285:(often referred to as "topsoil" which accumulated after formation) and a thin "Bw" horizon (commonly referred to as "subsoil"). The "C" horizon, which shows little evidence of being affected by soil forming processes (weathering), is close to the surface, and may be at the surface on an eroded drumlin. Below the C horizon the drumlin consists of multiple beds of till deposited by lodgment and bed deformation. On drumlins with longer exposure (e.g. in the Lake Ontario drumlin field in New York State) soil development is more advanced, for example with the formation of clay-enriched "Bt" horizons.
258:
erosional processes, with each horizontal till bed within the drumlin created by an individual surge of the glacier. The above theory for the formation of these
Icelandic drumlins best explains one type of drumlin. However, it does not provide a unifying explanation of all drumlins. For example, drumlin fields including drumlins composed entirely of hard bedrock cannot be explained by deposition and erosion of unconsolidated beds. Furthermore, hairpin scours around many drumlins are best explained by the erosive action of horseshoe vortices around obstacles in a turbulent boundary layer.
31:
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dip on a stereonet, scientists are able to see if there is a correlation between each clast and the overall orientation of the drumlin: the more similar in orientation and dip of the clasts throughout the drumlin, the more likely it is that they had been deposited during the formation process. If the opposite is true, and there doesn't seem to be a link between the drumlin and the till, it suggests that the other main theory of formation could be true.
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Drumlins are typically between 250 and 1,000 m (820 and 3,280 ft) long and between 120 and 300 m (390 and 980 ft) wide. Drumlins generally have a length to width ratio of between 1.7 and 4.1 and it has been suggested that this ratio can indicate the velocity of the glacier. That
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align themselves with direction of flow. It is because of this process that geologists are able to determine how the drumlin formed using till fabric analysis, the study of the orientation and dip of particles within a till matrix. By examining the till particles and plotting their orientation and
100:
Drumlins occur in various shapes and sizes, including symmetrical (about the long axis), spindle, parabolic forms, and transverse asymmetrical forms. Generally, they are elongated, oval-shaped hills, with a long axis parallel to the orientation of ice flow and with an up-ice (stoss) face that is
257:
in
Iceland exposed a drumlin field with more than 50 drumlins ranging from 90 to 320 m (300–1,050 ft) in length, 30 to 105 m (100–340 ft) in width, and 5 to 10 m (16–33 ft) in height. These formed through a progression of subglacial depositional and
226:
in cavities scoured into a glacier bed by subglacial meltwater, and remnant ridges left behind by erosion of soft sediment or hard rock by turbulent meltwater. This hypothesis requires huge, subglacial meltwater floods, each of which would raise sea level by tens of centimeters in a few weeks.
140:
drumlin fields are observed to occur in a fan-like distribution. The long axis of each drumlin is parallel to the direction of movement of the glacier at the time of formation. Inspection of aerial photos of these fields reveals glacier's progress through the landscape. The
1248:
Lesemann, Jerome-Etienne; Brennand, Tracy A. (November 2009). "Regional reconstruction of subglacial hydrology and glaciodynamic behaviour along the southern margin of the
Cordilleran Ice Sheet in British Columbia, Canada and northern Washington State, USA".
194:). These drumlins cannot be explained by the addition of soft sediment to a core. Thus, accretion and erosion of soft sediment by processes of subglacial deformation do not present unifying theories for all drumlins—some are composed of residual bedrock.
206:, suggests that they form as sediment is deposited from subglacial waterways laden with till including gravel, clay, silt, and sand. As the drumlin forms, the scrape and flow of the glacier continues around it and the material deposited accumulates, the
214:
The second theory proposes that drumlins form by erosion of material from an unconsolidated bed. Erosion under a glacier in the immediate vicinity of a drumlin can be on the order of a meter's depth of sediment per year, depending heavily on the
385:— Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario and northern Quebec. Drumlins occur in every Canadian province and territory. Clusters of thousands of drumlins are found in:
105:
is, since ice flows in laminar flow, the resistance to flow is frictional and depends on area of contact; thus, a more elongated drumlin would indicate a lower velocity and a shorter one would indicate a higher velocity.
1284:
Yu, Peter; Eyles, Nick; Sookhan, Shane (2015). "Automated drumlin shape and volume estimation using high resolution LiDAR imagery (Curvature Based Relief
Separation): A test from the Wadena Drumlin Field, Minnesota".
149:
are also arrayed in a splayed fan distribution around an arc of 180°. This field surrounds the current lobe of the glacier and provide a view into the past, showing the previous extent and motion of the ice.
1962:
Prieto V., Ximena; Winsolow, Margaret (1992). "El cuaternario del
Estrecho de Magallanes I: sector Punta Arenas- Primera Angostura" [Quaternary in Magallanes Strait: Punta Arenas-Primera Angostura].
1990:
Smith, A.M.; Murray, T.; Nicholls, K.W.; Makinson, K.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Behar, A.E.; Vaughan, D.G. (2007). "Rapid erosion, drumlin formation, and changing hydrology beneath an
Antarctic ice stream".
608:
1169:
Johnson, M. D.; Schomacker, A.; Benediktsson, I. O.; Geiger, A. J.; Ferguson, A.; Ingolfsson, O. (2010). "Active drumlin field revealed at the margin of
Mulajokull, Iceland: A surge-type glacier".
1614:
O'Dwyer, Barry; Crockford, Lucy; Jordan, Phil; Hislop, Lindsay; Taylor, David (July 2013). "A palaeolimnological investigation into nutrient impact and recovery in an agricultural catchment".
1324:
1869:
Kehew, Alan E.; Esch, John M.; Kozlowski, Andrew L.; Ewald, Stephanie K. (2012). "Glacial landsystems and dynamics of the
Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Michigan, USA".
1488:
Paik, Joongcheol; Escauriaza, Cristian; Sotiropoulos, Fotis (1 April 2007). "On the bimodal dynamics of the turbulent horseshoe vortex system in a wing-body junction".
1345:
Hermanowski, Piotr; Piotrowski, Jan A.; Duda, Piotr (October 2020). "Till kinematics in the
Stargard drumlin field, NW Poland constrained by microstructural proxies".
261:
Semi-submerged or drowned drumlins can be observed where rising sea-levels flooded the low-lying areas in between drumlin ridges. The most notable example of this is
222:
A hypothesis that catastrophic sub-glacial floods form drumlins by deposition or erosion challenges conventional explanations for drumlins. It includes deposition of
451:
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acting on the ground below the glacier from the weight of the glacier itself, with the eroded sediment forming a drumlin as it is repositioned and deposited.
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92:. Assemblages of drumlins are referred to as fields or swarms; they can create a landscape which is often described as having a 'basket of eggs topography'.
306:
Besides the
Icelandic drumlins mentioned above, the literature also documents extensive drumlin fields in England, Scotland and Wales, Switzerland, Poland,
186:
of glacial till was invoked as a major factor in drumlin formation. In other cases, drumlin fields include drumlins made up entirely of hard bedrock (e.g.
1852:
1851:. The Geology of Staten Island, New York, Field guide and proceedings, The Geological Association of New Jersey, XI Annual Meeting. pp. 93–200.
2039:
1685:
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770:(1806–1877). From p. 37: "This peculiar form is so striking that the peasantry have appropriated an expressive name to such ridges; while
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Quaternary subglacial processes in Switzerland : geomorphology of the Plateau and seismic stratigraphy of Western Lake Geneva
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2916:
620:
2566:
1906:
883:
Spagnolo, Matteo; Clark, Chris D.; Hughes, Anna L.C.; Dunlop, Paul; Stokes, Chris R. (2010). "The planar shape of drumlins".
809:
477:
423:
246:
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182:. Alternatively, drumlins may be residual, with the landforms resulting from erosion of material between the landforms. The
1649:
Shaw, John; Sharpe, Davis; Harris, Jeff (January 2010). "A flowline map of glaciated Canada based on remote sensing data".
2030:
Bouton, G.S. (1987). "A theory of drumlin formation by subglacial sediment deformation". In Menzies, J.; Rose, J. (eds.).
1758:
Kerr, Michael; Eyles, Nick (January 2007). "Origin of drumlins on the floor of Lake Ontario and in upper New York State".
1129:
269:, which contains hundreds of drumlin islands and islets. It was once a field of drumlins that was "drowned" following the
183:
658: – Geographic feature created by glaciation, a similar formation, with a more resilient core (generally composed of
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38:, Wisconsin, in an area with one of the highest concentration of drumlins in the world. The curved path of the
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1051:
Shaw, J.; Kvill, D. (1984). "A glaciofluvial origin for drumlins of the Livingstone Lake area, Saskatchewan".
2571:
1794:
1127:
Spagnolo, M.; Clark, C.D.; Hughes, A.L.C.; Dunlop, P.; Stokes, C.R. (2010). "The planar shape of drumlins".
767:
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2480:
2304:
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Studies of erosional forms in bedrock at French River, Ontario, Canada, provide evidence for such floods.
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in various proportions; perhaps indicating that material was repeatedly added to a core, which may be of
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2561:
968:
Clark, Chris D.; Hughes, Anna L.C.; Greenwood, Sarah L.; Spagnolo, Matteo; Ng, Felix S.L. (April 2009).
612:
442:
416:
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970:"Size and shape characteristics of drumlins, derived from a large sample, and associated scaling laws"
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Drumlins are often encountered in drumlin fields of similarly shaped, sized and oriented hills. Many
39:
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2791:
2618:
2536:
427:
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58:, Chile. Flow direction here was at time of formation from west to east (left to right on picture).
2116:
Menzies, J. (April 1979). "A review of the literature on the formation and location of drumlins".
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Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science
2051:
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science
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1738:
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1631:
1523:
Shaw, John (June 1994). "Hairpin erosional marks, horseshoe vortices and subglacial erosion".
1393:
1206:"The Formation and Shape of Drumlins and their Distribution and Orientation in Drumlin Fields"
805:
732:
663:
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In 2007, drumlins were observed to be forming beneath the ice of a West Antarctic ice stream.
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Charlesworth, J. Kaye (1938). "Some Observations on the Glaciation of North-East Ireland".
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A satellite image of the region of Hofsjökull where drumlin growth has been observed (see
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405:
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331:
117:. They form near the margin of glacial systems, and within zones of fast flow deep within
55:
1737:. Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Remote Sensing Center, Alberta Environment. pp. 41–43.
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2004:
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Menzies (1979). "A review of the literature on the formation and location of drumlins".
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Goldstein, Barry (June 1994). "Drumlins of the Puget Lowland, Washington State, USA".
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698: – Landform of ridges deposited by a glacier or ice sheet transverse to ice flow
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122:
35:
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Bryce, James (1838). "On the evidences of diluvial action in the north of Ireland".
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76:("little ridge"), first recorded in 1833, in the classical sense is an elongated
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Drumlins and drumlin swarms are glacial landforms composed primarily of glacial
121:, and are commonly found with other major glacially-formed features (including
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Drumlin field in Western New York state. The drumlins align with glacial flow.
1976:
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1413:
Shaw, John (April 2002). "The meltwater hypothesis for subglacial bedforms".
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The majority of drumlins observed in North America were formed during the
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710: – Particulate solid matter that is deposited on the surface of land
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17:
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2012:
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Landforms of Alberta interpreted from airphotos and satellite imagery
1366:
1190:
790:(Dorsum) have been applied to such hills as we have been describing."
382:
315:
167:
2246:, The Geography Site, United Kingdom. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
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2100:
963:
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Saskatchewan – 80 km (50 mi) south of the east end of
323:
163:
159:
114:
85:
77:
2931:
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80:
in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by
1842:
Sanders, John E.; Merguerian, Charles. Benimoff, A. I. (ed.).
202:
There are two main theories of drumlin formation. The first,
2267:
2070:
Finch, T. F.; Walsh, M. (1973). "Drumlins of County Clare".
727:
Menzies(1979) quoted in Benn, D.I. & Evans, D.J.A. 2003
2289:
377:
The largest drumlin fields in the world formed beneath the
2093:
Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)
704: – Rock formation created by the passing of a glacier
1243:
1241:
678: – Feature of the solid surface of a planetary body
1478:). The drumlins can be observed between pools of water.
2091:
Linton, D. L. (1963). "The Forms of Glacial Erosion".
281:
Recently formed drumlins often incorporate a thin "A"
782:, have each their peculiar significations, the names
600:. A major drumlin field extends on both sides of the
245:, is a vast field of drowned drumlins, which are now
1837:
1835:
686:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
42:
is evident in the orientation of the various mounds.
3068:
3047:
3006:
2965:
2830:
2769:
2646:
2637:
2606:
2585:
2509:
2398:
2327:
2252:, image from Canadian Landscapes Photo Collection,
253:The recent retreat of a marginal outlet glacier of
1917:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2016.
672: – Landform created by the action of glaciers
450:– drumlins are located on the Morley Flats in the
1845:The glacial geology of New York City and vicinity
766:Originally presented in 1833 by Irish geologist
101:generally steeper than the down-ice (lee) face.
2194:Patterson, Carrie J.; Hooke, Roger LeB (1995).
804:(First ed.). London: Arnold. p. 434.
2943:
2305:
492:Central New York (between the south shore of
8:
1795:"Drumlins carved by rapid water-rich surges"
1678:The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder
800:Benn, Douglas I.; Evans, David J.A. (2003).
2196:"Physical environment of drumlin formation"
1088:"Physical environment of drumlin formation"
750:Journal of the Geological Society of Dublin
71:
2950:
2936:
2928:
2643:
2312:
2298:
2290:
2219:
1221:
1204:Smalley, Ian J.; Unwin, David J. (1968).
1111:
1035:
863:Geoschol – Geology for schools in Ireland
454:west of Calgary, as well as south of the
2034:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 25–80.
84:ice acting on underlying unconsolidated
29:
720:
27:Elongated hill formed by glacial action
1321:"Clast Shape, Till Fabrics and Striae"
630:host also drumlin fields; for example
596:Extensive drumlin fields are found in
1728:
1726:
1086:Patterson, C.J.; Hooke, R.L. (1995).
7:
2250:Drumlin field, northwestern Manitoba
1965:Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia
1818:The geology of Long Island, New York
1566:Mayo - County Geological Site Report
1164:
1162:
1160:
400:, as well as areas to the west near
1616:Journal of Environmental Management
1913:of the Northern Superior Uplands,
1651:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1601:10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:714
1390:Techniques of Till Fabric Analysis
1053:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
529:in Windham and New London Counties
25:
836:from the original on 21 June 2020
2917:Template:Periglacial environment
2286:. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
2274:. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
2256:. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
2244:Diagrams of an idealized drumlin
1915:Ecological Classification System
1858:from the original on 2017-02-03.
1595:(Thesis). Université de Genève.
872:from the original on 2021-11-22.
158:Drumlins may comprise layers of
1327:from the original on 2020-11-19
1271:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.04.019
1012:"The Mechanics of Glacier Flow"
997:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.035
609:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Airport
2279:French River: Ice Age Outburst
1307:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.020
684: – hill range in Missouri
478:West Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia
326:, in the Republic of Ireland (
129:, scours, and exposed bedrock
1:
1628:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.01.034
1591:Fiore, Julien Thomas (2007).
1435:10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00089-1
1347:Journal of Quaternary Science
604:covering the surroundings of
2138:10.1016/0012-8252(79)90093-X
1949:10.1016/0037-0738(94)90136-8
1891:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.021
1780:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.025
1570:Geological Survey of Ireland
1545:10.1016/0037-0738(94)90134-1
1151:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.01.008
940:10.1016/0012-8252(79)90093-X
905:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.01.008
277:Soil development on drumlins
2254:Geological Survey of Canada
2147:"What Caused the Drumlins?"
3120:
2978:Coastal sediment transport
1793:White, William A. (1985).
1251:Quaternary Science Reviews
977:Quaternary Science Reviews
488:, drumlins are common in:
2897:
2221:10.3189/S0022143000017731
2171:10.1126/science.34.863.60
1388:Andrews, John T. (1971).
1223:10.3189/S0022143000020591
1113:10.1017/S0022143000017731
1037:10.1017/S0022143000033967
729:Glaciers & Glaciation
2260:Word of the day defines
1904:Toimi Uplands Subsection
1871:Quaternary International
1676:Gray, Charlotte (2004).
1415:Quaternary International
731:, Arnold, London (p431)
505:Connecticut River valley
358:in Denmark, Finland and
342:), in Northern Ireland (
1496:(4): 045107–045107–20.
802:Glaciers and Glaciation
762:2027/mdp.39015035541435
621:Tierra del Fuego Island
441:The Thelon Plan of the
1816:Fuller, M. L. (1914).
580:Drumlins are found at
545:(central and southern
392:(along eastern end of
298:
250:
224:glaciofluvial sediment
72:
59:
43:
2855:Giant current ripples
2200:Journal of Glaciology
2145:Millis, John (1911).
2118:Earth-Science Reviews
1466:64.65694°N 18.69472°W
1210:Journal of Glaciology
1092:Journal of Glaciology
1016:Journal of Glaciology
920:Earth-Science Reviews
615:and an area south of
443:Northwest Territories
424:Northumberland County
296:
233:
49:
33:
1799:Northeastern Geology
1706:The Creation Concept
1257:(23–24): 2420–2444.
452:Stony Indian Reserve
379:Laurentide Ice Sheet
372:Wisconsin glaciation
350:, and in particular
289:Examples of drumlins
40:Laurentide Ice Sheet
2792:Moraine-dammed lake
2619:Subglacial eruption
2212:1995JGlac..41...30P
2163:1911Sci....34...60M
2130:1979ESRv...14..315M
2005:2007Geo....35..127S
1941:1994SedG...91..299G
1929:Sedimentary Geology
1883:2012QuInt.260...21K
1772:2007SedG..193....7K
1760:Sedimentary Geology
1733:Smith, D.G (1987).
1537:1994SedG...91..269S
1525:Sedimentary Geology
1502:2007PhFl...19d5107P
1471:64.65694; -18.69472
1462: /
1427:2002QuInt..90....5S
1359:2020JQS....35..920H
1299:2015Geomo.246..589Y
1263:2009QSRv...28.2420L
1183:2010Geo....38..943J
1143:2010SedG..232..119S
1130:Sedimentary Geology
1104:1995JGlac..41...30P
1065:1984CaJES..21.1442S
1028:1952JGlac...2...82N
989:2009QSRv...28..677C
932:1979ESRv...14..315M
897:2010SedG..232..119S
885:Sedimentary Geology
826:"Glacial Landforms"
271:Last Glacial Period
192:lithified limestone
2959:Sediment transport
2624:Subglacial volcano
2607:Volcanic relations
1909:2016-10-21 at the
1702:"Ontario Drumlins"
1572:. 20 November 2020
626:Land areas around
602:Strait of Magellan
422:Ontario – most of
394:Oak Ridges Moraine
299:
251:
60:
54:drumlins south of
44:
3099:Glacial landforms
3086:
3085:
2998:Bed material load
2983:Fluvial processes
2925:
2924:
2893:
2892:
2411:Accumulation zone
2041:978-90-6191-792-2
2032:Drumlin Symposium
2013:10.1130/G23036A.1
1977:20.500.11893/1410
1687:978-0-679-31220-8
1510:10.1063/1.2716813
1490:Physics of Fluids
1399:978-0-902246-04-1
1392:. Geo Abstracts.
1059:(12): 1442–1459.
381:and are found in
318:, Sweden, around
16:(Redirected from
3111:
2973:Armored mud ball
2952:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2812:Terminal moraine
2644:
2380:Piedmont glacier
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2280:
2233:
2223:
2190:
2141:
2112:
2087:
2066:
2045:
2017:
2016:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1935:(1–4): 299–311.
1924:
1918:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1708:. Archived from
1698:
1692:
1691:
1680:. Random House.
1673:
1667:
1666:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1531:(1–4): 269–283.
1520:
1514:
1513:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1367:10.1002/jqs.3233
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:10.1130/G31371.1
1166:
1155:
1154:
1137:(3–4): 119–129.
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1007:
1001:
1000:
983:(7–8): 677–692.
974:
965:
944:
943:
915:
909:
908:
891:(3–4): 119–129.
880:
874:
873:
871:
860:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
822:
816:
815:
797:
791:
765:
745:
739:
725:
687:
670:Glacial landform
617:Gente Grande Bay
534:Monadnock Region
390:Southern Ontario
344:County Fermanagh
75:
34:Drumlins around
21:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3064:
3043:
3019:Glacial outwash
3002:
2961:
2956:
2926:
2921:
2889:
2826:
2807:Sevetti moraine
2765:
2719:Roche moutonnée
2664:Cirque stairway
2633:
2602:
2581:
2505:
2466:Lateral moraine
2394:
2323:
2318:
2278:
2240:
2193:
2144:
2115:
2090:
2069:
2048:
2042:
2029:
2026:
2024:Further reading
2021:
2020:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:Wayback Machine
1902:
1898:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1663:10.1139/E09-068
1648:
1647:
1643:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1216:(51): 377–390.
1203:
1202:
1198:
1177:(10): 943–946.
1168:
1167:
1158:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:10.1139/e84-150
1050:
1049:
1045:
1010:Nye, J (1952).
1009:
1008:
1004:
972:
967:
966:
947:
917:
916:
912:
882:
881:
877:
869:
858:
854:
853:
849:
839:
837:
824:
823:
819:
812:
799:
798:
794:
747:
746:
742:
726:
722:
717:
702:Roche moutonnée
696:Ribbed moraines
685:
652:
644:
636:Navarino Island
594:
578:
547:Lower Peninsula
456:Ghost Reservoir
413:Eastern Ontario
368:
332:County Monaghan
304:
291:
279:
265:in the west of
200:
156:
111:
98:
56:Puerto Williams
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2993:Suspended load
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Hanging valley
2696:
2694:Glacial striae
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Periglaciation
2554:
2549:
2547:Outburst flood
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Medial moraine
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Glacier tongue
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2390:Valley glacier
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Outlet glacier
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2257:
2247:
2239:
2238:External links
2236:
2235:
2234:
2206:(137): 30–38.
2191:
2157:(863): 60–62.
2142:
2124:(4): 315–359.
2113:
2101:10.2307/620998
2088:
2067:
2046:
2040:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
1999:(2): 127–130.
1982:
1967:(in Spanish).
1954:
1919:
1896:
1861:
1831:
1808:
1785:
1750:
1743:
1722:
1693:
1686:
1668:
1641:
1606:
1583:
1550:
1515:
1480:
1440:
1405:
1398:
1380:
1353:(7): 920–934.
1337:
1312:
1276:
1237:
1196:
1156:
1119:
1098:(137): 30–38.
1078:
1043:
1002:
945:
926:(4): 315–359.
910:
875:
847:
817:
810:
792:
740:
719:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
705:
699:
693:
688:
679:
673:
667:
651:
648:
643:
640:
628:Beagle Channel
593:
590:
586:Sakha Republic
577:
574:
573:
572:
566:
555:
550:
540:
530:
523:
517:
512:
507:
501:
482:
481:
475:
465:
463:Lake Athabasca
459:
445:
439:
420:
409:
367:
364:
328:County Leitrim
320:Lake Constance
303:
300:
290:
287:
278:
275:
204:constructional
199:
196:
155:
152:
123:tunnel valleys
110:
107:
97:
94:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Braided river
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Glacial flour
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2832:Glaciofluvial
2829:
2823:
2822:Veiki moraine
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Rogen moraine
2800:
2798:
2797:Pulju moraine
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Erratic block
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Tunnel valley
2742:
2740:
2739:Trough valley
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Crag and tail
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Overdeepening
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Basal sliding
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Ablation zone
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:(1–4): 7–20.
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1744:0-919975-10-0
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1712:on 2016-03-04
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:(1): 89–101.
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
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1587:
1584:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1546:
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1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1384:
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1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:Geomorphology
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
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1211:
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1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
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1157:
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1120:
1114:
1109:
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1097:
1093:
1089:
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1079:
1074:
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1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
876:
868:
864:
857:
851:
848:
835:
831:
827:
821:
818:
813:
807:
803:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
741:
738:
737:0-340-58431-9
734:
730:
724:
721:
714:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
683:
682:Lincoln Hills
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
661:
657:
656:Crag and tail
654:
653:
649:
647:
641:
639:
637:
634:and northern
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
613:Isabel Island
610:
607:
606:Punta Arenas'
603:
599:
592:South America
591:
589:
587:
583:
575:
570:
567:
564:
560:
556:
554:
551:
548:
544:
541:
539:
538:New Hampshire
535:
531:
528:
524:
522:
521:Massachusetts
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
490:
489:
487:
486:United States
479:
476:
474:
470:
469:Amundsen Gulf
467:Southwest of
466:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
446:
444:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
387:
386:
384:
380:
375:
373:
366:North America
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:County Armagh
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:north of the
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
295:
288:
286:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
256:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
220:
218:
212:
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
148:
144:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
102:
95:
93:
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2770:Depositional
2760:Zungenbecken
2758:
2689:Glacial lake
2684:Glacial horn
2598:Mass balance
2586:Measurements
2522:Accumulation
2446:Glacier head
2441:Glacier cave
2385:Rock glacier
2272:A.Word.A.Day
2261:
2203:
2199:
2154:
2150:
2121:
2117:
2095:(33): 1–28.
2092:
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1985:
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1826:10.3133/pp82
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1753:
1734:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:the original
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632:Gable Island
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494:Lake Ontario
483:
434:, including
417:Douro-Dummer
398:Peterborough
376:
369:
354:), Germany,
340:County Cavan
305:
283:soil horizon
280:
260:
252:
221:
217:shear stress
213:
203:
201:
180:glacial till
157:
145:drumlins of
135:
112:
103:
99:
63:
61:
2875:Outwash fan
2870:Kettle hole
2754:Valley step
2734:Trough lake
2714:Ribbon lake
2674:Finger lake
2416:Bergschrund
2078:: 405–413.
2057:: 255–295.
1622:: 147–155.
1576:29 December
1469: /
1421:(1): 5–22.
1293:: 589–601.
768:James Bryce
691:Mima mounds
664:metamorphic
559:Puget Sound
527:Connecticut
510:Long Island
498:Cayuga Lake
436:Trent Hills
352:County Down
336:County Mayo
239:County Mayo
154:Composition
138:Pleistocene
66:, from the
3104:Glaciology
3093:Categories
3055:Soil creep
2902:Glaciology
2885:Urstromtal
2865:Kame delta
2817:Till plain
2614:Jökulhlaup
2572:Starvation
2451:Ice divide
2365:Ice stream
1805:: 161–166.
1716:2015-12-14
1559:"Clew Bay"
1457:18°41′41″W
1454:64°39′25″N
1331:2020-11-25
1022:(12): 82.
811:0340584319
715:References
642:Antarctica
588:, Russia.
563:Washington
561:region of
503:The lower
255:Hofsjökull
147:Hofsjökull
143:Múlajökull
119:ice sheets
109:Occurrence
96:Morphology
88:or ground
3060:Landslide
3048:Hillslope
2647:Erosional
2639:Landforms
2510:Processes
2491:Randkluft
2486:Penitente
2431:Dirt cone
2360:Ice shelf
2355:Ice sheet
2350:Ice field
2230:140583314
1971:: 85–95.
1877:: 21–31.
1375:225275064
1232:129285660
756:: 34–44.
598:Patagonia
569:Wisconsin
553:Minnesota
515:Manhattan
428:Rice Lake
426:(between
360:Greenland
356:Hindsholm
198:Formation
184:dilatancy
2988:Bed load
2907:Category
2845:Diluvium
2840:Alpentor
2749:U-valley
2593:Ice core
2562:Plucking
2517:Ablation
2501:Terminus
2426:Crevasse
2421:Blue ice
2321:Glaciers
2268:Anu Garg
2187:17775311
2084:20518928
2063:20490769
1907:Archived
1853:Archived
1636:23490624
1325:Archived
867:Archived
840:28 March
834:Archived
830:Bitesize
708:Sediment
676:Landform
650:See also
543:Michigan
525:Eastern
519:Eastern
411:Central-
312:Vooremaa
263:Clew Bay
235:Clew Bay
190:or well-
172:boulders
166:, sand,
73:droimnín
52:forested
18:Drumlins
3070:Aeolian
3039:Drumlin
3029:Moraine
3007:Glacial
2787:Moraine
2777:Drumlin
2704:Nunatak
2567:Retreat
2532:Calving
2476:Moraine
2461:Icefall
2399:Anatomy
2370:Ledoyom
2345:Ice cap
2284:YouTube
2262:drumlin
2208:Bibcode
2179:1638735
2159:Bibcode
2151:Science
2126:Bibcode
2001:Bibcode
1993:Geology
1937:Bibcode
1879:Bibcode
1768:Bibcode
1533:Bibcode
1498:Bibcode
1423:Bibcode
1355:Bibcode
1295:Bibcode
1259:Bibcode
1179:Bibcode
1171:Geology
1139:Bibcode
1100:Bibcode
1061:Bibcode
1024:Bibcode
985:Bibcode
928:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
856:"Cavan"
832:. BBC.
788:Drumlin
660:igneous
484:In the
473:Nunavut
448:Alberta
432:Trenton
308:Estonia
267:Ireland
247:islands
243:Ireland
188:granite
131:erosion
90:moraine
82:glacial
64:drumlin
2880:Sandur
2724:Suncup
2709:P-form
2659:Cirque
2542:Motion
2481:Moulin
2340:Cirque
2335:Aufeis
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406:Guelph
402:Dundas
383:Canada
316:Latvia
302:Europe
208:clasts
168:gravel
127:eskers
3034:Esker
2966:Water
2850:Esker
2679:Fjord
2654:Arête
2577:Surge
2537:Creep
2496:Sérac
2328:Types
2226:S2CID
2175:JSTOR
2105:JSTOR
2080:JSTOR
2059:JSTOR
1856:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1371:S2CID
1228:S2CID
973:(PDF)
870:(PDF)
859:(PDF)
772:Knock
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582:Tiksi
565:state
396:near
70:word
68:Irish
3078:Dune
2912:List
2860:Kame
2729:Tarn
2629:Tuya
2436:Firn
2183:PMID
2036:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1632:PMID
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842:2021
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733:ISBN
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532:The
496:and
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324:Alps
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164:silt
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