116:
20:
4574:
115:
194:
manuscript may well illustrate that the ram had already been replaced by a spur in late-Roman galleys. Byzantinists John Pryor and
Elizabeth Jeffreys argue that the purpose of the spur was to allow the dromon to ride up on an enemy's oars and crush them, destroying its propulsion, and point out that
130:
The appearance and evolution of medieval warships is a matter of debate and conjecture; until recently, no remains of an oared warship from either ancient or early medieval times had been found and information had to be gathered by analyzing literary evidence, crude artistic depictions and the
232:, was apparently at least partly fitted with lateen sails, making it probable that by that time the lateen had become the standard rig for the dromon, with the traditional square sail gradually falling from use in medieval navigation. These 6th-century dromons were single-banked ('
258:
in boarding operations. The historian
Christos Makrypoulias suggests an arrangement of 25 oarsmen beneath and 35 on the deck on either side for a dromon of 120 rowers. The length of these ships was probably about 32 meters. Most contemporary vessels had a single mast
205:
construction method, against which rams had been designed, into the skeleton-first method, which produced a stronger and more flexible hull, less susceptible to ramming. By the early 7th century, the ram's original function had been forgotten, if we judge by
340:
ships uncovered in the
Yenikapi excavations, dating to the 10th–11th centuries, are of uniform design and construction, suggesting centralized manufacturing. They have a length of about 30 metres (98 ft), and are built of
2743:
271:), the larger bireme dromons probably needed at least two masts to maneuver, assuming that a lateen sail for a ship this size would have reached unmanageable dimensions. The ship was steered by means of two
433:
considers them as supernumerary crews being carried aboard, while
Makrypoulias suggests that the extra men correspond to a second rower on each of the upper-bank oars. A smaller, single-bank ship, the
3453:
210:'s comments that they were used to protect against collision with underwater rocks. Authors have suggested that it was introduced into the Mediterranean by Arabs, possibly with an ultimate origin in
33:
on
Constantinople in 941, and the use of the spurs to smash the oars of the Rus' vessels. Boarding actions and hand-to-hand fighting determined the outcome of most naval battles in the Middle Ages.
154:
The accepted view is that the main developments which differentiated the early dromons from the liburnians and that henceforth characterized
Mediterranean galleys, were the adoption of a full
1122:
Christides, Vassilios (1995), "Byzantine Dromon and Arab Shini: The
Development of the Average Byzantine and Arab Warships and the Problem of the Number and Function of the Oarsmen",
195:
one of the medieval Latin terms for spur, "calcar", is derived from the verb "to trample". One possibility is that the change occurred because of the gradual evolution of the ancient
3686:
482:, and must therefore be used with care when trying to apply it to the warships of the middle Byzantine period. The existence of trireme vessels is, however, attested in the
218:
or early Roman period. Not only the triangular, but also the quadrilateral version were known, used for centuries (mostly on smaller craft) in parallel with square sails.
1363:
2666:
1237:
357:
By the 10th century, there were three main classes of bireme warships of the general dromon type, as detailed in the inventories for the expeditions sent against the
214:. The discovery of new depictions and literary references in recent decades has led scholars to antedate the appearance of the lateen sail in the Levant to the late
4562:
2916:
2817:
4250:
2827:
2760:
1123:
2775:
2770:
319:), on which marines could hang their shields, ran around the sides of the ship, providing protection to the deck crew. Larger ships also had wooden castles (
3851:
2837:
2812:
4202:
4185:
2842:
2822:
1273:
Pryor, John H. (2003), "Byzantium and the Sea: Byzantine Fleets and the
History of the Empire in the Age of the Macedonian Emperors, c. 900–1025 CE", in
325:) on either side between the masts, similar to those attested for the Roman liburnians, providing archers with elevated firing platforms. The bow spur (
3901:
3747:
3719:
3363:
3355:
2832:
2765:
4097:
3458:
3946:
478:. However, this treatise, which survives only in fragments, draws heavily upon references on the appearance and construction of a classical Greek
254:) were divided by the deck, with the first oar bank below and the second oar bank above deck; these rowers were expected to fight with the ship's
4426:
3951:
1356:
4350:
3110:
3103:
2659:
1333:
1155:
3961:
3249:
4102:
486:
in the 11th and 12th centuries, and references made by Leo VI to large Arab ships in the 10th century may also indicate trireme galleys.
3093:
502:
1067:
4431:
3844:
147:(modern Yenikapi) uncover the remains of over 36 Byzantine ships from the 6th to 10th centuries, including four light galleys of the
4532:
3098:
1349:
1310:
1286:
1216:
1113:
3595:
2652:
30:
4567:
4389:
2921:
2689:
4537:
4527:
4399:
4320:
4006:
3578:
3522:
3443:
3310:
331:) was intended to ride over an enemy ship's oars, breaking them and rendering it helpless against missile fire and boarding.
4138:
4394:
4384:
4299:
4054:
3839:
2546:
4468:
4436:
4340:
4049:
4021:
3829:
3368:
2562:
1166:
79:
from the 5th to 12th centuries AD, when they were succeeded by
Italian-style galleys. It was developed from the ancient
511:), which were either sailing ships or galleys, the latter certainly modified to accommodate the horses. Given that the
136:
4192:
3834:
3681:
3438:
3189:
120:
1132:
4512:
4458:
4197:
4069:
4059:
3759:
3639:
3517:
3448:
3336:
3305:
3148:
3088:
1043:
Byzance et la mer. La Marine de Guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de
Byzance aux VIIe–XVe siècles
19:
4372:
3896:
3752:
3537:
3428:
3315:
1893:
1057:
Basch, Lucien (2001), "La voile latine, son origine, son évolution et ses parentés arabes", in Tzalas, H. (ed.),
517:
appear originally to have been oared horse-transports, this would imply differences in construction between the
4606:
3671:
3423:
2910:
2256:
1075:
501:). These appear to have been mostly sailing vessels, rather than oared. The Byzantines and Arabs also employed
237:
2789:
2597:
4601:
4577:
4001:
3727:
3547:
3433:
4502:
4092:
3934:
3378:
3184:
3158:
3153:
2926:
2902:
2898:
2865:
2455:
1860:
1296:
144:
4220:
4074:
3264:
3174:
3138:
3023:
2753:
2748:
2065:
1959:
229:
3811:
541:
would have had to have a special compartment amidships to accommodate a row of horses, increasing its
4463:
4446:
4267:
4026:
3991:
3874:
3806:
3341:
3284:
2612:
1246:
3373:
3289:
3279:
3143:
2906:
2894:
2781:
2633:
2567:
2205:
2035:
430:
342:
4573:
1125:
Tropis III, 3rd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Athens 1989 proceedings
1061:(in French), Athens: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 55–85
489:
For cargo transport, the Byzantines usually commandeered ordinary merchantmen as transport ships (
4451:
4441:
4315:
3986:
3869:
3786:
3649:
3001:
2981:
2961:
2951:
2717:
2293:
2246:
1690:
1635:
1321:
1262:
1191:
1183:
1131:, Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 111–122, archived from
207:
1059:
Tropis VI, 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996 proceedings
4507:
4412:
4345:
4325:
4293:
4225:
4212:
4133:
4128:
3879:
3644:
3494:
3013:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2470:
2241:
2164:
1457:
1329:
1306:
1282:
1212:
1151:
1109:
1046:
202:
199:
529:
proper, terms which otherwise are often used indiscriminately in literary sources. While the
4611:
4377:
4170:
4118:
4064:
4031:
3981:
3774:
3764:
3542:
3230:
3122:
3045:
3028:
3006:
2991:
2976:
2890:
2675:
2261:
2210:
2134:
2119:
1531:
1432:
1401:
1396:
1295:
Pryor, John H. (1995). "From Dromōn to Galea: Mediterranean Bireme Galleys AD 500–1300". In
1254:
1175:
1143:
1084:
1038:
358:
25:
4522:
4355:
4335:
4330:
4285:
4275:
4235:
4230:
4175:
3956:
3562:
3479:
3474:
3214:
3204:
3040:
3034:
3018:
2996:
2986:
2971:
2541:
2521:
2516:
2404:
2334:
1974:
1818:
1760:
1735:
1660:
1274:
1226:
Makrypoulias, Christos G. (1995), "The Navy in the Works of Constantine Porphyrogenitus",
542:
475:
414:
313:
projected; secondary siphons could also be carried amidships on either side. A pavesade (
1250:
131:
remains of a few merchant vessels (such as the 7th-century Pantano Longarini wreck from
4360:
4240:
3973:
3732:
3626:
3612:
3411:
3274:
3115:
2870:
2587:
2485:
2465:
2314:
1913:
1835:
1778:
1546:
1536:
1427:
1300:
470:
467:
Three-banked ('trireme') dromons are described in a 10th-century work dedicated to the
346:
190:
181:
173:
94:
76:
42:
464:
men as crew, was used for scouting missions but also in the wings of the battle line.
391:), crewed with up to 120–160 men, its name either implying an origin in the region of
4595:
4280:
4157:
4123:
3861:
3796:
3769:
3654:
3269:
3209:
2490:
2475:
2414:
2394:
2283:
2104:
2094:
2040:
1526:
1266:
1258:
1195:
1146:(2011), "Ships on Land", in Catsambis, Alexis; Ford, Ben; Hamilton, Donny L. (eds.),
1101:
419:
1341:
4041:
4016:
3996:
3801:
3779:
3634:
2882:
2877:
2711:
2582:
2460:
2419:
2369:
2273:
2215:
2175:
2020:
2000:
1747:
1493:
1467:
483:
429:
is said to have an even larger crew of 230 rowers and 70 marines; the naval expert
225:
88:
1720:
1206:
107:
are derived from the dromon, and described any particularly large medieval ship.
4542:
4517:
4011:
3821:
3588:
3194:
3179:
2602:
2577:
2495:
2389:
2344:
2339:
2288:
2220:
2180:
2124:
1908:
1898:
1883:
1840:
1830:
1813:
1798:
1685:
1665:
1561:
1506:
1422:
1391:
1202:
546:
215:
155:
236:') ships of probably 50 oars, arranged with 25 oars on each side. Again unlike
3816:
3676:
3666:
3499:
3489:
3199:
2480:
2429:
2349:
2298:
2225:
2195:
2045:
1984:
1979:
1923:
1888:
1850:
1725:
1675:
1516:
1482:
1477:
1442:
1406:
310:
221:
101:
84:
1050:
4365:
4245:
3737:
3605:
3552:
3484:
2536:
2531:
2364:
2278:
2268:
2200:
2060:
1788:
1645:
1610:
1576:
1302:
The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times
392:
241:
168:
on the bow in favor of an above-water spur and the gradual introduction of
2644:
3891:
3791:
3742:
3600:
3532:
3320:
2409:
2399:
2185:
2170:
2155:
2150:
2099:
2015:
1933:
1918:
1868:
1768:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1585:
1551:
1462:
1447:
1437:
233:
140:
4257:
4143:
4084:
3583:
3557:
3235:
2424:
2374:
2354:
2251:
2160:
2129:
2109:
2055:
2050:
2025:
2010:
1964:
1954:
1878:
1808:
1695:
1650:
1640:
1620:
1605:
1590:
1521:
1377:
1373:
479:
255:
196:
165:
80:
72:
1187:
188:) are unclear. Depictions of upward-pointing beaks in the 4th-century
4180:
3886:
3527:
2617:
2592:
2450:
2384:
2379:
2190:
2114:
2005:
1969:
1928:
1873:
1803:
1793:
1655:
1625:
1595:
1501:
1472:
1452:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
496:
490:
468:
446:
434:
424:
408:
402:
380:
374:
362:
335:
326:
320:
314:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
272:
266:
260:
249:
245:
169:
159:
132:
68:
46:
1179:
244:, these extended directly from the hull. In the later two-banked ('
2572:
2526:
2500:
2359:
2078:
2030:
1938:
1903:
1845:
1773:
1730:
1670:
1600:
1556:
1541:
276:
211:
124:
114:
18:
4165:
2607:
2434:
1783:
1680:
1630:
1615:
1566:
1511:
1164:
Dolley, R. H. (1948), "The Warships of the Later Roman Empire",
4491:
3922:
3707:
3399:
3066:
2687:
2648:
1345:
119:
Reconstruction (top) in 1:10 scale of a dromon's hull, at the
1235:
Pomey, Patrice (2006), "The Kelenderis Ship: A Lateen Sail",
452:
440:
396:
395:
as a transport ship or its crewing with "picked crews" (from
386:
368:
248:') dromons of the 9th and 10th centuries, the two oar banks (
1208:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
1326:
The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204
1045:(in French), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France,
135:, the 7th-century Yassi Ada ship and the 11th-century
1174:, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 47–53,
139:). Only in 2005–2006 did archaeological digs for the
4408:
4308:
4266:
4211:
4156:
4111:
4083:
4040:
3972:
3933:
3860:
3718:
3625:
3571:
3510:
3467:
3410:
3354:
3329:
3298:
3257:
3248:
3223:
3167:
3131:
3077:
2935:
2851:
2798:
2729:
2700:
2626:
2555:
2509:
2443:
2327:
2307:
2234:
2143:
2087:
1993:
1947:
1859:
1759:
1744:
1575:
1491:
1415:
1384:
1305:. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 101–116.
172:
sails. The reasons for the abandonment of the ram (
1279:War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
1238:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
671:
669:
706:
704:
535:was developed exclusively as a war galley, the
309:), below which the siphon for the discharge of
3035:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
457:, from which the term "galley" derives), with
2660:
1357:
1150:, Oxford University Press, pp. 182–191,
1022:
1010:
998:
974:
950:
926:
902:
878:
854:
830:
818:
794:
782:
758:
734:
710:
660:
648:
636:
624:
612:
576:
564:
8:
938:
770:
1148:The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology
52:
4488:
3939:
3930:
3919:
3715:
3704:
3416:
3407:
3396:
3254:
3081:
3074:
3063:
2697:
2684:
2667:
2653:
2645:
1756:
1364:
1350:
1342:
29:showing the Byzantine fleet repelling the
1106:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World
691:
373:), so named because it was manned by an
890:
600:
557:
914:
842:
806:
675:
986:
962:
866:
746:
722:
695:
687:
589:The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
16:Type of warship of the Byzantine navy
7:
291:) that covered the captain's berth (
303:) featured an elevated forecastle (
1281:, Boydell Press, pp. 83–104,
1108:, Johns Hopkins University Press,
1068:"The Lateen Sail in World History"
14:
4533:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1025:, pp. 166–169, 322–325, 449.
678:, pp. 243–245, Fig. 180–182.
4572:
1259:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00111.x
83:, which was the mainstay of the
2922:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2744:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
4007:Great Palace of Constantinople
3748:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1:
1328:, Brill Academic Publishers,
458:
285:), which also housed a tent (
4469:University of Constantinople
4050:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
3200:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
2889:Byzantine successor states (
2563:Bristol Channel pilot cutter
1277:; Unger, Richard W. (eds.),
1167:The Journal of Roman Studies
1013:, pp. 307–308, 322–324.
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
497:
491:
469:
447:
435:
425:
409:
403:
381:
375:
363:
336:
327:
321:
315:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
267:
261:
250:
160:
47:
4139:Saint Catherine's Monastery
3195:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
3190:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1299:; Gardiner, Robert (eds.).
121:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
4628:
4528:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3149:Comes sacrarum largitionum
453:
441:
397:
387:
369:
164:), the abandonment of the
4555:
4498:
4487:
4098:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
3942:
3929:
3918:
3714:
3703:
3419:
3406:
3395:
3084:
3073:
3062:
2696:
2683:
1083:(1): 1–23, archived from
1032:General and cited sources
1023:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
1011:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
999:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
975:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
951:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
927:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
903:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
879:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
855:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
831:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
819:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
795:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
783:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
761:, pp. 232, 255, 276.
759:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
735:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
711:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
661:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
649:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
637:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
625:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
613:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
591:, 3rd edition, "Dromond".
577:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
565:Pryor & Jeffreys 2006
401:, 'all tribes'); and the
185:
3672:Droungarios of the Fleet
2257:Iron-hulled sailing ship
1076:Journal of World History
905:, pp. 189–192, 372.
651:, pp. 145–147, 152.
4186:Early Byzantine mosaics
3548:Domestic of the Schools
2066:Square-rigged caravel (
1066:Campbell, I.C. (1995),
71:and the most important
4503:Byzantine commonwealth
3265:Praetorian prefectures
3185:Logothetes tou genikou
3159:Quaestor sacri palatii
3154:Comes rerum privatarum
2927:Fall of Constantinople
2866:Sack of Constantinople
1322:Jeffreys, Elizabeth M.
445:, 'single-banked') or
407:proper, crewed by two
177:
127:
111:Evolution and features
34:
23:Illustration from the
4203:Komnenian renaissance
4198:Macedonian period art
4103:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
4075:Walls of Thessaloniki
3175:Logothetes tou dromou
2790:Twenty Years' Anarchy
2754:Valentinianic dynasty
2749:Constantinian dynasty
2598:Pinnace (ship's boat)
1960:Chinese treasure ship
1211:. London: UCL Press.
230:Procopius of Caesarea
118:
22:
4400:Units of measurement
4134:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
4027:Pammakaristos Church
3875:Corpus Juris Civilis
3826:Missionary activity
3285:Exarchate of Ravenna
3111:Imperial bureaucracy
2613:Thames sailing barge
2444:Recreational vessels
1230:(6), Athens: 152–171
785:, pp. 205, 291.
361:in 911 and 949: the
224:'s fleet during the
145:Harbor of Theodosius
3924:Culture and society
3787:Ecumenical councils
3290:Exarchate of Africa
3280:Quaestura exercitus
3144:Magister officiorum
3139:Praetorian prefects
2782:Byzantine Dark Ages
2634:Nautical operations
2568:Floating restaurant
2456:Ljungström sailboat
2036:Full-rigged pinnace
1275:Hattendorf, John B.
1251:2006IJNAr..35..326P
977:, pp. 284–286.
929:, pp. 261–262.
917:, pp. 149–150.
893:, pp. 190–191.
881:, pp. 143–144.
773:, pp. 164–165.
749:, pp. 103–104.
737:, pp. 130–135.
713:, pp. 153–159.
698:, pp. 326–329.
690:, pp. 57–64.;
663:, pp. 134–135.
639:, pp. 133–144.
627:, pp. 138–140.
603:, pp. 188–191.
579:, pp. 123–126.
495:) or supply ships (
343:European Black Pine
238:Hellenistic vessels
4341:Flags and insignia
3987:Baths of Zeuxippus
3870:Codex Theodosianus
3760:Oriental Orthodoxy
2718:Later Roman Empire
1751:and other vessels
1745:Naval and merchant
694:, pp. 8–11.;
601:& Delgado 2011
228:, as described by
208:Isidore of Seville
137:Serçe Limanı wreck
128:
35:
4589:
4588:
4551:
4550:
4508:Byzantine studies
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4294:Alexander Romance
4152:
4151:
4129:Nea Moni of Chios
3992:Blachernae Palace
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3880:Code of Justinian
3728:Eastern Orthodoxy
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3621:
3620:
3495:Scholae Palatinae
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3356:Foreign relations
3350:
3349:
3244:
3243:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
2857:(1204–1453)
2642:
2641:
2471:Sailing hydrofoil
2323:
2322:
2242:Blackwall frigate
2165:Baltimore Clipper
1335:978-90-04-15197-0
1297:Morrison, John S.
1157:978-0-19-537517-6
1039:Ahrweiler, Hélène
939:Makrypoulias 1995
771:Makrypoulias 1995
200:mortise and tenon
4619:
4576:
4489:
4432:Imperial Library
4378:Byzantine Greeks
4119:Daphni Monastery
4070:Panagia Chalkeon
4065:Hagios Demetrios
4032:Prison of Anemas
3982:Basilica Cistern
3940:
3931:
3920:
3775:West Syriac Rite
3765:Alexandrian Rite
3716:
3709:Religion and law
3705:
3640:Maritime themata
3596:Palaiologan army
3449:Military manuals
3417:
3408:
3397:
3255:
3231:Megas logothetes
3082:
3075:
3064:
2937:By modern region
2858:
2805:
2804:(717–1204)
2736:
2698:
2685:
2676:Byzantine Empire
2669:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2211:Ship of the line
2135:Ship of the line
1757:
1753:(by origin date)
1532:Full-rigged ship
1433:Fore-and-aft rig
1402:Age of Discovery
1397:Maritime history
1366:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1320:Pryor, John H.;
1316:
1291:
1269:
1231:
1222:
1198:
1160:
1144:Delgado, James P
1139:
1137:
1130:
1118:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
699:
685:
679:
673:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
503:horse-transports
500:
494:
474:
463:
460:
456:
455:
450:
444:
443:
438:
428:
412:
406:
400:
399:
390:
389:
384:
379:of 108 men; the
378:
372:
371:
366:
359:Emirate of Crete
339:
330:
324:
318:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
270:
264:
253:
240:, which used an
187:
163:
67:) was a type of
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
50:
26:Madrid Skylitzes
4627:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4607:Byzantine ships
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4547:
4523:Cyrillic script
4494:
4475:
4420:
4404:
4304:
4286:Digenes Akritas
4262:
4207:
4148:
4112:Other locations
4107:
4079:
4036:
3968:
3957:Cross-in-square
3925:
3906:
3856:
3710:
3691:
3617:
3567:
3563:Varangian Guard
3506:
3480:East Roman army
3475:Late Roman army
3463:
3402:
3383:
3346:
3325:
3294:
3240:
3219:
3215:Epi ton deeseon
3205:Epi tou eidikou
3163:
3127:
3069:
3050:
3037:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2917:Palaiologan era
2859:
2856:
2847:
2818:Nikephorian era
2806:
2803:
2794:
2737:
2735:(330–717)
2734:
2725:
2705:
2692:
2679:
2673:
2643:
2638:
2622:
2551:
2505:
2439:
2328:Fishing vessels
2319:
2303:
2230:
2139:
2083:
1989:
1943:
1855:
1819:Tessarakonteres
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1661:Outrigger canoe
1571:
1487:
1411:
1380:
1370:
1336:
1319:
1313:
1294:
1289:
1272:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1201:
1163:
1158:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
757:
753:
745:
741:
733:
729:
721:
717:
709:
702:
686:
682:
674:
667:
659:
655:
647:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
595:
587:
583:
575:
571:
563:
559:
555:
476:Basil Lekapenos
461:
415:Constantine VII
355:
273:quarter rudders
143:project in the
113:
64:
61:
58:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4625:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Byzantine navy
4594:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Byzantine Bath
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3974:Constantinople
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:Byzantine Rite
3724:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3613:Grand domestic
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3579:Komnenian army
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3454:Military units
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Battle tactics
3420:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:Medieval Greek
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:Fourth Crusade
2862:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Macedonian era
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:Theodosian era
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Norfolk wherry
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Trailer sailer
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:Pocket cruiser
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2315:Montagu whaler
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1861:Post-classical
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Borobudur ship
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Jackass-barque
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1458:Ljungström rig
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1287:
1270:
1245:(2): 326–329,
1232:
1228:Graeco-Arabica
1223:
1217:
1199:
1180:10.2307/298170
1161:
1156:
1140:
1119:
1114:
1102:Casson, Lionel
1098:
1063:
1054:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1003:
1001:, p. 305.
991:
989:, p. 108.
979:
967:
955:
953:, p. 190.
943:
941:, p. 165.
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
869:, p. 104.
859:
857:, p. 282.
847:
845:, p. 189.
835:
833:, p. 203.
823:
821:, p. 215.
811:
799:
797:, p. 238.
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
700:
680:
665:
653:
641:
629:
617:
615:, p. 127.
605:
593:
581:
569:
567:, p. 144.
556:
554:
551:
471:parakoimōmenos
354:
351:
347:Oriental plane
191:Vatican Vergil
112:
109:
95:Middle English
77:Byzantine navy
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4624:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4490:
4486:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:Encyclopedias
4425:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:Hellenization
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:Everyday life
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:Acritic songs
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Hosios Loukas
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Monophysitism
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Armenian Rite
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3702:
3688:
3687:Naval battles
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Protasekretis
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Komnenian era
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:Heraclian era
2774:
2772:
2771:Justinian era
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:Special terms
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Sailing yacht
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:East Indiaman
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Bermuda sloop
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:sailing ships
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1312:0-85177-554-3
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1288:0-85115-903-6
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1218:1-85728-495-X
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:on 2012-03-06
1134:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1115:0-8018-5130-0
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1090:on 2016-08-04
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
965:, p. 84.
964:
959:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
899:
896:
892:
887:
884:
880:
875:
872:
868:
863:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
839:
836:
832:
827:
824:
820:
815:
812:
809:, p. 52.
808:
803:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
755:
752:
748:
743:
740:
736:
731:
728:
725:, p. 64.
724:
719:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Campbell 1995
689:
684:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
645:
642:
638:
633:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
606:
602:
597:
594:
590:
585:
582:
578:
573:
570:
566:
561:
558:
552:
550:
548:
544:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
504:
499:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
465:
449:
437:
432:
431:John H. Pryor
427:
422:
421:
420:De Ceremoniis
416:
411:
405:
394:
383:
377:
365:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
338:
332:
329:
323:
317:
312:
307:
301:
297:). The prow (
295:
289:
283:
278:
274:
269:
263:
257:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
201:
198:
193:
192:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
126:
122:
117:
110:
108:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
49:
44:
40:
32:
28:
27:
21:
4292:
4060:Hagia Sophia
4042:Thessalonica
4017:Hagia Sophia
3997:Chora Church
3935:Architecture
3812:Great Schism
3802:Paulicianism
3780:Miaphysitism
3661:
3635:Karabisianoi
2939:or territory
2899:Thessalonica
2883:Latin Empire
2878:Frankokratia
2853:
2813:Isaurian era
2800:
2731:
2716:
2712:Roman Empire
2702:
2583:Norfolk punt
2461:Mast aft rig
2370:Herring buss
2294:West Country
2216:Sloop-of-war
2071:
2067:
2001:Crommesteven
1823:
1494:sailing rigs
1468:Mast aft rig
1416:Sailing rigs
1376:vessels and
1325:
1301:
1278:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1207:
1203:Haldon, John
1171:
1165:
1147:
1133:the original
1124:
1105:
1092:, retrieved
1085:the original
1080:
1074:
1058:
1042:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
891:Delgado 2011
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
730:
718:
683:
656:
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
588:
584:
572:
560:
488:
484:Fatimid navy
466:
423:, the heavy
418:
356:
333:
306:pseudopation
226:Vandalic War
220:
189:
153:
148:
129:
104:
97:
93:
38:
36:
24:
4543:Megali Idea
4518:Byzantinism
4221:Agriculture
4012:Hagia Irene
3845:Kievan Rus'
3822:Mount Athos
3645:Cibyrrhaeot
3589:Vestiaritai
3444:Mercenaries
3321:Catepanates
3180:Sakellarios
3099:Family tree
3024:Mesopotamia
2843:Angelid era
2823:Amorian era
2578:Mersey flat
2556:Other types
2345:Barca-longa
2247:Down Easter
1884:Bomb vessel
1836:K'un-lun po
1814:Quadriremes
1799:Penteconter
1686:Quadrimaran
1507:Barquentine
1423:Bermuda rig
1392:Age of Sail
915:Casson 1995
843:Haldon 1999
807:Dolley 1948
676:Casson 1995
216:Hellenistic
197:shell-first
87:during the
31:Rus' attack
4596:Categories
4538:Third Rome
4464:University
4447:Philosophy
4437:Inventions
4300:Historians
4268:Literature
4251:Varangians
4093:San Vitale
4022:Hippodrome
4002:City Walls
3902:Mutilation
3897:Hexabiblos
3817:Bogomilism
3807:Iconoclasm
3677:Megas doux
3667:Greek fire
3650:Aegean Sea
3523:Kleisourai
3500:Excubitors
3490:Bucellarii
3342:Despotates
3311:Kleisourai
3250:Provincial
3094:Coronation
3068:Governance
2833:Doukid era
2766:Leonid era
2542:Treenailed
2522:Lashed lug
2517:Inflatable
2496:Windsurfer
2481:Sportsboat
2430:Well smack
2299:Windjammer
2226:Trincadour
2196:Padewakang
2046:Man-of-war
1985:Trabaccolo
1924:Malangbang
1726:Vaka katea
1676:Pentamaran
1517:Brigantine
1478:Square rig
1473:Pinisi rig
1453:Lateen rig
1443:Gunter rig
1407:Navigation
1094:2012-01-25
987:Pryor 1995
963:Pryor 2003
867:Pryor 1995
747:Pryor 1995
723:Basch 2001
696:Pomey 2006
688:Basch 2001
538:chelandion
520:chelandion
498:skeuophora
322:xylokastra
316:kastellōma
311:Greek fire
222:Belisarius
161:katastrōma
102:Old French
85:Roman navy
4366:Octoechos
4246:Silk Road
3738:Hesychasm
3606:Paramonai
3553:Hetaireia
3485:Foederati
3374:Diplomacy
3369:Diplomats
3275:Provinces
3104:Empresses
2907:Trebizond
2703:Preceding
2537:Tall ship
2365:Gableboat
2279:Leti leti
2269:Janggolan
2201:Post ship
2072:de armada
2061:Speronara
1789:Fire ship
1721:Va'a-tele
1646:Kora kora
1611:Catamaran
1577:Multihull
1483:Tanja rig
1428:Crab claw
1385:Overviews
1372:Types of
1267:162300888
1196:162710370
1051:0520-0121
553:Citations
514:chelandia
508:hippagōga
492:phortēgoi
462: 60
398:πᾶν+φῦλον
393:Pamphylia
382:pamphylon
334:The four
268:katartion
242:outrigger
81:liburnian
4459:Scholars
4452:Rhetoric
4442:Medicine
4417:Learning
4316:Calendar
4193:Painters
3892:Basilika
3830:Bulgaria
3792:Arianism
3743:Hayhurum
3720:Religion
3682:Admirals
3601:Allagion
3533:Droungos
3439:Generals
3401:Military
3364:Treaties
3270:Dioceses
3089:Emperors
3002:Sardinia
2982:Dalmatia
2962:Bulgaria
2952:Anatolia
2911:Theodoro
2905: /
2901: /
2893: /
2491:Wharrams
2410:Sixareen
2405:Nordland
2400:Patorani
2186:Gundalow
2171:Gallivat
2156:Chialoup
2151:Bilander
2100:Corvette
2016:Galleass
1975:Lancaran
1934:Tongkang
1919:Longship
1869:Balinger
1769:Balangay
1716:Ungalawa
1711:Trimaran
1706:Tongiaki
1701:Tipairua
1552:Schooner
1448:Junk rig
1438:Gaff rig
1324:(2006),
1205:(1999).
1104:(1995),
1041:(1966),
523:and the
388:πάμφυλον
370:οὑσιακόν
364:ousiakon
353:Variants
328:peronion
294:krabatos
234:monoreme
141:Marmaray
45:δρόμων,
4612:Galleys
4568:Outline
4513:Museums
4413:Science
4390:Slavery
4346:Gardens
4326:Cuisine
4258:Dynatoi
4226:Coinage
4213:Economy
4181:Mosaics
4144:Mystras
4085:Ravenna
3947:Secular
3835:Moravia
3584:Pronoia
3558:Akritai
3543:Tagmata
3518:Themata
3459:Revolts
3429:Battles
3337:Kephale
3306:Themata
3236:Mesazon
3078:Central
3014:Maghreb
2967:Corsica
2957:Armenia
2947:Albania
2690:History
2627:Related
2425:Tartane
2375:Jangada
2355:Felucca
2350:Falkuša
2308:20th c.
2262:Warship
2252:Golekan
2235:19th c.
2161:Clipper
2144:18th c.
2130:Polacca
2110:Frigate
2088:17th c.
2056:Patache
2051:Manchua
2026:Flyboat
2011:Galleon
1994:16th c.
1965:Caravel
1955:Carrack
1948:15th c.
1914:Kondura
1879:Birlinn
1809:Trireme
1761:Ancient
1696:Tepukei
1651:Lakatoi
1641:Karakoa
1621:Guilalo
1606:Camakau
1591:Amatasi
1579:vessels
1547:Mistico
1522:Catboat
1463:Lug rig
1374:sailing
1247:Bibcode
549:depth.
480:trireme
442:μονήρης
436:monērēs
275:at the
256:marines
251:elasiai
186:ἔμβολος
178:rostrum
105:dromont
98:dromond
75:of the
73:warship
56:
4578:Portal
4493:Impact
4373:People
4321:Cities
4171:Enamel
3952:Sacred
3887:Ecloga
3753:Saints
3662:Dromon
3538:Bandon
3528:Tourma
3511:Middle
3434:Beacon
3316:Bandon
3299:Middle
3168:Middle
3123:Senate
3046:Thrace
3029:Serbia
3007:Sicily
2992:Greece
2977:Cyprus
2895:Epirus
2891:Nicaea
2801:Middle
2678:topics
2618:Wherry
2593:Pausik
2451:Dinghy
2395:Mayang
2390:Masula
2385:Lugger
2380:Jukung
2284:Palari
2206:74-gun
2191:Lanong
2115:Galeas
2041:Lorcha
2006:Galiot
1970:Ghurab
1929:Shitik
1874:Benawa
1824:Dromon
1804:Bireme
1794:Galley
1656:Lanong
1626:Jukung
1596:Baurua
1527:Cutter
1502:Barque
1332:
1309:
1285:
1265:
1215:
1194:
1188:298170
1186:
1154:
1112:
1049:
532:dromōn
526:dromōn
426:dromōn
410:ousiai
404:dromōn
337:galeai
282:prymnē
262:histos
246:bireme
170:lateen
151:type.
133:Sicily
89:Empire
69:galley
62:runner
48:dromōn
41:(from
39:dromon
4563:Index
4395:Death
4385:Women
4356:Music
4336:Dress
4331:Dance
4276:Novel
4236:Trade
4231:Mints
4176:Glass
4166:Icons
3962:Domes
3840:Serbs
3655:Samos
3468:Early
3258:Early
3132:Early
3041:Syria
3019:Malta
2997:Italy
2987:Egypt
2972:Crete
2903:Morea
2732:Early
2573:Fusta
2527:Razee
2501:Yacht
2420:Smack
2415:Sgoth
2360:Fifie
2335:Bagan
2289:Tamar
2274:Lambo
2176:Garay
2079:Xebec
2068:round
2031:Fluyt
2021:Ghali
1939:Zabra
1904:Knarr
1846:Mtepe
1774:Boita
1731:Vinta
1691:Takia
1671:Paraw
1636:Kalia
1601:Bigiw
1586:ʻalia
1557:Sloop
1542:Ketch
1263:S2CID
1192:S2CID
1184:JSTOR
1136:(PDF)
1129:(PDF)
1088:(PDF)
1071:(PDF)
454:γαλέα
448:galea
413:. In
376:ousia
300:prōra
288:skēnē
277:stern
212:India
182:Greek
174:Latin
149:galea
125:Mainz
43:Greek
4361:Lyra
4241:silk
3852:Jews
3627:Navy
3572:Late
3412:Army
3379:Wars
3330:Late
3224:Late
2854:Late
2608:Scow
2603:Pram
2547:ULDB
2532:Sewn
2435:Yoal
2340:Bago
2221:Toop
2181:Grab
2125:Pink
2120:Koff
1909:Koch
1899:Jong
1894:Hulk
1841:Lepa
1831:Junk
1784:Dhow
1681:Proa
1666:Pahi
1631:Kaep
1616:Drua
1567:Yawl
1562:Snow
1512:Brig
1378:rigs
1330:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1047:ISSN
547:hold
545:and
543:beam
345:and
203:hull
166:rams
156:deck
100:and
53:lit.
4158:Art
3862:Law
2070:or
1980:Hoy
1889:Cog
1851:Uru
1492:By
1255:doi
1176:doi
417:'s
265:or
4598::
1736:Wa
1261:,
1253:,
1243:35
1241:,
1190:,
1182:,
1172:38
1170:,
1079:,
1073:,
703:^
668:^
459:c.
349:.
184::
180:,
176::
123:,
91:.
51:,
37:A
2913:)
2909:–
2897:–
2784:"
2780:"
2668:e
2661:t
2654:v
2167:)
2163:(
2074:)
1365:e
1358:t
1351:v
1315:.
1257::
1249::
1221:.
1178::
1081:6
505:(
451:(
439:(
385:(
367:(
279:(
259:(
158:(
65:'
59:'
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