1364:
116:
1384:
431,000–780,000 tonnes in 2000–2009, most of which were reported from the western Indian Ocean (FAO fishing area 51) and northwest
Pacific (FAO fishing area 61). The future of croakers, like many other fish species in the United States and around the world is uncertain because overfishing continues to be a major threats. The population has decreased significantly which will affect their ability reproduce. In United States Croakers are managed by the federal and state governments to ensure that they're harvested sustainably.
140:
368:
352:
1383:
fishery statistics, it was the 25th most important fishery species worldwide. However, a large proportion of the catch is not reported at species level; in the FAO fishery statistics, the category "Croakers, drums, not elsewhere included", is the largest one within sciaenids, with annual landings of
1425:
In some species, croaking is used for communication aside from attracting mates. For those species that have year-round croaking ability, the croaks may serve as a low-aggression warning during group feeding, as well as to communicate location in cloudy water. In those species that lack the ability
1283:
reaching nearly to the tail, and a notch between the rays and spines of the dorsal, although the two parts are actually separate. Drums are somberly coloured, usually in shades of brown, with a lateral line on each side that extends to the tip of the caudal fin. The anal fin usually has two spines,
1408:
that surrounds the swim bladder ventrally. These sonic muscle fibres are repeatedly contracted against the swim bladder to produce the croaking sound that gives drum and croaker their common name, effectively using the swim bladder as a resonating chamber. The sciaenids' large swim bladder is more
1392:
A notable trait of sciaenids is the ability to produce a "croaking" sound. However, the pitch and use of croaking varies species to species. The croaking ability is a distinguishing characteristic of sciaenids. The croaking mechanism is used by males as a
1307:
and smaller fish. They are small to medium-sized, bottom-dwelling fishes living primarily in estuaries, bays, and muddy river banks. Most of these fish types avoid clear waters, such as coral reefs and oceanic islands, with a few notable exceptions (e.g.
1775:
1417:, the croaking mechanism is present in both sexes and remains active year-round. These species are thought to use croaking for communication, such as announcing hazards and location when in turbid water.
1903:"Series Eupercaria (Incertae sedis): Families Callanthidae, Centrogenyidae, Dinopercidae, Emmelichthyidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Parascorpididae, Sciaenidae and Sillagidae"
336:
within the
Sciaenidae but many workers on these fishes do recognise subfamilies and tribes within the family. For example, in 1989 Kunio Sasaki erected a number of subfamilies and
1409:
expansive and branched than other species, which aids in the croaking. In some species the sonic muscle fibres are only present in males. These muscles strengthen during the
2278:
2000:
2317:
1476:
2417:
1987:
1404:. These muscles are called sonic muscle fibres, and run horizontally along the fish's body on both sides around the swim bladder, connected to a central
2043:
2252:
1682:
2291:
1502:
Annalen des
Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie a für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Anthropologie und Prähistorie
1375:
They are excellent food and sport fish, and are commonly caught by surf and pier fishers. Some are important commercial fishery species, notably
264:
in reference to the repetitive throbbing or drumming sounds they make. The family consists of about 293 to 298 species in about 66 or 67 genera.
2422:
2081:
1942:
1599:
1284:
while the dorsal fins are deeply notched or separate. Most species have a rounded or pointed caudal fin. The mouth is set low and is usually
1426:
to croak year-round, croaking is usually restricted to males for attracting mates. A disadvantage to the croaking ability is that it allows
861:
1959:
1430:
to easily locate large groups of croaker and drum as they broadcast their position, indicating large amounts of food for the dolphins.
748:
2071:
2379:
115:
1692:
1452:
1449:
2296:
2304:
386:
1413:
and are allowed to atrophy the rest of the time, deactivating the croaking mechanism. In other species, most notably the
1355:, although there are a number of people that enjoy fishing for these species and eating them, despite their limitations.
1285:
1363:
2200:
2177:
1798:
1649:
Ramcharitar, John; Gannon, Damon; Popper, Arthur (May 16, 2006), "Bioacoustics of fishes of the family
Sciaenidae",
1455:
139:
1462:
2322:
1453:
2102:
1463:
814:
505:
1457:
1451:
1439:
1465:
399:
2049:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1441:
2130:
1448:
1095:
771:
634:
599:
1472:
1467:
2343:
1474:
1460:
1450:
1442:
1229:
1196:
1160:
1146:
532:
2205:
1368:
971:
963:
2361:
1626:
1468:
2412:
2384:
2226:
1855:
1726:
1678:
1459:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1376:
967:
950:
647:
472:
1031:
708:
2407:
1823:
Don L. Frizzell; John H. Dante (1965). "Otoliths of some early
Cenozoic fishes of the Gulf Coast".
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1313:
722:
685:
519:
438:
278:
1539:
1461:
1447:
1099:
1074:
1517:
1427:
1333:
1309:
1091:
1087:
1082:
998:
827:
681:
576:
558:
459:
446:
442:
134:
2348:
1473:
313:
retains this family within the
Acanthuriformes but does not recognise the suborder Sciaenoidei.
1444:
1320:). They live in warm-temperate and tropical waters and are best represented in major rivers in
2330:
2213:
2077:
1938:
1883:
1754:
1687:
1595:
1561:
1509:
562:
545:
412:
328:
309:
2335:
2283:
1470:
2371:
1873:
1863:
1799:"Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes)"
1744:
1734:
1658:
1551:
1414:
242:
123:
2168:
1191:
1154:
337:
294:
290:
253:
250:
246:
191:
1859:
1730:
1878:
1843:
1749:
1714:
1329:
1321:
1261:
1112:
1107:
735:
299:
216:
181:
41:
1496:
Bellwood, David R.; Schultz, Ortwin; Siqueira, Alexandre C.; Cowman, Peter F. (2019).
2401:
1622:
1410:
1325:
1173:
1130:
1016:
945:
927:
809:
425:
407:
73:
1844:"Molecular exploration of hidden diversity in the Indo-West Pacific sciaenid clade"
1401:
1352:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1069:
1026:
935:
902:
799:
779:
716:
642:
570:
420:
356:
2182:
1933:
Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
2218:
1868:
1644:
1642:
2309:
2265:
2162:
1394:
1140:
1039:
894:
869:
835:
789:
628:
607:
540:
500:
454:
394:
381:
286:
201:
48:
2017:
1299:
Sciaenids are found worldwide, in both fresh and salt water, and are typically
1739:
1556:
1340:
1280:
1254:
1120:
1059:
958:
879:
743:
665:
655:
618:
594:
513:
490:
480:
367:
351:
304:
93:
58:
2153:
1513:
2239:
1960:"Why These Overlooked Fish May Be the Tastiest (and Most Sustainable) - WSJ"
1379:
with reported landings of 218,000–407,000 tonnes in 2000–2009; according to
1214:
1204:
1181:
979:
922:
912:
889:
822:
756:
676:
584:
433:
372:
333:
273:
151:
98:
1887:
1758:
1565:
17:
2192:
2147:
1713:
Ricardo
Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017).
1631:
1589:
1049:
1006:
989:
766:
322:
283:
171:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
1521:
1497:
1989:
Yearbook of fishery and aquaculture statistics 2009. Capture production
1538:
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
1237:
1224:
1168:
730:
703:
693:
553:
360:
297:. Other authorities classify the Sciaenidae and the Emmelichthyidae as
103:
78:
1986:
FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011).
1662:
2270:
1405:
845:
467:
161:
2257:
2124:
2244:
1400:
To produce the croaking sound, special muscles vibrate against the
2356:
1902:
1901:
Christopher
Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (9 March 2023).
1362:
1268:
855:
527:
366:
350:
348:
The following genera are classified within the family
Sciaenidae:
1339:
In the United States most fishers consider freshwater drum to be
1344:
1292:
mechanism involves the beating of abdominal muscles against the
272:
Sciaenidae was first proposed as a family in 1829 by the French
2128:
1996:
1438:
1380:
1348:
2231:
1533:
1531:
1806:
Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University
1588:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
1367:
An 1865 watercolor painting of Brazilian croaker by
2137:
1681:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1907:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
1498:"A review of the fossil record of the Labridae"
1776:"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification"
1651:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
2103:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"
8:
1715:"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"
1909:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
1842:Lo P-C; Liu S-H; Nor SAM; Chen W-J (2017).
2125:
2073:Sensory processing in aquatic environments
2070:Collin, Shaun; N. Justin Marshall (2003).
1958:Dunn, Elizabeth Gunnison (20 March 2015).
1937:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 182.
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
114:
31:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1877:
1867:
1748:
1738:
1594:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502.
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1555:
1770:
1768:
1485:
1289:
2076:. New York: Springer-Verlag New York.
1981:
1979:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1673:
1671:
1540:"Family-group names of recent fishes"
378:
371:Adult and juvenile spotted drumfish,
7:
2362:865687AC-8E02-446D-FF0F-0E0CFD797D5A
2018:"Global atlantic croaker production"
1491:
1489:
1343:not suitable for eating, similar to
1267:, which was used to refer to marine
1253:Sciaenidae takes its name from its
276:Georges Cuvier. The 5th edition of
2418:Extant Oligocene first appearances
2107:Bulletins of American Paleontology
25:
2045:Fish Croaks Like a Frog, But Why?
1683:"Genera in the family Sciaenidae"
2042:Roach, John (November 7, 2005),
1778:. California Academy of Sciences
138:
1693:California Academy of Sciences
1:
289:, alongside the rover family
282:classifies the family in the
2423:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
1869:10.1371/journal.pone.0176623
256:. They are commonly called
2439:
1260:which is derived from the
1740:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
1557:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
1421:Croaking in communication
229:
224:
135:Scientific classification
133:
122:
113:
34:
1719:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1635:. February 2023 version.
1625:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2101:Sepkoski, Jack (2002).
1825:Journal of Paleontology
1303:carnivores, feeding on
794:Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963
128:Micropogonias undulatus
1935:Encyclopedia of Fishes
1372:
1279:A sciaenid has a long
375:
364:
363:, Netherlands Antilles
231:About 66–70, see text
2344:Paleobiology Database
1797:Kunio Sasaki (1989).
1679:Eschmeyer, William N.
1366:
623:von Schafhäutl, 1863
370:
354:
2052:on November 24, 2005
1377:small yellow croaker
1964:Wall Street Journal
1860:2017PLoSO..1276623L
1731:2017BMCEE..17..162B
1627:"Family Sciaenidae"
1591:Fishes of the World
318:Fishes of the World
316:The 5th edition of
279:Fishes of the World
1434:Timeline of genera
1428:bottlenose dolphin
1388:Croaking mechanism
1373:
1334:Gulf of California
1083:Pseudolarimichthys
376:
365:
303:within the series
2395:
2394:
2331:Open Tree of Life
2131:Taxon identifiers
2083:978-0-387-95527-8
1944:978-0-12-547665-2
1688:Catalog of Fishes
1663:10.1577/T05-207.1
1601:978-1-118-34233-6
1397:in some species.
1369:Jacques Burkhardt
1243:
1233:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1187:
1177:
1164:
1150:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1103:
1078:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1022:
1012:
1002:
985:
975:
954:
941:
931:
918:
908:
898:
885:
875:
865:
851:
841:
831:
818:
805:
795:
785:
775:
762:
752:
739:
726:
712:
699:
689:
671:
661:
651:
638:
624:
613:
603:
590:
580:
566:
549:
536:
523:
509:
496:
486:
476:
463:
450:
429:
416:
403:
390:
332:do not recognise
329:Catalog of Fishes
310:Catalog of Fishes
249:belonging to the
247:ray-finned fishes
236:
235:
220:
16:(Redirected from
2430:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2310:NBNSYS0000160952
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2048:, archived from
2039:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1999:. Archived from
1994:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1657:(5): 1409–1431,
1646:
1637:
1636:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1493:
1415:Atlantic croaker
1241:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1195:
1185:
1172:
1158:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1111:
1086:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1030:
1020:
1010:
993:
983:
962:
949:
940:Lal Mohan, 1969
939:
926:
916:
906:
893:
883:
873:
859:
849:
839:
826:
813:
803:
793:
784:Lal Mohan, 1969
783:
770:
760:
747:
734:
720:
707:
697:
680:
669:
659:
646:
632:
622:
611:
598:
588:
574:
557:
544:
531:
517:
504:
494:
484:
471:
458:
437:
424:
411:
398:
385:
357:spotted drumfish
215:
143:
142:
124:Atlantic croaker
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
27:Family of fishes
21:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2133:
2116:
2114:
2100:
2097:
2095:Further reading
2092:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1854:(4): e0176623.
1841:
1840:
1836:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1436:
1423:
1390:
1361:
1277:
1275:Characteristics
1251:
1246:
1209:Trewavas, 1977
1064:Trewavas, 1971
1054:Lacépède, 1801
1021:Trewavas, 1962
984:Trewavas, 1977
840:Trewavas, 1962
612:Trewavas, 1964
518:Trevawas &
495:Trewavas, 1977
346:
295:Acanthuriformes
293:, in the order
291:Emmelichthyidae
270:
254:Acanthuriformes
214:
192:Acanthuriformes
137:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2376:
2366:
2353:
2340:
2327:
2314:
2301:
2288:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2187:
2174:
2159:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2062:
2027:
2009:
2006:on 2017-05-19.
1975:
1950:
1943:
1920:
1893:
1834:
1815:
1789:
1764:
1705:
1667:
1638:
1623:Froese, Rainer
1607:
1600:
1571:
1527:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1389:
1386:
1360:
1357:
1330:Gulf of Mexico
1322:Southeast Asia
1276:
1273:
1271:-like fishes.
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1188:
1178:
1165:
1151:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1108:Pseudotolithus
1104:
1079:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1023:
1013:
1003:
986:
976:
955:
942:
932:
919:
909:
907:Fowler, 1933
899:
886:
876:
866:
862:W. F. Thompson
852:
842:
832:
819:
806:
796:
786:
776:
763:
753:
740:
727:
713:
700:
690:
672:
662:
652:
639:
625:
614:
604:
591:
581:
567:
550:
537:
524:
510:
497:
487:
477:
464:
451:
430:
417:
404:
391:
377:
345:
342:
300:incertae sedis
269:
266:
234:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
182:Actinopterygii
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
42:Late Paleocene
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2435:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1831:(4): 687–718.
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1812:(1–2): 1–137.
1811:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1411:mating season
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:South America
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:invertebrates
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1248:
1242:Cuvier, 1816
1240:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:Jordan &
1157:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:Béarez &
1143:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:Pterotolithus
1128:
1125:Fowler, 1925
1123:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:Pentheroscion
1014:
1011:Fowler, 1926
1009:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
991:
987:
982:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:
946:Paralonchurus
943:
938:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
920:
915:
914:
910:
905:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
887:
882:
881:
877:
872:
871:
867:
863:
860:Jordan &
858:
857:
853:
850:Cuvier, 1830
848:
847:
843:
838:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
810:Micropogonias
807:
802:
801:
797:
792:
791:
787:
782:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:
764:
759:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
728:
724:
721:Jordan &
719:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:
701:
696:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
668:
667:
663:
658:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
640:
636:
633:Jordan &
631:
630:
626:
621:
620:
615:
610:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:
592:
587:
586:
582:
578:
575:Fowler &
573:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:
525:
521:
516:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
498:
493:
492:
488:
483:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
408:Aspericorvina
405:
401:
397:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
379:
374:
369:
362:
358:
353:
349:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
324:
319:
314:
312:
311:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
280:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
228:
223:
218:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
43:
33:
30:
19:
2138:
2115:. Retrieved
2110:
2106:
2072:
2065:
2054:, retrieved
2050:the original
2044:
2021:
2012:
2001:the original
1988:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1934:
1911:. Retrieved
1906:
1896:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1725:(162): 162.
1722:
1718:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1686:
1654:
1650:
1630:
1590:
1550:(2): 1–230.
1547:
1543:
1505:
1501:
1424:
1402:swim bladder
1399:
1391:
1374:
1353:buffalo fish
1338:
1324:, northeast
1318:spotted drum
1310:reef croaker
1298:
1294:swim bladder
1278:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1236:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1190:
1180:
1167:
1153:
1139:
1135:Fowler 1933
1129:
1119:
1106:
1081:
1070:Protosciaena
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1027:Petilipinnis
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
988:
978:
957:
944:
934:
921:
911:
903:Otolithoides
901:
888:
878:
874:Gill, 1862
868:
854:
844:
834:
821:
808:
800:Menticirrhus
798:
788:
780:Macrospinosa
778:
765:
761:Bloch, 1793
755:
742:
729:
717:Larimichthys
715:
702:
698:Bloch, 1793
692:
675:
664:
654:
641:
627:
617:
606:
593:
583:
571:Ctenosciaena
569:
552:
539:
526:
512:
499:
489:
479:
466:
453:
432:
421:Atractoscion
419:
406:
400:De la Pylaie
393:
380:
347:
327:
321:
317:
315:
308:
298:
277:
271:
261:
257:
238:
237:
230:
211:
127:
29:
2413:Sciaenoidei
2266:iNaturalist
2163:Wikispecies
2056:December 1,
2022:husfarm.com
1508:: 125–194.
1395:mating call
1219:Oken, 1817
1186:Gill, 1863
1147:Schwarzhans
1141:Robaloscion
1044:Gill, 1861
1040:Plagioscion
917:Gill, 1861
884:Gill, 1863
870:Odontoscion
836:Miracorvina
804:Gill, 1861
790:Megalonibea
670:Gill, 1862
660:Gill, 1861
629:Elattarchus
608:Dendrophysa
589:Gill, 1861
541:Collichthys
501:Cheilotrema
485:Gill, 1861
455:Austronibea
395:Argyrosomus
382:Aplodinotus
334:subfamilies
287:Sciaenoidei
202:Sciaenoidei
18:Drum (fish)
2408:Sciaenidae
2402:Categories
2183:Sciaenidae
2169:Sciaenidae
2139:Sciaenidae
2117:2011-05-19
1969:2017-07-02
1480:References
1341:rough fish
1332:, and the
1281:dorsal fin
1255:type genus
1121:Pteroscion
1060:Protonibea
959:Paranebris
880:Ophioscion
744:Leiostomus
666:Isopisthus
656:Genyonemus
619:Diaphyodus
595:Daysciaena
577:B. A. Bean
514:Chrysochir
491:Boesemania
481:Bairdiella
387:Rafinesque
305:Eupercaria
239:Sciaenidae
212:Sciaenidae
198:Suborder:
44:to present
35:Sciaenidae
1514:0255-0091
1359:Fisheries
1249:Etymology
1215:Stellifer
1205:Sonorolux
1182:Sciaenops
980:Paranibea
972:Robertson
923:Pachyurus
913:Pachypops
890:Otolithes
823:Miichthys
815:Bonaparte
757:Lonchurus
709:Lal Mohan
677:Jefitchia
585:Cynoscion
563:Eigenmann
434:Atrobucca
373:St. Kitts
355:Juvenile
274:zoologist
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
2190:BioLib:
2148:Wikidata
1995:. Rome:
1913:17 April
1888:28453569
1848:PLOS ONE
1782:17 April
1759:28683774
1698:17 April
1632:FishBase
1566:25543675
1522:26595690
1314:high-hat
1290:croaking
1288:. Their
1286:inferior
1230:Villamar
1192:Seriphus
1174:Linnaeus
1155:Roncador
1096:Mohd Nor
1050:Pogonias
1007:Pennahia
990:Pareques
767:Macrodon
749:Lacépède
688:, 1965
682:Frizzell
635:Evermann
460:Trewavas
323:Fishbase
284:suborder
268:Taxonomy
262:croakers
208:Family:
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
2336:1089742
2154:Q216634
2113:: 1–560
1879:5409148
1856:Bibcode
1750:5501477
1727:Bibcode
1544:Zootaxa
1301:benthic
1265:skiaina
1258:Sciaena
1238:Umbrina
1232:, 1980
1225:Totoaba
1199:, 1860
1176:, 1758
1169:Sciaena
1163:, 1880
1161:Gilbert
1115:, 1863
1113:Bleeker
1102:, 2017
1077:, 1989
1034:, 2002
1032:Casatti
1001:, 1876
974:, 2001
953:, 1869
951:Bocourt
930:, 1831
928:Agassiz
897:, 1817
864:, 1911
830:, 1938
817:, 1831
774:, 1822
751:, 1802
738:, 1830
731:Larimus
725:, 1905
704:Kathala
694:Johnius
637:, 1896
602:, 1971
579:, 1923
565:, 1889
554:Corvula
548:, 1860
546:Günther
535:, 1900
522:, 1966
520:Yazdani
508:, 1846
506:Tschudi
475:, 1935
462:, 1977
449:, 1963
428:, 1862
415:, 1834
402:, 1835
389:, 1819
361:Bonaire
225:Genera
188:Order:
178:Class:
2385:125558
2372:114361
2369:uBio:
2349:210668
2297:169237
2284:114221
2245:1SCIEF
2080:
1941:
1886:
1876:
1757:
1747:
1598:
1564:
1520:
1512:
1406:tendon
1351:, and
1328:, the
1316:, and
1098:&
1075:Sasaki
968:Béarez
846:Nebris
772:Schinz
736:Cuvier
723:Starks
684:&
600:Talwar
561:&
559:Jordan
533:Delfin
468:Bahaba
445:&
413:Fowler
344:Genera
338:tribes
307:. The
243:family
219:, 1829
217:Cuvier
2380:WoRMS
2357:Plazi
2323:30870
2279:IRMNG
2271:49172
2193:43328
2004:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1802:(PDF)
1518:JSTOR
1269:perch
1262:Greek
1197:Ayres
1149:2014
999:Goode
994:Gill
936:Panna
856:Nibea
711:1969
686:Dante
650:1793
648:Bloch
643:Eques
528:Cilus
473:Herre
258:drums
251:order
241:is a
2318:NCBI
2292:ITIS
2258:5062
2253:GBIF
2240:EPPO
2232:5211
2206:1856
2201:BOLD
2078:ISBN
2058:2011
1939:ISBN
1915:2023
1884:PMID
1784:2023
1755:PMID
1700:2023
1596:ISBN
1562:PMID
1548:3882
1510:ISSN
1345:carp
1100:Chen
970:and
964:Chao
895:Oken
426:Gill
326:and
49:PreꞒ
2305:NBN
2227:EoL
2219:G3Y
2214:CoL
2178:AFD
2111:363
1997:FAO
1874:PMC
1864:doi
1745:PMC
1735:doi
1659:doi
1655:135
1552:doi
1506:121
1381:FAO
1349:gar
1092:Liu
828:Lin
439:Chu
260:or
245:of
2404::
2382::
2359::
2346::
2333::
2320::
2307::
2294::
2281::
2268::
2255::
2242::
2229::
2216::
2203::
2180::
2165::
2150::
2109:.
2105:.
2030:^
2020:.
1978:^
1962:.
1923:^
1905:.
1882:.
1872:.
1862:.
1852:12
1850:.
1846:.
1829:39
1827:.
1810:36
1808:.
1804:.
1767:^
1753:.
1743:.
1733:.
1723:17
1721:.
1717:.
1691:.
1685:.
1670:^
1653:,
1641:^
1629:.
1610:^
1574:^
1560:.
1546:.
1542:.
1530:^
1516:.
1504:.
1500:.
1488:^
1347:,
1336:.
1312:,
1296:.
1094:,
1090:,
1088:Lo
996:in
966:,
447:Wu
443:Lo
441:,
359:,
340:.
320:,
126:,
99:Pg
2120:.
2086:.
2024:.
1972:.
1947:.
1917:.
1890:.
1866::
1858::
1786:.
1761:.
1737::
1729::
1702:.
1661::
1604:.
1568:.
1554::
1524:.
1371:.
674:†
616:†
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
74:C
69:D
64:S
59:O
54:Ꞓ
20:)
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