeyg
1852:hugr
1646:2023
1492:ISBN
1460:help
1434:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1236:neat
1112:The
1080:Ullr
714:news
287:").
285:druj
256:drög
237:Odin
193:The
107:saga
45:The
3674:Elf
3411:Rán
3381:Dís
3258:doi
3254:117
3166:doi
3137:doi
3127:".
3060:doi
3023:doi
3019:110
2986:doi
2982:120
2976:".
2946:doi
1085:In
941:of
939:keg
902:in
843:in
793:In
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472:of
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