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smooth) touches the water, and then the cat quickly pulls its tongue back into its mouth which soon closes; this results in a column of liquid being pulled into the cat's mouth, which is then secured by its mouth closing. Ruminants and most other herbivores partially submerge the tip of the mouth in order to draw in water by means of a plunging action with the tongue held straight. Cats drink at a significantly slower pace than ruminants, who face greater natural predation hazards.
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442:, which can dangerously dilute the concentration of salts in the body. Overhydration sometimes occurs among athletes and outdoor laborers, but it can also be a sign of disease or damage to the hypothalamus. A persistent desire to drink inordinate quantities of water is a psychological condition termed
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in captivity become accustomed to drinking water, but most free-roaming animals stay hydrated through the fluids and moisture in fresh food, and learn to actively seek foods with high fluid content. When conditions impel them to drink from bodies of water, the methods and motions differ greatly among
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Evidence-based hydration experts say that the amount of drinking water needed depends on ambient temperature, activity level, body size, and sweat rate. Research shows drinking when thirsty will maintain hydration to within about 2% of the needed level. Drinking beyond thirst might be beneficial for
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all lower the neck and lap in water with their powerful tongues. Cats and canines lap up water with the tongue in a spoon-like shape. Canines lap water by scooping it into their mouth with a tongue which has taken the shape of a ladle. However, with cats, only the tip of their tongue (which is
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one recognizes the order by the single behavioral characteristic, namely that in drinking the water is pumped up by peristalsis of the esophagus which occurs without exception within the order. The only other group, however, which shows the same behavior, the
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Most insects obtain adequate water from their food: When dehydrated from a lack of moist food, however, many species will drink from standing water. Additionally, all terrestrial insects constantly absorb a certain amount of the air's humidity through their
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269:(as humans do), and drink by repeatedly raising their heads after filling their mouths to allow the liquid to flow by gravity, a method usually described as "sipping" or "tipping up". The notable exception is the family of pigeons and doves, the
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508:, separate and distinct from other sources of moisture, is necessary for good health – eight servings per day of eight fluid ounces (1.8 liters, or 0.5 gallon) is the amount recommended by many
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Many seabirds have glands near the eyes that allow them to drink seawater. Excess salt is eliminated from the nostrils. Many desert birds get the water that they need entirely from their food.
381:, however, drink through the mouth as they swim, and purge the excess salt through the gills. Saltwater fishes do drink plenty of water and excrete a small volume of concentrated urine.
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143:, typically when imbibing hot liquids or drinking from a spoon. Infants employ a method of suction wherein the lips are pressed tight around a source, as in
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and foods. The recommended intake is 3.7 liters (appx. 1 gallon) per day for an adult male, and 2.7 liters (appx. 0.75 gallon) for an adult female.
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has been a source of speculation for its apparent defiance of gravity; the most recent theory contemplates the animal's long neck functions like a
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There are three general ways in which birds drink: using gravity itself, sucking, and by using the tongue. Fluid is also obtained from food.
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Valtin, Heinz; Gorman, Sheila A. (2012). "Drink at least eight glasses of water a day: Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 × 8"?".
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reduces the physiological demand for water, as uric acid is not very toxic and thus does not need to be diluted in as much water.
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Although this general rule still stands, since that time, observations have been made of a few exceptions in both directions.
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Grove JC, Gray LA, La Santa Medina N, Sivakumar N, Ahn JS, Corpuz TV, Berke JD, Kreitzer AC, Knight ZA (July 2022).
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processes. Both inadequate and (less commonly) excessive water intake are associated with health problems.
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are common maladies in developed countries worldwide. A high rate of consumption can also lead to
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areas of their bills, raising and tilting their heads back to drink. An exception is the common
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This article is about the act of drinking a liquid in general. For the drinking of alcohol, see
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around the world. Despite its popularity, alcohol consumption poses significant health risks.
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147:: a combination of breath and tongue movement creates a vacuum which draws in liquid.
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people who need to perform tasks that require intense concentration, and those with
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A daily intake of water is required for the normal physiological functioning of the
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American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
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Period, and the first pictorial evidence can be found in Egypt around 4,000 BC.
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Dietary
Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
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872:"Drinking Behavior of Sandgrouse in the Namib and Kalahari Deserts, Africa"
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512:, although there is no scientific evidence supporting this recommendation.
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305:) drink by using protrusible grooved or trough-like tongues, and parrots (
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Most birds are unable to swallow by the "sucking" or "pumping" action of
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550:. Most cultures throughout history have incorporated some number of the
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821:"Drinking Behavior of Mousebirds in the Namib Desert, Southern Africa"
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do not need to drink: they absorb water steadily through the skin by
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may be used as vessels. Drinking can also be performed by acts of
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79:. The physiological processes of drinking vary widely among other
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do not drink even if water becomes available, but rely on eating
870:
Cade, Tom J.; Willoughby, Ernest J.; Maclean, Gordon L. (1966).
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1501:, recommendations by the European Hydration Institute (Madrid)
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draw water into their trunks and squirt it into their mouths.
1279:
Biology of
Behaviour: Mechanisms, Functions and Applications
1027:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 73.
860:
K. Lorenz, Verhandl. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., 41 : 69–102, 1939
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Like nearly all other life forms, humans require water for
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Other sources, however, claim that a high intake of fresh
354:, have evolved to drink substantially from nighttime fog.
1448:
Oxford
Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
1168:
How much water do you actually need? Here's the science
976:(5 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 577.
939:
Birds: A Complete Guide to their
Biology and Behavior
814:
812:
810:
213:. In cold and frozen environments, some animals like
941:. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. pp. 53–54.
327:, which can suck in water directly by inhalation.
313:The elimination of nitrogenous wastes as uric acid
572:has developed into a variety of well-established
1207:History of Alcohol and Drinking around the World
678:"Dopamine subsystems that track internal states"
339:Drinking can be observed in many insect species.
970:(2012). Simpson, S. J.; Douglas, A. E. (eds.).
1209:. State University of New York. Archived from
407:, a desire to drink which is regulated by the
1124:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
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960:
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8:
1233:"Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health"
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554:into their meals, celebrations, ceremonies,
415:levels and blood volume. A decline in total
411:in response to subtle changes in the body's
562:in human culture goes back as early as the
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819:Cade, Tom J.; Greenwald, Lewis I. (1966).
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1282:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1118:Negoianu, Dan; Goldfarb, Stanley (2008).
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225:resort to consuming snow and icicles. In
438:An overconsumption of water can lead to
319:Most birds scoop or draw water into the
1304:Curtis, Helena; Barnes, N. Sue (1994).
650:
1476:The Physiology of the Domestic Animals
127:which delivers the liquid through the
1338:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
769:"Cats' Tongues Employ Tricky Physics"
423:and will eventually lead to death by
7:
1395:. New York: Penguin. pp. 1–14.
1392:Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol
1451:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
973:The Insects: Structure and Function
30:Statue drinking from a traditional
16:Ingestion of water or other liquids
1479:. Philadelphia, London: F.A. Davis
1332:Fiebach, Nicholas H., ed. (2007).
542:The term "drinking" is often used
14:
1335:Principles of Ambulatory Medicine
914:The Ecophysiology of Desert Birds
558:and other occasions. Evidence of
252:Bird anatomy § Drinking behaviour
41:A person drinking a glass of milk
1369:. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
618:
608:, and numerous other illnesses.
250:This section is an excerpt from
167:Cat lapping water in slow motion
67:, or elsewhere. Humans drink by
552:wide variety of "strong drinks"
450:and may itself be a symptom of
348:. Some desert insects, such as
178:laps in water with its tongue.
801:"How do Giraffes Drink Water?"
1:
1189:Alcohol, Culture, and Society
493:recommends a daily intake of
446:. It is often accompanied by
431:include assisted drinking or
1473:Smith, Robert Meade (1890).
1048:Greenhalgh, Alison (2001).
912:Maclean, Gordon L. (1996).
480:International Space Station
403:. Lack of hydration causes
1563:
1499:"Are You Drinking Enough?"
1423:. Vol. II. Elsevier.
1187:Patrick, Clarence Hodges.
1097:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002
937:Elphick, Jonathan (2016).
703:10.1038/s41586-022-04954-0
639:Hydration (disambiguation)
535:
388:
249:
59:into the body through the
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1240:World Health Organization
1191:. AMS Press, 1952, p. 13.
429:management of dehydration
385:Hydration and dehydration
293:In addition, specialized
229:, the drinking method of
1050:"Healthy living – Water"
526:urinary tract infections
462:Human water requirements
433:oral rehydration therapy
273:; in fact, according to
123:process is completed by
1420:Physiological Mammalogy
1417:Mayer, William (2012).
546:for the consumption of
297:feeders like sunbirds (
1141:10.1681/ASN.2008030274
482:
478:drinking water on the
427:. Methods used in the
351:Onymacris unguicularis
340:
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179:
168:
42:
34:
1445:Provan, Drew (2010).
1389:Gately, Iain (2008).
1366:The Physiology of Man
1307:Invitation to Biology
1019:Institute of Medicine
580:and the addiction of
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279:
174:
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151:In other land mammals
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301:) and hummingbirds (
176:Jack Russell Terrier
1213:on 19 February 2014
694:2022Natur.608..374G
657:Flint, pp. 137–138.
604:, various forms of
570:Alcohol consumption
548:alcoholic beverages
532:Alcoholic beverages
184:terrestrial animals
102:Methods of drinking
538:Alcoholic beverage
483:
456:diabetes insipidus
440:water intoxication
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180:
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43:
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21:Alcoholic beverage
1458:978-0-19-923371-7
1402:978-1-59240-464-3
1345:978-0-7817-6227-4
1178:Gately, pp. 1–14.
1091:(5): R993–R1004.
1034:978-0-309-13335-7
948:978-1-77085-762-9
688:(7922): 374–380.
574:drinking cultures
452:diabetes mellitus
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626:Drink portal
602:hypertension
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237:. Uniquely,
235:plunger pump
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90:to maintain
85:
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44:
495:total water
421:dehydration
413:electrolyte
395:Dehydration
307:Psittacidae
303:Trochilidae
284:Pteroclidae
263:peristalsis
125:peristalsis
88:drink water
73:peristalsis
1530:Physiology
1515:Body water
1509:Categories
1317:0879016795
1245:4 December
1217:4 December
1054:BBC Health
645:References
582:alcoholism
487:human body
470:Astronaut
444:polydipsia
419:is called
417:body water
371:freshwater
363:Amphibians
331:In insects
271:Columbidae
141:inhalation
121:swallowing
69:swallowing
1535:Nutrition
1483:31 August
1464:31 August
1436:31 August
1408:31 August
1380:31 August
1351:31 August
1323:31 August
1295:31 August
1068:1 January
590:gastritis
586:cirrhosis
564:Neolithic
499:beverages
277:in 1939:
267:esophagus
265:in their
239:elephants
199:ruminants
187:species.
137:drinkware
129:esophagus
107:In humans
77:esophagus
65:proboscis
55:or other
50:ingesting
32:waterskin
1525:Ethology
1363:(1875).
1276:(1981).
1150:18385417
1105:12376390
1021:(2005).
722:35831501
612:See also
448:polyuria
346:cuticles
245:In birds
231:giraffes
227:savannas
46:Drinking
1375:5357686
899:4082983
879:The Auk
848:4082984
828:The Auk
713:9365689
690:Bibcode
474:during
375:osmosis
195:canines
133:stomach
131:to the
111:When a
81:animals
75:in the
57:liquids
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682:Nature
634:Eating
606:cancer
556:toasts
489:. The
405:thirst
325:pigeon
321:buccal
295:nectar
221:, and
197:, and
119:, the
113:liquid
1236:(PDF)
1130:(6).
895:JSTOR
875:(PDF)
844:JSTOR
824:(PDF)
215:hares
205:Many
117:mouth
61:mouth
53:water
1485:2013
1466:2013
1453:ISBN
1438:2013
1425:ISBN
1410:2013
1397:ISBN
1382:2013
1371:OCLC
1353:2013
1340:ISBN
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1312:ISBN
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1284:ISBN
1247:2014
1219:2014
1146:PMID
1101:PMID
1070:2022
1029:ISBN
978:ISBN
943:ISBN
918:ISBN
718:PMID
594:gout
491:USDA
393:and
365:and
191:Cats
1136:doi
1132:ASN
1093:doi
1089:283
1058:BBC
887:doi
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708:PMC
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