208:, is the body responsible for economic regulation of the privatised water and sewerage industry in England and Wales. Ofwat has been successfully reducing the water leakage in England by setting leakage targets to each of the water companies. Called the "sustainable economic level of leakage", water companies have to fix leaks, as long as the cost of doing so is less than the cost of not fixing the leak. The cost of not fixing a leak includes environmental damage and the cost of developing new water resources to compensate for the water lost through leaks. In the event where a water company fails to meet its water leakage reduction target, they are penalised. The most recent example is when the Thames Water company had to repay £65 million to its customers – on top of £55 million of automatic fines – for failing to meet leakage targets in the current financial year, as well as in 2016/7 and 2017/18. The company also confirmed that it would invest an additional £200 million between now and 2020 to ensure that it meets the leakage target in 2019/20.
179:. At local level, power charges make up between 30 and 50% of municipalities' bills, which are easily passed on to consumers who usually have no alternative suppliers. In addition to that, the Commission revealed that Europe has a massive issue around water leakage. According to their analysis, the average leakage rate in Europe stands at 23% of treated water. The commission's solution to address this issue has been to include transparency requirements for the biggest water suppliers to publish information on their water leakage and energy consumption.
66:). Articles 1 and 2 make clear the goal is wholesome and clean water as ‘intended for human consumption’, for instance in drinking, cooking, and for food. Article 4 contains the general obligation for drinking water to be ‘wholesome and clean’ and (a) free from any micro-organisms and parasites dangerous to health, and comply with Annex I (microbiological and chemical
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process to prepare a revision of the
Directive. One key aspect of the revision would be to move away from a pure end-of-pipe standard setting approach. Instead the whole water supply process from the basin to the tap would be assessed to identify risk and the most effective control points, through so-called
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The recast
Directive entered into force on 12 January 2021, with Member State now having two years for its implementation. The new directive replaces the Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998. The Directive contains additional restrictions on the presence of potentially dangerous compounds in
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Articles 8 to 13 set out requirements on member states to regularly monitor the quality of water intended for human consumption by using the methods of analysis specified in the directive, or equivalent methods. Member states also have to publish drinking water quality reports every three years, and
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Until 2006 the
European Commission has not published a summary report on drinking water quality. No EU country achieves full compliance with the directive, mainly because of the geological nature of its soil and agricultural activity. In 2003 the European Commission initiated a broad consultation
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are up to 20 times lower than those in the WHO drinking water guidelines, because the EU directive not only aims at protecting human health but also the environment. The WHO contaminant levels themselves are already set so that there would be no potential risk if the contaminant was absorbed
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It requires Member States to regularly report on the quality of drinking water to the
European Commission and the public. It applies to all water intended for human consumption apart from natural mineral waters and waters which are medicinal products.
167:(WHO) but also sets an obligation for EU countries to improve access to safe drinking water for all, and more specifically to vulnerable and marginalised groups. It aimed for more environment protection, the development of a
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With effect from
December 2003, Directive 80/778/EC was repealed and replaced by 98/83/EC. The new directive saw the number of parameters reduced whilst allowing member to add parameters such as
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is to publish a summary report. Within five years Member States had to comply with the
Directive. Exemptions can be granted on a temporary basis, provided that they do not affect human health.
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continuously over a person's lifetime. EU drinking water standards and cases where these standards are temporarily exceeded by a small margin should be interpreted in this context.
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74:). It also requires member states will take any other action needed in order to guarantee the healthiness and purity of water intended for human consumption.
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is intended to protect human health by laying down healthiness and purity requirements which must be met by drinking water within the
Community (see
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366:"Europe paves the way for revision of the Drinking Water Directive", Water 21, Journal of the International Water Association, August 2006, p. 18
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Guidelines for drinking-water quality, third edition, incorporating first and second addenda
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Lindqvist, Advokatfirman
Lindahl-Johanna; Svitzer, Jonathan (3 February 2022).
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was used to introduce the
Drinking water directive into UK law. In the UK, the
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is responsible for reporting on drinking water quality to the European Union.
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Legislative instrument details: New Drinking Water Directive (consolidated)
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water meant for human consumption (polyfluoroalkyl substances and EDCs).
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521:"Ofwat statement on Thames Water leakage commitments - Ofwat"
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Les normes de qualité de l'eau potable sont très rigoureuses
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The Annex lists chemical and organic measures of purity.
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In setting contaminant levels the directive applies the
448:"Implementation of the new EU Drinking Water Directive"
535:"Thames Water's chronic leakage failures cost it dear"
284:"Better Reporting under the Drinking Water Directive"
508:The European Commission's Environment DG web site
386:"Directive review – Drinking water – Environment"
48:water supply and sanitation in the European Union
472:Bank, European Investment (27 February 2023).
85:. For example, the EU contaminant levels for
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175:. The water sector accounts for 3.5% of the
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327:Centre d'Information sur l'Eau
228:Sustainable Development Goal 6
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32:Drinking Water Directive 2020
18:Drinking Water Directive 1998
173:adaptation to climate change
199:Drinking Water Inspectorate
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510:. Retrieved 5 October 2007
564:European Union directives
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539:Global Water Intelligence
308:World Health Organization
243:Water Framework Directive
165:World Health Organization
141:Implementation challenges
195:Water Resources Act 1991
177:electricity consumption
83:precautionary principle
489:Cite journal requires
388:. European Commission.
340:. Retrieved 6 May 2010
314:. Retrieved 6 May 2010
70:and those relating to
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336:2 June 2010 at the
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111:magnesium
60:Directive
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452:Lexology
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135:chlorite
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54:Contents
38:) is an
410:. 2016.
288:adelphi
131:calcium
119:phenols
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218:EU law
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