Railway coupling - Knowledge (XXG)

2507:. The face of the coupler has a protruding, movable tongue which is inserted into the throat of the opposite coupler during coupling. Once these mechanical elements are fully engaged, their position is locked by wedges driven by a pneumatic cylinder. The pneumatic pots are located below the mechanical connection. They are simply pressed together and sealed by rubber elements. On either side of the mechanical connection are electrical contact blocks consisting of a series of butt contacts. When disconnected, the contacts are protected by the so called "Dutch oven" covers. The covers are mechanically actuated and swing open when the other coupling approaches. The coupling can be engaged and disengaged from the cab using the three-position coupling switch in the cab. 3073:, a company they started. While they closely resemble miniature Janney couplers, they are somewhat different mechanically, with the knuckle pivoting from the center of the coupler head, rather than from the side. A steel pin, designed to resemble an air brake hose, allows the couplers to be released magnetically; the design of the coupler head prevents this from happening unless the train is stopped or reversed with a mated pair of couplers directly over an uncoupling magnet. An earlier, mechanically tripped version of the design had a straight pin extending down from the knuckle itself, which engaged a diamond-shaped mechanical "ramp" between the rails, which had to be raised above rail height when uncoupling was desired. 2642:. The coupler automatically makes the mechanical, pneumatic and electrical connections. The mechanical locks are located on either side of the pneumatic ports. The electrical connections are located below the pneumatic ports and are protected by a cover when disconnected. Several versions are available for different applications, which can only be coupled to each other and not to other couplings, except the FK-15-10 version which can be coupled to the Scharfenberg coupling type 10. A special feature of the Schwab coupler is the inclined coupler face, which causes the coupler heads to slide past each other during coupling, so that snow and ice are scraped off the coupler faces in winter. 1776: 2453: 773:, have link and pin couplers and side buffers. This design was chosen so that these normally solo operating locomotives could be coupled to another locomotive in the event of a breakdown. On straight track, the link and pin coupler is used. Since the vertical curve between the straight track sections and the ramp between the lock chambers has a very small radius, the difference in height would be too great for a link and pin coupler, so the locomotives must be pushed through these sections uncoupled by using the side buffers. They have an extra high buffer plate to prevent the buffers from buffer-locking in tight vertical curves. 1210: 2356:), it has gradually spread from transit trains to regular passenger service trains, although outside Europe its use is generally restricted to mass transit systems. The Schaku coupler is superior in many ways to many other automatic couplers because it makes the pneumatic and electrical connections automatically and is capable of automatic uncoupling. However, there is no standard for the placement of these electro-pneumatic connections. Some rail companies have them placed on the sides while others have them placed above the mechanical portion of the Schaku coupler. 2516: 2527: 1375:. Its success in promoting switchyard safety was stunning. Between 1877 and 1887, approximately 38% of all railworker accidents involved coupling. That percentage fell as the railroads began to replace link and pin couplers with automatic couplers. By 1902, only two years after the SAA's effective date, coupling accidents constituted only 4% of all employee accidents. Coupler-related accidents dropped from nearly 11,000 in 1892 to just over 2,000 in 1902, even though the number of railroad employees steadily increased during that decade. 661: 1521: 673: 1594: 471: 1896: 709: 2008:

returns the coupling pin to its original position, holding the hook head in the coupling. When coupled, the coupler heads are free to move vertically, which should prevent a derailed car from dragging other cars with it in the event of a derailment on the elevated railway. Uncoupling is done by turning the coupling pin against the spring force with an actuating arm operated by a shunting pole or by a fixed rod with handles that can be reached from a position next to the train away from the

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end of the tube to hold the link in place. This procedure was exceptionally dangerous and many brakemen lost fingers or entire hands when they did not get them out of the way of the coupler pockets in time. Many more were killed as a result of being crushed between cars or dragged under cars that were coupled too quickly. Brakemen were issued with heavy clubs that could be used to hold the link in position, but many brakemen would not use the club, and risked injury.

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at the end that is thrown over the hook to hold it in place. On railways where the rolling stock always face the same direction, the mechanical hook can be on one end of the wagon only. Not all Norwegian couplers are compatible with one another as they vary in height and width, and may or may not be limited to one hook at a time. The traction force limit is typically 350 kN. Sometimes the Norwegian coupler is supplemented with auxiliary chains.

2789: 2326: 1955: 1545: 1261: 1160:. It is a radial coupler with a coupler pocket which is open at the top of the coupling face. Instead of a link and pins, it makes use of a drawhook which, upon coupling, slides over the drawhook pin in the coupler of the next vehicle in the train. To prevent the drawhook of the mating coupler from accidental uncoupling, the coupler bell is equipped with a drawhook guard, commonly known as a bridle, above the coupler pocket. 1284: 1276: 2109: 788: 2562:

verticaly arranged locking pin hooks. To uncouple, the locking pin can be lifted with handles located behind the coupler. Optionally, the air and electrical lines can also be connected. Air connections are typically located above and/or below the mechanical coupling. The electrical contacts are located above the coupler and are protected from contamination by a hinged cover when uncoupled.

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the ramp, it will lift the coupling hooks as the train passes over. By halting the train over the ramp, it is split at this point. While it works well, it is often seen as ugly and obtrusive (although smaller designs are available, these are not always fully compatible with other models) and many British modellers prefer to retrofit either Kadee types or working hook and chain couplings.

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protruding from the coupling head, which is inserted and locked into a half-shell-shaped pocket on the opposite coupling head. The two air connections are located one above the other below the mechanical coupling next to the guide horn, and the electrical connections are located above the coupling as with the GFN and GFV types. The type was first introduced 1965 with the so called

1186: 1560: 1879:. It is an SA3 coupler with an additional horn for attaching the shackle of the screw coupler and with a screw coupler that is connected to the hook of wagons equipped with screw couplers. When the screw coupler is not in use, the coupler shackle rests in a holder on the left side of the coupler. Rolling stock equipped with Unilink couplers is also equipped with 689: 1831:(but pneumatic and electrical connections must be done manually), fully compatible with the Unicoupler and, if additional buffers are mounted, it can be coupled with the conventional European screw coupling as well. The C-AKv coupler can automatically couple two pneumatic lines. As of 2020 its use is limited to trains transporting ore between Rotterdam and 2475:, connecting vehicle, pneumatics and electronics at the same time. The patented energy absorption D-BOX technology allows coupling at speeds of up to 15 kilometres per hour (9 mph) with no structural damage, and up to 36 kilometres per hour (22 mph) with deformation but with the vehicles remaining on track. The patented D-REX system provides 2316: 855: 488: 1582: 3046:

couplers vary according to scale, and have evolved over many years. Early model trains were coupled using various hook-and-loop arrangements, which were frequently asymmetrical, requiring all cars to be pointing in the same direction. In the larger scales, working scale or near-scale models of Janney

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Small air cylinders, acting on the rotating heads of the coupler, ensure the Schaku coupler engagement, making it unnecessary to use shock to get a good coupling. Joining portions of a passenger train can be done at very low speed (less than 2 mph or 3.2 km/h in the final approach), so that

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for mass transit applications, but eventually found use in some mainline railroad vehicles as well. It consists of two squared metal hooks that engage with each other in a larger rectangular frame with air line connections above and below. Since the coupler's development the manufacturing arm of Ohio

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Automatic couplers like the Janney are safer in a collision because they help prevent the carriages telescoping. British Rail therefore decided to adopt a Janney variant for its passenger carriages, with the coupler able to swing out of the way for coupling to engines with the traditional buffer and

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couplers. Conversion of all older rolling stock was to take several years and both coupler types could still be seen on some vehicles into the late 1950s. During the transition period, knuckle couplers on many locomotives had a horizontal gap and a vertical hole in the knuckle itself to accommodate,

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The Norwegian coupler consists of a central buffer with a movable hook that drops into a slot in the central buffer. There may also be a U-shaped safety catch on the opposite buffer that is flipped over the top of the hook to secure it. The safety device may also be a chain with a ball-shaped weight

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during 1921. The Albert coupler was created as a key and slot coupler with two pins. Vehicles to be coupled were pushed together, both couplings moving to the same side. One pin was inserted, then the vehicles were pulled to straighten the coupling and the other pin inserted. This operation required

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The balance lever coupling, also central buffer coupling with two screw coupling, is a coupler commonly used on narrow gauge railroads with tight curves. By swapping the pulling and pushing devices, the standard screw coupling used on standard gauge railroads became a center buffer coupling with one

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The link-and-pin coupler consisted of a tube-like body that received an oblong link. During coupling, a rail worker had to stand between the cars as they came together and guide the link into the coupler pocket. Once the cars were joined, the employee inserted a pin into a hole a few inches from the

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is standard. This is similar in operation to the meatchopper type of coupling. Remote uncoupling is possible by using a sprung ramp between the rails. The design of the hooks is such that the couplings will not uncouple when under tension (instead depressing the ramp). When the train is pushed over

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line. The model N-2 used lightweight draft gear slung below the center sill, to allow for the wide swings required to go around sharp curves. This made the N-2 unsuitable for main line railroad use so an updated version N-2-A was developed for that market. The first of these were fitted in 1968 to

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In 1912, an improved version of the coupling with a better locking mechanism was introduced, in which a spring-loaded locking bar blocked a disk serving as the hook. This disc hook was rotated into the locked position by the approaching shackle of the opposite coupling. To release the coupling, it

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Compatible and similar couplings or couplers are frequently referred to using widely differing make, brand, or regional names, or nicknames, which can make describing standard or typical designs confusing. Dimensions and ratings noted in these articles are usually of nominal or typical components

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Multi-function couplers (MFCs), or fully automatic couplers, make all connections between the rail vehicles (mechanical, air brake, and electrical) without human intervention, in contrast to autocouplers, or semi-automatic couplers, which just handle the mechanical aspects. The majority of trains

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Finland uses passenger coaches equipped with screw couplers because they have the advantage over the SA3 coupler of providing a slack-free ride, as the screw couplers are always under tension and the side buffers do not separate in normal operation. Most Finish freight cars are also equipped with

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The simple chain could not be tensioned, and this loose coupling allowed a great deal of back and forth movement and bumping between cars, as well as jarring when trains started. While acceptable for mineral cars, this coupling made for an uncomfortable ride in passenger coaches, so the chain was

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Throughout the history of railroading, a variety of coupler designs and types have been developed worldwide. Key design considerations include strength, reliability, easy and efficient handling, and operator safety. Automatic couplers engage automatically when the cars are pushed together. Modern

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The cars must be pushed together to couple. The tongue of each coupler head enters the throat of the opposite coupler head, where the hook on the tongue turns a vertically mounted, spring-loaded coupling pin against the force of the spring. Once the hook passes the coupling pin, the spring force

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When the Janney coupler was chosen to be the North American standard, there were 8,000 patented alternatives to choose from. Many AAR coupler designs exist to accommodate requirements of various car designs, but all are required to have certain dimensions in common which allow for one design to

2701:(DAC) based the Schwab coupler, a possible replacement of the screw couplers in the European rail freight service. The coupler is able to handle tensile forces up to 1500 kN and compressive forces up to 2000 kN and is therefore one of the strongest couplers ever designed for European railways. 2589:

The GFV differs significantly from the GFN and GFT. It is typically designed as a fully automatic multi-function coupler that can be disengaged at the push of a button in the cab. The design is more similar to a Schafrenberg coupler. The mechanical connection is made by a hemispherical element

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The coupling consists of a shackle that protrudes from a central buffer and falls into a hook in the opposite buffer when coupling contact is made. The non-engaged shackle of the opposite coupler rests on the engaged shackle, securing it against disengagement by its weight. To uncouple the ABC

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Usual practice was to have a drawhook fitted to only one of the mating couplers and train crews therefore carried spare drawhooks and drawhook pins on the locomotive. While automatic coupling is possible, this rarely happens and manual assistance is required during coupling. Uncoupling is done

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The GFN and GFT types are very similar. The only difference is that the GFT is designed for lower forces as expected in tram service. Both couplings consist of a rectangular buffer that doubles as a throat. A horizontal tongue with a hole protrudes from the inside of the throat into which the

4109: 1851:. It was designed in response to the obvious failure of the Unicoupler/Intermat. It is compatible with the buffers and screw coupling. It is one of only few automatic couplers that cannot carry tensile forces, railway vehicles using this type of coupler must be equipped with buffers as well. 640:

A simplified version of this, quicker to attach and detach, still used three links but with the centre link given a T-shaped slot. This could be turned lengthwise to lengthen it, allowing coupling, then turned vertically to the shorter slot position, holding the wagons more tightly together.

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An exact-scale HO model of the AAR coupler has been designed and manufactured by Frank Sergent. This design uses a tiny stainless steel ball to lock the knuckle closed. Uncoupling is achieved by holding a magnetic wand over the coupler pair to draw the balls out of the locking pockets.

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Coupling and uncoupling were done manually, which posed a high risk of serious injury or death to crew members, who had to go between moving vehicles to guide the link into the coupler pocket during coupling. Johnston couplers gradually began to be replaced on the

3087:, an exact-scale working miniature version of the "Alliance" coupler was manufactured from the 1980s by GAGO models in Australia. Since 2002 it has been marketed by the Waratah Model Railway Company. European modellers tend to use scale hook and chain couplings. 1752:

The SA3 coupler is one of the strongest couplers in the world – maximum tonnage of a train that uses this type of coupler is about 8000 t – but provides only mechanical coupling. Adding automatic electrical and pneumatic connectivity is a complex challenge.

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A coupling adaptor or compromise coupler might couple to an AAR coupling on a wagon, and present, for example, a meatchopper coupler or rapid transit coupler to the next wagon. Such an adaptor might weigh 100 kg (220 lb). An adapter piece allows a

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There are a number of other automatic train couplings similar to the Scharfenberg coupler, but not necessarily compatible with it. Older US transit operators continue to use these non-Janney electro-pneumatic coupler designs and have used them for decades.

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from West Germany in the 1970s, in parallel with a compatible counterpart, the Intermat coupler, by VEB Waggonbau Bautzen from East Germany. The Unicoupler/Intermat coupler can automatically couple two pneumatic lines and up to six electrical connections.

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screw coupling on each side of the buffer. The screw couplers are connected to a compensating lever that pivots on a vertical trunnion on the center buffer rod, allowing an even distribution of tractive forces between the two screw couplers.

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Analysis of the basic parameters for maintaining the technical and operational compatibility of the 1520 mm and 1435 mm gauge rail systems at the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)/European Union (EU) border. Rolling stock. Passenger

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style arrangement allows the vehicles to be pulled together by tightening the screw with the attached handle. Typically, the screw is tightened until there are two threads left next to the handle housing. A support is attached to the

1179:. Older rolling stock were not converted and an adapter was used to enable coupling between the two types. The drawhook on the bell-and-hook coupler would be replaced with the adapter, which was attached using the same drawhook pin. 1164:

manually by lifting the drawhook by hand to release it. The coupler could be adapted to be compatible with the Johnston coupler by replacing the drawhook with a U-shaped adapter link, which was attached using the same drawhook pin.

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The Russian SA3 coupler works according to the same principles as the AAR coupler, but the two types are incompatible. It was introduced in the Soviet Union in 1932 based on a British patent and has since been used on the whole

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The Automatic Buffing Contact Coupler, better known as the ABC coupler, was invented by J.T. Jepson, patented in Great Britain in 1906 and manufactured by the A.B.C. Coupler and Engineering Company Limited in a factory in

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system with the initial model N-1 as applied only to the three Skybus cars. The updated model N-2 with a larger 4-inch (101.6 mm) gathering range was first applied to the new "Airporter" rapid transit cars on the

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improved by replacing the center link with a screw with a left-hand thread on one side and a right-hand thread on the other. In the center of the screw is the handle housing with a hinged ball handle attached. This

2004:. The Ward coupler was the standard coupler on London Underground trains until 1936, when it was replaced by the Wedglock coupler, a multi-function coupler that also provided pneumatic and electrical connections. 2219:

Brass was purchased by WABCO which now manufacturers the line along with the N-type. The Tomlinson coupler is the most widely used fully automatic heavy rail coupling in North America having been adopted by the

651:' were fixed extensions of the wooden wagon frames, but later spring buffers were introduced. The first of these were stiff cushions of leather-covered horsehair, later steel springs and then hydraulic damping. 599:

The basic type of coupling on railways following the British tradition is the buffer and chain coupling. A large chain of three links connects hooks on the adjoining wagons. These couplings followed earlier

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Two versions of radial coupler were used in South Africa. One, the Johnston coupler, commonly known as a bell link-and-pin coupler, was introduced in 1873 and is similar in operation to and compatible with

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The chief competitor of both these couplers, more popular among serious modellers, was the Magne-Matic, a magnetically released knuckle coupler developed by Keith and Dale Edwards, and manufactured by

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The proposed European automatic coupler is compatible with the Russian coupler but with automatic air, control and power connections. Implementation is permanently delayed except for a few users. See

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and which can be easily unplugged as required. This allows the modeller to easily standardise on whatever coupling is desired, without individual manufacturers needing to change their coupling type.

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In Britain link-and-pin couplers were common on narrow gauge industrial and military railways, and eventually evolved into a form that could be reliably coupled when the train was stationary.

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coupler. The AAR/APTA TypeE, TypeF, and TypeH couplers are all compatible Janney couplers, but used for different rail cars (general freight, tank cars, rotary hoppers, passenger, etc.).

2954:(ECP) need a method of connecting electrically adjacent wagons, both for power and for command signals, and this can be done by plugs and sockets, or by very short range radio signals. 3564:

Railways of Southern Africa 150 Years (Commemorating One Hundred and Fifty Years of Railways on the Sub-Continent – Complete Motive Power Classifications and Famous Trains – 1860–2011)

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Only some kinds of couplings coexist on the end of a wagon at the same time, because amongst other reasons they need to be at the same height. For example, in the Australian state of

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coupling, the upper shackle that is not engaged is lifted. This causes the tail lever attached to the shackle to lift the engaged shackle clear of the hook and release the coupling.

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or as the meat chopper coupler named after the shape of the movable hook. The Norwegian coupler allows sharper curves than the buffer and chain coupler, which is an advantage on

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During the 1960s most cities replaced them with automatic couplers. But even in modern vehicles, Albert couplers get installed as emergency couplers for towing a faulty vehicle.

492: 2267:. For applications outside of rapid transit the coupler had to be significantly enlarged to meet the increased strength requirements first appearing in this capacity on the 1439: 4226: 2499:

The Wedglock coupler is named for the pneumatic wedges that lock the moving parts of the coupler head in the engaged position. It is the standard automatic coupler used on

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nut on the coupling link side to rest the handle of the screw to prevent loosening of the screw while the coupling is in use. The official name of this type of coupling is

1087:) narrow gauge railways of the CGR, those of the NGR also made use of Johnston couplers. The first of these narrow gauge lines came into operation in 1906, when the first 1122: 2645:

As of 2020 Schwab couplers are used primarily in Switzerland in regional rail passenger transport. Almost all vehicles fitted with Schwab couplers are manufactured by

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The maximum allowed tractive effort for the SA-3 is 135 tf (1,320 kN; 133 LTf; 149 STf) (1.32 MN or 300,000 lbf) by Russian white papers.

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mechanical coupling of vehicles with automatic connection of pneumatic and electrical lines (including data transmission lines) and automatic uncoupling capability.

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Maximum tonnage of a train that uses this type of coupler is about 6000 t. AK69e and Intermat adoption failure has been attributed to economic performance.

2581:. The lighter GFT type coupler was first used by the Strassenbahn Zürich–Oerlikon–Seebach and was later introduced to almost all tram services in Switzerland. 821:

less exact shunting. Due to the single-piece design, only minimal slack was possible. The system became quite popular with tram systems and narrow gauge lines.

728:. While simple in principle, the system suffered from a lack of standardisation regarding size and height of the links, and the size and height of the pockets. 3920: 2724:

in the 1930s for electric trains. It is the standard coupler type for all passenger trains in Japan as well as on commuter and subway trains in South Korea.

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There are a number of automatic train couplings, most of which are mutually incompatible. The level of automation varies and can be divided into categories:

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diesel-electric locomotives on the narrow gauge system in 1973. All new narrow gauge rolling stock acquired for that line from that year were equipped with

4779:, Axel Schelle & Kuno Nell, "Adaptor device for coupling railway vehicles having different types of couplers", published 1978-07-25 2574: 2413: 2405: 660: 4123: 4818: 2951: 2224: 1762: 1295: 3826: 2916:, since the carriages were disconnected only at the workshops. Freight cars are sometimes coupled in pairs or triplets, using bar couplings in between. 1367:

In 1893, satisfied that an automatic coupler could meet the demands of commercial railroad operations and, at the same time, be manipulated safely, the

836:, which included a new coupler called the Miller hook. The Miller platform (and hook coupler) was used for several decades before being replaced by the 1065: 2549:

and was widely used on Swiss railways and on vehicles produced by the Swiss railway industry. It was first shown at the Swiss National Exhibition in

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offer the Schaku coupler as an option on their mass transit systems and their passenger cars and locomotives. In North America all the trains of the

3894: 1975: 411: 403: 1348:, notably in the United Kingdom, where some rolling stock (mostly for passenger trains) is fitted with it. Janney was a dry goods clerk and former 1026:) Cape gauge. All new Cape gauge locomotives and rolling stock acquired from 1873 were equipped with these or similar couplers, beginning with the 4677: 4036: 3623: 1057:

in 1875, followed suit and all locomotives and rolling stock acquired by that railway were equipped with Johnston couplers, beginning with the

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The link-and-pin coupling was the original style of coupling used on North American railways. After most railroads converted to semi-automatic

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in 1914. There were three variants available, the GFN type for interurban railways, the GFT type for trams and the GFV type for mass transit.

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from 1927, but not on narrow gauge rolling stock. All new Cape gauge locomotives and rolling stock acquired from that year were equipped with

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The link and pin was replaced in North American passenger car usage during the latter part of the 19th century by the assemblage known as the

4725: 3481: 3422: 2759: 407: 1775: 960:, but also with a circular coupler face and with a coupler pocket which is open at the top of the coupler face to accommodate the drawhook. 4063: 2801: 2352:) is probably the most commonly used type of fully automatic coupling. Designed in 1903 by Karl Scharfenberg in Königsberg, Germany (today 1551: 956:

couplers, but bell-shaped with a circular coupler face. The other, the bell-and-hook coupler, was introduced in 1902 and is similar to the

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Development of Functional Requirements for Sustainable and Attractive European Rail Freight: D5.1 – State of the Art on Automatic Couplers

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The Janney coupler generally provides only mechanical coupling, only Type H adds automatic connections of pneumatic and electrical lines.

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Once the Kadee patents ran out, a number of other manufacturers began to manufacture similar (and compatible) magnetic knuckle couplers.

4648: 4107:, J.T. Jepson, "Improvements in connection with Automatic Couplings for Railway Vehicles and the like", published 1906-08-16 3571: 3099: 2603: 1497: 1383: 3176: 1860: 2438:

are working on an automatic coupler based on Schaku, a possible replacement of the buffers and chain coupling on European railways.

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Sometimes a wagon with one coupling system needs to be coupled to wagons with another coupling type This may be needed when taking

4656:(Technical report). Berlin: Technische Universität Berlin for the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI). 1993: 1372: 654:

This coupling is still widespread in Western and Central Europe and in parts of Northern Africa, the Middle East and South Asia.

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is working on an automatic coupler based on SA3, a possible replacement of the buffers and chain coupling on European railways.

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locomotives have Unilink couplers that can couple to UIC couplers used in Finnish stock and SA3 couplers used in Russian stock.

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mechanical coupling of vehicles with automatic connection of pneumatic and electrical lines (including data transmission lines);

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Development of a concept for the EU-wide migration to a digital automatic coupling system (DAC) for rail freight transportation

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Russian trains are rarely longer than about 750 m (2,461 ft) and rarely exceed a maximum tonnage of about 6,000

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respectively, a link and a pin, to enable it to couple to vehicles which were still equipped with the older Johnston couplers.

3054:, as it could be produced as a single piece of moulded plastic. Similarly, for many years, a "lift-hook" coupler known as the 1235:

mechanical coupling of vehicles with automatic connection of pneumatic and electrical lines (but not data transmission lines);

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mechanical coupling of vehicles with automatic connection of pneumatic lines, requires manual connection of electrical lines;

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was sufficient to release the locking bar by pulling on a chain or a handle, which released the rotation of the disk hook.

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The Norwegian coupler is also known as the Lloyd coupler named after its British manufacturer F.H. Lloyd & Co. Ltd near

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Maximum force the SA3 coupler can carry, both tensile and compressive, is about 2.5 MN (280 STf; 250 LTf).

4634: 2710: 1895: 1697: 4846: 4841: 3192: 3187: 1969:, is named after its two American inventors, Robert B. Stearns and Frank D. Ward, who were jointly granted the patent 1931: 1407: 859: 195: 190: 976:

The Johnston coupler, commonly known as a bell link-and-pin coupler from its bell shape, was first introduced in the

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The links and pins were often pilfered due to their value as scrap metal, resulting in substantial replacement costs.

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of 1926 involved the breakage of a "drawhook" leading to a downhill runaway and then a collision. Drawhooks imply "

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system with a 6-by-4-inch (152.4 mm × 101.6 mm) gathering range which required a rectangular funnel.

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Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 2′0″ & 3′6″ Gauge/Spoorwydte, Steam Locomotives/Stoomlokomotiewe

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There was no standard design, and train crews often spent hours trying to match pins and links while coupling cars.

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The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Cape Government Railways

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The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter III - Natal Government Railways

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The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter III - Natal Government Railways

2526: 2172:, but was replaced due to issues with the electrical contacts. Later WABCO would create a new model N-3 for the 4622:

Tymczasowe wytyczne obsługi sprzęgu samoczynnego typu UIC/OSŻD, radzieckiego – typu SA3 oraz sprzęgu mieszanego

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Railroads progressively began to operate trains that were heavier than the link-and-pin system could cope with.

526:, that connects them together to form a train. The equipment that connects the couplers to the vehicles is the 470: 370: 306: 102: 3708:

AAR Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices, Section S, Part III:Coupler and Yoke Details, Issue 06/2007

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Crew members had to go between moving cars during coupling, and were frequently injured and sometimes killed.

3377:

Passassierswa- en Trokhandboek (Passenger Carriage and Truck Manual), Vol 1, Hoofstukke 1-15 (Chapters 1-15)

3147: 3022: 2639: 2591: 2538: 2096:. The A ends of the cars typically have the Westinghouse coupler and the B ends use either a semi-permanent 1880: 1427: 1399: 1395: 1088: 605: 375: 335: 257: 3539:. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 6a-7a, 25. 2734:

in the 1960s which uses rotary tight-lock pins, and which coincidentally bears a closer resemblance to the

1481:

The Henricot coupler is a variation on the Janney coupler, introduced by Belgian engineer and entrepreneur

585:

Buff: when the consist (one or more cars coupled together) of cars is in compression; opposite of tension.

4548: 3285: 3161: 2977:

between the wagons of trains. Early draw gears were made of wood, which was gradually replaced by steel.

2654: 2623: 2578: 2460: 2236: 2173: 1679: 1493: 1423: 1368: 1302: 1104: 1069: 985: 940: 782: 481: 365: 262: 131: 69: 4104: 3898: 1799:(but pneumatic and electrical connections must be done manually). The Unicoupler is also known as AK69e. 1271:

and the vertical hole in the knuckle accommodates the pin. This design was used in the transition period.

3137: 2967: 2215: 2165: 1559: 877:

where low speeds and reduced train loads allow a simpler system. The Norwegian coupler is found only on

443: 380: 4519: 4362: 2854:, engines had the AAR coupler, with buffers, and the chain mounted on a lug cast into the AAR coupler. 1611:

The Willison coupler was developed in the US in 1916 to address issues present in the Janney coupling.

708: 4776: 3682: 984:(CGR) in 1872 and the decision by the Cape government to expand the railways into the interior and to 4895: 4163: 3098:

A recent development is an interchangeable coupling which plugs into a standardised socket, known as

3007: 2851: 2766: 2735: 2472: 2393: 2319: 2310: 2252: 2161: 2134: 2093: 2029: 1971: 1939: 1923: 1900: 1356:, who used his lunch hours to whittle from wood an alternative to the link and pin coupler. The term 1353: 1153:. In South Africa, these couplers were used on only the narrow gauge lines in the Cape of Good Hope. 878: 874: 554: 508: 474: 385: 3511:

The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter IV - The N.Z.A.S.M.

2871:

is used, a rake of wagons using coupling A can be inserted into a train otherwise using coupling B.

2714: 2565:

The first railways introducing the GFN type coupler where the Bern-Zollikofen-Bahn, now part of the

1482: 538:

versions not only provide a mechanical connection, but can also couple brake lines and data lines.

4681: 3326: 2457: 1229:

mechanical coupling of vehicles only, requires manual connection of pneumatic and electrical lines;

920: 360: 158: 4674: 3631: 2614: 2195: 1127:

The bell-and-hook coupling system was first introduced in the Cape of Good Hope in 1902, when two

541:

Different countries use different types of couplers. While North American railroads and China use

4900: 4873: 4758: 4743:

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit

4664: 4647:

Prof. Dr. Markus Hecht, Markus; Mirko Leiste, M.Sc.; Saskia Discher, B.Sc., eds. (29 June 2020).

4166:, Robert B. Stearns & Frank D. Ward, "Car-coupling", published 1903-09-01 3171: 3110: 2995: 2940: 2828:

rolling stock from its manufacturer to the city where it is to be used. There are two solutions:

2520: 2500: 2492: 2397: 2037: 2001: 1887:

screw couplers. Only some heavy freight cars and Russian equipment are fitted with SA3 couplers.

1824: 1527: 1298: 1287:

Diagram of the top view of Janney's coupler design as published in his patent application in 1873

1268: 1255: 1157: 1058: 932: 849: 766: 318: 4687: 4348: 4292: 3473: 3414: 2962:

A draw gear (also known as a draft gear) is the assembly behind the coupling at each end of the

2808: 1832: 1037: 968: 696: 4071: 2206: 2036:(similar to Scharfenberg couplers in appearance), BSI coupling (Bergische Stahl Industrie, now 804: 4957: 4931: 4910: 4721: 4709: 3567: 3477: 3448: 3418: 3202: 3166: 3011: 2971: 2913: 2389: 2369: 2232: 2097: 1531: 1291: 1128: 713: 644:

Higher speeds associated with fully-fitted freight made the screw-tensioned form a necessity.

630: 4148: 2594:

used as the first mass transit trains in the Greater Zurich area. It is still widely used on

1809:

and is also used in Germany on trains transporting iron ore between Hamburg and Salzgitter.

4750: 2595: 2272: 2220: 2119: 2033: 1997: 1992:

in 1902. Three years later in 1905 it was introduced by Wards in the electrification of the

1981: 1922:

The coupler was mainly used on narrow gauge railways of the British colonies, like e.g. the

1796: 1709: 1349: 1168: 1142: 1027: 813: 608:

on the frame of the wagon absorbed impact loads, as the train overran a slowing locomotive.

582:

and systems, though standards and practices also vary widely with railway, region, and era.

433: 284: 168: 53: 4627:

Interim guidelines for operation of automatic coupler type UIC/OSJD, Soviet—SA3 and adapter

3655: 3566:(1st ed.). Garden View, Johannesburg, South Africa: Vidrail Productions. p. 232. 2788: 1823:

The C-AKv coupler (also called Transpact) is a newer compact Willison coupler developed by

4668: 3059: 2919: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2833: 2783: 2339: 2325: 2294: 2268: 2228: 2169: 2157: 1954: 1487: 1054: 833: 562: 428: 237: 232: 217: 3090:

In British 00 scale (similar to H0 scale) models the 'tension lock' coupler developed by

2503:

trains. The coupler was introduced in 1936 and is manufactured by William Cook Rail. and

2032:, various knuckle hybrids such as the Tightlock (used in the UK), the Wedglock coupling, 1506: 1364:, the "Buckeye State" and the Ohio Brass Company which originally marketed the coupling. 4692: 3535:

South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941).

2420:'s. It also equips all the dedicated rolling stock used for the shuttle services in the 1260: 4867: 4787: 4660: 3944: 3942: 3850: 3848: 3776: 3043: 2980: 2876: 2793: 2719: 2421: 2365: 2139: 1966: 1674: 1535: 1476: 1465: 1454: 1283: 1251: 1146: 1108: 1012: 837: 725: 721: 542: 252: 126: 45: 4754: 2812:

Transition era AAR knuckle coupler. The gap in the knuckle accommodates the link of a

2709:

The Shibata coupler is a variation of the Scharfenberg coupler which was developed by

2537:

The GF coupler, sometimes also written as +GF+ coupler, is a coupler manufacturend by

1275: 1041:

Transition era AAR knuckle coupler. The gap in the knuckle accommodates the link of a

700:

Transition era AAR knuckle coupler. The gap in the knuckle accommodates the link of a

4946: 4905: 4885: 4762: 4382: 3003: 2935: 2903: 2892: 2825: 2779: 2730:(bullet train) rolling stock utilize a variation of the Shibata coupler developed by 2676: 2650: 2619: 1908: 1818: 1331: 1311:

The Janney coupler, later the Master Car Builders Association (MCB) coupler, now the

1064:

Likewise, in 1889, when the first locomotives were obtained by the newly established

916: 570: 561:. Challenges and complications arise when coupling vehicles with different couplers. 523: 301: 227: 222: 200: 149: 114: 109: 97: 4433: 4207: 2028:

There are a few designs of fully automatic couplers in use worldwide, including the

534:, which must absorb the stresses of the coupling and the acceleration of the train. 3552:(Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, April 1944. pp. 253-257. 3197: 2988: 2963: 2923: 2797: 2668: 2646: 2635: 2542: 2298: 2279: 2143: 2057: 2022: 1848: 1784: 1587: 770: 740: 648: 546: 390: 180: 3526:(Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, September 1944. p. 669. 2108: 787: 4316: 4182: 3756: 2021:

fitted with these types of couplers are multiple units, especially those used in

4880: 4791: 2999: 2880: 2843: 2672: 2546: 2353: 2286: 2150: 1872: 1828: 1792: 1576: 1176: 977: 892: 550: 121: 2867:" in North America) has different kinds of couplings at each end. If a pair of 2487: 1980: "Car-coupling." in 1903. The coupler was specifically designed for use on 755:

When a car happened to be turned 180 degrees one would have to look for a link.

4915: 4468: 4456: 4349:"Voith at Railtex 2013 More Sustainable Vehicle Components for Rail Transport" 3251: 3116:

A comparison of coupler types was published in "An introduction to Couplers".

3106: 2984: 2727: 2417: 2381: 2377: 2290: 2126: 2009: 870: 613: 296: 291: 163: 136: 4589: 3047:

couplers were quite common, but proved impractical in HO and smaller scales.

3021:, the draw gear behind the hooks, if any, will absorb the tension, while the 1988:

at the turn of the century. It was first used on the electric trains of the

1340: 4244: 2275: 2146:

with 138 contacts. Starting in the 1970s the N-2-A was fitted to the entire

1729: 1725: 1700:

have been fitted with miniature Willison couplers. It was introduced on the

1683: 1150: 92: 3513:. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1944. pp. 762, 764. 2360:

the passengers are not jostled about. Rail equipment manufacturers such as

3989:"Faiveley Transport Group - Systems and services for the railway industry" 3375:

Suid-Afrikaanse Vervoerdienste (South African Transport Services) (1983).

1215:

Bell-and-hook coupler with Johnston coupler adapter link instead of a hook

688: 3347: 3051: 2476: 2409: 1721: 1096: 928: 618: 601: 417: 17: 3091: 3084: 3063: 2599: 2447: 2435: 2401: 2332: 2315: 1985: 1927: 1836: 854: 4661:

Norfolk & Western Railway Co. v. Hiles (95-6), 516 U.S. 400 (1996)

4023: 4011: 3948: 3854: 3500:. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, May 1944. pp. 337-340. 2912:

In New South Wales, sets of carriages were permanently coupled with a

2427:

Maximum tonnage under 1,000 t (1,100 short tons; 980 long tons).

2210:

Tomlinson coupler as used on Eidan Subway (now Tokyo Metro) 300 series

1732:

where they are up to 9,000 t (8,900 long tons; 9,900 short tons).

3600:"Internet Archive Search: creator:"Master Car-Builders' Association"" 3050:

For many years, the "X2F" or "Horn-Hook" coupler was quite common in

2694: 2385: 1335: 1092: 313: 4495: 3988: 1442:

and many countries in Africa both standard gauge and narrow gauges.

4796: 3921:"History of the European Automatic Centre Coupler for Goods Wagons" 2681:

FK-15-10, which is compatible with the Scharfenberg type 10 coupler

2471:

The Swedish-made Dellner coupling, is a proprietary version of the

769:, the locomotives used to guide the ships through the locks of the 3070: 2974: 2807: 2787: 2613: 2525: 2514: 2504: 2486: 2451: 2431: 2324: 2314: 2205: 2194: 2147: 2116: 2107: 1953: 1943: 1894: 1774: 1717: 1592: 1581: 1580: 1290: 1282: 1274: 1259: 1036: 967: 853: 803: 786: 707: 695: 687: 504: 486: 212: 175: 4688:

Dellner Couplers AB — Automatic and Semi-Permanent Couplers

3472:. Vol. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: 3447:(1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 6, 110–112, 156–157. 3413:. Vol. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: 2926:, and have no need for couplings in the intermediate positions. 2550: 1805:

As of 2020 it has found limited use: it has been adopted by the

1361: 279: 4800: 4556: 2577:. An other important railway using the GFN type coupler is the 2125:

The WABCO N-Type coupler was first developed for the prototype

1965:

The Stearns and Ward coupler, known as the Ward coupler in the

3716: 3714: 1847:

The Z-AK coupler is yet another Willison coupler developed by

1756:

There are many variations and brand names for these couplers.

2056:

H2C coupler, whose predecessor the H2A was first used on the

1131:

locomotives were acquired as construction engines on the new

4741:

Tomlinson, G. W. (1991). "Electrical Systems via Couplers".

4598:. National Library of Australia. 23 October 1926. p. 16 4527: 3231:

From the early 1920s, JGR's EMUs were using Janney couplers.

2285:

Outside the United States, the Tomlinson coupler is used on

4404: 4402: 3971: 3969: 3731: 3729: 3132:

Different kinds of coupling have different accident rates.

2689:

streetcars and narrow gauge railcars: FK-5.5-4 and FK-3-2.5

2630:

The Schwab coupler is an automatic coupler manufactured by

791:

Balance lever coupling on narrow gauge coach in Switzerland

739:

It made a loose connection between the cars, with too much

4629:] (in Polish). Warsaw: Ministerstwo Komunikacji. 1979. 4293:"Dellner Couplers - Automatic and Semi-Permanent Couplers" 3877: 3875: 3150:– 1858 – coupling broke and the rear of train rolled back. 2820:

and the vertical hole in the knuckle accommodates the pin.

1267:– 1894. The gap in the knuckle accommodates the link of a 1045:

and the vertical hole in the knuckle accommodates the pin.

812:

To avoid safety issues, Karl Albert, then director at the

704:

and the vertical hole in the knuckle accommodates the pin.

3790:"Sweden introduces 32.5-tonne axleloads on Iron Ore Line" 3124:

Toy trains have a wide variety of incompatible couplers.

2638:, the legal successor to the Railway Coupler Division of 2479:

high speed data connection at speeds of 100 Mbit/s.

2282:

has been more successful in the mainline railroad arena.

1307:

Lower electric connector is not typical in North America.

678:

UIC standard screw coupling, shown attached and tightened

3393:. Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd. pp. 9, 11–13. 919:

and its former colonies. For example, it is used on the

735:

The link-and-pin coupler proved unsatisfactory because:

2368:

are equipped with it, as are new light rail systems in

2278:

fleet. Its relative lack of strength is one reason the

2199:

Tomlinson coupler as applied to a New York City Subway

2168:

M series of MU railcars. The N-2 was also used by the

1330:

The knuckle coupler or Janney coupler was invented by

3683:"Ohio Brass Started As Small Jobbing Foundry In 1888" 3379:. South African Transport Services, 1983. Chapter 13. 3253:

Train Couplers 101 - How do train cars stay together?

2800:

fitted to commuter rail multiple units at New York's

1585:

The simplified scheme of the SA-3 automatic couplers.

712:

Link and pin coupler combined with side buffers on a

3895:"The Automatic Center Coupler for European Railways" 3113:

are now being manufactured by Zamzoodled in the UK.

4924: 4855: 4834: 4520:"ModelOKits – Product Information and Online Store" 1883:, which are required when using the screw coupler. 1728:). The heaviest trains using these couplers are on 1203:

Willison coupler adapter for bell-and-hook couplers

1167:Bell-and-hook couplers began to be replaced on the 522:is a mechanism, typically located at each end of a 1859:The Unilink coupler is a coupler which is used in 3184:, lists the coupler(s) used on any railway system 2179:The WABCO N-type is sometimes referred to as the 27:Mechanism for connecting rolling stock in a train 4064:"All purpose couplers: "Willison" type couplers" 3438: 3436: 3434: 2836:(s) which has different couplings at either end. 573:, or adapters are used to accomplish this task. 3470:Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways 3411:Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways 3066:model trains, was commonly used in that scale. 2943:are needed for any continuous braking systems. 2263:fleet and all modern classes starting with the 2040:) and the Schaku-Tomlinson Tightlock coupling. 1891:Automatic Buffing Contact Coupler (ABC Coupler) 3391:The South African Railways - Historical Survey 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 2846:which has the same dual coupling at both ends. 2404:. In New Zealand, it is found on the electric 4812: 4693:Vancouver SkyTrain Light Rail Network, Canada 4642:(Technical report). Shift2Rail. 3 March 2017. 3222:A train with continuous brakes on all wagons. 2569:, the Aarau–Schöftland-Bahn, now part of the 1791:This coupler is mechanically compatible with 1760: 451: 8: 4470:How Does a Draft Gear Absorb Railcar Energy? 3404: 3402: 3400: 2347: 980:in 1873, following the establishment of the 666:Three-link coupling on an antique tank wagon 4024:State of the Art on Automatic Couplers 2017 4012:State of the Art on Automatic Couplers 2017 3949:State of the Art on Automatic Couplers 2017 3855:State of the Art on Automatic Couplers 2017 2214:The Tomlinson coupler was developed by the 1360:comes from the nickname of the US state of 1315:(AAR) coupler, is also commonly known as a 1191:Bell-and-hook coupler with Willison adapter 1074:, they were fitted with Johnston couplers. 4819: 4805: 4797: 4420: 4408: 4279: 4267: 4091: 3975: 3960: 3881: 3866: 3813: 3735: 3720: 3586: 3272: 2987:to absorb the pushing and pulling forces ( 2952:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes 2753:Shibata close contact ("Mitchaku") coupler 2225:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 1958:Stearns and Wards coupler on a car of the 1763:Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles 458: 444: 36: 3445:Locomotives of the South African Railways 1827:. It is mechanically compatible with the 1066:Netherlands-South African Railway Company 4890: 3677: 3675: 3028:Some couplers may not have a draw gear. 1779:Intermat and Unicoupler heads from above 1742: 1246:Buckeye/Janney/MCB/ARA/AAR/APTA couplers 469: 4335:"Coupler systems for trains and metros" 4158: 4156: 3243: 3215: 2740: 1712:of the South African Railways in 1973. 1513: 1181: 656: 327: 271: 147: 79: 44: 4311: 4309: 3650: 3648: 3548:Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). 3522:Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). 3509:Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). 3496:Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). 2922:sets of carriages or wagons share the 2804:. The adapter is seen from the bottom. 1871:. The coupler is compatible with both 1279:Knuckle (AAR Type "E") couplers in use 925:Western Australian Government Railways 4675:Eli Janney — The Janney Coupler 4376: 4374: 4372: 3827:"The SAB WABCO C-AK for goods wagons" 3443:Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). 2813: 2412:'s suburban rail network, and on the 2142:with 228 electrical contacts and the 1839:between Wählitz and Buna in Germany. 1748:The SA3 resembles a left-handed fist. 1042: 604:practice but were made more regular. 7: 3313: 3311: 2686:metros and suburban railways: FK-9-6 1496:. It is used on certain EMUs of the 4714:The American Railroad Passenger Car 3656:"Ohio Brass Co. Company Profile on" 2664:standard gauge mainline railroads: 2660:The following versions exist: 2649:. The best known exception are the 1498:National Railway Company of Belgium 1455:Janney coupler § Changes since 1873 1145:which was being constructed out of 1091:locomotives entered service on the 4684:Web Archives (based on above case) 3177:Gender of connectors and fasteners 2068:classes, is currently used on the 1597:Willison coupler on South African 1382:The Janney coupler is used in the 1030:, a construction locomotive named 25: 4755:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1991_205_217_02 3624:"Eli Janney - The Janney Coupler" 2994:There is also a draw gear behind 2817: 2792:Coupling adapter for use between 2738:rather than the Shibata coupler. 1696:) gauge cane tramway vehicles in 1477:Janney coupler § Henricot coupler 1313:Association of American Railroads 953: 808:Albert coupler on a European tram 701: 2947:Electronically controlled brakes 2758: 2746: 1588:An animation of the SA-3 coupler 1558: 1543: 1519: 1466:Janney coupler § Bazeley coupler 1208: 1196: 1184: 1120: 671: 659: 427: 52: 4496:"Sergent Engineering Home Page" 2774:Dual couplings and match wagons 1686:in Sweden for ore trains. Some 724:, the link-and-pin survived on 553:and the European countries use 4718:Johns Hopkins University Press 4045:. OSJD-ERA Contact Group. 2013 2571:Wynental and Suhrental Railway 2567:Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn 1990:Northwestern Elevated Railroad 1960:Northwestern Elevated Railroad 1156:The coupler is similar to the 957: 1: 4317:"Coupling, Handing and UNDMs" 4183:"Coupling, Handing and UNDMs" 3025:will absorb the compression. 2618:Schwab coupler FK-15-10 on a 2519:GFN coupler on an EMU of the 2100:, or a Westinghouse coupler. 1265:Syracuse Malleable Iron Works 972:Johnston link-and-pin coupler 937:Lynton and Barnstaple Railway 243:Passenger traffic terminology 4695:(these two for Dellner data) 3755:. 2005-05-16. Archived from 2711:Japanese Government Railways 2667:FK-15-12, which are used on 2530:GFV coupler produced by the 1783:Unicoupler was developed by 635:Draw gear and screw coupling 4847:Railway coupling conversion 4842:Railway coupling by country 4577:Model Railways in Australia 4363:"Coupling & uncoupling" 3476:. pp. 84–87, 109–112. 3417:. pp. 51–52, 117–118. 3193:Railway coupling conversion 3188:Railway coupling by country 3062:, a German manufacturer of 1984:as they were introduced in 1565:Closeup of Henricot coupler 1071:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek 545:, railroads in the former 4974: 3142:buffers and chain couplers 3035: 3019:buffers and chain couplers 2933: 2901: 2890: 2777: 2765:Shibata rotary coupler on 2699:Digital automatic coupling 2575:Biel–Täuffelen–Ins railway 2445: 2338:The Scharfenberg coupler ( 2308: 2297:and on the heavy capacity 1816: 1743:§ Unicoupler/Intermat 1574: 1474: 1463: 1452: 1249: 1053:(NGR), established in the 847: 780: 592: 29: 4595:The Sydney Morning Herald 3389:George Hart, ed. (1978). 3120:Wooden and plastic trains 2983:have the draft gear in a 2732:Sumitomo Metal Industries 2632:Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG 2532:Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG 2092:class subway cars of the 1863:border countries such as 1761: 1344:). It is also known as a 1171:upon the introduction of 1051:Natal Government Railways 988:the existing tracks from 595:Buffers and chain coupler 356:List of high-speed trains 32:Coupling (disambiguation) 4105:GB patent 190525511A 3749:"ДЖД - Толковый словарь" 3287:Zug- / Stossvorrichtung. 3038:Rail transport modelling 2863:/ wagon in Britain and " 2653:tilt trains operated by 1950:Stearns and Ward coupler 1299:Type H Tightlock coupler 1019:3 ft 6 in 982:Cape Government Railways 889:3 ft 6 in 828:Miller hook and platform 4716:. Baltimore, Maryland: 3562:Dulez, Jean A. (2012). 3409:Holland, D. F. (1972). 3148:Round Oak rail accident 3012:multi-function couplers 2839:use a coupling adaptor. 2160:series of MU's and the 2135:Cleveland Rapid Transit 2016:Multi-function couplers 1650:It is also used on the 1526:Henricot coupler on an 258:Railway nationalization 4872:Type F & H : 4549:"Zamzoodled home page" 4500:Sergentengineering.com 3468:Holland, D.F. (1971). 3323:Members.ozemail.com.au 3162:Buckeye Steel Castings 3032:Model railway couplers 2821: 2805: 2655:Swiss Federal Railways 2627: 2624:Swiss Federal Railways 2534: 2523: 2496: 2491:Wedglock coupler on a 2468: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2322: 2237:Los Angeles Metro Rail 2211: 2203: 2122: 1962: 1903: 1780: 1608: 1590: 1550:Henricot coupler on a 1369:United States Congress 1308: 1303:British Rail Class 321 1288: 1280: 1272: 1105:South African Railways 1046: 973: 941:Welsh Highland Railway 862: 858:Norwegian coupling in 809: 792: 783:Balance lever coupling 777:Balance lever coupling 717: 705: 693: 692:A link-and-pin coupler 511: 484: 366:Longest train services 248:Named passenger trains 4777:US patent 4102459 4699:JANE'S WORLD RAILWAYS 4270:, pp. 26, 30–31. 3993:Faiveleytransport.com 3779:, October 2013, p. 23 3690:Rootsweb.ancestry.com 3182:Jane's World Railways 3138:Murulla rail accident 3008:Scharfenberg couplers 2902:Further information: 2811: 2791: 2617: 2529: 2518: 2490: 2456:Dellner coupler on a 2455: 2380:. It is also used on 2328: 2318: 2209: 2198: 2166:Long Island Rail Road 2144:Budd Metropolitan EMU 2111: 1957: 1898: 1778: 1639:) network, including 1596: 1584: 1379:couple to any other. 1294: 1286: 1278: 1263: 1116:Bell-and-hook coupler 1040: 971: 879:narrow gauge railways 875:narrow gauge railways 857: 807: 790: 711: 699: 691: 502: 473: 381:Platform screen doors 4896:Scharfenberg coupler 4868:Janney / AAR coupler 4667:decision by Justice 4434:"Prototype Couplers" 4295:. Railway Technology 4208:"Prototype Couplers" 4164:US patent 737673 2966:to take care of the 2818:link and pin coupler 2802:Pennsylvania Station 2796:on a locomotive and 2767:E4 Series Shinkansen 2736:Scharfenberg coupler 2473:Scharfenberg coupler 2344:Scharfenbergkupplung 2329:Scharfenberg coupler 2320:Scharfenberg coupler 2311:Scharfenberg coupler 2305:Scharfenberg coupler 2253:New York City Subway 2162:Metro-North Railroad 2153:family of MU's, the 2094:New York City Subway 2030:Scharfenberg coupler 1940:Kalka-Shimla Railway 1924:Bauchi Light Railway 1833:Dillingen steelworks 1571:Willison/SA3 coupler 1373:Safety Appliance Act 1354:Alexandria, Virginia 1269:link and pin coupler 702:link and pin coupler 509:Leipzig Hauptbahnhof 475:Scharfenberg coupler 434:Transport portal 386:Railway speed record 30:For other uses, see 4891:Unicoupler/Intermat 4682:Library of Congress 3927:on October 30, 2007 3628:Inventors.about.com 3474:David & Charles 3415:David & Charles 3319:"Setesdals Railway" 3111:Norwegian couplings 2924:intermediate bogies 2458:Virgin CrossCountry 2354:Kaliningrad, Russia 2233:Broad Street Subway 2181:pin and cup coupler 2000:, which became the 1771:Unicoupler/Intermat 1494:Court-Saint-Étienne 1341:U.S. patent 138,405 1028:CGR 0-4-0ST of 1873 921:Isle of Man Railway 361:List of train songs 238:High-speed railways 191:Couplers by country 40:Part of a series on 4901:Norwegian coupling 4874:Tightlock coupling 4786:, Adapter between 4704:How couplings work 4680:2008-11-06 at the 4665:U.S. Supreme Court 4590:"MURULLA ACCIDENT" 4381:Madörin, Dominik. 3172:Gangway connection 2996:tightlock couplers 2822: 2806: 2798:WABCO N-2 couplers 2628: 2592:Gold Coast Express 2535: 2524: 2521:Appenzell Railways 2501:London Underground 2497: 2493:London Underground 2469: 2467:on 10 October 2005 2398:Line 3 Scarborough 2394:Vancouver Skytrain 2336: 2323: 2216:Ohio Brass Company 2212: 2204: 2123: 2038:Faiveley Transport 2002:London Underground 1963: 1904: 1901:Kalka–Shimla train 1825:Faiveley Transport 1781: 1609: 1591: 1530:EMU with separate 1449:Changes since 1873 1309: 1289: 1281: 1273: 1256:Tightlock coupling 1221:Automatic couplers 1089:NGR Class N 4-6-2T 1059:NGR Class K 2-6-0T 1047: 974: 933:Ffestiniog Railway 863: 850:Norwegian coupling 810: 793: 767:Panama Canal mules 718: 706: 694: 512: 485: 196:Coupler conversion 4940: 4939: 4863:Buffers and chain 4727:978-0-8018-2743-3 4524:Waratahmrc.com.au 4387:tram-bus-basel.ch 4282:, pp. 5, 23. 4227:"臺北捷運C381型高運量電聯車" 4026:, pp. 19–20. 3483:978-0-7153-5382-0 3424:978-0-7153-5427-8 3203:Three-point hitch 3058:and developed by 2898:Sets of carriages 2697:is working on an 2598:equipment and in 2271:and later on the 2034:Dellner couplings 1982:elevated railways 1899:ABC coupler on a 1797:Willison couplers 1515:Henricot couplers 1334:, who received a 1177:Willison couplers 1158:Norwegian coupler 1129:CGR Type A 2-6-4T 978:Cape of Good Hope 958:Norwegian coupler 714:Panama canal mule 631:European standard 629:according to the 589:Buffers and chain 500: 468: 467: 186:Railway couplings 169:Steam locomotives 16:(Redirected from 4965: 4953:Locomotive parts 4828:Railway coupling 4821: 4814: 4807: 4798: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4766: 4731: 4657: 4655: 4643: 4641: 4630: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4586: 4580: 4579:, issue 3, 2009. 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4555:. Archived from 4553:Zamzoodled.co.uk 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4526:. Archived from 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4465: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4378: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4126:. Archived from 4120: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4070:. Archived from 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3923:. Archived from 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3901:on July 18, 2011 3897:. Archived from 3891: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3829:. Archived from 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3792:. Archived from 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3723:, p. 30–31. 3718: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3687: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3630:. Archived from 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3440: 3429: 3428: 3406: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3356: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3325:. Archived from 3315: 3306: 3301: 3295: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3248: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3109:, scale working 2869:barrier vehicles 2814:Johnston coupler 2762: 2750: 2742:Shibata couplers 2723: 2483:Wedglock coupler 2351: 2295:Marunouchi Lines 2273:Illinois Central 2221:Washington Metro 2048:Westinghouse H2C 1998:District Railway 1979: 1978: 1974: 1807:Iranian Railways 1766: 1765: 1710:Avontuur Railway 1707: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1653: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1619: 1606: 1601: 1562: 1547: 1523: 1510: 1500:, including the 1491: 1471:Henricot coupler 1350:Confederate Army 1343: 1212: 1200: 1188: 1169:Avontuur Railway 1143:Avontuur Railway 1140: 1135: 1124: 1086: 1081: 1043:Johnston coupler 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1005: 1003: 1002: 998: 995: 964:Johnston coupler 914: 912: 911: 907: 904: 895: 890: 885: 816:, developed the 675: 663: 501: 460: 453: 446: 432: 431: 132:Gauge conversion 56: 37: 21: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4920: 4851: 4830: 4825: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4740: 4738: 4736:Further reading 4728: 4708: 4669:Clarence Thomas 4653: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4504: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4480: 4478: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4438:Sumida Crossing 4432: 4431: 4427: 4421:DAC Report 2020 4419: 4415: 4409:DAC Report 2020 4407: 4400: 4391: 4389: 4383:"+GF+-Kupplung" 4380: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4337:. William Cook. 4333: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4298: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4280:DAC Report 2020 4278: 4274: 4268:DAC Report 2020 4266: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4212:Sumida Crossing 4206: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4130:on May 21, 2009 4122: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4092:DAC Report 2020 4090: 4086: 4077: 4075: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3976:DAC Report 2020 3974: 3967: 3961:DAC Report 2020 3959: 3955: 3947: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3882:DAC Report 2020 3880: 3873: 3867:DAC Report 2020 3865: 3861: 3853: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3833:on May 19, 2009 3825: 3824: 3820: 3814:DAC Report 2020 3812: 3808: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3736:DAC Report 2020 3734: 3727: 3721:DAC Report 2020 3719: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3587:DAC Report 2020 3585: 3581: 3574: 3573:9 780620 512282 3561: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3432: 3425: 3408: 3407: 3398: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3359: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3298: 3283: 3279: 3273:DAC Report 2020 3271: 3267: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3157: 3130: 3122: 3044:model railroads 3040: 3034: 3017:In the case of 2981:Janney couplers 2960: 2949: 2938: 2932: 2930:Brake couplings 2906: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2860:barrier vehicle 2834:barrier vehicle 2786: 2784:barrier vehicle 2778:Main articles: 2776: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2751: 2717: 2713:(JGR) engineer 2707: 2705:Shibata coupler 2612: 2587: 2559: 2513: 2485: 2450: 2444: 2442:Dellner coupler 2330: 2313: 2307: 2269:Budd Metroliner 2241:Baltimore Metro 2229:PATCO Speedline 2193: 2170:PATCO Speedline 2115:Model N-2 on a 2106: 2050: 2018: 1976: 1970: 1952: 1893: 1857: 1855:Unilink coupler 1845: 1821: 1815: 1773: 1708:) narrow-gauge 1705: 1701: 1693: 1688: 1673: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1656:4 ft 1655: 1651: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1623:4 ft 1622: 1617: 1604: 1599: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1566: 1563: 1554: 1548: 1539: 1524: 1504: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1460:Bazeley coupler 1457: 1451: 1346:buckeye coupler 1339: 1306: 1258: 1250:Main articles: 1248: 1223: 1216: 1213: 1204: 1201: 1192: 1189: 1141:) narrow gauge 1138: 1133: 1118: 1084: 1079: 1055:Colony of Natal 1023: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1000: 996: 993: 991: 990:4 ft 989: 966: 949: 947:Radial couplers 909: 905: 902: 900: 899:3 ft 898: 893: 888: 883: 852: 846: 834:Miller platform 830: 814:Krefeld Tramway 802: 785: 779: 726:forest railways 722:Janney couplers 686: 679: 676: 667: 664: 597: 591: 579: 543:Janney couplers 487: 464: 426: 323: 272:Special systems 267: 233:Inter-city rail 218:Passenger train 143: 98:Railway station 75: 74: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4971: 4969: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4788:Janney coupler 4771: 4770:External links 4768: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4710:White, John H. 4706: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4685: 4672: 4658: 4644: 4631: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4581: 4569: 4540: 4511: 4487: 4477:. 8 March 2012 4460: 4449: 4425: 4413: 4398: 4368: 4354: 4340: 4326: 4305: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4236: 4217: 4199: 4174: 4152: 4141: 4124:"ABC Couplers" 4115: 4096: 4084: 4055: 4028: 4016: 4004: 3980: 3965: 3953: 3938: 3912: 3886: 3871: 3859: 3844: 3818: 3806: 3781: 3777:Light Railways 3769: 3753:Railways.id.ru 3740: 3725: 3710: 3701: 3671: 3644: 3615: 3591: 3579: 3572: 3554: 3541: 3528: 3515: 3502: 3489: 3482: 3460: 3453: 3430: 3423: 3396: 3381: 3357: 3348:"Lloyd MCA-PH" 3339: 3307: 3296: 3284:Bruno Lämmli: 3277: 3265: 3256:, 9 April 2023 3242: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3224: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3036:Main article: 3033: 3030: 3004:C-AKv couplers 2959: 2956: 2948: 2945: 2934:Main article: 2931: 2928: 2909:chain system. 2899: 2896: 2891:Main article: 2888: 2885: 2877:Janney coupler 2865:transition car 2848: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2794:Janney coupler 2775: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2715:Mamoru Shibata 2706: 2703: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2611: 2610:Schwab coupler 2608: 2586: 2583: 2579:Brünig railway 2558: 2555: 2512: 2509: 2484: 2481: 2446:Main article: 2443: 2440: 2422:Channel Tunnel 2366:Montreal Metro 2309:Main article: 2306: 2303: 2192: 2189: 2140:UAC TurboTrain 2120:Silverliner II 2105: 2102: 2060:and later the 2049: 2046: 2017: 2014: 1967:United Kingdom 1951: 1948: 1892: 1889: 1877:screw coupling 1856: 1853: 1844: 1841: 1817:Main article: 1814: 1811: 1772: 1769: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1675:standard gauge 1607:) narrow gauge 1575:Main article: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1536:head-end power 1525: 1518: 1516: 1483:Émile Henricot 1475:Main article: 1472: 1469: 1464:Main article: 1461: 1458: 1453:Main article: 1450: 1447: 1252:Janney coupler 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1183: 1147:Port Elizabeth 1117: 1114: 1095:branch out of 1013:standard gauge 965: 962: 948: 945: 848:Main article: 845: 842: 838:Janney coupler 829: 826: 818:Albert coupler 801: 800:Albert coupler 798: 781:Main article: 778: 775: 760: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 670: 668: 665: 658: 647:The earliest ' 623:screw coupling 593:Main article: 590: 587: 578: 575: 565:, also called 559:screw couplers 466: 465: 463: 462: 455: 448: 440: 437: 436: 423: 422: 421: 420: 415: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 330: 329: 325: 324: 322: 321: 316: 311: 310: 309: 299: 294: 289: 288: 287: 274: 273: 269: 268: 266: 265: 260: 255: 253:Rail subsidies 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 204: 203: 198: 193: 183: 178: 173: 172: 171: 161: 153: 152: 145: 144: 142: 141: 140: 139: 134: 129: 127:Variable gauge 119: 118: 117: 107: 106: 105: 95: 90: 82: 81: 80:Infrastructure 77: 76: 73: 72: 67: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 46:Rail transport 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4970: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906:Dual coupling 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886:C-AKv coupler 4884: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4570: 4559:on 2016-03-28 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4530:on 2014-05-17 4529: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4457:Adapter piece 4453: 4450: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4423:, p. 26. 4422: 4417: 4414: 4411:, p. 29. 4410: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4261: 4250: 4249:Voithturbo.de 4246: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4094:, p. 10. 4093: 4088: 4085: 4074:on 2021-05-07 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4014:, p. 26. 4013: 4008: 4005: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3978:, p. 11. 3977: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3951:, p. 19. 3950: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3869:, p. 20. 3868: 3863: 3860: 3857:, p. 18. 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3816:, p. 22. 3815: 3810: 3807: 3796:on 2017-10-29 3795: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3759:on 2014-04-26 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3738:, p. 19. 3737: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3634:on 2008-11-06 3633: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3589:, p. 13. 3588: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3329:on 2016-03-04 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2936:Railway brake 2929: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2904:Dual coupling 2897: 2894: 2893:Dual coupling 2887:Dual coupling 2886: 2884: 2882: 2879:mate with an 2878: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2780:Dual coupling 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2677:Stadler FLIRT 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2640:Georg Fischer 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2620:Stadler FLIRT 2616: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:Zürich S-Bahn 2593: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539:Georg Fischer 2533: 2528: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2208: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2185:spear coupler 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058:BMT Standards 2055: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1909:Wolverhampton 1902: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1819:C-AKv coupler 1812: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1699: 1691: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1652:1,435 mm 1648: 1646: 1642: 1620: 1618:1,520 mm 1612: 1602: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528:SNCB Class 75 1522: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1470: 1467: 1459: 1456: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:United States 1380: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352:officer from 1351: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1332:Eli H. Janney 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1277: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1211: 1206: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1024:1,067 mm 1021: 1014: 1008:1,435 mm 987: 983: 979: 970: 963: 961: 959: 955: 946: 944: 942: 939:, and on the 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Great Britain 915:) or less in 896: 894:1,000 mm 886: 884:1,067 mm 880: 876: 872: 867: 861: 856: 851: 843: 841: 839: 835: 827: 825: 822: 819: 815: 806: 799: 797: 789: 784: 776: 774: 772: 768: 763: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 738: 737: 736: 733: 729: 727: 723: 715: 710: 703: 698: 690: 683: 674: 669: 662: 657: 655: 652: 650: 645: 642: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 609: 607: 603: 596: 588: 586: 583: 576: 574: 572: 571:dual couplers 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 510: 506: 483: 480: 476: 472: 461: 456: 454: 449: 447: 442: 441: 439: 438: 435: 430: 425: 424: 419: 416: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 331: 326: 320: 317: 315: 312: 308: 305: 304: 303: 302:Rapid transit 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 286: 283: 282: 281: 278: 277: 276: 275: 270: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 228:Regional rail 226: 224: 223:Commuter rail 221: 219: 216: 214: 213:Bogie (truck) 211: 209: 206: 202: 201:Dual coupling 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 187: 184: 182: 181:Railroad cars 179: 177: 174: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 151: 150:rolling stock 146: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 124: 123: 120: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110:Railway track 108: 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 85: 84: 83: 78: 71: 70:Company types 68: 66: 63: 62: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 4827: 4749:(1): 65–78. 4746: 4742: 4739: 4713: 4649: 4635: 4626: 4621: 4600:. Retrieved 4593: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4561:. Retrieved 4557:the original 4552: 4543: 4532:. Retrieved 4528:the original 4523: 4514: 4503:. Retrieved 4499: 4490: 4479:. Retrieved 4474: 4469: 4463: 4452: 4441:. Retrieved 4437: 4428: 4416: 4390:. Retrieved 4386: 4357: 4343: 4329: 4320: 4297:. Retrieved 4287: 4275: 4263: 4252:. Retrieved 4248: 4239: 4230: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4191:. Retrieved 4189:. 2002-08-24 4187:Trainweb.org 4186: 4177: 4144: 4132:. Retrieved 4128:the original 4118: 4099: 4087: 4076:. Retrieved 4072:the original 4067: 4058: 4047:. Retrieved 4037: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3996:. Retrieved 3992: 3983: 3963:, p. 9. 3956: 3929:. Retrieved 3925:the original 3915: 3905:November 16, 3903:. Retrieved 3899:the original 3889: 3884:, p. 5. 3862: 3835:. Retrieved 3831:the original 3821: 3809: 3798:. Retrieved 3794:the original 3784: 3772: 3761:. Retrieved 3757:the original 3752: 3743: 3704: 3693:. Retrieved 3689: 3663:. Retrieved 3659: 3636:. Retrieved 3632:the original 3627: 3618: 3607:. 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Voith. 3155:See also 3052:HO scale 2852:Victoria 2477:Ethernet 2465:Carlisle 2410:Auckland 2406:AM class 2386:Portland 2331:made by 2255:for its 2251:and the 2231:, SEPTA 2064:through 1936:Honduras 1724:; 6,600 1670: in 1641:Mongolia 1637: in 1502:Class 75 1436:Portugal 1325:Alliance 1097:Estcourt 1004: in 929:Tanzania 913: in 619:trunnion 516:coupling 418:Vactrain 208:Wheelset 18:Drawgear 4911:Drawbar 4856:Systems 4835:General 4614:Sources 4475:YouTube 4245:"Voith" 3167:Drawbar 3100:NEM 362 3092:Tri-ang 3085:O scale 3064:N-scale 2972:tension 2657:(SBB). 2622:of the 2602:by the 2600:Belgium 2448:Dellner 2436:Dellner 2414:Matangi 2402:Toronto 2333:Dellner 2301:lines. 2098:drawbar 1996:of the 1986:Chicago 1938:or the 1928:Nigeria 1869:Ukraine 1865:Finland 1837:lignite 1720:(5,900 1682:and on 1665:⁄ 1645:Finnish 1632:⁄ 1358:buckeye 1321:knuckle 1317:buckeye 1068:in the 999:⁄ 986:convert 908:⁄ 606:Buffers 602:tramway 520:coupler 391:Suicide 376:Museums 307:History 285:History 263:Freight 65:History 4783: 4761: 4724: 4170: 4111: 3570: 3480: 3451: 3421: 3060:Arnold 3056:Rapido 2975:forces 2842:use a 2832:use a 2695:Wabtec 2396:, and 2392:, the 2370:Denver 2349:Schaku 2340:German 2280:N-Type 2130:Skybus 2088:, and 1977: 1932:Ceylon 1432:Brazil 1404:Taiwan 1392:Mexico 1388:Canada 1336:patent 1093:Weenen 923:, the 860:Uganda 637:. 314:Maglev 176:Trains 4759:S2CID 4654:(PDF) 4640:(PDF) 4625:[ 4043:(PDF) 3686:(PDF) 3294:2021. 3290:Auf: 3210:Notes 3071:Kadee 2964:wagon 2826:metro 2816:or a 2722:] 2626:(SBB) 2505:Voith 2495:train 2432:Voith 2291:Ginza 2158:Arrow 2148:SEPTA 2117:SEPTA 2113:WABCO 1944:India 1813:C-AKv 1785:Knorr 1509:] 1490:] 1440:China 1428:Chile 1400:India 1396:Japan 1323:, or 927:, in 505:ICE T 477:on a 319:Urban 4790:and 4722:ISBN 4604:2011 4231:雪花台灣 4136:2008 3933:2008 3907:2010 3839:2009 3568:ISBN 3478:ISBN 3449:ISBN 3419:ISBN 3136:The 2970:and 2782:and 2675:and 2604:SNCB 2551:Bern 2434:and 2376:and 2293:and 2265:R142 2174:BART 2138:the 2090:R68A 2082:R62A 2052:The 1875:and 1843:Z-AK 1835:and 1795:and 1793:SA-3 1680:Iran 1534:and 1511:). 1424:Cuba 1362:Ohio 1254:and 1049:The 765:The 557:and 549:use 280:Tram 103:list 4751:doi 4747:205 4149:ABC 4068:LAF 3352:LAF 3105:In 3083:In 3042:On 2991:). 2651:ICN 2585:GFV 2541:in 2463:at 2408:of 2400:in 2346:or 2289:'s 2261:R46 2257:R44 2201:R46 2183:or 2155:NJT 2086:R68 2078:R62 2074:R42 2070:R32 1942:in 1926:in 1911:. 1873:SA3 1867:or 1861:CSI 1492:of 1301:on 1296:APT 1016:to 943:, 891:), 881:of 625:or 530:or 518:or 4949:: 4757:. 4745:. 4720:. 4592:. 4551:. 4522:. 4498:. 4473:. 4436:. 4401:^ 4385:. 4371:^ 4319:. 4308:^ 4247:. 4229:. 4210:. 4185:. 4155:^ 4066:. 3991:. 3968:^ 3941:^ 3874:^ 3847:^ 3751:. 3728:^ 3713:^ 3688:. 3674:^ 3658:. 3647:^ 3626:. 3602:. 3433:^ 3399:^ 3360:^ 3350:. 3321:. 3310:^ 3144:". 3014:. 3006:, 3002:, 2998:, 2883:. 2857:A 2720:ja 2671:, 2634:, 2606:. 2545:, 2424:. 2388:, 2372:, 2342:: 2247:, 2243:, 2239:, 2235:, 2227:, 2223:, 2187:. 2084:, 2080:, 2076:, 2072:, 2066:R9 2062:R1 2012:. 1946:. 1934:, 1930:, 1672:) 1643:. 1634:32 1630:27 1625:11 1507:fr 1488:fr 1438:, 1434:, 1430:, 1426:, 1422:, 1418:, 1414:, 1410:, 1406:, 1402:, 1398:, 1394:, 1390:, 1386:, 1319:, 1099:. 1034:. 1010:) 840:. 514:A 412:UK 410:, 408:NZ 406:, 404:NA 402:, 400:AU 4820:e 4813:t 4806:v 4765:. 4753:: 4730:. 4671:) 4663:( 4606:. 4566:. 4537:. 4508:. 4484:. 4446:. 4395:. 4365:. 4323:. 4302:. 4257:. 4233:. 4214:. 4196:. 4138:. 4081:. 4052:. 4001:. 3935:. 3909:. 3841:. 3803:. 3766:. 3698:. 3668:. 3641:. 3612:. 3576:. 3486:. 3457:. 3427:. 3354:. 3336:. 2259:/ 2164:/ 1745:. 1718:t 1704:( 1692:( 1667:2 1663:1 1660:+ 1658:8 1654:( 1627:+ 1621:( 1603:( 1305:. 1137:( 1083:( 1022:( 1006:( 1001:2 997:1 994:+ 992:8 910:8 906:3 903:+ 901:3 897:( 887:( 743:. 716:. 459:e 452:t 445:v 414:) 398:( 34:. 20:)

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