1813:
1824:
1664:
159:
products to the surface, increasing the abundance of carbon relative to oxygen; in some larger stars this is the process that turns the star into a
1696:
1671:
990:
254:
Lambert, D.L. (1992). "Observational effects of nucleosynthesis in evolved stars". In
Edmunds, Mike G.; Terlevich, Roberto J. (eds.).
299:
267:
1383:
36:. Consequently, the fusion products are mixed into the outer layers of the star's atmosphere, where they can be seen in stellar
1297:
1676:
1313:
332:
1723:
1590:
126:. This second dredge-up causes an increase in the surface abundance of He and N, whereas the amount of C and O decreases.
1706:
1657:
1632:
925:
1010:
1647:
1627:
1849:
1711:
1642:
1612:
291:
1718:
1595:
1572:
1154:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
37:
861:
735:
370:
175:
The names of the dredge-ups are set by the evolutionary and structural state of the star in which each occurs,
1388:
1057:
1637:
1187:
1097:
1039:
965:
536:
462:
259:
141:
33:
412:
1798:
1778:
1550:
1545:
1338:
1287:
1092:
1082:
755:
553:
521:
395:
1652:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1535:
1323:
489:
770:
1793:
1691:
1681:
1530:
1498:
1292:
1087:
1072:
385:
226:
632:
64:. As a result of the convective mixing, the outer atmosphere will display the spectral signature of
1393:
1253:
1236:
907:
809:
1788:
1749:
1701:
1686:
1600:
1540:
1463:
1373:
1343:
1333:
1277:
1199:
890:
526:
325:
216:
145:
32:
extends all the way from the star's surface down to the layers of material that have undergone
1739:
1224:
1164:
1137:
1117:
917:
701:
689:
516:
496:
450:
432:
400:
295:
263:
1567:
1520:
1470:
1458:
1436:
1431:
1358:
1318:
1265:
1047:
970:
945:
839:
760:
484:
445:
234:
1754:
1557:
1426:
1270:
1241:
1182:
1177:
1052:
780:
745:
679:
625:
620:
565:
375:
179:
by the sequence in which they occur in any one star. Some lower-mass stars experience the
29:
230:
1816:
1582:
1421:
1248:
1219:
1194:
1127:
816:
684:
570:
472:
362:
352:
1843:
1768:
1562:
1525:
1493:
1368:
1077:
900:
871:
849:
467:
440:
417:
318:
97:
57:
1828:
1503:
1453:
1448:
1348:
1231:
1214:
1172:
1132:
1067:
950:
895:
876:
856:
834:
826:
669:
662:
501:
422:
405:
96:
stars that have gone through first dredge-up may be explained by scenarios such as
1744:
1443:
1416:
1408:
1398:
1378:
1353:
1282:
1204:
960:
935:
930:
844:
804:
765:
730:
713:
708:
380:
161:
239:
204:
1328:
1025:
998:
975:
955:
940:
792:
696:
674:
652:
647:
511:
115:
1515:
1363:
1147:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1062:
1015:
1005:
799:
775:
750:
657:
608:
541:
531:
479:
455:
390:
205:"Many Roads Lead to Lithium: Formation Pathways For Lithium-rich Red Giants"
153:
123:
93:
89:
73:
69:
61:
187:
dredge-ups in their evolution without ever having gone through the second.
1508:
1209:
883:
642:
615:
122:
fusion comes to an end at the core, convection mixes the products of the
81:
65:
1783:
1258:
1020:
787:
740:
723:
718:
637:
85:
1773:
1761:
980:
866:
149:
148:
occurs in a helium-burning shell. The third dredge-up brings helium,
119:
77:
1823:
221:
1142:
1122:
341:
92:
may be reduced. The counter-intuitive existence of lithium-rich
21:
314:
1488:
310:
20:
is any one of several stages in the evolution of some
1732:
1581:
1479:
1407:
1306:
1163:
1038:
916:
825:
552:
431:
361:
140:The third dredge-up occurs after a star enters the
114:
The second dredge-up occurs in stars with 4–8
84:ratios are lowered, and the surface abundances of
326:
288:The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae
8:
281:
279:
558:
333:
319:
311:
203:Sayeed, Maryum; et al. (March 2024).
238:
220:
195:
7:
56:The first dredge-up occurs when a
14:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1:
1724:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1384:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
1866:
1298:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
292:Cambridge University Press
24:. By definition, during a
1807:
561:
348:
209:The Astrophysical Journal
1677:With multiple exoplanets
240:10.3847/1538-4357/ad1936
463:Asymptotic giant branch
260:University of Cambridge
256:Elements and the Cosmos
142:asymptotic giant branch
1799:Tidal disruption event
1288:Circumstellar envelope
522:Luminous blue variable
1324:Effective temperature
1794:Planet-hosting stars
1672:With resolved images
1643:Historical brightest
1573:Photometric-standard
1499:Solar radio emission
1293:Eddington luminosity
1073:Triple-alpha process
1011:Thorne–Żytkow object
386:Young stellar object
110:The second dredge-up
1618:Highest temperature
1389:Color–color diagram
1254:Protoplanetary disk
1058:Proton–proton chain
736:Chemically peculiar
262:. pp. 92–109.
231:2024ApJ...964...42S
136:The third dredge-up
52:The first dredge-up
1623:Lowest temperature
1374:Photometric system
1344:Absolute magnitude
1278:Circumstellar dust
891:Stellar black hole
527:Stellar population
413:Herbig–Haro object
286:Kwok, Sun (2000).
1850:Stellar evolution
1837:
1836:
1740:Substellar object
1719:Planetary nebulae
1138:Luminous red nova
1048:Deuterium burning
1034:
1033:
517:Instability strip
497:Wolf-Rayet nebula
451:Horizontal branch
396:Pre-main-sequence
1857:
1829:Stars portal
1827:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1471:Planetary system
1394:Strömgren sphere
1266:Asteroseismology
987:Black hole star
559:
485:Planetary nebula
446:Red-giant branch
335:
328:
321:
312:
306:
305:
283:
274:
273:
251:
245:
244:
242:
224:
200:
62:red-giant branch
60:star enters the
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1821:
1803:
1728:
1697:Milky Way novae
1633:Smallest volume
1577:
1558:Radial velocity
1481:
1475:
1427:Common envelope
1403:
1302:
1271:Helioseismology
1242:Bipolar outflow
1183:Microturbulence
1178:Convection zone
1159:
1053:Lithium burning
1040:Nucleosynthesis
1030:
912:
821:
548:
427:
376:Molecular cloud
357:
344:
339:
309:
302:
294:. p. 199.
285:
284:
277:
270:
253:
252:
248:
202:
201:
197:
193:
171:
46:
44:Multiple stages
30:convection zone
12:
11:
5:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Largest volume
1625:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1339:Magnetic field
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1249:Accretion disk
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:Alfvén surface
1222:
1220:Stellar corona
1217:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1195:Radiation zone
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
985:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
933:
928:
922:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
904:
903:
893:
888:
887:
886:
881:
880:
879:
874:
864:
854:
853:
852:
842:
837:
831:
829:
823:
822:
820:
819:
817:Blue straggler
814:
813:
812:
802:
797:
796:
795:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
733:
728:
727:
726:
721:
716:
706:
705:
704:
694:
693:
692:
687:
682:
672:
667:
666:
665:
660:
655:
645:
640:
635:
630:
629:
628:
623:
613:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
575:Main sequence
573:
568:
562:
556:
554:Classification
550:
549:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
493:
492:
490:Protoplanetary
482:
477:
476:
475:
470:
460:
459:
458:
448:
443:
437:
435:
429:
428:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
383:
378:
373:
367:
365:
359:
358:
356:
355:
349:
346:
345:
340:
338:
337:
330:
323:
315:
308:
307:
300:
275:
268:
246:
194:
192:
189:
169:
168:
167:
166:
138:
130:
129:
128:
127:
112:
104:
103:
102:
101:
54:
45:
42:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1862:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Intergalactic
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Galactic year
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Most luminous
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Proper motion
1561:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Constellation
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Solar eclipse
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1480:Earth-centric
1478:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Alpha process
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
919:
915:
909:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
851:
850:Helium planet
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
840:Parker's star
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
828:
824:
818:
815:
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
801:
798:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:Lambda Boötis
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
729:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
703:
700:
699:
698:
695:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
671:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
557:
555:
551:
543:
540:
538:
537:Superluminous
535:
534:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
481:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
441:Main sequence
439:
438:
436:
434:
430:
424:
421:
419:
418:Hayashi track
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
366:
364:
360:
354:
351:
350:
347:
343:
336:
331:
329:
324:
322:
317:
316:
313:
303:
301:0-521-62313-8
297:
293:
289:
282:
280:
276:
271:
269:0-521-41475-X
265:
261:
257:
250:
247:
241:
236:
232:
228:
223:
218:
215:(1). id. 42.
214:
210:
206:
199:
196:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
163:
158:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
99:
98:mass transfer
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:main-sequence
55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1692:White dwarfs
1682:Brown dwarfs
1665:Most distant
1613:Most massive
1591:Proper names
1551:Photographic
1504:Solar System
1482:observations
1409:Star systems
1232:Stellar wind
1215:Chromosphere
1188:Oscillations
1068:Helium flash
918:Hypothetical
896:X-ray binary
835:Compact star
670:Bright giant
506:
423:Henyey track
401:Herbig Ae/Be
287:
255:
249:
212:
208:
198:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
160:
154:
135:
116:solar masses
109:
68:fusion: The
51:
25:
17:
15:
1745:Brown dwarf
1521:Circumpolar
1399:Kraft break
1379:Color index
1354:Metallicity
1314:Designation
1283:Cosmic dust
1205:Photosphere
971:Dark-energy
946:Electroweak
931:Black dwarf
862:Radio-quiet
845:White dwarf
731:White dwarf
381:Bok globule
162:carbon star
1707:Candidates
1702:Supernovae
1687:Red dwarfs
1546:Extinction
1334:Kinematics
1329:Luminosity
1307:Properties
1200:Atmosphere
1098:Si burning
1088:Ne burning
1026:White hole
999:Quasi-star
926:Blue dwarf
781:Technetium
697:Hypergiant
675:Supergiant
222:2306.03323
191:References
152:, and the
144:, after a
1638:Brightest
1536:Magnitude
1516:Pole star
1437:Symbiotic
1432:Eclipsing
1364:Starlight
1165:Structure
1155:Supernova
1148:Micronova
1143:Recurrent
1128:Symbiotic
1113:p-process
1108:r-process
1103:s-process
1093:O burning
1083:C burning
1063:CNO cycle
1006:Gravastar
542:Hypernova
532:Supernova
507:Dredge-up
480:Blue loop
473:super-AGB
456:Red clump
433:Evolution
391:Protostar
371:Accretion
363:Formation
124:CNO cycle
94:red giant
90:beryllium
26:dredge-up
18:dredge-up
1844:Category
1817:Category
1712:Remnants
1608:Extremes
1568:Parallax
1541:Apparent
1531:Asterism
1509:Sunlight
1459:Globular
1444:Multiple
1369:Variable
1359:Rotation
1319:Dynamics
1210:Starspot
884:Magnetar
827:Remnants
643:Subgiant
616:Subdwarf
468:post-AGB
157:-process
66:hydrogen
1784:Gravity
1733:Related
1653:Nearest
1601:Chinese
1449:Cluster
1422:Contact
1259:Proplyd
1133:Remnant
1021:Blitzar
995:Hawking
951:Strange
901:Burster
857:Neutron
810:Extreme
761:He-weak
406:T Tauri
227:Bibcode
118:. When
86:lithium
38:spectra
1774:Galaxy
1762:Planet
1750:Desert
1658:bright
1596:Arabic
1417:Binary
1237:Bubble
961:Planck
936:Exotic
872:Binary
867:Pulsar
805:Helium
766:Barium
709:Carbon
702:Yellow
690:Yellow
663:Yellow
502:PG1159
298:
266:
173:Note:
150:carbon
120:helium
34:fusion
1779:Guest
1583:Lists
1464:Super
1118:Fusor
991:Black
976:Quark
956:Preon
941:Boson
877:X-ray
793:Shell
746:Ap/Bp
648:Giant
566:Early
512:OH/IR
342:Stars
217:arXiv
185:third
181:first
146:flash
22:stars
1454:Open
1349:Mass
1173:Core
1123:Nova
1016:Iron
966:Dark
776:Lead
756:HgMn
751:CEMP
680:Blue
653:Blue
571:Late
353:List
296:ISBN
264:ISBN
183:and
88:and
76:and
28:, a
1755:Sub
1489:Sun
908:SGR
685:Red
658:Red
235:doi
213:964
177:not
1846::
788:Be
741:Am
724:CH
719:CN
638:OB
633:WR
290:.
278:^
258:.
233:.
225:.
211:.
207:.
40:.
16:A
981:Q
800:B
714:S
626:B
621:O
609:M
604:K
599:G
594:F
589:A
584:B
579:O
334:e
327:t
320:v
304:.
272:.
243:.
237::
229::
219::
165:.
155:s
100:.
82:N
80:/
78:C
74:C
72:/
70:C
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.