807:
381:
imperfectly round workpieces may "teeter" insecurely between opposing jaws of scroll chucks having even numbers of jaws, in the same manner that a four-legged stool teeters on a rough floor while a three-legged stool never does. The primary purpose of six- and eight-jawed chucks is to hold thin-walled tubing with minimum deformation. By having twice as many clamping points, a six-jaw chuck induces less than half as much clamping distortion in a thin-walled workpiece, compared to a three-jawed chuck.
641:. This method of clamping brings the high precision and repeatability of such vises to a chucking application. Such chucks offer the centering precision of traditional independent-jaw chucks with the chucking speed and ease of traditional three-jaw self-centering scroll chucks. They have expensive initial cost (compared with traditional chucks), but such initial cost pays for itself and then lowers ongoing marginal costs in commercial production-run environments.
538:
209:
901:
278:
459:
not mandatory, however; a split bushing squeezed radially with a linear force—e.g., set screw, solenoid, spring clamp, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder—achieves the same principle without the cones; but concentricity can only be had to the extent that the bushing's diameters are perfect for the particular object being held. Thus only in toolroom contexts, such as machine tool tooling creation and setup, is this common.)
828:
on new machine tools, but only of the low-end variety (hobbyist, least-expense MRO, etc.). High-capital manufacturing (where high upfront expense yields lowest possible unit expense for mid- to high-volume part counts of high-precision parts) has moved away from this type of mounting. The exact-adjust (Set-Tru) concept is one way to chase high concentricity on threaded spindle noses with some relative degree of ease.
991:
120:
932:
463:
the tapered closing ring toward the collet rather than pulling the collet into the ring. Such non-draw-in types are often called "dead-length" or "non-draw-in" collet chucks. Draw-in is not always a problem, but avoiding it can be helpful on some work where failing to account for it might result in inaccuracy on part overall length, shoulder lengths, etc.
365:
33:
230:
649:, and all four or six of them can act in concert with each other. Although this idea is conceptually interesting, the simpler chucking systems mentioned in the previous paragraph are probably a marketplace winner over this alternative for most applications, because they supply the same capabilities via a simpler, less expensive solution.
286:
454:. Under correct conditions, it holds quite securely. Almost all collet chucks achieve the radial squeezing motion via moving one or more male-female pairs of tapered (conical) surfaces axially, which produces the radial squeezing in a highly concentric manner. Depending on the collet design, it can be either pulled (via a
311:
millimeter of runout must be manually eliminated). The non-self-centering action of the independent jaws makes centering highly controllable (for an experienced user), but at the expense of speed and ease. Four-jaw chucks are almost never used for tool holding. Four-jaw chucks can be found on lathes and indexing heads.
886:
diameter capacity of the lathe. Some collet-closer systems even allow opening and closing without stopping the spindle rotation. The closer on a manual lathe is either lever-style or handwheel-style. The closer on a CNC lathe is powered (electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic), and it may be controlled by
827:
is not quite good enough to be foolproof for high-speed, high-precision work (high precision can be achieved, but the time and skill involved in the setups makes it a poor choice now that better options exist, such as the cam-lock spindle noses described below). Threaded spindle noses are still built
708:
A vacuum chuck is primarily used on non-ferrous materials, such as copper, bronze, aluminium, titanium, plastics, and stone. In a vacuum chuck, air is pumped from a cavity behind the workpiece, and atmospheric pressure provides the holding force. Vacuum produces a hold down pressure of 14.7 psi
458:
section at the rear of the collet) or pushed (via a threaded cap with a second taper) into a matching conical socket to achieve the clamping action. As the collet is forced into the tapered socket, the collet will contract, gripping the contents of the inner cylinder. (The axial movement of cones is
260:
is a specialized chuck designed to hold small drills (less than 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter) that could not be held securely in a normal drill chuck. The drill is inserted into the pin chuck and tightened; the pin chuck has a shaft which is then inserted into the larger drill chuck to hold
1017:
National and international standards are used to standardize the definitions, requirements, and test methods used for the performance evaluation of chucks. Selection of the standard to be used is an agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in the design of the chuck. In
528:
Collets usually are made to hold cylindrical work, but are available to hold square, hexagonal or octagonal workpieces. While most collets are hardened, "emergency" collets are available that can be machined to special sizes or shapes by the user. These collets can be obtained in steel, brass, or
462:
One of the corollaries of the conical action is that collets may draw the work axially a slight amount as they close. Collet chuck systems that make no provision to prevent this draw-in are often called draw-in collet chucks, in contrast to systems which circumvent this movement, usually by pushing
951:
Tooling similar to today's chucks seems likely to have evolved from faceplate work, as workers using faceplates for repetitive work began to envision types of clamps or dogs for the faceplate that could be opened and closed in more convenient ways than repeated total disassembly and reassembly. A
403:
Many chucks have removable jaws (often the top part is removable leaving the base or 'master jaw' assembled with the scroll), which allows the user to replace them with new jaws, specialised jaws, or soft jaws. Soft jaws are made of soft materials such as soft (unhardened) metal, plastic, or wood.
314:
Self-centering chucks with four jaws also can be obtained. Although these are often said to suffer from two disadvantages: inability to hold hex stock, and poor gripping on stock which is oval, only the latter is true. Even with three jaw self centering chucks, work which is not of uniform section
220:
is shown separately to the right. These chucks require a toothed key to provide the necessary torque to tighten and loosen the jaws. When the key is turned its teeth mate with teeth on the chuck, turning an internal screw which in turn moves the threaded jaws in or out along a tapered surface. The
95:
to be tightened or loosened, but other jawed chucks may be tightened or loosened by hand force alone, offering convenience at the expense of gripping force. Chucks on some lathes have jaws that move independently, allowing them to hold irregularly shaped objects. More complex designs might include
1133:
310:
without other qualification is understood by machinists to mean a chuck with four independent jaws. The independence of the jaws makes these chucks ideal for (a) gripping non-circular cross sections and (b) gripping circular cross sections with extreme precision (when the last few hundredths of a
831:
A common solution on smaller lathes is a broad flanged end to the spindle with a concentric raised circular register matching a recess in the chuck or its backplate. The register is normally shallow and parallel sided and a light push fit in the female register of the chuck. The chuck is held in
567:
which is a cylindrical shank with indentations to be held by the chuck. A tool is inserted into the chuck, and is locked in place until the lock is released. The rotary force is transmitted through wedges that fit into two or three open grooves. The bit is free to move a short distance and the
380:
jaws. These are usually of the self-centering design, and may be built to very high standards of accuracy. However, it is a misconception that such chucks necessarily offer more precision in holding solid workpieces than conventional three-jawed self-centering chucks. Indeed, hot-rolled or other
326:
A spider is a simple, relatively inexpensive, limited-capability version of an independent-jaw chuck. It typically consists of a ring of metal with screw threads tapped radially into it, in which screws (hex cap, socket hex cap, or set screws) serve as independent jaws. Spiders can serve various
586:
A 10 mm shank with two open grooves interacting with the driving wedges and two closed grooves held by locking balls. This is the most common size and takes a hammer up to 4 kg. The wedges grip an area of 75 mm (0.116 sq in) and the shank is inserted 40 mm into the
123:
Self-centering three-jaw chuck and key with one jaw removed and inverted showing the teeth that engage in the scroll plate. The scroll plate is rotated within the chuck body by the key, the scroll engages the teeth on the underside of the jaws which moves the three jaws in unison, to tighten or
695:
comprises a metal base-plate and a thin dielectric layer; the metal base-plate is maintained at a high-voltage relative to the wafer, and so an electrostatic force clamps the wafer to it. Electrostatic chucks may have pins, or mesas, the height of which is included in the reported dielectric
947:
fastening methods in centuries past included anything from pinning with clenching or wedging; nailing; lashing with cords of leather or fiber; dogging down (again involving pinning/wedging/clenching); or other types. Faceplates have probably been around at least since the era of medieval
184:
There are hybrid self-centering chucks that have adjustment screws that can be used to further improve the concentricity after the workpiece has been gripped by the scroll jaws. This feature is meant to combine the speed and ease of the scroll plate's self-centering with the
524:
than self-centering chucks, and have a shorter setting up time than independent-jaw chucks. The penalty is that most collets can only accommodate a single size of workpiece. An exception is the ER collet which typically has a working range of 1 mm (about 0.04 in).
289:
An older and larger 4 jaw chuck. Note how it is able to grip an irregularly cut piece of used metal. Though not found on small chucks it is common for larger chucks (the one in the second photo was made around 1900 and is 24" in diameter) to have many of the features of a
644:
It is also possible nowadays to build CNC chucks in which the position and clamping pressure of each jaw can be precisely controlled with CNC, via closed-loop positioning and load monitoring. In essence, each jaw is one independent CNC axis, a machine slide with a
426:
outer surface. The collet can be squeezed against a matching taper such that its inner surface contracts to a slightly smaller diameter, squeezing the tool or workpiece whose secure holding is desired. Most often this is achieved with a spring collet, made of
404:
They can be machined as needed for particular setups. The typical interface between the master jaw and the removable jaw is a matching pair of serrated surfaces, which, once clamped by the mounting screws, cannot allow relative slipping between the two parts.
998:
At the start of the 20th century, Arthur Irving Jacobs developed the modern drill chuck. After bruising his knuckles on one of the old-fashioned spanner adjusted drill chucks, he developed a chuck in which the jaws moved axially in inclined slots. His
1441:
683:, contained within a housing. These pole pieces are usually flush with the housing surface. The part (workpiece) to be held forms the closing of the magnetic loop or path, onto those fixed plates, providing a secure anchor for the workpiece.
177:
Sometimes this type of chuck has four or six jaws instead of three. Four-jawed chucks are primarily useful for gripping square or octagon material, while six-jawed chucks hold thin-walled tubing and plastic materials with minimum distortion.
248:
Some high-precision chucks use ball thrust bearings to reduce friction in the closing mechanism and maximize drilling torque. One brand name for this type of chuck, which is often genericized in colloquial use although not in catalogs, is
595:
A 14 mm shank similar to SDS-plus, designed for hammers from 2 to 5 kg. The grip area is increased to 212 mm (0.329 sq in) and the shank is inserted 70 mm. This size remained uncommon and was discontinued in
575:
A 6 mm shank with two open grooves interacting with the driving wedges and two closed grooves held by locking balls. This is the newest size introduced in 2011 for the Bosch Uneo series and takes concrete drills up to 10 mm
1022:
has developed the B5.60 Standard entitled
Workholding Chucks: Jaw-Type Chucks, which establishes requirements and methods for specifying and testing the performance of workholding chucks used primarily in turning operations.
963:
In late 1818 or early 1819 the
Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce awarded its silver medal and 10 guineas (£10.50 – equivalent to £1,006 in 2023) to Mr. Alexander Bell for a three jaw lathe
835:
A backplate with a female (self-releasing) taper may seat on the matching male taper of the tapered spindle nose (for lathe work) or of an adapter plate with the same nose, to be mounted on a table. This system improves the
334:
To hold the bar or workpiece at the back end of the spindle bore and support it concentrically, so that it resists wobbling or whipping while the spindle is turning. Gun barrels and oil pipes are examples of workpieces that
881:
passes back through the headstock to its back side, where a closer mechanism is mounted. The latter allows easy, rapid opening and closing of the collet. The drawbar's inner diameter determines the through-the-spindle
604:
An 18 mm shank with three open grooves and locking segments rather than balls. It is designed for hammers over 5 kg. The wedges grip an area of 389 mm (0.603 sq in) and the shank is inserted
294:. The jaws are stepped on one side and full height for gripping on the other and are reversible. Generally the jaws are usable for holding either outside as shown here, or inside as in gripping the inside of a pipe.
978:(1792–1857) developed a recognisable modern scroll chuck as used on lathes. The patent refers to the technicalities of assembly, he does not claim invention of the scroll ("convolute grooves"). His son-in-law
968:
The instrument can be screwed into ... the mandrel of a lathe, and has three studs projecting from its flat surface, forming an equi-lateral triangle, and are capable of being moved equably to, or from, its
973:
It is not clear how they were moved "equably" whether by a scroll or some other means. Later in 1819 the same body awarded a further silver medal to Mr. T. Hack for a four jaw chuck. In the United States
568:
hammer action moves the bit up and down within the chuck. Two sprung balls fit into closed grooves, allowing movement whilst retaining the bit. There are four standard sizes with varying shank diameters:
832:
place with bolts through clearance holes that do not affect the alignment which is entirely provided by the register. This arrangement has excellent repeatability but is slow in a production situation.
212:
Top: an assembled keyless chuck. This type of chuck is tightened by twisting the body using firm hand pressure only. While convenient, this feature can cause the chuck to tighten too much when high
1009:
clearly did not originate with him, but his new type of drill chuck long ago displaced any earlier types that lacked the angled jaw movement and outer sleeve now found on all common drill chucks.
935:
The Jacobs type chuck, with three converging splines or jaws, is perhaps the most usual design. This one is tightened with a key, but some types may be sufficiently tightened by hand
709:(101 kPa) at sea level, decreasing at higher elevations where the atmospheric pressure is lower. The decrease in holding pressure is roughly 0.5 psi per 1000' above sea level.
633:
Commercial production machining now makes use of increasingly advanced chucks which have not only indexable positioning but also indexable clamping. Both functions are typically
887:
various means: a foot pedal that the operator steps on when desired; a line in the program (for opening and closing under program control); or a button on the control panel.
1620:
241:
is a specialised self-centering, three-jaw chuck, usually with capacity of 0.5 in (13 mm) or less, and rarely greater than 1 in (25 mm), used to hold
877:
setups whereby there is no backplate, and the spindle nose contains the female taper for either the collet's male outer taper, or a sleeve that will hold it. A hollow
637:. The clamping is often done with each pair of jaws consisting of one fixed jaw and one movable jaw (hydraulically actuated), thematically similar to advanced milling
956:
was originally just a lump of wood. However, by 1703 it could be "... Chocks, belonging to the Screw-Mandrel". By 1807 the word had changed to the more familiar '
1582:
823:. This "threaded spindle nose" type of mounting was the typical method in the 19th century through 1930s. It is simple and useful, but the degree of control of
450:
Regardless of the collet design, the operating principle is the same: squeeze the collet radially against the tool or workpiece to be held, resulting in high
815:
A backplate with threads may screw onto a threaded spindle nose (for lathe work) or onto an adapter plate with the same nose, to be mounted on the table of
170:
also refers to this type. These chucks are best suited to grip circular or hexagonal cross-sections when very fast, reasonably accurate (±0.005 inch
1508:
435:
cuts along its length to allow it to expand and contract. An alternative collet design is one that has several tapered steel blocks (essentially tapered
245:
or other rotary tools. This type of chuck is used on tools ranging from professional equipment to inexpensive hand and power drills for domestic use.
854:
The chuck may be held against the taper with cam-lock posts that wedge into a stuck-fast position. Industry-standard spindle nose designs allow wide
315:
along the work (and which is not free of spiral or 'wind') should not be gripped, as the jaws can be strained and the accuracy permanently impaired.
1203:
1173:
529:
nylon. Step collets are available that are machinable to allow holding of short workpieces that are larger than the capacity of normal collets.
1613:
1233:
797:
A drill chuck may have a hollow body that threads directly onto a lathe's threaded spindle nose. (These are fairly rare, especially nowadays.)
1109:
189:
eliminating controllability of an independent-jaw chuck. The most commonly used name for this type is a brand name, Set-Tru. To avoid undue
1638:
1688:
391:(typically an aluminium alloy) that can be machined to conform to a particular workpiece. It is a short conceptual leap from these to
439:) held in circular position (like the points of a star, or indeed the jaws of a jawed chuck) by a flexible binding medium (typically
1606:
1575:
609:
Many SDS drills have a "rotation off" setting, which allows the drill to be used for chiselling. The name SDS comes from the German
1522:
1879:
233:
Two pin chucks. The top one is assembled, the lower one shows the body and nose cap assembled with the collet piece below it.
181:
There are also independent-jaw (non-self-centering) chucks with three jaws, but they offer few advantages and are very rare.
447:
rubber). The Jacobs Rubber-Flex brand is a name that most machinists would recognize for this type of collet chuck system.
1751:
1128:, Wanner, Karl, "Tool shank and chuck combination for a hammer drill", published 1978-10-31, assigned to
395:
holding custom fixtures, wherein the part is located against fixed stops and held there with toggle clamps or toe clamps.
1658:
1568:
2201:
1801:
1726:
943:
fastenings to the headstock spindle. The spike-style centers still used on wood lathes represent an ancient method.
2042:
697:
658:
851:
of the pin or hook variety. The peak of popularity for building this type of spindle nose was the 1940s and 1950s.
806:
1884:
1741:
1482:
1322:
1301:
111:, which are flexible collars or sleeves that fit closely around the tool or workpiece and grip it when squeezed.
1874:
1549:
790:, or ovens) and cooling (via kitchen freezers, winter weather, or decompression of compressed air or nitrogen).
65:
1439:, Fairman, Simon, "Expanding and contracting or universal chuck for lathes", published 1840-07-18
2160:
1964:
1949:
1889:
1851:
1327:
1306:
171:
281:
Independent four-jaw chuck, with the jaws independently set. The key is used to adjust each jaw separately.
166:
without other qualification is understood by machinists to mean a self-centering three-jaw chuck. The term
2196:
2186:
1994:
1974:
1869:
878:
517:
2093:
1954:
1653:
1211:
1181:
855:
190:
1125:
2078:
1984:
1683:
1410:
318:
Four-jaw chucks can easily hold a workpiece eccentrically if eccentric features need to be machined.
261:
the drill securely. Pin chucks are also used with high-speed rotary tools other than drills, such as
1241:
1147:
858:. This cam lock spindle nose system replaced the earlier systems on most machine tools in the 1960s.
162:(scroll plate), to hold onto a tool or workpiece. Because they most often have three jaws, the term
1934:
1786:
1436:
634:
556:
419:
61:
53:
49:
1099:
351:
In place of the main lathe chuck (for particular workpieces that can benefit—for example, in some
2098:
1904:
1861:
1766:
1629:
1341:
960:: "On the end of the spindle ... is screwed ... a universal Chuck for holding any kind of work".
840:
of the mounting concentricity down to a very small total indicated runout (TIR) value. Subtypes:
810:
Taper spindle nose with threaded retention. The retainer ring is wrenched with a spanner wrench.
2135:
2130:
1668:
1502:
1129:
1105:
1053:
979:
552:
537:
208:
151:
80:
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1846:
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1811:
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1791:
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1648:
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820:
754:
479:
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225:
of a range of diameters. The end view shows the three small jaws that slide within the body.
2191:
1781:
1716:
1711:
1085:"Development of a Specialized Lathe Chuck for Turning Operations of Cast Iron Rope Wheels"
1043:
1038:
982:(1830–1914) developed the ideas and sold chucks through his business, Cushman Industries.
816:
564:
546:
467:
451:
423:
392:
291:
222:
306:, each jaw can be moved independently. Because they most often have four jaws, the term
277:
2057:
2017:
1939:
1816:
1352:
844:
718:
664:
444:
84:
900:
870:
For collet chucks mounted on backplates, all of the same methods above are applicable.
2180:
2073:
2037:
2022:
1841:
1796:
1776:
1771:
1406:"Proceedings of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce"
1376:"Proceedings of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce"
1084:
975:
837:
750:
676:
510:
471:
343:
339:
197:
1405:
1375:
990:
2052:
2032:
1919:
1591:
722:
455:
428:
217:
79:
Chucks commonly use jaws to hold the tool or workpiece. The jaws (sometimes called
45:
843:
The chuck may be held against the taper with a threaded retainer ring (large thin
1347:
193:
of that brand name, suggestions for a generic name have included "exact-adjust".
2002:
1929:
1821:
1731:
1058:
848:
772:
487:
483:
475:
436:
352:
266:
262:
216:
is applied. Bottom: the widely used keyed type of drill chuck with its key. The
83:) are typically arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern like the points of a
1348:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
119:
2155:
2150:
2027:
1944:
1736:
824:
787:
776:
726:
1001:
939:
The original forms of workholding on lathes were between-centers holding and
96:
specially shaped jaws, greater numbers of jaws, or quick-release mechanisms.
2145:
2140:
2108:
2103:
1924:
1914:
1899:
1831:
1706:
1464:
883:
679:
or permanent magnets are brought into contact with fixed ferrous plates, or
646:
242:
100:
17:
931:
691:
Commonly used for holding silicon wafers during lithography processes, an
1894:
1761:
1721:
1696:
783:
521:
388:
69:
364:
32:
27:
Clamp used to hold an object with radial symmetry, especially a cylinder
2165:
2125:
2047:
1979:
1909:
1826:
1048:
186:
1486:
229:
2012:
1969:
1959:
1663:
1063:
1033:
768:
672:
413:
338:
To hold the bar or workpiece at the tailstock end (thus serving as a
213:
108:
104:
88:
432:
36:
A chuck on a power drill, showing the teeth that engage with the key
285:
2088:
1701:
989:
805:
767:(especially with a wooden jig or soft jaw made for this purpose);
536:
363:
284:
276:
228:
207:
118:
73:
57:
31:
1019:
764:
638:
1602:
1564:
1560:
895:
700:
uses a patterned silicon-dioxide dielectric to form the pins.
490:. There are many different systems, common examples being the
629:
Chucks with both indexable positioning and indexable clamping
760:
Removal and insertion may involve various tools or methods:
331:
As auxiliary features that complement the main lathe chuck:
779:(the latter two require skill to avoid damaging the chuck).
418:
A collet, one type of chuck, is a sleeve with a (normally)
912:
621:(Clamping System) was also used, though Bosch now uses
1104:. Society of Manufacturing Engineers. p. 23-16.
360:
Specialty jawed types (two-, six-, eight-jaw; other)
2066:
1993:
1860:
1750:
1682:
1637:
729:has been accomplished in many ways over the years.
873:Many lathes that run collet chucks have dedicated
771:(especially nonmarring hammer or rubber mallet);
372:For special purposes, chucks are available with
1148:"Uneo Maxx Batteridrevet borhammer | Bosch DIY"
966:
1523:"The American Society of Mechanical Engineers"
196:Three-jaw chucks are often used on lathes and
1614:
1576:
502:systems. Collets can also be obtained to fit
8:
1386:(74), London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy: 143
671:consists of an accurately centred permanent
617:). In German-speaking countries the acronym
1418:(79), London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy: 53
482:, and certain handheld power tools such as
342:) or following the tool (thus serving as a
1621:
1607:
1599:
1583:
1569:
1561:
1344:inflation figures are based on data from
1101:Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook
516:Typically collets offer higher levels of
930:
1076:
1507:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1500:
1374:Thomson, Thomas, ed. (February 1819),
1263:
1208:Encyclopedia of technical terms (A-Z)
1178:Encyclopedia of technical terms (A-Z)
7:
466:Collets are most commonly found on
387:are available and can be used with
76:, it holds the rotating workpiece.
1550:"A close look at indexable chucks"
1404:Thomson, Thomas, ed. (July 1819),
25:
99:Instead of jaws, a chuck may use
1005:details the mechanism. The term
994:Arthur Irving Jacobs (1858–1918)
899:
1548:Brown, Chris (April 25, 2011),
221:taper allows the jaws to clamp
1880:Electrical discharge machining
1669:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
802:Mounting of large jawed chucks
742:may screw into the chuck body.
1:
847:), typically wrenched with a
87:. Jawed chucks may require a
68:, a chuck holds the rotating
1238:Lexikon der Elektrowerkzeuge
48:used to hold an object with
1727:List of drill and tap sizes
1454:Fairman (1840) lines 77 ff.
547:Drill bit shank (SDS shank)
533:Special Direct System (SDS)
2218:
2043:Magnetic switchable device
698:Sandia National Laboratory
659:Magnetic switchable device
656:
544:
411:
2121:
1885:Electrochemical machining
1598:
1323:Oxford English Dictionary
1302:Oxford English Dictionary
865:Mounting of collet chucks
821:surface grinding machines
717:Connecting chucks to the
44:is a specialized type of
1152:Verktøy for Hjem og Hage
733:Mounting of drill chucks
635:hydraulically controlled
174:) centering is desired.
158:), interconnected via a
1965:Rotary transfer machine
1950:Photochemical machining
1890:Electron-beam machining
1852:Tool and cutter grinder
1346:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1328:Oxford University Press
1307:Oxford University Press
696:thickness; a design by
615:insert-drill-attachment
541:Diagram of an SDS chuck
1013:Performance evaluation
995:
971:
936:
811:
782:Methods: heating (via
542:
369:
295:
282:
234:
226:
125:
124:release the workpiece.
91:-like device called a
37:
2161:Tools and terminology
1278:"Electrostatic chuck"
1098:Cubberly, W. (1989).
993:
934:
809:
757:into the chuck body.
623:Special Direct System
540:
367:
302:independent-jaw chuck
288:
280:
232:
211:
122:
35:
2079:Machining vibrations
1985:Ultrasonic machining
1554:Production Machining
1411:Annals of Philosophy
1380:Annals of Philosophy
619:Spannen durch System
422:inner surface and a
140:self-centering chuck
2099:Tool and die making
1787:Cylindrical grinder
1489:on January 20, 2018
1214:on January 16, 2005
1184:on January 16, 2005
1018:the United States,
693:electrostatic chuck
431:, with one or more
368:Chuck with six jaws
2202:Woodworking clamps
1767:Abrasive machining
1342:Retail Price Index
996:
937:
911:. You can help by
856:interchangeability
812:
751:self-holding taper
543:
370:
296:
283:
235:
227:
142:, also known as a
126:
38:
2174:
2173:
2117:
2116:
1254:(German language)
1130:Robert Bosch GmbH
1111:978-0-87263-351-3
1054:Mechanical pencil
980:Austin F. Cushman
929:
928:
663:Used for holding
625:internationally.
16:(Redirected from
2209:
2084:Speeds and feeds
1837:Sharpening stone
1812:Grinding machine
1807:Grinding dresser
1674:Stewart platform
1623:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1485:. Archived from
1479:
1473:
1472:
1465:"Cushman - Home"
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1326:(2nd ed.).
1317:
1311:
1310:
1305:(2nd ed.).
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:on June 26, 2006
1240:. Archived from
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1210:. Archived from
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1180:. Archived from
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1004:
924:
921:
903:
896:
817:milling machines
713:Mounting methods
508:Brown and Sharpe
468:milling machines
399:Jaw construction
304:
303:
154:(usually called
148:
147:
21:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2113:
2062:
1989:
1856:
1847:Surface grinder
1782:Coated abrasive
1753:
1746:
1717:Drill bit sizes
1712:Drill bit shank
1687:
1678:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1594:
1589:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1483:"Archived copy"
1481:
1480:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1044:Lathe faceplate
1039:Drill bit shank
1029:
1015:
1000:
988:
925:
919:
916:
909:needs expansion
894:
867:
804:
735:
715:
706:
689:
661:
655:
631:
611:Steck-Dreh-Sitz
583:
549:
535:
452:static friction
416:
410:
401:
362:
324:
301:
300:
275:
273:Independent-jaw
206:
168:universal chuck
164:three-jaw chuck
145:
144:
136:
131:
117:
52:, especially a
50:radial symmetry
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Milling cutter
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Grinding wheel
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:Computer-aided
1635:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1514:
1474:
1469:Cushman - Home
1456:
1447:
1428:
1396:
1366:
1353:MeasuringWorth
1333:
1312:
1291:
1268:
1256:
1225:
1195:
1165:
1154:(in Norwegian)
1139:
1117:
1110:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1002:patent of 1902
987:
984:
948:clock-makers.
927:
926:
906:
904:
893:
890:
889:
888:
871:
866:
863:
862:
861:
860:
859:
852:
849:spanner wrench
833:
829:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
780:
748:
743:
741:
740:threaded arbor
734:
731:
714:
711:
705:
702:
688:
685:
677:Electromagnets
669:magnetic chuck
667:workpieces, a
657:Main article:
654:
651:
630:
627:
607:
606:
602:
598:
597:
593:
589:
588:
582:
579:
578:
577:
573:
534:
531:
412:Main article:
409:
406:
400:
397:
385:Two-jaw chucks
361:
358:
357:
356:
349:
348:
347:
336:
323:
320:
308:four-jaw chuck
274:
271:
205:
202:
198:indexing heads
191:genericization
135:
134:Self-centering
132:
130:
127:
116:
113:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2214:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Machine tools
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Clamps (tool)
2185:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Cutting fluid
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Machine taper
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Indexing head
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:Machine tools
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Spark testing
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Flick grinder
1795:
1793:
1792:Diamond plate
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Bench grinder
1775:
1773:
1772:Angle grinder
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1632:and computing
1631:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1292:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
992:
985:
983:
981:
977:
976:Simon Fairman
970:
965:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
942:
933:
923:
914:
910:
907:This section
905:
902:
898:
897:
891:
885:
880:
876:
875:collet-closer
872:
869:
868:
864:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
841:
839:
838:repeatability
834:
830:
826:
825:concentricity
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
801:
796:
789:
785:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
759:
758:
756:
752:
747:tapered arbor
746:
744:
739:
737:
736:
732:
730:
728:
724:
723:machine tools
721:or tables of
720:
712:
710:
703:
701:
699:
694:
687:Electrostatic
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:ferromagnetic
660:
652:
650:
648:
642:
640:
636:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
603:
600:
599:
594:
591:
590:
585:
584:
580:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
562:
558:
557:hammer drills
554:
551:Developed by
548:
539:
532:
530:
526:
523:
519:
514:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
460:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
415:
407:
405:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
366:
359:
354:
350:
345:
344:follower rest
341:
337:
333:
332:
330:
329:
328:
321:
319:
316:
312:
309:
305:
293:
287:
279:
272:
270:
268:
264:
259:
254:
252:
246:
244:
240:
231:
224:
219:
215:
210:
203:
201:
199:
194:
192:
188:
182:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
133:
128:
121:
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2053:Rotary table
2033:Lathe center
2007:
1920:Machine tool
1752:Grinding and
1592:Metalworking
1553:
1542:Bibliography
1527:. Retrieved
1517:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:the original
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1431:
1420:, retrieved
1415:
1409:
1399:
1388:, retrieved
1383:
1379:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1351:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1280:. Sandia.gov
1271:
1259:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1237:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1207:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:the original
1177:
1168:
1158:February 21,
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1016:
997:
986:Jacobs Chuck
972:
967:
962:
957:
953:
950:
944:
940:
938:
920:January 2011
917:
913:adding to it
908:
874:
788:blow torches
716:
707:
692:
690:
680:
668:
662:
643:
632:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
560:
555:in 1975 for
550:
527:
515:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:rotary tools
484:die grinders
478:, precision
476:wood routers
465:
461:
449:
437:gauge blocks
429:spring steel
417:
402:
384:
383:
377:
373:
371:
325:
317:
313:
307:
299:
297:
267:jig grinders
263:die grinders
257:
255:
250:
247:
238:
236:
223:drill shanks
204:Drill chuck
195:
183:
180:
176:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:scroll chuck
143:
139:
137:
129:Jawed chucks
98:
92:
78:
66:transmission
41:
39:
29:
2131:Fabrication
2067:Terminology
2003:Angle plate
1930:Metal lathe
1822:Jig grinder
1732:Tap and die
1641:engineering
1493:January 19,
1284:January 13,
1059:Woodturning
1007:drill chuck
773:arbor press
727:power tools
681:pole pieces
605:90 mm.
420:cylindrical
353:gunsmithing
340:steady rest
327:purposes:
251:Super Chuck
239:drill chuck
160:scroll gear
18:Drill chuck
2181:Categories
2151:Metallurgy
1945:Pantograph
1737:Tap wrench
1525:. Asme.org
1276:Lab News.
1264:Brown 2011
1126:US 4123074
1071:References
777:shop press
561:SDS System
545:See also:
393:faceplates
243:drill bits
2146:Machining
2141:Jewellery
2109:Workpiece
2104:Tramp oil
2094:Tolerance
1925:Machining
1915:Jig borer
1900:Engraving
1875:Broaching
1862:Machining
1742:Threading
1707:Drill bit
1689:threading
1630:Machining
1529:April 13,
1320:"chuck".
1299:"chock".
1248:April 12,
1218:April 12,
1204:"SDS-max"
1188:April 12,
1174:"SDS-top"
784:heat guns
753:) may be
647:leadscrew
576:diameter.
572:SDS Quick
565:SDS Shank
518:precision
513:sockets.
441:synthetic
389:soft jaws
292:faceplate
258:pin chuck
101:magnetism
93:chuck key
2156:Smithing
1895:End mill
1802:Grinding
1762:Abrasive
1722:Drilling
1697:Die head
1684:Drilling
1503:cite web
1422:July 31,
1390:July 31,
1027:See also
749:(with a
719:spindles
653:Magnetic
581:SDS-Plus
563:uses an
522:accuracy
480:grinders
456:threaded
335:benefit.
56:. In a
54:cylinder
2166:Welding
2136:Forming
2126:Casting
2058:Wiggler
2048:Mandrel
2018:Fixture
1980:Turning
1975:Skiving
1935:Milling
1910:Hobbing
1832:Sanding
1827:Lapping
1754:lapping
1437:US 1692
1330:. 1989.
1309:. 1989.
1049:Mandrel
969:centre.
892:History
879:drawbar
763:Tools:
755:pressed
601:SDS-max
592:SDS-top
445:natural
424:conical
322:Spiders
187:run-out
150:, uses
109:collets
72:; in a
2192:Lathes
2013:Collet
1970:Shaper
1960:Reamer
1955:Planer
1905:Facing
1870:Boring
1664:G-code
1443:
1359:May 7,
1135:
1108:
1064:Wrench
1034:Collet
964:chuck:
945:Ad hoc
941:ad hoc
769:hammer
704:Vacuum
675:face.
673:magnet
587:chuck.
559:, the
498:, and
472:lathes
414:Collet
408:Collet
298:On an
214:torque
105:vacuum
89:wrench
64:and a
2089:Swarf
2008:Chuck
1702:Drill
1234:"SDS"
958:chuck
954:chock
639:vises
596:2009.
553:Bosch
511:taper
504:Morse
378:eight
355:work)
218:arbor
115:Types
107:, or
74:lathe
58:drill
46:clamp
42:chuck
1649:2.5D
1531:2016
1509:link
1495:2018
1424:2015
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1361:2024
1286:2010
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1220:2006
1190:2006
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1106:ISBN
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765:vise
520:and
486:and
433:kerf
265:and
156:jaws
152:dogs
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2028:Jig
1686:and
1659:CAM
1654:CAD
1416:XIV
1340:UK
915:.
884:bar
845:nut
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725:or
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376:or
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