4220:
4227:
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3464:
653:
5171:
754:
5176:
1281:, and that a fully grown male could weigh between 528 and 584 kg (1,164 and 1,287 lb), whilst a female would likely weigh between 441 and 451 kg (972 and 994 lb). The disparity in robustness was interpreted by the researchers as evidence of the biology of the species, behaviours such as incubation by the female, pair bonding, parental care and aggression while nesting, and courtship or display habits exhibited by extant waterfowl, the
126:
4213:
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990:"Demon Duck of Doom" is a reference to the large bill and body of the species. Fossil specimens of this species and other mihirungs are common, but the example of a near complete skull discovered in the 1980s was an unusual find. The direct evidence of the beak structure was evaluated in debate over the diet and habits of dromornithids. The bird's generic name is improperly translated as "ox-bird", but was named instead for the
3452:
1474:. Palaeontologists Murray and Vickers-Rich suggested that the diet may have overlapped considerably with the diets of other large birds and animals, and that the subsequent converging trophic morphology could have contributed to the large birds extinction as it was 'out-competed' of its food source. Alternative arguments have proposed that the large birds' breeding patterns may have contributed. It's suggested that
104:
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534:
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1242:
926:
719:'s explorations, found in a cave, did not allow him to confirm an alliance with any previously described species of large flightless birds. Owen withheld describing that specimen, now thought lost, until the type for this species emerged many years later. The new material had been found while digging a well at Peak Downs and forwarded to Owen via
630:
762:
drift pebbles and boulders, on one of which boulders ("at that depth," 150 feet?) rested a short, thick femur, so filled with mineral matter (calc spar and iron pyrites) as to give the internal structure more the appearance of a reptilian than an ornithic bone." Owen notes the specimen was reported by W. B. Clarke, attributing it to
1318:) shows the head of this species to be about 25% larger . Reconstruction of overlapping remains of the rostrum have revealed its form and size, the lower mandible would have been around 0.5 metres. The size and proportions of the head and its bill are comparable to that of mammals such as camels or horses
1443:
probably existed in an assemblage of fauna that included other dromornithids and browsing marsupials as the apex herbivores. The
Alcoota Local Fauna were deposited at the only known upper Miocene fossil beds of Central Australia. The early conceptions of a fearsome bird receives some support from the
1321:
The large bird had "stubby", reduced wings, which ultimately deemed it flightless. However, whilst the bird was flightless, a strong development between the bony crests and tuberosities, where the wings were attached, allowed them to flap their wings. The bird was also characterised by its large hind
903:
to early
Miocene. This was established using correlation with the evolutionary stage of vertebrate species known from other sites at Riversleigh. Hiatus site is limestone deposited in an aquatic setting, lacking indicators for methods such as radiometric dating. Another site where the species occurs
1456:
was herbivorous. This has been deduced from various features of its anatomy. One of these features is that the end of the bird's bill, does not have a hook, and that the beak is instead wide, narrow and blunt, typical of a herbivore. The bird also had hoof-like feet, rather than 'talons', which are
1461:
suggest that the species was herbivorous. Despite this however, there are various indicators that suggest the bird may have been carnivorous or omnivorous (Murray, 2004). The size and muscularity of the birds skull and beak would also suggest that they may not have been herbivores, as no source of
1412:
The concentration of dromornithid species, and more generally, other fossils within this area is indicative of the phenomenon known as "waterhole-tethering", whereby animals would accumulate within the immediate area of water sources, many of which would then die. Whilst this is the only location
1365:
epoch (24–5 million years ago). At this location, the fossil deposits are found in the Waite
Formation, which consists of sandstones, limestones and siltstones. The various fossils that have been found within this region suggest that they were laid in episodical channels, characterised by a large
1309:
was characterised by a deep lower jaw and a quadrate bone (which connects the upper and lower jaws) that was distinctly shaped. This narrow, deep bill, made up approximately two thirds of the skull. The front of this powerful jaw was used to cut, whilst the back of the jaw was used for crushing.
978:
proposed by the author for genus. The type is a fossilised section of the right femur, with other material, vertebrae and a rib, also referred to the same species. The specific epithet honours the discoverer of the vertebrae fossils, Michael Plane, thus the proposed trivial name of "Plane's Bull
761:
The species is known by the right femur, around twelve inches long, obtained at the Peak Downs site. The details of its deposition accompanied Owen's description, "The well was sunk through 30 feet of the black trappean alluvial soil common in that part of
Australia, and then through 150 feet of
1268:
family, which is a family of large flightless birds endemic to
Australia. The weight of the animal is also thought to have been exceedingly large. Peter F. Murray and Patricia Vickers-Rich, in their work "Magnificent Mihirungs" (2004), utilised three varying scientific methods to derive the
1337:
analysis using landmark based and actual measurements which also supported earlier conclusions regarding the species enormous size. This histological technique has been applied to other large and extinct avian species, including investigation into the paleobiology of the elephant birds
1478:
lived for a relatively long period of time in a group of older birds; however, for the few young that were produced, time to maturity was considerable. Subsequently, breeding adults were replaced slowly, which left the species highly vulnerable if breeding adults were lost.
1462:
vegetable food in their environment would have required such a powerful beak (Vickers-Rich, 1979). In recognition of the varying opinions, it is widely accepted that whilst the large bird may have occasionally scavenged or eaten smaller prey, they were mostly herbivorous.
701:
in
Queensland, at a depth of around 55 metres (180 ft) in a well shaft. This type of locality was described as an assemblage of boulders and pebbles beneath around thirty feet of alluvial soil; the femur was located over a boulder in the rock beds. The description of
959:. As large as an ostrich or emu, the species possessed a stocky build. A proposed common name, referring to its discoverer and locality, is Plane's bull bird. The site of its discovery was once semi-arid, containing low vegetation around seasonal wetlands and rivers.
1605:
Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (26 September 2018). "Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird". Royal
Society Open Science. 5 (9): 181295. doi:10.1098/rsos.181295. eISSN
343:
epochs. The species were flightless, possessing greatly reduced wing structures but with large legs, similar to the modern ostrich or emu. They were likely to have been predominantly, if not exclusively, herbivorous browsers. The male of the largest species,
1080:. Its bill was curved and deep, the overall size of the head and skull was remarkably large. The species stood approximately 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) tall. It may have weighed up to 250 kg (550 lb). Features of skull, including a very large
2321:
Chinsamy, A., Handley, W. D., Yates. A. M., Worthy, T. H. (2016). Sexual dimorphism in the late
Miocene mihirung Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) from the Alcoota Local Fauna of central Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36:5, DOI:
1010:
on the basis of many common traits observed in the cranial and postcranial skeleton of both taxa and their close relationship strongly supported by their phylogenetic analyses. Subsequent studies also agreed upon placing this species within the genus
378:
in 1843. A femur that was forwarded to
England, probably a dromornithid and since lost, suggested an Australian genus, but Owen withheld publication for many years. The type specimen, another femur, was found in a 55-metre-deep (180 ft) well at
1042:. This, in addition to the bird's tremendous size and earlier misclassification as a carnivore, gave rise to its colourful nickname. It may be somewhat inaccurate, however, as other studies have recovered dromornithids as more closely related to
1385:. Fragmentary remains are common at these sites, although little is assignable to an individual of the species. Some depositions contain fragments of around four individuals in disarray over an area of one square metre. Other
874:
Wings were greatly reduced, approximately 100–150 millimetres (3.9–5.9 in), and would not have been evident beneath the bird's plumage. The skull cavity held an exceptionally small brain, the description's leading author
1201:
and
Stirton's thunderbird, was a large feathered bird that grew up to heights of 3 m (9.8 ft) and weights in excess of 500 kg and is widely thought to have been the largest avian species to have ever existed.
521:) to refer to each species. Nicknames describing the species as 'thunderbirds' etc. have appeared in reports of their discovery, later terms such as "demon ducks" refer to their relationship to the extant waterfowl of the
1729:
Trevor H. Worthy; Warren D. Handley; Michael Archer; Suzanne J. Hand (2016). "The extinct flightless mihirungs (Aves, Dromornithidae): cranial anatomy, a new species, and assessment of Oligo-Miocene lineage diversity".
1322:
legs, which after the completion of biomechanical studies are confirmed to have been muscular, rather than slender, due to the size of the muscle attachments along the leg. Due to the muscularity of these legs,
840:
The type material is the partial remains of a cranium, which was obtained at a locality named Hiatus A Site in the Carl Creek Limestone Formation; this location is one of the numerous study sites at the
1417:
have been discovered, discovery of other species within the Dromornithidae family suggests that they may have been distributed across Australia. Various Dromornithidae fossils have been found in
4219:
1123:
and river. The flora probably consisted of sedges and shrubs favouring a semi-arid climate. The area was occupied by herbivores favoring shrubland, horned turtles, marsupial tapirs and
861:
This species stood around 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high and weighed up to 250 kilograms (550 lb), a considerable size but smaller than its congeners; the later species
871:
have been dated to 26 million years ago, being discovered at a 'shelf', a rich layer of fossilised bones, that included leg and cranial remains of the unknown species.
798:
lineage, allied to more gracile species of the family, but these results were not considered to be necessarily characteristic to any dromornithid genera. A fragment of
6182:
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1330:
was also characterised by its large, hoof-like toes, which had convex nails, rather than claws. Further typical of flightless birds, it did not have a breastbone.
1326:
is thought to have possibly been capable of running at great speeds, whereas birds such as the emu depend on the slenderness of their legs to reach higher speeds.
1686:(3 May 2016). "The extinct flightless mihirungs (Aves, Dromornithidae): cranial anatomy, a new species, and assessment of Oligo-Miocene lineage diversity".
1345:
was extremely K-selected, likely requiring over a decade to reach its adult body size, after which skeletal maturity occurred and its growth rate retarded.
1252:
was a large feathered bird which grew up over 3 m (9.8 ft) in height. This height is thought to have exceeded the tallest species of the genus
406:
The genus and family are referred to as mihirung, distinguishing these birds from the giant emus. 'Mihirung paringmal' is an Aboriginal word from the
810:, the slight possibility that it is referable to this species might represent the continuation of the lineage as a smaller species into the Pliocene.
829:
in Queensland, Australia. The period during which it existed was the Oligocene to early Miocene, making this the earliest known species of the genus
6275:
6169:
6048:
5940:
5858:
5763:
2367:"Osteohistology of Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) and the biological implications of the bone histology of the Australian mihirung birds"
904:
is Cadbury's Kingdom, designated as Faunal Zone B which is also dated as early Miocene. The temporal range of these finds is approximately 25 to 16
1495:
Murray, P. F. Vickers-Rich, P. (2004) Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime. Indiana University Press.
592:
who also evolved alongside mammals, the diversity of species was very low, apparently monotypes that emerged in succession and increased in size.
706:
by Richard Owen, best known for extensive work on the paleontology of Australian mammals, was the first of an extinct Australian avian species.
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1444:
proposed behaviour of the larger males aggressively defending a preferred range against competitors, other males or herbivores, and predators.
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2148:
1924:
1500:
2428:
1822:
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The vegetation type of the region in that period was open woodland favouring its semi-arid climate, within which seasonal rainfall occurs.
2238:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Yates, A. (2015). "Connecting the thigh and foot: resolving the association of post-cranial elements in the species of
6351:
6326:
350:, is a contender for the tallest and heaviest bird, and possibly exhibited aggressive territorial behaviour. They belong to the family
1112:
995:
952:
6321:
3463:
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2177:
5609:
970:. The description's first generic epithet was derived by a partial reference to the Bullock Creek Site and the greek word for bird
2573:
6331:
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family. Members of this family lived from 8 million years ago until less than 30,000 years ago. Although they looked like giant
1942:"Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird"
1211:
892:
842:
387:, and subsequently described by Owen in 1872. Owen's new taxon was published in a series on prehistoric birds, read before the
5170:
4226:
1594:
The Dromornithidae, a family of large,extinct ground birds endemic to Australia: Systematic and phylogenetic considerations
1867:
2538:
Ayliffe, Linda K. (8 January 1999). "Pleistocene Extinction of Genyornis newtoni: Human Impact on Australian Megafauna".
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979:
Bird". Plane had been the first to investigate the Bullock Creek site, details of which were published in a 1968 paper.
846:
388:
374:(giant moas), another lineage of ancient large and flightless birds found in New Zealand that was earlier described by
411:
5175:
2352:
Puiu, T. (2021). Giant Australian flightless bird was "extreme evolutionary experiment". Retrieved from ZME Science:
1784:
Handley, W. D.; A. Chinsamy; A. M. Yates & T. H. Worthy (2016), "Sexual dimorphism in the late Miocene mihirung
2441:
1023:
716:
125:
3457:
1174:, suggesting a herbivorous diet like the other species it is found alongside, yet suggestions have published that
1156:
The diet of these birds is uncertain, although it is determined that the bill was thin and had little bite force.
715:
in the palaeontological collections of early Australian excavations. A femur that he had noted in the appendix of
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typically associated with carnivores or omnivores. Lastly, analysis of the amino acids within the egg shells of
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Two forms of unearthed specimens are considered to be due to strong sexual dimorphism, concluded in a 2016
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but with a heavier build; the species is however exceeded in size by the largest of these "thunder birds"
777:
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2429:
https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/extinct-animals/dromornis-planei-bullockornis-planei/
735:. Richard Owen found affinities and distinctions in an osteological comparison to species of the extinct
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The species is presumed to have had greatly reduced wing structures, as with other flightless birds the
963:
790:
A comparative analysis that included this femur indicated morphological characters assignable to either
464:
6134:
5503:
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is determined to have been up to 650 kilograms (1,430 lb). The fossil specimens used to describe
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suggesting the comparison, "I mean, if a chicken was silly, these things were very much more silly."
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1559:(Part XIX.): Containing a Description of a Femur indicative of a new Genus of large Wingless Bird (
1397:
1358:
1207:
781:, another dromornithid species. Other osteological features of the specimens have been compared to
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698:
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364:
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679:
304:
120:
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5794:
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Osteohistological analysis of its femora, tibiotarsi, and tarsometatarsi has also revealed that
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Nguyen, J. (2019). Dromornis planei (Bullockornis planei) . Retrieved from Australian Museum:
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https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/animals-ecology/giant-australian-flightless-bird-24032021/
1573:. Published for the Zoological Society of London by Academic Press: 391–383, Pl. LXII, LXIII.
1226:, are the only certain occurrence of the bird. Rich proposed the specific epithet for fellow
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4701:
4379:
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4082:
3392:
3326:
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2010:
1969:
1961:
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853:, the head researchers of taxa at the celebrated Riversleigh site and its associated fauna.
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a dromornithid bird from the Oligo-Miocene of Australia, and its phylogenetic implications"
1629:"Endocranial Anatomy of the Giant Extinct Australian Mihirung Birds (Aves, Dromornithidae)"
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lineage is proposed to represent a monotypic succession, from earliest to latest these are
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1361:. This region is renowned for the discovery of well-preserved vertebrate fossils from the
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850:
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1957:
1743:
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517:
The dromornithid family are sometimes known by appellations such as Stirton's mihirung (
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5436:
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5343:
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5284:
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1974:
1941:
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The existence of only this species at the Bullock Creek Site, as with the late Miocene
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420:
351:
190:
1917:
Magnificent mihirungs : the colossal flightless birds of the Australian dreamtime
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61:
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suited to shearing, have made some researchers consider that the bird may have been
1057:, such as the evolution of the ostriches in the presence of a diversity of mammals.
612:
would probably have met or exceeded the females of the tallest species of the genus
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5525:
5252:
5126:
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1596:. Canberra Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics Bulletin 184, 1–196.
1386:
1334:
1128:
983:
833:. The size of these mihirungs was also determined to be the smallest of its genus.
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210:
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2202:
1998:
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1707:
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of the period. Other mihirungs also occur in the Bullock Creek fauna, species of
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species, but the fauna associated with this site were rarely the forest dwelling
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6007:
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2278:
Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime
1554:
1261:
1133:
1085:
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36:
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588:, of whom some descendants are known as ostriches and their allies. Like those
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Museum, A. (2018). Fossils in Alcoota, NT . Retrieved from Australian Museum:
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It is proposed that various factors may have contributed to the extinction of
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1157:
1120:
915:, the site is located in the northeastern region of the Australian continent.
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46:
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and its relatives are more closely related to the earliest waterfowl of the
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336:
137:
86:
2402:
2365:
Chinsamy, Anusuya; Handley, Warren D.; Worthy, Trevor H. (17 August 2022).
1983:
1788:(Aves: Dromornithidae) from the Alcoota Local Fauna of central Australia",
1141:
remains are found with other large contemporaries, such as the diprotodont
2583:
2559:
2417:
https://australian.museum/learn/australia-over-time/fossils/sites/alcoota/
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from Madagascar, were likely just as heavy, if not heavier. The height of
567:. Comparative studies using endocranial reconstructions of dromornithids,
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5992:
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5707:
5481:
5353:
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2340:
Monroe, M. (2009). Dromornithidae. Retrieved from Australia Through Time:
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987:
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723:, a geologist employed by the state of New South Wales, with a remark by
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370:
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157:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
1965:
951:, approximately 15 million years ago. It is known from specimens of the
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2015:
1054:
845:. The specimens were discovered by two of the collaborating authors,
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147:
5684:
1310:
Comparison of two partial crania with the near complete cranium of
1233:, an American who undertook extensive research on Australian taxa.
837:
was described from specimens of cranial and post cranial material.
2891:
1240:
1035:
924:
752:
651:
628:
532:
328:
6161:
6040:
5755:
1999:"The Australian Dromornithidae: a group of extinct large ratites"
1264:, and the Elephant Birds of Madagascar. This species is from the
1119:, the habitat during the time of deposition was a seasonally wet
584:
The species resemble large birds of the Northern hemisphere, the
417:
The placement of these dromornithid species may be summarised as
5193:
5138:
1149:
1081:
1039:
177:
167:
5688:
5191:
4242:
3479:
2779:
2630:
2592:
2588:
1563:, Owen) from a post-tertiary deposit in Queensland, Australia"
1406:
1257:
1073:
728:
673:. They were once considered the smallest species of the genus
619:
552:
2149:"Bones from ancestor of 'giant duck' discovered in Australia"
1401:, resembling the large but more gracile modern birds such as
825:
was described in 2016 using specimens discovered amongst the
1940:
Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (September 26, 2018).
1285:. In comparison to other known ratite elephant birds of the
2443:
No turning back : the life and death of animal species
2446:(1st ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 102.
1068:
was a very large flightless bird, similar in height to an
1053:
local fauna, correlates to the lack of diversity in large
1919:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 50–51.
911:
The only known occurrence of this species is amongst the
1206:
first discovered the remains of the bird in 1979 in the
1153:
that preyed upon them as they came to the water's edge.
1092:. The bird's skull is larger than that of small horses.
745:(the emu) and proposed that it represented a new genus.
547:
is a genus of large to gigantic flightless birds of the
395:. The name of the genus is derived from Ancient Greek,
2074:
The Geological Magazine, or, Monthly Journal of Geology
1627:
Handley, Warren D.; Worthy, Trevor H. (15 March 2021).
1178:
might have the carnivorous abilities attributed to the
697:
The fossil remains of a large femur were discovered at
1366:
series of interconnected lakes, within a large basin.
1103:
enabled it to move its great mass relatively quickly.
2515:
No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species
2170:
No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species
1214:. Large amounts of fragmentary material found at the
5448:
5409:
5365:
5349:
5339:
5329:
5100:
5046:
4925:
4895:
4880:
4870:
4860:
4850:
4840:
4830:
4820:
4810:
4799:
4744:
4689:
4638:
4599:
4561:
4531:
4516:
4506:
4496:
4485:
4475:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4364:
4354:
4344:
4334:
4324:
4314:
4304:
4294:
4284:
4274:
4146:
4100:
4056:
4025:
4008:
3937:
3921:
3910:
3899:
3889:
3879:
3868:
3858:
3848:
3837:
3826:
3816:
3768:
3742:
3696:
3602:
3557:
3542:
3532:
3521:
3511:
3389:
3194:
2867:
2850:
2840:
2829:
2818:
2807:
2244:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
1245:
A pencil-drawn reconstruction of Dromornis stirtoni.
287:
274:
257:
244:
6237:
6103:
5982:
5900:
5805:
5697:
5447:
5408:
5364:
5314:
5283:
5260:
5251:
5227:
5204:
5137:
5099:
5045:
4993:
4924:
4894:
4784:
4743:
4688:
4637:
4598:
4560:
4530:
4255:
4171:
4145:
4136:
4099:
4055:
4024:
3993:
3936:
3797:
3767:
3741:
3695:
3601:
3556:
3492:
3414:
3388:
3379:
3302:
3250:
3193:
3136:
3102:
3021:
2952:
2865:
2792:
2739:
2712:
2685:
1353:At present the only recorded fossil discoveries of
2512:
955:fauna, fossils found in the Northern Territory of
1160:are found with similar species of other regions,
1002:. In 2010, Nguyen and Boles first suggested that
626:, with females tending to be larger than males.)
362:The genus was erected to separate a new species,
1567:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
1389:species have been found alongside this species,
1099:was not keeled. The exceptionally large legs of
986:, that share ancestry with ducks and geese. The
982:It was one of several species of mihirungs, the
354:, extinct flightless birds known as mihirungs.
2473:Palaeobiology of Extinct Giant Flightless Birds
2467:Angst, Delphine; Buffetaut, Eric (2017-01-01).
2317:
2315:
1519:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
577:species, suggest that the head and bill of the
1915:Murray, Peter; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2004).
1910:
1908:
2604:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
598:is amongst the largest known birds, although
8:
2080:(62). Cambridge University Press.: 383–384.
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1303:by the authors, the largest of that family.
2172:. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 102.
2164:
2162:
1377:and Ongeva Local Faunas, dated to the Late
757:Second image accompanying Owens description
5685:
5322:
5257:
5233:
5201:
5188:
4933:
4792:
4267:
4263:
4252:
4239:
4142:
4001:
3809:
3805:
3504:
3500:
3489:
3476:
3385:
3256:
3202:
3190:
3027:
2958:
2876:
2800:
2789:
2776:
2718:
2691:
2682:
2627:
2611:
2597:
2589:
2342:https://austhrutime.com/dromornithidae.htm
2142:
2140:
2138:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
802:found at the Canadian deep lead mine near
102:
20:
2384:
2222:
2093:
2040:"Mihirungs: Giant Birds of the Dreamtime"
2014:
1973:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1644:
1273:. This thorough analysis of the bones of
1088:, but most currently agree that it was a
2276:Peter F. Murray, Patricia Vickers-Rich,
1823:"Dromornis planei (Bullockornis planei)"
1373:is found amongst the depositions of the
787:, the gigantic "Stirton's thunderbird".
1488:
1293:the heaviest of all known discoveries.
709:Owen had previously sought evidence of
2519:. New York: Harper Perennial. p.
1821:Nguyen, Jacqueline (7 November 2019).
941:, formerly placed in a separate genus
1277:revealed that there was considerable
966:in 1979, assigning it to a new genus
7:
5972:1085D2C2-5ADD-47C7-86B0-91E245CCCE5C
2147:Brennan, Imogen (19 February 2016).
727:that placed it with the New Zealand
677:, around three quarters the size of
656:Photolithograph of holotype specimen
622:of New Zealand. (Some moa exhibited
1269:approximate weight and size of the
962:The species was first described by
2481:10.1016/b978-1-78548-136-9.50004-0
1790:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1732:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1688:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1531:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1872.tb00495.x
689:specimens were described in 2016.
508:D. murrayi, D. planei, D. stirtoni
14:
2574:Exhibit of reconstructed skeleton
2294:Der schwerste Vogel aller Zeiten"
806:has been tentatively assigned to
775:The femur is similar in size to
5669:
5668:
5614:
5608:
5174:
5169:
4225:
4218:
4211:
3462:
3456:
3450:
2224:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1539
2211:Records of the Australian Museum
2118:"Fossilworks: Dromornis murrayi"
423:(8 extinct species in 4 genera)
368:, from the previously described
124:
1212:Northern Territory of Australia
843:Riversleigh World Heritage Area
335:native to Australia during the
2300:(in German). 24 September 2014
1798:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.3422146.V1
1006:represents another species of
581:lineage became foreshortened.
1:
6347:Fossil taxa described in 1872
2584:Bullockornis ("Bullock Bird")
2475:. Elsevier. pp. 95–131.
2322:10.1080/02724634.2016.1180298
2264:10.1080/03115518.2015.1015818
1752:10.1080/02724634.2015.1031345
1708:10.1080/02724634.2015.1031345
399:meaning running, a race, and
2552:10.1126/science.283.5399.205
389:Zoological Society of London
1452:It is widely accepted that
1395:and the tentatively placed
414:and it means 'giant bird'.
6368:
6352:Taxa named by Richard Owen
6327:Neogene birds of Australia
1997:Rich, Pat Vickers (1980).
1946:Royal Society Open Science
5628:
5606:
5325:
5236:
5200:
5187:
5167:
4936:
4795:
4270:
4266:
4251:
4238:
4209:
4004:
3812:
3808:
3507:
3503:
3488:
3475:
3448:
3259:
3205:
3189:
3030:
2961:
2879:
2803:
2788:
2775:
2721:
2694:
2681:
2626:
2242:(Aves: Dromornithidae)".
2095:10.1017/S0016756800162855
1197:, colloquially known as
1111:A species known from the
1028:Central Australian Museum
683:, until the discovery of
310:
303:
241:
236:
225:
218:
121:Scientific classification
119:
110:
101:
23:
6322:Extinct flightless birds
2579:Giant duck a flesh eater
2191:Nguyen, Jacqueline M. T.
2003:Contributions in Science
1868:"Stirton's Thunder Bird"
1429:), as well as tracks in
6332:Prehistoric bird genera
2440:Ellis, Richard (2004).
2205:Barawertornis tedfordi,
2038:Lingham, Barry (2011).
1256:, which were the giant
887:The fossil deposits of
794:or a continuation of a
32:Late Oligocene–Pliocene
2070:, an Australian genus"
1425:) and Bullocks Creek (
1392:Ilbandornis woodburnei
1246:
974:, and the common name
947:, lived in the Middle
933:
891:at the Hiatus site of
796:Ilbandornis woodburnei
778:Ilbandornis woodburnei
772:several years before.
758:
657:
637:
541:
391:then appearing in its
16:Extinct genus of birds
6289:Paleobiology Database
6222:Paleobiology Database
6209:Paleobiology Database
6088:Paleobiology Database
5954:Paleobiology Database
5885:Paleobiology Database
5790:Paleobiology Database
3348:Paralitherizinosaurus
2372:The Anatomical Record
1872:The Australian Museum
1827:The Australian Museum
1244:
1204:Patricia Vickers-Rich
1147:, and the crocodiles
964:Patricia Vickers-Rich
928:
756:
665:fossils are found in
655:
632:
540:, artist's impression
536:
331:of large to enormous
1115:fossil fauna in the
899:and another as late
510:, and this species,
5837:Dromornis australis
5807:Dromornis australis
4565:Patagopterygiformes
4060:Confuciusornithidae
3926:Scansoriopterygidae
3561:Scansoriopterygidae
2256:2015Alch...39..407W
2086:1869GeoM....6..383C
1966:10.1098/rsos.181295
1958:2018RSOS....581295H
1744:2016JVPal..36E1345W
1700:2016JVPal..36E1345W
1561:Dromornis australis
1398:Ilbandornis lawsoni
1359:Alcoota Fossil Beds
1357:have been from the
1208:Alcoota Fossil Beds
895:have been dated as
769:Geological Magazine
704:Dromornis australis
662:Dromornis australis
462:Bullockornis planei
437:Dromornis australis
365:Dromornis australis
227:Dromornis australis
6014:Dromornis stirtoni
5984:Dromornis stirtoni
4693:Songlingornithidae
4642:Hongshanornithidae
4029:Omnivoropterygidae
3941:Jeholornithiformes
3252:Therizinosauroidea
2044:Geelong Naturalist
1786:Dromornis stirtoni
1676:Handley, Warren D.
1472:Dromornis stirtoni
1454:Dromornis stirtoni
1427:Northern Territory
1355:Dromornis stirtoni
1289:family, this made
1250:Dromornis stirtoni
1247:
1199:Stirton's mihirung
1194:Dromornis stirtoni
1171:Dromornis stirtoni
1168:and near relation
1117:Northern Territory
1078:Dromornis stirtoni
934:
864:Dromornis stirtoni
784:Dromornis stirtoni
759:
680:Dromornis stirtoni
658:
638:
633:Holotype femur of
596:Dromornis stirtoni
542:
471:Dromornis stirtoni
347:Dromornis stirtoni
113:Dromornis stirtoni
6304:
6303:
6196:Open Tree of Life
6075:Open Tree of Life
5932:Dromornis murrayi
5902:Dromornis murrayi
5872:Open Tree of Life
5777:Open Tree of Life
5691:Taxon identifiers
5682:
5681:
5624:
5623:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5504:Lutetodontopteris
5413:Gastornithiformes
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5194:Aves / Neornithes
5183:
5182:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5139:Aves / Neornithes
5041:
5040:
4780:
4779:
4672:Parahongshanornis
4234:
4233:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
3989:
3988:
3915:Archaeopterygidae
3793:
3792:
3700:Archaeopterygidae
3471:
3470:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3304:Therizinosauridae
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2671:Maniraptoriformes
2546:(5399): 205–208.
2490:978-1-78548-136-9
2203:"New material of
2168:Ellis, R. (2004)
2155:. www.abc.net.au.
1926:978-0-253-34282-9
1672:Worthy, Trevor H.
1646:10.3390/d13030124
1592:Rich, P.V. 1979.
1553:Owen, R. (1874).
1513:Owen, R. (1872).
1501:978-0-253-34282-9
1300:Aepyornis maximus
1279:sexual dimorphism
1220:Central Australia
994:for the genus at
913:Riversleigh fauna
889:Dromornis murrayi
869:Dromornis murrayi
835:Dromornis murrayi
827:Riversleigh fauna
822:Dromornis murrayi
624:sexual dimorphism
601:Aepyornis maximus
563:order or a basal
446:Dromornis murrayi
333:prehistoric birds
320:
319:
297:
284:
271:
254:
214:
6359:
6297:
6296:
6284:
6283:
6271:
6270:
6268:590134AD63BFBAC1
6258:
6257:
6256:
6239:Dromornis planei
6230:
6229:
6217:
6216:
6204:
6203:
6191:
6190:
6178:
6177:
6165:
6164:
6152:
6151:
6149:63F0D56DC095454C
6139:
6138:
6137:
6135:Dromornis planei
6124:
6123:
6122:
6105:Dromornis planei
6096:
6095:
6083:
6082:
6070:
6069:
6057:
6056:
6044:
6043:
6031:
6030:
6028:1155378C41A18074
6018:
6017:
6016:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5975:
5974:
5962:
5961:
5949:
5948:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5893:
5892:
5880:
5879:
5867:
5866:
5854:
5853:
5851:AA761678F2C80D6C
5841:
5840:
5839:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5798:
5797:
5785:
5784:
5772:
5771:
5759:
5758:
5746:
5745:
5743:9598B80A0E77FC5D
5733:
5732:
5731:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5686:
5672:
5671:
5644:Deinonychosauria
5619:
5618:
5612:
5569:Protodontopteryx
5511:Macrodontopteryx
5450:
5411:
5367:
5351:
5341:
5331:
5323:
5258:
5234:
5202:
5189:
5178:
5173:
5104:Cimolopterygidae
5102:
5048:
4995:Hesperornithidae
4934:
4927:
4897:
4882:
4872:
4862:
4852:
4842:
4832:
4822:
4812:
4801:
4793:
4746:
4691:
4640:
4601:
4563:
4533:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4407:
4397:
4387:
4377:
4366:
4356:
4346:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4306:
4296:
4286:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4253:
4240:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4148:
4143:
4104:Jinguofortisidae
4102:
4083:Eoconfuciusornis
4058:
4027:
4010:
4002:
3939:
3923:
3912:
3901:
3891:
3881:
3870:
3860:
3850:
3839:
3828:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3770:
3744:
3698:
3604:
3559:
3544:
3534:
3523:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3490:
3477:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3404:Oviraptorosauria
3393:Oviraptorosauria
3391:
3386:
3327:Nanshiungosaurus
3257:
3234:Jianchangosaurus
3203:
3196:
3191:
3028:
2959:
2877:
2871:Alvarezsauroidea
2869:
2852:
2842:
2831:
2820:
2809:
2801:
2790:
2777:
2719:
2692:
2683:
2676:
2675:
2628:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2563:
2534:
2518:
2495:
2494:
2469:"Dromornithidae"
2464:
2458:
2457:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2388:
2386:10.1002/ar.25047
2379:(7): 1842–1863.
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2199:Hand, Suzanne J.
2195:Boles, Walter E.
2187:
2181:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2050:. The Club: 8–9.
2035:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2016:10.5962/p.226841
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1912:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1801:
1800:
1781:
1764:
1763:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1684:Hand, Suzanne J.
1668:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1624:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1575:
1574:
1550:
1535:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1493:
1448:Feeding and diet
1338:Aepyornithidae.
1312:Dromornis planei
1297:was compared to
1231:Ruben A. Stirton
1139:Dromornis planei
1066:Dromornis planei
938:Dromornis planei
931:Dromornis planei
686:Dromornis planei
458:Dromornis planei
412:Western Victoria
295:
289:
282:
276:
265:
259:
252:
246:
209:
202:
189:
129:
128:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6292:
6287:
6279:
6274:
6266:
6261:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6233:
6225:
6220:
6212:
6207:
6199:
6194:
6186:
6181:
6173:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6147:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6099:
6091:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6065:
6060:
6052:
6047:
6039:
6034:
6026:
6021:
6012:
6011:
6006:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5978:
5970:
5965:
5957:
5952:
5944:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5896:
5888:
5883:
5875:
5870:
5862:
5857:
5849:
5844:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5801:
5793:
5788:
5780:
5775:
5767:
5762:
5754:
5749:
5741:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5693:
5683:
5678:
5620:
5613:
5596:
5591:Tympanonesiotes
5584:Pseudodontornis
5547:Palaeochenoides
5468:Caspiodontornis
5452:Pelagornithidae
5443:
5404:
5360:
5302:
5279:
5247:
5223:
5196:
5179:
5153:
5133:
5095:
5037:
5032:Parahesperornis
5004:Asiahesperornis
4989:
4920:
4890:
4789:
4776:
4739:
4684:
4651:Archaeornithura
4633:
4594:
4556:
4526:
4279:Archaeorhynchus
4260:
4247:
4230:
4217:
4187:
4167:
4138:Ornithothoraces
4132:
4095:
4069:Changchengornis
4051:
4020:
3998:
3985:
3932:
3904:Anchiornithidae
3802:
3789:
3763:
3757:Dromaeosauridae
3746:Dromaeosauridae
3737:
3731:Anchiornithidae
3691:
3650:Liaoningvenator
3606:Anchiornithidae
3597:
3585:Scansoriopteryx
3552:
3497:
3484:
3467:
3430:
3410:
3367:
3362:Therizinosaurus
3298:
3246:
3241:Lingyuanosaurus
3198:Therizinosauria
3173:
3132:
3098:
3023:Parvicursorinae
3017:
2954:Alvarezsauridae
2948:
2873:
2861:
2797:
2784:
2755:
2735:
2708:
2702:Avemetatarsalia
2687:Avemetatarsalia
2677:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2570:
2537:
2531:
2507:
2504:
2502:Further reading
2499:
2498:
2491:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2167:
2160:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2122:fossilworks.org
2116:
2115:
2111:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1804:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1738:(3): e1031345.
1728:
1727:
1723:
1694:(3): e1031345.
1680:Archer, Michael
1670:
1669:
1654:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1578:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1468:
1450:
1351:
1239:
1228:palaeontologist
1218:fossil site in
1190:
1109:
1063:
1034:was related to
1030:, believe that
1020:paleontologists
923:
885:
859:
851:Suzanne J. Hand
818:
751:
739:and the extant
717:Thomas Mitchell
695:
650:
643:
604:, a species of
531:
360:
232:
229:
208:
200:
187:
123:
115:from Australia
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6342:Pliocene birds
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6309:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6285:
6272:
6259:
6243:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6218:
6205:
6192:
6179:
6166:
6153:
6140:
6125:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6084:
6071:
6058:
6045:
6032:
6019:
6004:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5963:
5950:
5937:
5922:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5881:
5868:
5855:
5842:
5827:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5786:
5773:
5760:
5747:
5734:
5719:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:Archaeornithes
5629:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5576:Protopelicanus
5572:
5565:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5540:Osteodontornis
5536:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:Dromornithidae
5433:
5426:
5417:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5371:
5369:Dromornithidae
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5347:
5344:Perplexicervix
5337:
5326:
5320:
5317:Incertae sedis
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5296:Pangalliformes
5289:
5287:
5285:Pangalliformes
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5266:
5264:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5210:
5208:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5054:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4931:
4929:Hesperornithes
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4901:
4899:Ichthyornithes
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4838:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4796:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4767:
4764:Similiyanornis
4760:
4752:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4603:Ambiortiformes
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4521:Zhongjianornis
4514:
4504:
4494:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4413:
4410:Jianchangornis
4403:
4393:
4383:
4373:
4362:
4352:
4342:
4332:
4322:
4312:
4302:
4292:
4282:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4161:Enantiornithes
4154:
4152:
4150:Enantiornithes
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4076:Confuciusornis
4072:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4039:Omnivoropteryx
4034:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4005:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3954:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3919:
3908:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3866:
3856:
3846:
3835:
3824:
3813:
3803:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3537:Pneumatoraptor
3530:
3519:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3334:Neimongosaurus
3330:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3093:Trierarchuncus
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2989:Bonapartenykus
2985:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2928:Shishugounykus
2924:
2917:
2910:
2907:Bonapartenykus
2903:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2848:
2838:
2827:
2816:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2568:External links
2566:
2565:
2564:
2535:
2529:
2509:Ellis, Richard
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2459:
2452:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2357:
2345:
2324:
2311:
2281:
2269:
2250:(3): 407–427.
2230:
2182:
2158:
2134:
2109:
2053:
2030:
1989:
1932:
1925:
1884:
1866:Musser, Anne.
1839:
1802:
1765:
1721:
1652:
1608:
1598:
1576:
1536:
1515:"June 4, 1872"
1505:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1467:
1464:
1449:
1446:
1350:
1347:
1287:Aepyornithidae
1266:Dromornithidae
1238:
1235:
1189:
1184:
1108:
1105:
1062:
1059:
922:
917:
884:
881:
858:
855:
847:Michael Archer
817:
812:
750:
747:
694:
691:
649:
644:
642:
639:
549:Dromornithidae
530:
527:
500:
499:
492:
485:
477:
476:
475:
474:
468:
455:
443:
431:
430:
421:Dromornithidae
359:
356:
352:Dromornithidae
318:
317:
308:
307:
301:
300:
299:
298:
285:
272:
255:
239:
238:
234:
233:
230:
223:
222:
216:
215:
198:
194:
193:
191:Dromornithidae
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6364:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:Miocene birds
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5675:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Odontornithes
5652:
5650:
5649:Odontognathae
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5617:
5611:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5378:Barawertornis
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5273:Anserimorphae
5270:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5262:Anserimorphae
5259:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5218:
5217:Palaeognathae
5214:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5206:Palaeognathae
5203:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5177:
5172:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5044:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4885:Tingmiatornis
4879:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:Antarcticavis
4798:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4748:Yanornithidae
4742:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4718:Songlingornis
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4665:Longicrusavis
4662:
4660:
4659:
4658:Hongshanornis
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:Mengciusornis
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4535:Schizoouridae
4529:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4319:Changzuiornis
4313:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:Brevidentavis
4293:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4214:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:Cretaaviculus
3836:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:Archaeopteryx
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3686:Yixianosaurus
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:Fujianvenator
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:Epidexipteryx
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:Beipiaosaurus
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:Heptasteornis
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:Alvarezsaurus
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:Achillesaurus
2964:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:Achillesaurus
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2530:0-06-055804-0
2526:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2453:0-06-055803-2
2449:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:0-06-055804-0
2175:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:Clarke, W. B.
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:(9): 181295.
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:type location
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:diprotodontid
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:Bullock Creek
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:Bullock Creek
993:
992:type locality
989:
985:
984:dromornithids
980:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
953:Bullock Creek
950:
946:
945:
940:
939:
932:
927:
921:
918:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
898:
897:early Miocene
894:
890:
882:
880:
878:
877:Trevor Worthy
872:
870:
866:
865:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:
816:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
785:
780:
779:
773:
771:
770:
765:
755:
748:
746:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Gerard Krefft
722:
718:
714:
713:
707:
705:
700:
692:
690:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
654:
648:
645:
640:
636:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
606:elephant bird
603:
602:
597:
593:
591:
587:
586:Paleognathaes
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
535:
528:
526:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
498:
497:
493:
491:
490:
486:
484:
483:
482:Barawertornis
479:
478:
472:
469:
466:
463:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
429:
426:
425:
424:
422:
418:
415:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
357:
355:
353:
349:
348:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
316:
314:
309:
306:
302:
294:
293:
286:
281:
280:
273:
269:
264:
263:
256:
251:
250:
243:
242:
240:
235:
228:
224:
221:
217:
212:
207:
206:
199:
196:
195:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
6238:
6104:
5983:
5901:
5806:
5698:
5664:Unenlagiidae
5589:
5582:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5526:Odontopteryx
5524:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5435:
5428:
5420:
5397:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5352:
5342:
5332:
5315:
5253:Galloanserae
5240:
5127:Lamarqueavis
5125:
5120:Cimolopteryx
5118:
5111:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5059:Australornis
5057:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4982:
4977:Pasquiaornis
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4913:
4906:
4883:
4873:
4863:
4853:
4843:
4833:
4823:
4813:
4802:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4731:
4723:
4716:
4710:Piscivoravis
4708:
4700:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4625:
4617:
4610:
4589:Patagopteryx
4587:
4579:
4572:
4549:
4542:
4519:
4509:
4501:Xinghaiornis
4499:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4450:Khinganornis
4448:
4438:
4428:
4420:Jiuquanornis
4418:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4369:Gargantuavis
4367:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4317:
4309:Changmaornis
4307:
4297:
4287:
4277:
4216:
4127:Jinguofortis
4125:
4118:
4111:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4044:
4037:
4011:
3980:Neimengornis
3978:
3971:
3965:Jixiangornis
3963:
3956:
3950:Dalianraptor
3948:
3924:
3913:
3902:
3892:
3884:Yandangornis
3882:
3871:
3861:
3851:
3840:
3829:
3819:
3783:Troodontidae
3772:Troodontidae
3729:
3724:Wellnhoferia
3722:
3715:
3707:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3641:
3636:Eosinopteryx
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3545:
3535:
3526:Palaeopteryx
3524:
3514:
3455:
3381:Pennaraptora
3360:
3353:
3346:
3341:Nothronychus
3339:
3332:
3325:
3320:Erlikosaurus
3318:
3313:Erliansaurus
3311:
3293:Suzhousaurus
3291:
3286:Martharaptor
3284:
3279:Enigmosaurus
3277:
3270:
3263:
3239:
3232:
3226:Fukuivenator
3224:
3217:
3211:Eshanosaurus
3209:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3147:Albertonykus
3145:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:Ceratonykini
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3065:Nemegtonykus
3063:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2941:
2935:Tugulusaurus
2933:
2926:
2919:
2914:Haplocheirus
2912:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2853:
2845:Migmanychion
2843:
2832:
2823:Fukuivenator
2821:
2810:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2543:
2539:
2514:
2472:
2462:
2442:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2348:
2302:. Retrieved
2297:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2217:(1): 45–60.
2214:
2210:
2204:
2185:
2169:
2152:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1916:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1789:
1785:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1691:
1687:
1636:
1632:
1601:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1440:
1439:
1414:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1387:dromornithid
1370:
1368:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1335:morphometric
1332:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:Bullockornis
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1274:
1270:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:terror birds
1175:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:paleospecies
1110:
1100:
1094:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1048:
1032:Bullockornis
1031:
1024:Peter Murray
1022:, including
1017:
1012:
1007:
1004:Bullockornis
1003:
981:
975:
971:
968:Bullockornis
967:
961:
944:Bullockornis
943:
942:
937:
936:
935:
930:
919:
910:
888:
886:
883:Distribution
873:
868:
862:
860:
839:
834:
830:
821:
820:
819:
814:
807:
795:
791:
789:
782:
776:
774:
767:
763:
760:
740:
736:
732:
721:W. B. Clarke
710:
708:
703:
696:
684:
678:
674:
669:deposits of
661:
660:
659:
647:D. australis
646:
635:D. australis
634:
618:, the giant
613:
609:
599:
595:
594:
583:
578:
574:
568:
561:Anseriformes
556:
544:
543:
537:
523:galloanseres
518:
516:
512:D. australis
511:
507:
503:
501:
494:
487:
480:
470:
461:
457:
451:
445:
436:
427:
419:
416:
405:
400:
396:
393:Transactions
392:
376:Richard Owen
369:
363:
361:
346:
345:
323:
322:
321:
313:Bullockornis
312:
311:
291:
290:
278:
277:
267:
261:
260:
249:D. australis
248:
247:
226:
220:Type species
204:
203:
178:Galloanserae
174:Superorder:
112:
24:
18:
6129:Wikispecies
6008:Wikispecies
5926:Wikispecies
5831:Wikispecies
5723:Wikispecies
5561:Proceriavis
5533:Odontoptila
5489:Gigantornis
5399:Ilbandornis
5334:Asteriornis
5075:Neogaeornis
5025:Hesperornis
4956:Chupkaornis
4908:Ichthyornis
4733:Yixianornis
4679:Tianyuornis
4627:Palintropus
4574:Alamitornis
4460:Meemannavis
4430:Juehuaornis
4349:Eogranivora
4289:Bellulornis
4113:Chongmingia
3863:Overoraptor
3853:Fukuipteryx
3516:Imperobator
3355:Segnosaurus
3120:Ceratonykus
3079:Parvicursor
3050:Khulsanurus
3043:Jaculinykus
3011:Patagonykus
2921:Patagonykus
2855:Yaverlandia
2795:Maniraptora
2782:Maniraptora
2741:Maniraptora
2620:Maniraptora
2240:Ilbandornis
2127:17 December
2009:: 93––103.
1525:: 682–683.
1476:D. stirtoni
1459:D. stirtoni
1441:D. stirtoni
1419:Riversleigh
1415:D. stirtoni
1371:D. stirtoni
1343:D. stirtoni
1328:D. stirtoni
1324:D. stirtoni
1307:D. stirtoni
1295:D. stirtoni
1291:D. stirtoni
1283:anseriforms
1275:D. stirtoni
1271:D. stirtoni
1262:New Zealand
1237:Description
1187:D. stirtoni
1166:Ilbandornis
1158:Gastroliths
1134:Ilbandornis
1086:carnivorous
1061:Description
1044:Galliformes
893:Riversleigh
857:Description
749:Description
610:D. stirtoni
570:Ilbandornis
538:D. stirtoni
529:Description
519:D. stirtoni
489:Ilbandornis
315:Rich, 1979
292:D. stirtoni
6311:Categories
6254:Q106704224
5632:See also:
5554:Pelagornis
5422:Brontornis
5229:Neognathae
5148:see below↓
5113:Ceramornis
5083:Polarornis
5050:Vegaviidae
5018:Fumicollis
4984:Potamornis
4970:Judinornis
4963:Enaliornis
4787:Ornithurae
4757:Abitusavis
4551:Schizooura
4511:Yumenornis
4470:Platanavis
4440:Kaririavis
4390:Horezmavis
4329:Chaoyangia
4258:Euornithes
4245:Euornithes
4182:see below↓
4173:Euornithes
4120:Cratonavis
3996:Pygostylia
3973:Kompsornis
3958:Jeholornis
3894:Zhongornis
3821:Alcmonavis
3709:Alcmonavis
3679:Xiaotingia
3672:Serikornis
3615:Anchiornis
3571:Ambopteryx
3425:see below↓
3265:Alxasaurus
3154:Linhenykus
3138:Mononykini
3127:Xixianykus
3086:Qiupanykus
3072:Ondogurvel
3036:Dzharaonyx
2997:Bradycneme
2975:Alnashetri
2750:see below↓
2653:Dinosauria
1639:(3): 124.
1606:2054-5703.
1483:References
1466:Extinction
1423:Queensland
1381:and early
1121:floodplain
906:mega-annum
815:D. murrayi
699:Peak Downs
573:and three
473:Rich, 1979
410:people of
408:Tjapwuring
403:, a bird.
385:Queensland
381:Peak Downs
296:Rich, 1979
283:Rich, 1979
262:D. murrayi
253:Owen, 1872
231:Owen, 1872
6317:Dromornis
5917:Q23680568
5729:Dromornis
5699:Dromornis
5659:Sauriurae
5639:Carinatae
5475:Cyphornis
5461:Aequornis
5430:Gastornis
5392:Genyornis
5385:Dromornis
4942:Baptornis
4875:Limenavis
4855:Iaceornis
4845:Guildavis
4835:Gallornis
4825:Cerebavis
4815:Apatornis
4619:Apsaravis
4612:Ambiortus
4581:Kuszholia
4046:Sapeornis
3873:Rahonavis
3665:Pedopenna
3547:Rahonavis
3219:Falcarius
3161:Mononykus
3113:Albinykus
2943:Xiyunykus
2812:Elopteryx
2729:Theropoda
2714:Theropoda
2662:Theropoda
2636:Kingdom:
2395:1932-8486
2292:Dromornis
2104:128711038
2025:181496834
1633:Diversity
1403:ostriches
1176:D. planei
1162:Genyornis
1101:D. planei
1090:herbivore
1013:Dromornis
1008:Dromornis
1000:Australia
976:bull bird
957:Australia
929:Skull of
920:D. planei
901:Oligocene
831:Dromornis
808:Dromornis
800:synsacrum
792:Dromornis
766:, in the
693:Discovery
675:Dromornis
671:Australia
579:Dromornis
575:Dromornis
565:galliform
557:Dromornis
545:Dromornis
504:Dromornis
496:Genyornis
428:Dromornis
337:Oligocene
324:Dromornis
279:D. planei
205:Dromornis
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
25:Dromornis
6248:Wikidata
6162:47446042
6114:Wikidata
6067:10534624
6041:47313338
5993:Wikidata
5911:Wikidata
5816:Wikidata
5756:47313337
5714:Q2048635
5708:Wikidata
5674:Category
5482:Dasornis
5354:Qinornis
5011:Canadaga
4949:Brodavis
4771:Yanornis
4725:Yanornis
4702:Hollanda
4400:Iteravis
4380:Hollanda
4339:Dingavis
4090:Yangavis
4014:Proornis
3658:Ostromia
3622:Aurornis
3168:Shuvuuia
2900:Bannykus
2644:Chordata
2642:Phylum:
2638:Animalia
2511:(2004).
2403:37314297
2201:(2010).
2068:Dinornis
2064:(1869).
1984:30839722
1760:87299428
1716:87299428
1557:Dinornis
1435:Tasmania
1383:Pliocene
1254:Dinornis
1144:Neohelos
988:nickname
764:Dinornis
742:Dromaius
737:Dinornis
733:Dinornis
712:Dinornis
667:Pliocene
615:Dinornis
371:Dinornis
358:Taxonomy
341:Pliocene
305:Synonyms
237:Species
184:Family:
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
111:Cast of
6281:9293150
6263:Avibase
6201:4130266
6188:1139982
6175:4851592
6144:Avibase
6120:Q136317
6080:3602715
6054:4851598
6023:Avibase
5999:Q909973
5967:ZooBank
5946:9479043
5877:6155604
5864:8656287
5846:Avibase
5822:Q909965
5782:3602716
5769:4851597
5738:Avibase
5496:Laornis
5242:Neoaves
5090:Vegavis
4915:Janavis
4490:Wyleyia
3800:Avialae
3629:Caihong
3495:Paraves
3482:Paraves
3416:Paraves
2560:9880249
2540:Science
2252:Bibcode
2082:Bibcode
1975:6170582
1954:Bibcode
1740:Bibcode
1696:Bibcode
1431:Pioneer
1379:Miocene
1375:Alcoota
1363:Miocene
1349:Habitat
1216:Alcoota
1210:in the
1107:Habitat
1097:sternum
1070:ostrich
1055:ratites
1051:Alcoota
1026:of the
949:Miocene
804:Gulgong
641:Species
590:ratites
467:, 1979)
401:ornitho
266:Worthy
197:Genus:
164:Class:
6294:363765
6227:159178
6214:363765
6093:159182
5890:246676
5795:159180
5067:Maaqwi
4865:Kookne
4480:Vorona
4359:Gansus
3831:Balaur
2834:Kakuru
2558:
2527:
2487:
2450:
2401:
2393:
2304:15 May
2176:
2102:
2023:
1982:
1972:
1923:
1758:
1714:
1499:
1222:, the
454:, 2016
452:et al.
449:Worthy
442:, 1872
397:dromos
270:, 2016
268:et al.
213:, 1872
6183:IRMNG
6062:IRMNG
5959:70454
2892:Aorun
2667:Clade
2658:Clade
2649:Clade
2100:S2CID
2021:S2CID
1877:5 May
1832:4 May
1756:S2CID
1712:S2CID
1437:).
1413:that
1040:ducks
1036:geese
1018:Some
972:ornis
329:genus
327:is a
6276:GBIF
6170:GBIF
6049:GBIF
5941:GBIF
5859:GBIF
5764:GBIF
5518:Manu
5294:see
5271:see
5215:see
4159:see
3781:see
3755:see
3402:see
2727:see
2700:see
2556:PMID
2525:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2399:PMID
2391:ISSN
2306:2019
2298:GRIN
2174:ISBN
2129:2021
1980:PMID
1921:ISBN
1879:2021
1834:2021
1555:"On
1523:1872
1497:ISBN
1407:emus
1405:and
1258:moas
1150:Baru
1082:beak
1038:and
849:and
729:moas
553:emus
502:The
465:Rich
440:Owen
211:Owen
168:Aves
37:PreꞒ
6157:EoL
6036:EoL
5751:EoL
3057:Kol
2548:doi
2544:283
2521:102
2477:doi
2381:doi
2377:306
2260:doi
2219:doi
2090:doi
2011:doi
2007:330
1970:PMC
1962:doi
1794:doi
1748:doi
1704:doi
1641:doi
1527:doi
1260:of
1074:emu
1072:or
731:of
620:moa
339:to
6313::
6291::
6278::
6265::
6250::
6224::
6211::
6198::
6185::
6172::
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6146::
6131::
6116::
6090::
6077::
6064::
6051::
6038::
6025::
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5995::
5969::
5956::
5943::
5928::
5913::
5887::
5874::
5861::
5848::
5833::
5818::
5792::
5779::
5766::
5753::
5740::
5725::
5710::
3592:Yi
2669::
2660::
2651::
2554:.
2542:.
2523:.
2483:.
2471:.
2397:.
2389:.
2375:.
2369:.
2327:^
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2296:.
2258:.
2248:39
2246:.
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2197:;
2193:;
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2005:.
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1682:;
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1517:.
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1182:.
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1137:.
1046:.
1015:.
998:,
908:.
555:,
525:.
514:.
383:,
87:Pg
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2562:.
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92:N
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77:J
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42:Ꞓ
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