4231:
4238:
5651:
3475:
664:
5212:
765:
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1292:, and that a fully grown male could weigh between 528 and 584 kg (1,164 and 1,287 lb), whilst a female would likely weigh between 441 and 451 kg (972 and 994 lb). The disparity in robustness was interpreted by the researchers as evidence of the biology of the species, behaviours such as incubation by the female, pair bonding, parental care and aggression while nesting, and courtship or display habits exhibited by extant waterfowl, the
137:
4224:
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1001:"Demon Duck of Doom" is a reference to the large bill and body of the species. Fossil specimens of this species and other mihirungs are common, but the example of a near complete skull discovered in the 1980s was an unusual find. The direct evidence of the beak structure was evaluated in debate over the diet and habits of dromornithids. The bird's generic name is improperly translated as "ox-bird", but was named instead for the
3463:
1485:. Palaeontologists Murray and Vickers-Rich suggested that the diet may have overlapped considerably with the diets of other large birds and animals, and that the subsequent converging trophic morphology could have contributed to the large birds extinction as it was 'out-competed' of its food source. Alternative arguments have proposed that the large birds' breeding patterns may have contributed. It's suggested that
115:
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545:
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1253:
937:
730:'s explorations, found in a cave, did not allow him to confirm an alliance with any previously described species of large flightless birds. Owen withheld describing that specimen, now thought lost, until the type for this species emerged many years later. The new material had been found while digging a well at Peak Downs and forwarded to Owen via
641:
773:
drift pebbles and boulders, on one of which boulders ("at that depth," 150 feet?) rested a short, thick femur, so filled with mineral matter (calc spar and iron pyrites) as to give the internal structure more the appearance of a reptilian than an ornithic bone." Owen notes the specimen was reported by W. B. Clarke, attributing it to
1329:) shows the head of this species to be about 25% larger . Reconstruction of overlapping remains of the rostrum have revealed its form and size, the lower mandible would have been around 0.5 metres. The size and proportions of the head and its bill are comparable to that of mammals such as camels or horses
1454:
probably existed in an assemblage of fauna that included other dromornithids and browsing marsupials as the apex herbivores. The
Alcoota Local Fauna were deposited at the only known upper Miocene fossil beds of Central Australia. The early conceptions of a fearsome bird receives some support from the
1332:
The large bird had "stubby", reduced wings, which ultimately deemed it flightless. However, whilst the bird was flightless, a strong development between the bony crests and tuberosities, where the wings were attached, allowed them to flap their wings. The bird was also characterised by its large hind
914:
to early
Miocene. This was established using correlation with the evolutionary stage of vertebrate species known from other sites at Riversleigh. Hiatus site is limestone deposited in an aquatic setting, lacking indicators for methods such as radiometric dating. Another site where the species occurs
1467:
was herbivorous. This has been deduced from various features of its anatomy. One of these features is that the end of the bird's bill, does not have a hook, and that the beak is instead wide, narrow and blunt, typical of a herbivore. The bird also had hoof-like feet, rather than 'talons', which are
1472:
suggest that the species was herbivorous. Despite this however, there are various indicators that suggest the bird may have been carnivorous or omnivorous (Murray, 2004). The size and muscularity of the birds skull and beak would also suggest that they may not have been herbivores, as no source of
1423:
The concentration of dromornithid species, and more generally, other fossils within this area is indicative of the phenomenon known as "waterhole-tethering", whereby animals would accumulate within the immediate area of water sources, many of which would then die. Whilst this is the only location
1376:
epoch (24–5 million years ago). At this location, the fossil deposits are found in the Waite
Formation, which consists of sandstones, limestones and siltstones. The various fossils that have been found within this region suggest that they were laid in episodical channels, characterised by a large
1320:
was characterised by a deep lower jaw and a quadrate bone (which connects the upper and lower jaws) that was distinctly shaped. This narrow, deep bill, made up approximately two thirds of the skull. The front of this powerful jaw was used to cut, whilst the back of the jaw was used for crushing.
989:
proposed by the author for genus. The type is a fossilised section of the right femur, with other material, vertebrae and a rib, also referred to the same species. The specific epithet honours the discoverer of the vertebrae fossils, Michael Plane, thus the proposed trivial name of "Plane's Bull
772:
The species is known by the right femur, around twelve inches long, obtained at the Peak Downs site. The details of its deposition accompanied Owen's description, "The well was sunk through 30 feet of the black trappean alluvial soil common in that part of
Australia, and then through 150 feet of
1279:
family, which is a family of large flightless birds endemic to
Australia. The weight of the animal is also thought to have been exceedingly large. Peter F. Murray and Patricia Vickers-Rich, in their work "Magnificent Mihirungs" (2004), utilised three varying scientific methods to derive the
1348:
analysis using landmark based and actual measurements which also supported earlier conclusions regarding the species enormous size. This histological technique has been applied to other large and extinct avian species, including investigation into the paleobiology of the elephant birds
1489:
lived for a relatively long period of time in a group of older birds; however, for the few young that were produced, time to maturity was considerable. Subsequently, breeding adults were replaced slowly, which left the species highly vulnerable if breeding adults were lost.
1473:
vegetable food in their environment would have required such a powerful beak (Vickers-Rich, 1979). In recognition of the varying opinions, it is widely accepted that whilst the large bird may have occasionally scavenged or eaten smaller prey, they were mostly herbivorous.
712:
in
Queensland, at a depth of around 55 metres (180 ft) in a well shaft. This type of locality was described as an assemblage of boulders and pebbles beneath around thirty feet of alluvial soil; the femur was located over a boulder in the rock beds. The description of
970:. As large as an ostrich or emu, the species possessed a stocky build. A proposed common name, referring to its discoverer and locality, is Plane's bull bird. The site of its discovery was once semi-arid, containing low vegetation around seasonal wetlands and rivers.
1616:
Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (26 September 2018). "Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird". Royal
Society Open Science. 5 (9): 181295. doi:10.1098/rsos.181295. eISSN
354:
epochs. The species were flightless, possessing greatly reduced wing structures but with large legs, similar to the modern ostrich or emu. They were likely to have been predominantly, if not exclusively, herbivorous browsers. The male of the largest species,
1091:. Its bill was curved and deep, the overall size of the head and skull was remarkably large. The species stood approximately 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) tall. It may have weighed up to 250 kg (550 lb). Features of skull, including a very large
2332:
Chinsamy, A., Handley, W. D., Yates. A. M., Worthy, T. H. (2016). Sexual dimorphism in the late
Miocene mihirung Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) from the Alcoota Local Fauna of central Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36:5, DOI:
1021:
on the basis of many common traits observed in the cranial and postcranial skeleton of both taxa and their close relationship strongly supported by their phylogenetic analyses. Subsequent studies also agreed upon placing this species within the genus
389:
in 1843. A femur that was forwarded to
England, probably a dromornithid and since lost, suggested an Australian genus, but Owen withheld publication for many years. The type specimen, another femur, was found in a 55-metre-deep (180 ft) well at
1053:. This, in addition to the bird's tremendous size and earlier misclassification as a carnivore, gave rise to its colourful nickname. It may be somewhat inaccurate, however, as other studies have recovered dromornithids as more closely related to
1396:. Fragmentary remains are common at these sites, although little is assignable to an individual of the species. Some depositions contain fragments of around four individuals in disarray over an area of one square metre. Other
885:
Wings were greatly reduced, approximately 100–150 millimetres (3.9–5.9 in), and would not have been evident beneath the bird's plumage. The skull cavity held an exceptionally small brain, the description's leading author
1212:
and
Stirton's thunderbird, was a large feathered bird that grew up to heights of 3 m (9.8 ft) and weights in excess of 500 kg and is widely thought to have been the largest avian species to have ever existed.
532:) to refer to each species. Nicknames describing the species as 'thunderbirds' etc. have appeared in reports of their discovery, later terms such as "demon ducks" refer to their relationship to the extant waterfowl of the
1740:
Trevor H. Worthy; Warren D. Handley; Michael Archer; Suzanne J. Hand (2016). "The extinct flightless mihirungs (Aves, Dromornithidae): cranial anatomy, a new species, and assessment of Oligo-Miocene lineage diversity".
1333:
legs, which after the completion of biomechanical studies are confirmed to have been muscular, rather than slender, due to the size of the muscle attachments along the leg. Due to the muscularity of these legs,
851:
The type material is the partial remains of a cranium, which was obtained at a locality named Hiatus A Site in the Carl Creek Limestone Formation; this location is one of the numerous study sites at the
1428:
have been discovered, discovery of other species within the Dromornithidae family suggests that they may have been distributed across Australia. Various Dromornithidae fossils have been found in
4230:
1134:
and river. The flora probably consisted of sedges and shrubs favouring a semi-arid climate. The area was occupied by herbivores favoring shrubland, horned turtles, marsupial tapirs and
872:
This species stood around 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high and weighed up to 250 kilograms (550 lb), a considerable size but smaller than its congeners; the later species
882:
have been dated to 26 million years ago, being discovered at a 'shelf', a rich layer of fossilised bones, that included leg and cranial remains of the unknown species.
809:
lineage, allied to more gracile species of the family, but these results were not considered to be necessarily characteristic to any dromornithid genera. A fragment of
6223:
6102:
1341:
was also characterised by its large, hoof-like toes, which had convex nails, rather than claws. Further typical of flightless birds, it did not have a breastbone.
1337:
is thought to have possibly been capable of running at great speeds, whereas birds such as the emu depend on the slenderness of their legs to reach higher speeds.
1697:(3 May 2016). "The extinct flightless mihirungs (Aves, Dromornithidae): cranial anatomy, a new species, and assessment of Oligo-Miocene lineage diversity".
1356:
was extremely K-selected, likely requiring over a decade to reach its adult body size, after which skeletal maturity occurred and its growth rate retarded.
1263:
was a large feathered bird which grew up over 3 m (9.8 ft) in height. This height is thought to have exceeded the tallest species of the genus
417:
The genus and family are referred to as mihirung, distinguishing these birds from the giant emus. 'Mihirung paringmal' is an Aboriginal word from the
821:, the slight possibility that it is referable to this species might represent the continuation of the lineage as a smaller species into the Pliocene.
840:
in Queensland, Australia. The period during which it existed was the Oligocene to early Miocene, making this the earliest known species of the genus
6316:
6210:
6089:
5981:
5899:
5804:
2378:"Osteohistology of Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) and the biological implications of the bone histology of the Australian mihirung birds"
915:
is Cadbury's Kingdom, designated as Faunal Zone B which is also dated as early Miocene. The temporal range of these finds is approximately 25 to 16
1506:
Murray, P. F. Vickers-Rich, P. (2004) Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime. Indiana University Press.
603:
who also evolved alongside mammals, the diversity of species was very low, apparently monotypes that emerged in succession and increased in size.
717:
by Richard Owen, best known for extensive work on the paleontology of Australian mammals, was the first of an extinct Australian avian species.
6387:
1455:
proposed behaviour of the larger males aggressively defending a preferred range against competitors, other males or herbivores, and predators.
2621:
2499:
2159:
1935:
1511:
2439:
1833:
1380:
The vegetation type of the region in that period was open woodland favouring its semi-arid climate, within which seasonal rainfall occurs.
2249:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Yates, A. (2015). "Connecting the thigh and foot: resolving the association of post-cranial elements in the species of
6392:
6367:
361:, is a contender for the tallest and heaviest bird, and possibly exhibited aggressive territorial behaviour. They belong to the family
1123:
1006:
963:
6362:
3474:
2539:
2462:
2188:
5650:
981:. The description's first generic epithet was derived by a partial reference to the Bullock Creek Site and the greek word for bird
2584:
6372:
1690:
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family. Members of this family lived from 8 million years ago until less than 30,000 years ago. Although they looked like giant
1953:"Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird"
1222:
903:
853:
398:, and subsequently described by Owen in 1872. Owen's new taxon was published in a series on prehistoric birds, read before the
5211:
4237:
1605:
The Dromornithidae, a family of large,extinct ground birds endemic to Australia: Systematic and phylogenetic considerations
1878:
2549:
Ayliffe, Linda K. (8 January 1999). "Pleistocene Extinction of Genyornis newtoni: Human Impact on Australian Megafauna".
4223:
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Bird". Plane had been the first to investigate the Bullock Creek site, details of which were published in a 1968 paper.
857:
399:
385:(giant moas), another lineage of ancient large and flightless birds found in New Zealand that was earlier described by
422:
5216:
2363:
Puiu, T. (2021). Giant Australian flightless bird was "extreme evolutionary experiment". Retrieved from ZME Science:
1795:
Handley, W. D.; A. Chinsamy; A. M. Yates & T. H. Worthy (2016), "Sexual dimorphism in the late Miocene mihirung
2452:
1034:
727:
136:
3468:
1185:, suggesting a herbivorous diet like the other species it is found alongside, yet suggestions have published that
1167:
The diet of these birds is uncertain, although it is determined that the bill was thin and had little bite force.
726:
in the palaeontological collections of early Australian excavations. A femur that he had noted in the appendix of
3414:
2614:
2519:
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typically associated with carnivores or omnivores. Lastly, analysis of the amino acids within the egg shells of
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2712:
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2427:
2201:
6382:
5336:
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1002:
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1344:
Two forms of unearthed specimens are considered to be due to strong sexual dimorphism, concluded in a 2016
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5313:
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1402:
1087:
but with a heavier build; the species is however exceeded in size by the largest of these "thunder birds"
788:
5972:
2479:
2440:
https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/extinct-animals/dromornis-planei-bullockornis-planei/
746:. Richard Owen found affinities and distinctions in an osteological comparison to species of the extinct
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3358:
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The species is presumed to have had greatly reduced wing structures, as with other flightless birds the
974:
801:
A comparative analysis that included this femur indicated morphological characters assignable to either
475:
6175:
5544:
2589:
1686:
878:
is determined to have been up to 650 kilograms (1,430 lb). The fossil specimens used to describe
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1964:
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suggesting the comparison, "I mean, if a chicken was silly, these things were very much more silly."
663:
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3571:
1570:(Part XIX.): Containing a Description of a Femur indicative of a new Genus of large Wingless Bird (
1408:
1369:
1218:
792:, another dromornithid species. Other osteological features of the specimens have been compared to
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709:
391:
375:
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6357:
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690:
315:
131:
6334:
6267:
6254:
6133:
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5835:
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4390:
1352:
Osteohistological analysis of its femora, tibiotarsi, and tarsometatarsi has also revealed that
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5501:
4885:
6236:
6228:
6115:
5912:
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2566:
2535:
2531:
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2438:
Nguyen, J. (2019). Dromornis planei (Bullockornis planei) . Retrieved from Australian Museum:
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1990:
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https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/animals-ecology/giant-australian-flightless-bird-24032021/
1584:. Published for the Zoological Society of London by Academic Press: 391–383, Pl. LXII, LXIII.
1237:, are the only certain occurrence of the bird. Rich proposed the specific epithet for fellow
5684:
5609:
5551:
5144:
5035:
4789:
4682:
4380:
4114:
4093:
3403:
3337:
3244:
2881:
2558:
2487:
2391:
2270:
2229:
2100:
2021:
1980:
1972:
1804:
1758:
1714:
1682:
1651:
1537:
1241:
864:, the head researchers of taxa at the celebrated Riversleigh site and its associated fauna.
696:
459:
2218:
a dromornithid bird from the Oligo-Miocene of Australia, and its phylogenetic implications"
1640:"Endocranial Anatomy of the Giant Extinct Australian Mihirung Birds (Aves, Dromornithidae)"
517:
lineage is proposed to represent a monotypic succession, from earliest to latest these are
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5508:
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3741:
3660:
3616:
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3251:
3208:
3033:
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2697:
2209:
1694:
1372:. This region is renowned for the discovery of well-preserved vertebrate fossils from the
1238:
861:
5769:
2266:
2096:
1968:
1754:
1710:
1604:
528:
The dromornithid family are sometimes known by appellations such as Stirton's mihirung (
5674:
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5580:
5477:
5409:
5384:
5357:
5325:
4969:
4939:
4744:
4583:
4501:
4400:
4160:
4086:
4049:
3547:
3344:
3103:
2999:
2938:
2917:
2491:
1985:
1952:
1541:
1297:
1276:
1190:
1060:
The existence of only this species at the Bullock Creek Site, as with the late Miocene
1030:
559:
431:
362:
201:
1928:
Magnificent mihirungs : the colossal flightless birds of the Australian dreamtime
114:
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5694:
5689:
5558:
5418:
5302:
5246:
4925:
4844:
4811:
4775:
4728:
4698:
4645:
4638:
4524:
4515:
4329:
4309:
3852:
3841:
3727:
3696:
3653:
3602:
3588:
3282:
3014:
2992:
2977:
2895:
2524:
2234:
2114:
2035:
1135:
907:
887:
735:
616:
492:
72:
2076:
1770:
1726:
1095:
suited to shearing, have made some researchers consider that the bird may have been
1068:, such as the evolution of the ostriches in the presence of a diversity of mammals.
623:
would probably have met or exceeded the females of the tallest species of the genus
6294:
5704:
5566:
5293:
5167:
5160:
5099:
5017:
4804:
4690:
4569:
4481:
4410:
4369:
4319:
4137:
3990:
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3960:
3894:
3782:
3734:
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3536:
3391:
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3330:
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3236:
3221:
3157:
3114:
3075:
2945:
2924:
2855:
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2072:
1808:
1607:. Canberra Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics Bulletin 184, 1–196.
1397:
1345:
1139:
994:
844:. The size of these mihirungs was also determined to be the smallest of its genus.
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450:
386:
343:
230:
221:
17:
2274:
2213:
2009:
1762:
1718:
544:
5957:
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1525:
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of the period. Other mihirungs also occur in the Bullock Creek fauna, species of
1138:
species, but the fauna associated with this site were rarely the forest dwelling
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6048:
5966:
5871:
5763:
5529:
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3526:
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3089:
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3053:
3021:
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2751:
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2289:
Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime
1565:
1272:
1144:
1096:
1054:
580:
499:
47:
5754:
599:, of whom some descendants are known as ostriches and their allies. Like those
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5123:
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5058:
5024:
5010:
5003:
4827:
4737:
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4339:
4268:
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4183:
4130:
4006:
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2426:
Museum, A. (2018). Fossils in Alcoota, NT . Retrieved from Australian Museum:
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It is proposed that various factors may have contributed to the extinction of
1433:
1293:
1168:
1131:
926:, the site is located in the northeastern region of the Australian continent.
916:
418:
395:
92:
57:
6160:
6039:
5862:
2405:
2352:
5699:
5679:
5515:
5470:
5432:
4982:
4915:
4895:
4875:
4865:
4855:
4765:
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4561:
4056:
3883:
3675:
3557:
3229:
3171:
3123:
3067:
2953:
2822:
2724:
2672:
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and its relatives are more closely related to the earliest waterfowl of the
506:
347:
148:
97:
2413:
2376:
Chinsamy, Anusuya; Handley, Warren D.; Worthy, Trevor H. (17 August 2022).
1994:
1799:(Aves: Dromornithidae) from the Alcoota Local Fauna of central Australia",
1152:
remains are found with other large contemporaries, such as the diprotodont
2594:
2570:
2428:
https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/fossils/sites/alcoota/
1252:
936:
619:
from Madagascar, were likely just as heavy, if not heavier. The height of
578:. Comparative studies using endocranial reconstructions of dromornithids,
6288:
6154:
6033:
5951:
5856:
5748:
5522:
5394:
5051:
4989:
4751:
4705:
4349:
4100:
4024:
3668:
3632:
3178:
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2654:
2351:
Monroe, M. (2009). Dromornithidae. Retrieved from Australia Through Time:
1445:
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752:
734:, a geologist employed by the state of New South Wales, with a remark by
722:
677:
625:
381:
351:
168:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
1976:
962:, approximately 15 million years ago. It is known from specimens of the
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6007:
5986:
5904:
5886:
5809:
5778:
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4955:
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3639:
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2300:
1389:
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814:
102:
77:
1656:
1639:
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4460:
2844:
2648:
2396:
2377:
2026:
1065:
856:. The specimens were discovered by two of the collaborating authors,
600:
158:
5725:
1321:
Comparison of two partial crania with the near complete cranium of
1244:, an American who undertook extensive research on Australian taxa.
848:
was described from specimens of cranial and post cranial material.
2902:
1251:
1046:
935:
763:
662:
639:
543:
339:
6202:
6081:
5796:
2010:"The Australian Dromornithidae: a group of extinct large ratites"
1275:, and the Elephant Birds of Madagascar. This species is from the
1130:, the habitat during the time of deposition was a seasonally wet
595:
The species resemble large birds of the Northern hemisphere, the
428:
The placement of these dromornithid species may be summarised as
5234:
5179:
1160:
1092:
1050:
188:
178:
5729:
5232:
4253:
3490:
2790:
2641:
2603:
2599:
1574:, Owen) from a post-tertiary deposit in Queensland, Australia"
1417:
1268:
1084:
739:
684:. They were once considered the smallest species of the genus
630:
563:
2160:"Bones from ancestor of 'giant duck' discovered in Australia"
1412:, resembling the large but more gracile modern birds such as
836:
was described in 2016 using specimens discovered amongst the
1951:
Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (September 26, 2018).
1296:. In comparison to other known ratite elephant birds of the
2454:
No turning back : the life and death of animal species
2457:(1st ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 102.
1079:
was a very large flightless bird, similar in height to an
1064:
local fauna, correlates to the lack of diversity in large
1930:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 50–51.
922:
The only known occurrence of this species is amongst the
1217:
first discovered the remains of the bird in 1979 in the
1164:
that preyed upon them as they came to the water's edge.
1103:. The bird's skull is larger than that of small horses.
756:(the emu) and proposed that it represented a new genus.
558:
is a genus of large to gigantic flightless birds of the
406:. The name of the genus is derived from Ancient Greek,
2085:
The Geological Magazine, or, Monthly Journal of Geology
1638:
Handley, Warren D.; Worthy, Trevor H. (15 March 2021).
1189:
might have the carnivorous abilities attributed to the
708:
The fossil remains of a large femur were discovered at
1377:
series of interconnected lakes, within a large basin.
1114:
enabled it to move its great mass relatively quickly.
2526:
No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species
2181:
No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species
1225:. Large amounts of fragmentary material found at the
5489:
5450:
5406:
5390:
5380:
5370:
5141:
5087:
4966:
4936:
4921:
4911:
4901:
4891:
4881:
4871:
4861:
4851:
4840:
4762:
4725:
4670:
4619:
4580:
4542:
4512:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4426:
4416:
4406:
4396:
4386:
4376:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4305:
4295:
4285:
4157:
4111:
4067:
4036:
4019:
3948:
3932:
3921:
3910:
3900:
3890:
3879:
3869:
3859:
3848:
3837:
3827:
3779:
3753:
3707:
3613:
3568:
3553:
3543:
3532:
3522:
3400:
3205:
2878:
2861:
2851:
2840:
2829:
2818:
2255:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
1256:
A pencil-drawn reconstruction of Dromornis stirtoni.
298:
285:
268:
255:
6278:
6144:
6023:
5941:
5846:
5738:
5488:
5449:
5405:
5355:
5324:
5301:
5292:
5268:
5245:
5178:
5140:
5086:
5034:
4965:
4935:
4825:
4761:
4724:
4669:
4618:
4579:
4541:
4511:
4266:
4182:
4156:
4147:
4110:
4066:
4035:
4004:
3947:
3808:
3778:
3752:
3706:
3612:
3567:
3503:
3425:
3399:
3390:
3313:
3261:
3204:
3147:
3113:
3032:
2963:
2876:
2803:
2750:
2723:
2696:
1364:At present the only recorded fossil discoveries of
2523:
966:fauna, fossils found in the Northern Territory of
1171:are found with similar species of other regions,
1013:. In 2010, Nguyen and Boles first suggested that
637:, with females tending to be larger than males.)
373:The genus was erected to separate a new species,
1578:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
1400:species have been found alongside this species,
1110:was not keeled. The exceptionally large legs of
997:, that share ancestry with ducks and geese. The
993:It was one of several species of mihirungs, the
365:, extinct flightless birds known as mihirungs.
2484:Palaeobiology of Extinct Giant Flightless Birds
2478:Angst, Delphine; Buffetaut, Eric (2017-01-01).
2328:
2326:
1530:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
588:species, suggest that the head and bill of the
1926:Murray, Peter; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2004).
1921:
1919:
2615:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
609:is amongst the largest known birds, although
8:
2091:(62). Cambridge University Press.: 383–384.
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1314:by the authors, the largest of that family.
2183:. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 102.
2175:
2173:
1388:and Ongeva Local Faunas, dated to the Late
768:Second image accompanying Owens description
5726:
5363:
5298:
5274:
5242:
5229:
4974:
4833:
4278:
4274:
4263:
4250:
4153:
4012:
3820:
3816:
3515:
3511:
3500:
3487:
3396:
3267:
3213:
3201:
3038:
2969:
2887:
2811:
2800:
2787:
2729:
2702:
2693:
2638:
2622:
2608:
2600:
2353:https://austhrutime.com/dromornithidae.htm
2153:
2151:
2149:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
813:found at the Canadian deep lead mine near
113:
31:
2395:
2233:
2104:
2051:"Mihirungs: Giant Birds of the Dreamtime"
2025:
1984:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1655:
1284:. This thorough analysis of the bones of
1099:, but most currently agree that it was a
2287:Peter F. Murray, Patricia Vickers-Rich,
1834:"Dromornis planei (Bullockornis planei)"
1384:is found amongst the depositions of the
798:, the gigantic "Stirton's thunderbird".
1499:
1304:the heaviest of all known discoveries.
720:Owen had previously sought evidence of
2530:. New York: Harper Perennial. p.
1832:Nguyen, Jacqueline (7 November 2019).
952:, formerly placed in a separate genus
1288:revealed that there was considerable
977:in 1979, assigning it to a new genus
7:
6013:1085D2C2-5ADD-47C7-86B0-91E245CCCE5C
2158:Brennan, Imogen (19 February 2016).
738:that placed it with the New Zealand
688:, around three quarters the size of
667:Photolithograph of holotype specimen
633:of New Zealand. (Some moa exhibited
1280:approximate weight and size of the
973:The species was first described by
2492:10.1016/b978-1-78548-136-9.50004-0
1801:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1743:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1699:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1542:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1872.tb00495.x
700:specimens were described in 2016.
519:D. murrayi, D. planei, D. stirtoni
25:
2585:Exhibit of reconstructed skeleton
2305:Der schwerste Vogel aller Zeiten"
817:has been tentatively assigned to
786:The femur is similar in size to
5710:
5709:
5655:
5649:
5215:
5210:
4236:
4229:
4222:
3473:
3467:
3461:
2235:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1539
2222:Records of the Australian Museum
2129:"Fossilworks: Dromornis murrayi"
434:(8 extinct species in 4 genera)
379:, from the previously described
135:
1223:Northern Territory of Australia
854:Riversleigh World Heritage Area
346:native to Australia during the
2311:(in German). 24 September 2014
1809:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.3422146.V1
1017:represents another species of
592:lineage became foreshortened.
1:
6388:Fossil taxa described in 1872
2595:Bullockornis ("Bullock Bird")
2486:. Elsevier. pp. 95–131.
2333:10.1080/02724634.2016.1180298
2275:10.1080/03115518.2015.1015818
1763:10.1080/02724634.2015.1031345
1719:10.1080/02724634.2015.1031345
410:meaning running, a race, and
2563:10.1126/science.283.5399.205
400:Zoological Society of London
1463:It is widely accepted that
1406:and the tentatively placed
425:and it means 'giant bird'.
6409:
6393:Taxa named by Richard Owen
6368:Neogene birds of Australia
2008:Rich, Pat Vickers (1980).
1957:Royal Society Open Science
5669:
5647:
5366:
5277:
5241:
5228:
5208:
4977:
4836:
4281:
4277:
4262:
4249:
4220:
4015:
3823:
3819:
3518:
3514:
3499:
3486:
3459:
3270:
3216:
3200:
3041:
2972:
2890:
2814:
2799:
2786:
2732:
2705:
2692:
2637:
2253:(Aves: Dromornithidae)".
2106:10.1017/S0016756800162855
1208:, colloquially known as
1122:A species known from the
1039:Central Australian Museum
694:, until the discovery of
321:
314:
252:
247:
236:
229:
132:Scientific classification
130:
121:
112:
34:
6363:Extinct flightless birds
2590:Giant duck a flesh eater
2202:Nguyen, Jacqueline M. T.
2014:Contributions in Science
1879:"Stirton's Thunder Bird"
1440:), as well as tracks in
6373:Prehistoric bird genera
2451:Ellis, Richard (2004).
2216:Barawertornis tedfordi,
2049:Lingham, Barry (2011).
1267:, which were the giant
898:The fossil deposits of
805:or a continuation of a
43:Late Oligocene–Pliocene
2081:, an Australian genus"
1436:) and Bullocks Creek (
1403:Ilbandornis woodburnei
1257:
985:, and the common name
958:, lived in the Middle
944:
902:at the Hiatus site of
807:Ilbandornis woodburnei
789:Ilbandornis woodburnei
783:several years before.
769:
668:
648:
552:
402:then appearing in its
27:Extinct genus of birds
6330:Paleobiology Database
6263:Paleobiology Database
6250:Paleobiology Database
6129:Paleobiology Database
5995:Paleobiology Database
5926:Paleobiology Database
5831:Paleobiology Database
3359:Paralitherizinosaurus
2383:The Anatomical Record
1883:The Australian Museum
1838:The Australian Museum
1255:
1215:Patricia Vickers-Rich
1158:, and the crocodiles
975:Patricia Vickers-Rich
939:
767:
676:fossils are found in
666:
643:
551:, artist's impression
547:
342:of large to enormous
1126:fossil fauna in the
910:and another as late
521:, and this species,
5878:Dromornis australis
5848:Dromornis australis
4546:Patagopterygiformes
4071:Confuciusornithidae
3937:Scansoriopterygidae
3572:Scansoriopterygidae
2267:2015Alch...39..407W
2097:1869GeoM....6..383C
1977:10.1098/rsos.181295
1969:2018RSOS....581295H
1755:2016JVPal..36E1345W
1711:2016JVPal..36E1345W
1572:Dromornis australis
1409:Ilbandornis lawsoni
1370:Alcoota Fossil Beds
1368:have been from the
1219:Alcoota Fossil Beds
906:have been dated as
780:Geological Magazine
715:Dromornis australis
673:Dromornis australis
473:Bullockornis planei
448:Dromornis australis
376:Dromornis australis
238:Dromornis australis
18:Dromornis australis
6055:Dromornis stirtoni
6025:Dromornis stirtoni
4674:Songlingornithidae
4623:Hongshanornithidae
4040:Omnivoropterygidae
3952:Jeholornithiformes
3263:Therizinosauroidea
2055:Geelong Naturalist
1797:Dromornis stirtoni
1687:Handley, Warren D.
1483:Dromornis stirtoni
1465:Dromornis stirtoni
1438:Northern Territory
1366:Dromornis stirtoni
1300:family, this made
1261:Dromornis stirtoni
1258:
1210:Stirton's mihirung
1205:Dromornis stirtoni
1182:Dromornis stirtoni
1179:and near relation
1128:Northern Territory
1089:Dromornis stirtoni
945:
875:Dromornis stirtoni
795:Dromornis stirtoni
770:
691:Dromornis stirtoni
669:
649:
644:Holotype femur of
607:Dromornis stirtoni
553:
482:Dromornis stirtoni
358:Dromornis stirtoni
124:Dromornis stirtoni
6345:
6344:
6237:Open Tree of Life
6116:Open Tree of Life
5973:Dromornis murrayi
5943:Dromornis murrayi
5913:Open Tree of Life
5818:Open Tree of Life
5732:Taxon identifiers
5723:
5722:
5665:
5664:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5545:Lutetodontopteris
5454:Gastornithiformes
5351:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5235:Aves / Neornithes
5224:
5223:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5180:Aves / Neornithes
5082:
5081:
4821:
4820:
4653:Parahongshanornis
4245:
4244:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4000:
3999:
3926:Archaeopterygidae
3804:
3803:
3711:Archaeopterygidae
3482:
3481:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3315:Therizinosauridae
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2682:Maniraptoriformes
2557:(5399): 205–208.
2501:978-1-78548-136-9
2214:"New material of
2179:Ellis, R. (2004)
2166:. www.abc.net.au.
1937:978-0-253-34282-9
1683:Worthy, Trevor H.
1657:10.3390/d13030124
1603:Rich, P.V. 1979.
1564:Owen, R. (1874).
1524:Owen, R. (1872).
1512:978-0-253-34282-9
1311:Aepyornis maximus
1290:sexual dimorphism
1231:Central Australia
1005:for the genus at
924:Riversleigh fauna
900:Dromornis murrayi
880:Dromornis murrayi
846:Dromornis murrayi
838:Riversleigh fauna
833:Dromornis murrayi
635:sexual dimorphism
612:Aepyornis maximus
574:order or a basal
457:Dromornis murrayi
344:prehistoric birds
331:
330:
308:
295:
282:
265:
225:
16:(Redirected from
6400:
6338:
6337:
6325:
6324:
6312:
6311:
6309:590134AD63BFBAC1
6299:
6298:
6297:
6280:Dromornis planei
6271:
6270:
6258:
6257:
6245:
6244:
6232:
6231:
6219:
6218:
6206:
6205:
6193:
6192:
6190:63F0D56DC095454C
6180:
6179:
6178:
6176:Dromornis planei
6165:
6164:
6163:
6146:Dromornis planei
6137:
6136:
6124:
6123:
6111:
6110:
6098:
6097:
6085:
6084:
6072:
6071:
6069:1155378C41A18074
6059:
6058:
6057:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6016:
6015:
6003:
6002:
5990:
5989:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5934:
5933:
5921:
5920:
5908:
5907:
5895:
5894:
5892:AA761678F2C80D6C
5882:
5881:
5880:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5839:
5838:
5826:
5825:
5813:
5812:
5800:
5799:
5787:
5786:
5784:9598B80A0E77FC5D
5774:
5773:
5772:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5727:
5713:
5712:
5685:Deinonychosauria
5660:
5659:
5653:
5610:Protodontopteryx
5552:Macrodontopteryx
5491:
5452:
5408:
5392:
5382:
5372:
5364:
5299:
5275:
5243:
5230:
5219:
5214:
5145:Cimolopterygidae
5143:
5089:
5036:Hesperornithidae
4975:
4968:
4938:
4923:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4873:
4863:
4853:
4842:
4834:
4764:
4727:
4672:
4621:
4582:
4544:
4514:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4367:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4317:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4264:
4251:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4159:
4154:
4115:Jinguofortisidae
4113:
4094:Eoconfuciusornis
4069:
4038:
4021:
4013:
3950:
3934:
3923:
3912:
3902:
3892:
3881:
3871:
3861:
3850:
3839:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3781:
3755:
3709:
3615:
3570:
3555:
3545:
3534:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3501:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3415:Oviraptorosauria
3404:Oviraptorosauria
3402:
3397:
3338:Nanshiungosaurus
3268:
3245:Jianchangosaurus
3214:
3207:
3202:
3039:
2970:
2888:
2882:Alvarezsauroidea
2880:
2863:
2853:
2842:
2831:
2820:
2812:
2801:
2788:
2730:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2639:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2574:
2545:
2529:
2506:
2505:
2480:"Dromornithidae"
2475:
2469:
2468:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2399:
2397:10.1002/ar.25047
2390:(7): 1842–1863.
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2210:Hand, Suzanne J.
2206:Boles, Walter E.
2198:
2192:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2061:. The Club: 8–9.
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2027:10.5962/p.226841
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1812:
1811:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1695:Hand, Suzanne J.
1679:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1635:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1586:
1585:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1521:
1515:
1504:
1459:Feeding and diet
1349:Aepyornithidae.
1323:Dromornis planei
1308:was compared to
1242:Ruben A. Stirton
1150:Dromornis planei
1077:Dromornis planei
949:Dromornis planei
942:Dromornis planei
697:Dromornis planei
469:Dromornis planei
423:Western Victoria
306:
300:
293:
287:
276:
270:
263:
257:
220:
213:
200:
140:
139:
117:
107:
44:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6333:
6328:
6320:
6315:
6307:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6274:
6266:
6261:
6253:
6248:
6240:
6235:
6227:
6222:
6214:
6209:
6201:
6196:
6188:
6183:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6140:
6132:
6127:
6119:
6114:
6106:
6101:
6093:
6088:
6080:
6075:
6067:
6062:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6019:
6011:
6006:
5998:
5993:
5985:
5980:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5937:
5929:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5842:
5834:
5829:
5821:
5816:
5808:
5803:
5795:
5790:
5782:
5777:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5661:
5654:
5637:
5632:Tympanonesiotes
5625:Pseudodontornis
5588:Palaeochenoides
5509:Caspiodontornis
5493:Pelagornithidae
5484:
5445:
5401:
5343:
5320:
5288:
5264:
5237:
5220:
5194:
5174:
5136:
5078:
5073:Parahesperornis
5045:Asiahesperornis
5030:
4961:
4931:
4830:
4817:
4757:
4720:
4665:
4632:Archaeornithura
4614:
4575:
4537:
4507:
4290:Archaeorhynchus
4271:
4258:
4241:
4228:
4198:
4178:
4149:Ornithothoraces
4143:
4106:
4080:Changchengornis
4062:
4031:
4009:
3996:
3943:
3915:Anchiornithidae
3813:
3800:
3774:
3768:Dromaeosauridae
3757:Dromaeosauridae
3748:
3742:Anchiornithidae
3702:
3661:Liaoningvenator
3617:Anchiornithidae
3608:
3596:Scansoriopteryx
3563:
3508:
3495:
3478:
3441:
3421:
3378:
3373:Therizinosaurus
3309:
3257:
3252:Lingyuanosaurus
3209:Therizinosauria
3184:
3143:
3109:
3034:Parvicursorinae
3028:
2965:Alvarezsauridae
2959:
2884:
2872:
2808:
2795:
2766:
2746:
2719:
2713:Avemetatarsalia
2698:Avemetatarsalia
2688:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2628:
2581:
2548:
2542:
2518:
2515:
2513:Further reading
2510:
2509:
2502:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2337:
2331:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2178:
2171:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2133:fossilworks.org
2127:
2126:
2122:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1925:
1924:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1794:
1793:
1778:
1749:(3): e1031345.
1739:
1738:
1734:
1705:(3): e1031345.
1691:Archer, Michael
1681:
1680:
1665:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1589:
1563:
1562:
1549:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1479:
1461:
1362:
1250:
1239:palaeontologist
1229:fossil site in
1201:
1120:
1074:
1045:was related to
1041:, believe that
1031:paleontologists
934:
896:
870:
862:Suzanne J. Hand
829:
762:
750:and the extant
728:Thomas Mitchell
706:
661:
654:
615:, a species of
542:
371:
243:
240:
219:
211:
198:
134:
126:from Australia
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6406:
6404:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6383:Pliocene birds
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6350:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6326:
6313:
6300:
6284:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6259:
6246:
6233:
6220:
6207:
6194:
6181:
6166:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6125:
6112:
6099:
6086:
6073:
6060:
6045:
6029:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6004:
5991:
5978:
5963:
5947:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5922:
5909:
5896:
5883:
5868:
5852:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5827:
5814:
5801:
5788:
5775:
5760:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5675:Archaeornithes
5670:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5617:Protopelicanus
5613:
5606:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5581:Osteodontornis
5577:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5497:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5478:Dromornithidae
5474:
5467:
5458:
5456:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5414:
5412:
5410:Dromornithidae
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5388:
5385:Perplexicervix
5378:
5367:
5361:
5358:Incertae sedis
5353:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5337:Pangalliformes
5330:
5328:
5326:Pangalliformes
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5307:
5305:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5251:
5249:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5157:
5149:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5095:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4972:
4970:Hesperornithes
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4944:
4942:
4940:Ichthyornithes
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4849:
4837:
4831:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4748:
4745:Similiyanornis
4741:
4733:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4678:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4586:
4584:Ambiortiformes
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4502:Zhongjianornis
4495:
4485:
4475:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4424:
4414:
4404:
4401:Jianchangornis
4394:
4384:
4374:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4333:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4282:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4172:Enantiornithes
4165:
4163:
4161:Enantiornithes
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4087:Confuciusornis
4083:
4075:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4050:Omnivoropteryx
4045:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4016:
4010:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3930:
3919:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3877:
3867:
3857:
3846:
3835:
3824:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3548:Pneumatoraptor
3541:
3530:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3345:Neimongosaurus
3341:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3104:Trierarchuncus
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3011:
3004:
3000:Bonapartenykus
2996:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2939:Shishugounykus
2935:
2928:
2921:
2918:Bonapartenykus
2914:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2849:
2838:
2827:
2815:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2579:External links
2577:
2576:
2575:
2546:
2540:
2520:Ellis, Richard
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2470:
2463:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2368:
2356:
2335:
2322:
2292:
2280:
2261:(3): 407–427.
2241:
2193:
2169:
2145:
2120:
2064:
2041:
2000:
1943:
1936:
1895:
1877:Musser, Anne.
1850:
1813:
1776:
1732:
1663:
1619:
1609:
1587:
1547:
1526:"June 4, 1872"
1516:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1478:
1475:
1460:
1457:
1361:
1358:
1298:Aepyornithidae
1277:Dromornithidae
1249:
1246:
1200:
1195:
1119:
1116:
1073:
1070:
933:
928:
895:
892:
869:
866:
858:Michael Archer
828:
823:
761:
758:
705:
702:
660:
655:
653:
650:
560:Dromornithidae
541:
538:
511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
487:
486:
485:
479:
466:
454:
442:
441:
432:Dromornithidae
370:
367:
363:Dromornithidae
329:
328:
319:
318:
312:
311:
310:
309:
296:
283:
266:
250:
249:
245:
244:
241:
234:
233:
227:
226:
209:
205:
204:
202:Dromornithidae
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6405:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6378:Miocene birds
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5716:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:Odontornithes
5693:
5691:
5690:Odontognathae
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5658:
5652:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5419:Barawertornis
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5315:
5314:Anserimorphae
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5303:Anserimorphae
5300:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5259:
5258:Palaeognathae
5255:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5247:Palaeognathae
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5218:
5213:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4926:Tingmiatornis
4920:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:Antarcticavis
4839:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4824:
4814:
4813:
4812:Shuilingornis
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:Changzuiornis
4773:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4729:Yanornithidae
4723:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4699:Songlingornis
4696:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4646:Longicrusavis
4643:
4641:
4640:
4639:Hongshanornis
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:Mengciusornis
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4516:Schizoouridae
4510:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4330:Changzuiornis
4324:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4310:Brevidentavis
4304:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4225:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:Cretaaviculus
3847:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:Archaeopteryx
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3697:Yixianosaurus
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3654:Fujianvenator
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:Epidexipteryx
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:Beipiaosaurus
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3199:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:Heptasteornis
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:Alvarezsaurus
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:Achillesaurus
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:Achillesaurus
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2541:0-06-055804-0
2537:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2464:0-06-055803-2
2460:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:0-06-055804-0
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:Clarke, W. B.
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:(9): 181295.
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:type location
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:diprotodontid
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Bullock Creek
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:Bullock Creek
1004:
1003:type locality
1000:
996:
995:dromornithids
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
964:Bullock Creek
961:
957:
956:
951:
950:
943:
938:
932:
929:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
909:
908:early Miocene
905:
901:
893:
891:
889:
888:Trevor Worthy
883:
881:
877:
876:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:
827:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
796:
791:
790:
784:
782:
781:
776:
766:
759:
757:
755:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Gerard Krefft
733:
729:
725:
724:
718:
716:
711:
703:
701:
699:
698:
693:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
665:
659:
656:
651:
647:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:
622:
618:
617:elephant bird
614:
613:
608:
604:
602:
598:
597:Paleognathaes
593:
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
546:
539:
537:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
509:
508:
504:
502:
501:
497:
495:
494:
493:Barawertornis
490:
489:
483:
480:
477:
474:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
444:
443:
440:
437:
436:
435:
433:
429:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
384:
383:
378:
377:
368:
366:
364:
360:
359:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
327:
325:
320:
317:
313:
305:
304:
297:
292:
291:
284:
280:
275:
274:
267:
262:
261:
254:
253:
251:
246:
239:
235:
232:
228:
223:
218:
217:
210:
207:
206:
203:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6279:
6145:
6024:
5942:
5847:
5739:
5705:Unenlagiidae
5630:
5623:
5615:
5608:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5567:Odontopteryx
5565:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5393:
5383:
5373:
5356:
5294:Galloanserae
5281:
5168:Lamarqueavis
5166:
5161:Cimolopteryx
5159:
5152:
5129:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5100:Australornis
5098:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5023:
5018:Pasquiaornis
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4954:
4947:
4924:
4914:
4904:
4894:
4884:
4874:
4864:
4854:
4843:
4810:
4805:Khinganornis
4803:
4796:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4712:
4704:
4697:
4691:Piscivoravis
4689:
4681:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4606:
4598:
4591:
4570:Patagopteryx
4568:
4560:
4553:
4530:
4523:
4500:
4490:
4482:Xinghaiornis
4480:
4469:
4459:
4449:
4439:
4429:
4419:
4411:Jiuquanornis
4409:
4399:
4389:
4379:
4370:Gargantuavis
4368:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4328:
4320:Changmaornis
4318:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4227:
4138:Jinguofortis
4136:
4129:
4122:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4055:
4048:
4022:
3991:Neimengornis
3989:
3982:
3976:Jixiangornis
3974:
3967:
3961:Dalianraptor
3959:
3935:
3924:
3913:
3903:
3895:Yandangornis
3893:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3851:
3840:
3830:
3794:Troodontidae
3783:Troodontidae
3740:
3735:Wellnhoferia
3733:
3726:
3718:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3652:
3647:Eosinopteryx
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3556:
3546:
3537:Palaeopteryx
3535:
3525:
3466:
3392:Pennaraptora
3371:
3364:
3357:
3352:Nothronychus
3350:
3343:
3336:
3331:Erlikosaurus
3329:
3324:Erliansaurus
3322:
3304:Suzhousaurus
3302:
3297:Martharaptor
3295:
3290:Enigmosaurus
3288:
3281:
3274:
3250:
3243:
3237:Fukuivenator
3235:
3228:
3222:Eshanosaurus
3220:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3158:Albertonykus
3156:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:Ceratonykini
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3076:Nemegtonykus
3074:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2952:
2946:Tugulusaurus
2944:
2937:
2930:
2925:Haplocheirus
2923:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2894:
2864:
2856:Migmanychion
2854:
2843:
2834:Fukuivenator
2832:
2821:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2554:
2550:
2525:
2483:
2473:
2453:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2387:
2381:
2371:
2359:
2313:. Retrieved
2308:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2228:(1): 45–60.
2225:
2221:
2215:
2196:
2180:
2163:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1927:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1800:
1796:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1702:
1698:
1647:
1643:
1612:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1451:
1450:
1425:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1398:dromornithid
1381:
1379:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1346:morphometric
1343:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:Bullockornis
1326:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1285:
1281:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1191:terror birds
1186:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:paleospecies
1121:
1111:
1105:
1088:
1076:
1075:
1059:
1043:Bullockornis
1042:
1035:Peter Murray
1033:, including
1028:
1023:
1018:
1015:Bullockornis
1014:
992:
986:
982:
979:Bullockornis
978:
972:
955:Bullockornis
954:
953:
948:
947:
946:
941:
930:
921:
899:
897:
894:Distribution
884:
879:
873:
871:
850:
845:
841:
832:
831:
830:
825:
818:
806:
802:
800:
793:
787:
785:
778:
774:
771:
751:
747:
743:
732:W. B. Clarke
721:
719:
714:
707:
695:
689:
685:
680:deposits of
672:
671:
670:
658:D. australis
657:
646:D. australis
645:
629:, the giant
624:
620:
610:
606:
605:
594:
589:
585:
579:
572:Anseriformes
567:
555:
554:
548:
534:galloanseres
529:
527:
523:D. australis
522:
518:
514:
512:
505:
498:
491:
481:
472:
468:
462:
456:
447:
438:
430:
427:
416:
411:
407:
404:Transactions
403:
387:Richard Owen
380:
374:
372:
357:
356:
334:
333:
332:
324:Bullockornis
323:
322:
302:
301:
289:
288:
278:
272:
271:
260:D. australis
259:
258:
237:
231:Type species
215:
214:
189:Galloanserae
185:Superorder:
123:
35:
29:
6170:Wikispecies
6049:Wikispecies
5967:Wikispecies
5872:Wikispecies
5764:Wikispecies
5602:Proceriavis
5574:Odontoptila
5530:Gigantornis
5440:Ilbandornis
5375:Asteriornis
5116:Neogaeornis
5066:Hesperornis
4997:Chupkaornis
4949:Ichthyornis
4714:Yixianornis
4660:Tianyuornis
4608:Palintropus
4555:Alamitornis
4441:Meemannavis
4421:Juehuaornis
4360:Eogranivora
4300:Bellulornis
4124:Chongmingia
3874:Overoraptor
3864:Fukuipteryx
3527:Imperobator
3366:Segnosaurus
3131:Ceratonykus
3090:Parvicursor
3061:Khulsanurus
3054:Jaculinykus
3022:Patagonykus
2932:Patagonykus
2866:Yaverlandia
2806:Maniraptora
2793:Maniraptora
2752:Maniraptora
2631:Maniraptora
2251:Ilbandornis
2138:17 December
2020:: 93––103.
1536:: 682–683.
1487:D. stirtoni
1470:D. stirtoni
1452:D. stirtoni
1430:Riversleigh
1426:D. stirtoni
1382:D. stirtoni
1354:D. stirtoni
1339:D. stirtoni
1335:D. stirtoni
1318:D. stirtoni
1306:D. stirtoni
1302:D. stirtoni
1294:anseriforms
1286:D. stirtoni
1282:D. stirtoni
1273:New Zealand
1248:Description
1198:D. stirtoni
1177:Ilbandornis
1169:Gastroliths
1145:Ilbandornis
1097:carnivorous
1072:Description
1055:Galliformes
904:Riversleigh
868:Description
760:Description
621:D. stirtoni
581:Ilbandornis
549:D. stirtoni
540:Description
530:D. stirtoni
500:Ilbandornis
326:Rich, 1979
303:D. stirtoni
6352:Categories
6295:Q106704224
5673:See also:
5595:Pelagornis
5463:Brontornis
5270:Neognathae
5189:see below↓
5154:Ceramornis
5124:Polarornis
5091:Vegaviidae
5059:Fumicollis
5025:Potamornis
5011:Judinornis
5004:Enaliornis
4828:Ornithurae
4738:Abitusavis
4532:Schizooura
4492:Yumenornis
4451:Platanavis
4431:Kaririavis
4391:Horezmavis
4340:Chaoyangia
4269:Euornithes
4256:Euornithes
4193:see below↓
4184:Euornithes
4131:Cratonavis
4007:Pygostylia
3984:Kompsornis
3969:Jeholornis
3905:Zhongornis
3832:Alcmonavis
3720:Alcmonavis
3690:Xiaotingia
3683:Serikornis
3626:Anchiornis
3582:Ambopteryx
3436:see below↓
3276:Alxasaurus
3165:Linhenykus
3149:Mononykini
3138:Xixianykus
3097:Qiupanykus
3083:Ondogurvel
3047:Dzharaonyx
3008:Bradycneme
2986:Alnashetri
2761:see below↓
2664:Dinosauria
1650:(3): 124.
1617:2054-5703.
1494:References
1477:Extinction
1434:Queensland
1392:and early
1132:floodplain
917:mega-annum
826:D. murrayi
710:Peak Downs
584:and three
484:Rich, 1979
421:people of
419:Tjapwuring
414:, a bird.
396:Queensland
392:Peak Downs
307:Rich, 1979
294:Rich, 1979
273:D. murrayi
264:Owen, 1872
242:Owen, 1872
6358:Dromornis
5958:Q23680568
5770:Dromornis
5740:Dromornis
5700:Sauriurae
5680:Carinatae
5516:Cyphornis
5502:Aequornis
5471:Gastornis
5433:Genyornis
5426:Dromornis
4983:Baptornis
4916:Limenavis
4896:Iaceornis
4886:Guildavis
4876:Gallornis
4866:Cerebavis
4856:Apatornis
4766:Gansuidae
4600:Apsaravis
4593:Ambiortus
4562:Kuszholia
4057:Sapeornis
3884:Rahonavis
3676:Pedopenna
3558:Rahonavis
3230:Falcarius
3172:Mononykus
3124:Albinykus
2954:Xiyunykus
2823:Elopteryx
2740:Theropoda
2725:Theropoda
2673:Theropoda
2647:Kingdom:
2406:1932-8486
2303:Dromornis
2115:128711038
2036:181496834
1644:Diversity
1414:ostriches
1187:D. planei
1173:Genyornis
1112:D. planei
1101:herbivore
1024:Dromornis
1019:Dromornis
1011:Australia
987:bull bird
968:Australia
940:Skull of
931:D. planei
912:Oligocene
842:Dromornis
819:Dromornis
811:synsacrum
803:Dromornis
777:, in the
704:Discovery
686:Dromornis
682:Australia
590:Dromornis
586:Dromornis
576:galliform
568:Dromornis
556:Dromornis
515:Dromornis
507:Genyornis
439:Dromornis
348:Oligocene
335:Dromornis
290:D. planei
216:Dromornis
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
36:Dromornis
6289:Wikidata
6203:47446042
6155:Wikidata
6108:10534624
6082:47313338
6034:Wikidata
5952:Wikidata
5857:Wikidata
5797:47313337
5755:Q2048635
5749:Wikidata
5715:Category
5523:Dasornis
5395:Qinornis
5052:Canadaga
4990:Brodavis
4798:Iteravis
4790:Hollanda
4752:Yanornis
4706:Yanornis
4683:Hollanda
4381:Hollanda
4350:Dingavis
4101:Yangavis
4025:Proornis
3669:Ostromia
3633:Aurornis
3179:Shuvuuia
2911:Bannykus
2655:Chordata
2653:Phylum:
2649:Animalia
2522:(2004).
2414:37314297
2212:(2010).
2079:Dinornis
2075:(1869).
1995:30839722
1771:87299428
1727:87299428
1568:Dinornis
1446:Tasmania
1394:Pliocene
1265:Dinornis
1155:Neohelos
999:nickname
775:Dinornis
753:Dromaius
748:Dinornis
744:Dinornis
723:Dinornis
678:Pliocene
626:Dinornis
382:Dinornis
369:Taxonomy
352:Pliocene
316:Synonyms
248:Species
195:Family:
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
122:Cast of
6322:9293150
6304:Avibase
6242:4130266
6229:1139982
6216:4851592
6185:Avibase
6161:Q136317
6121:3602715
6095:4851598
6064:Avibase
6040:Q909973
6008:ZooBank
5987:9479043
5918:6155604
5905:8656287
5887:Avibase
5863:Q909965
5823:3602716
5810:4851597
5779:Avibase
5537:Laornis
5283:Neoaves
5131:Vegavis
4956:Janavis
4471:Wyleyia
3811:Avialae
3640:Caihong
3506:Paraves
3493:Paraves
3427:Paraves
2571:9880249
2551:Science
2263:Bibcode
2093:Bibcode
1986:6170582
1965:Bibcode
1751:Bibcode
1707:Bibcode
1442:Pioneer
1390:Miocene
1386:Alcoota
1374:Miocene
1360:Habitat
1227:Alcoota
1221:in the
1118:Habitat
1108:sternum
1081:ostrich
1066:ratites
1062:Alcoota
1037:of the
960:Miocene
815:Gulgong
652:Species
601:ratites
478:, 1979)
412:ornitho
277:Worthy
208:Genus:
175:Class:
6335:363765
6268:159178
6255:363765
6134:159182
5931:246676
5836:159180
5108:Maaqwi
4906:Kookne
4783:Gansus
4461:Vorona
3842:Balaur
2845:Kakuru
2569:
2538:
2498:
2461:
2412:
2404:
2315:15 May
2187:
2113:
2034:
1993:
1983:
1934:
1769:
1725:
1510:
1233:, the
465:, 2016
463:et al.
460:Worthy
453:, 1872
408:dromos
281:, 2016
279:et al.
224:, 1872
6224:IRMNG
6103:IRMNG
6000:70454
2903:Aorun
2678:Clade
2669:Clade
2660:Clade
2111:S2CID
2032:S2CID
1888:5 May
1843:4 May
1767:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1448:).
1424:that
1051:ducks
1047:geese
1029:Some
983:ornis
340:genus
338:is a
6317:GBIF
6211:GBIF
6090:GBIF
5982:GBIF
5900:GBIF
5805:GBIF
5559:Manu
5335:see
5312:see
5256:see
4170:see
3792:see
3766:see
3413:see
2738:see
2711:see
2567:PMID
2536:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2410:PMID
2402:ISSN
2317:2019
2309:GRIN
2185:ISBN
2140:2021
1991:PMID
1932:ISBN
1890:2021
1845:2021
1566:"On
1534:1872
1508:ISBN
1418:emus
1416:and
1269:moas
1161:Baru
1093:beak
1049:and
860:and
740:moas
564:emus
513:The
476:Rich
451:Owen
222:Owen
179:Aves
48:PreꞒ
6198:EoL
6077:EoL
5792:EoL
3068:Kol
2559:doi
2555:283
2532:102
2488:doi
2392:doi
2388:306
2271:doi
2230:doi
2101:doi
2022:doi
2018:330
1981:PMC
1973:doi
1805:doi
1759:doi
1715:doi
1652:doi
1538:doi
1271:of
1085:emu
1083:or
742:of
631:moa
350:to
6354::
6332::
6319::
6306::
6291::
6265::
6252::
6239::
6226::
6213::
6200::
6187::
6172::
6157::
6131::
6118::
6105::
6092::
6079::
6066::
6051::
6036::
6010::
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5984::
5969::
5954::
5928::
5915::
5902::
5889::
5874::
5859::
5833::
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5807::
5794::
5781::
5766::
5751::
3603:Yi
2680::
2671::
2662::
2565:.
2553:.
2534:.
2494:.
2482:.
2408:.
2400:.
2386:.
2380:.
2338:^
2325:^
2307:.
2269:.
2259:39
2257:.
2226:62
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2208:;
2204:;
2172:^
2164:PM
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2057:.
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1971:.
1959:.
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1532:.
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1193:.
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1148:.
1057:.
1026:.
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919:.
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536:.
525:.
394:,
98:Pg
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5088:†
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2623:e
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2573:.
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1961:5
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1444:(
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299:†
286:†
269:†
256:†
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199:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
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