94:
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35:
320:
292:
attempts to structure the debate so as to eliminate biases, but given that it has no input other than the experience and knowledge of the participants involved, it is unlikely to be unbiased if the participants share a similar understanding of a subject, or if the science in the field is inadequate to make a good judgment.
258:
individuals, with alcohol, heroin, and crack cocaine as the most harmful to others. Overall, alcohol was the most harmful drug, with heroin and crack cocaine in second and third place. Most notably, the report stated that the legal status of most drugs bears little relation to the harms associated with them – several
1332:
Bonnet, Udo; Specka, Michael; Soyka, Michael; Alberti, Thomas; Bender, Stefan; Grigoleit, Torsten; Hermle, Leopold; Hilger, Jörg; Hillemacher, Thomas; Kuhlmann, Thomas; Kuhn, Jens; Luckhaus, Christian; Lüdecke, Christel; Reimer, Jens; Schneider, Udo; Schroeder, Welf; Stuppe, Markus; Wiesbeck, Gerhard
316:. This figure was widely reported on in the press, but remains controversial as the long-term harms of e-cigarettes remain unknown. More recent systematic reviews suggest that e-cigarettes are considerably less harmful than cigarettes, but that the difference may be smaller than previously estimated.
291:
The results of the study were based on the opinions and judgment of 15 researchers, doctors, and a journalist. These opinions were exchanged and discussed during a 1-day workshop in accordance with a decision-making procedure called Multi-Criteria-Decision-Making-Analysis (MCDA). This procedure
257:
In 2010, DrugScience published a ranking of drug harms in the UK, the results of which garnered significant media attention. Drugs were assessed on two metrics – harm to users and harms to society. The report found heroin, crack cocaine, and methamphetamine to be the most harmful drugs to
1269:
Bonomo, Yvonne; Norman, Amanda; Biondo, Sam; Bruno, Raimondo; Daglish, Mark; Dawe, Sharon; Egerton-Warburton, Diana; Karro, Jonathan; Kim, Charles; Lenton, Simon; Lubman, Dan I; Pastor, Adam; Rundle, Jill; Ryan, John; Gordon, Paul; Sharry, Patrick; Nutt, David; Castle, David (July 2019).
1612:
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featured at the very bottom of the list. Similar findings were found by a Europe-wide study conducted by 40 drug experts in 2015. Since then, drug ranking by total harm research has come to the same conclusion.
323:
A multi-criteria decision analysis ranking of nicotine-containing product harm. Cigarettes and cigars are the most harmful by a considerable degree, with e-cigarettes some 95% less harmful than cigarettes.
1392:
1670:
382:, and included debate on the harms of MDMA, as well as exhibiting the findings of the study. Some participants in the study also appeared on the show, including a vicar, an ex-soldier, writer
300:
Using a similar multi-criteria decision analysis process as the 2010 drug harm ranking, DrugScience looked to rank the harms of all nicotine-containing products, including cigarettes, cigars,
595:
Ragan, C. I.; Bard, I.; Sing, I; Independent
Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD) (2013). "What should we do about student use of cognitive enhancers? An analysis of current evidence".
199:. The primary aim of the committee is to review and investigate the scientific evidence of drug harms without the political interference that could result from government affiliation.
1930:
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Nutt, David J.; Phillips, Lawrence D.; Balfour, David; Curran, H. Valerie; Dockrell, Martin; Foulds, Jonathan; Fagerstrom, Karl; Letlape, Kgosi; Milton, Anders (2014).
411:
Rogeberg, Ole; Bergsvik, Daniel; Phillips, Lawrence D.; Amsterdam, Jan van; Eastwood, Niamh; Henderson, Graeme; Lynskey, Micheal; Measham, Fiona; Ponton, Rhys (2018).
282:
A ranking of common recreational drugs in the UK – assessed by harm to user and harm to society. Alcohol, heroin and crack cocaine are the three most harmful drugs
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1099:
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207:
2209:
1335:"Ranking the Harm of Psychoactive Drugs Including Prescription Analgesics to Users and Others–A Perspective of German Addiction Medicine Experts"
806:
1409:
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308:. The report concluded that e-cigarettes are 95% less harmful than conventional cigarettes, advice which was subsequently used in a report by
93:
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1607:
1539:
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196:
413:"A new approach to formulating and appraising drug policy: A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation"
397:
Nutt and colleagues have said they are preparing to run the UK's first clinical trial of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of
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335:: the ecstasy trial is a two-part TV documentary aired on Channel 4 on the 26 and 27 September 2012. The program showed an
2069:
1690:
1629:
783:
632:
Celia J. A. Morgan; H. Valerie Curran; Independent
Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD) (2011). "Ketamine use: a review".
1182:
703:
670:
2134:
2064:
1935:
1484:"Drugs Live: The Ecstasy Trial. Presenting original research on Channel 4: Scientific progress, and a televisual first"
1032:"SAGE & Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs launch new journal Drug Science, Policy and Law (August 1, 2013)"
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2005:
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249:. They currently have three working groups Medical Cannabis, Medical Psychedelics, and Enhanced Harm Reduction.
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on e-cigarettes and now forms part of the evidence-base for the positions of the UK Government and the
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Singh, Ilina; Morgan, Celia; Curran, Valerie; Nutt, David; Schlag, Anne; McShane, Rupert (May 2017).
305:
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702:
Nutt, D. J.; King, L. A.; Phillips, L. D.; Independent
Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD) (2010).
1976:
1920:
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953:(2008). "Equasy – an overlooked addiction with implications for the current debate on drug harms".
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271:
883:; King, L. A.; Phillips, L. D. (2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis".
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458:"Ketamine treatment for depression: opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight"
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controversy. The controversy followed his Eve
Saville Memorial Lecture (2009) at the Centre.
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Taylor, Polly; Nutt, David; Curran, Val; Fortson, Rudi; Henderson, Graeme (26 March 2016).
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It may require cleanup to comply with
Knowledge (XXG)'s content policies, particularly
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van
Amsterdam, Jan; Nutt, David; Phillips, Lawrence; van den Brink, Wim (June 2015).
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David Nutt on The Life
Scientific with Jim Al-Khalili, September 2012, BBC Radio 4
429:
412:
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1548:
1486:. The Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. 27 October 2013. Archived from
391:
1940:
1351:
996:
950:
880:
544:"Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach"
348:
332:
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192:
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140:
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1410:"E-cigarettes around 95% less harmful than tobacco estimates landmark review"
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who also appeared as guests on the show. Curran and Nutt oversaw research at
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187:) is a UK-based drugs advisory committee proposed and initially funded by
2024:
1950:
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238:
2195:
International Center for
Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service
482:
364:
225:
DrugScience initially focused on reviewing official risk estimates for
560:
543:
457:
347:. The main researchers on the study were DrugScience's Val Curran and
277:
1018:
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/tls/tls_20120918-0930a.mp3
219:
206:
of
Professor Nutt, on 30 October 2009 as chair of the UK's statutory
195:
and was officially launched on 15 January 2010 with the help of the
1899:
1781:
1512:
151:
1432:"E-cigarettes are 95 percent less harmful than tobacco: UK study"
1333:
A.; Wodarz, Norbert; McAnally, Heath; Scherbaum, Norbert (2020).
864:
241:. In 2013, DrugScience launched the peer-review academic journal
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263:
1671:
Le Dain
Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs
1521:
202:
The establishment of the committee followed the controversial
28:
999:. The center for crime and justice studies. 15 January 2010
931:"Alcohol 'more harmful than heroin' says Prof David Nutt"
704:"Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis"
1931:
European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies
997:"Support the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs"
43:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
2205:
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
2190:
International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines
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867:Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs Homepage
669:Nutt, D. J.; King, L. A.; Phillips, L. D. (2011).
1739:Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking
191:manager Toby Jackson. It is chaired by Professor
784:Sacked scientist promises impartial drugs advice
185:Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD)
170:Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD)
1977:Cannabis and Hemp Association of Namibia (CHAN)
1782:International Network for People who Use Drugs
1551:interest groups (non-nicotine and non-alcohol)
2147:Representación Cannábica de Navarra (RCN-NOK)
1533:
1183:"Alcohol 'more harmful than heroin or crack'"
8:
343:(ecstasy) on the brain, which was funded by
237:, and increasing warnings of the dangers of
86:
1724:United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs
671:"Drugs and harm to society- Authors' reply"
2012:
1766:
1653:
1540:
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1518:
1393:"Public Health England e-cigarette update"
800:
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92:
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2248:2010 establishments in the United Kingdom
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1272:"The Australian drug harms ranking study"
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74:Learn how and when to remove this message
1744:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
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401:, based on the research from the study.
318:
2225:Trans-European Drug Information network
1865:Massachusetts Cannabis Reform Coalition
1086:"Enhanced Harm Reduction Working Group"
759:
208:Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
1734:Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking
1676:Office of National Drug Control Policy
1666:International Narcotics Control Caucus
1729:International Narcotics Control Board
1459:"Give e-cigs to smokers, say doctors"
840:"The best scientific advice on drugs"
355:, in which volunteers took part in a
7:
2210:Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative
1072:"Medical Psychedelics Working Group"
875:
873:
807:"Hedge fund chief backs drugs panel"
417:International Journal of Drug Policy
287:Methods used in drug harm comparison
197:Centre for Crime and Justice Studies
1916:British Legalise Cannabis Campaigns
1457:Roberts, Michelle (28 April 2016).
359:study, taking either 83 mg of
2215:San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club
2170:Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics
2040:Grassroots-Legalize Cannabis Party
1412:. Government of the United Kingdom
1181:Boseley, Sarah (1 November 2010).
1130:"Alcohol 'harms more than heroin'"
25:
374:The documentary was presented by
2092:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
2030:British Columbia Marijuana Party
1961:Transform Drug Policy Foundation
1058:"Medical Cannabis Working Group"
805:Jack, Andrew (16 January 2010).
646:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x
609:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.016
54:. Please discuss further on the
33:
1686:Drug Abuse Resistance Education
1209:"European rating of drug harms"
1106:. November 2010. Archived from
509:"Ketamine—the real perspective"
390:and former Liberal Democrat MP
2220:Society of Cannabis Clinicians
2098:Cannabis Is Safer Than Alcohol
1956:Release Drug Policy Foundation
865:http://www.drugscience.org.uk/
838:David Nutt (15 January 2010).
1:
2258:Research institutes in London
2070:United States Marijuana Party
1691:Smart Approaches to Marijuana
1276:Journal of Psychopharmacology
1213:Journal of Psychopharmacology
955:Journal of Psychopharmacology
907:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6
730:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6
687:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60199-2
526:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00681-4
474:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30102-5
2135:Legalise Cannabis Queensland
2065:Saskatchewan Marijuana Party
1936:Finnish Cannabis Association
1608:1971 Psychotropic Substances
430:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.01.019
243:Drug Science, Policy and Law
18:Drug Science, Policy and Law
2253:Drugs in the United Kingdom
2129:Legalise Cannabis Australia
1855:High Times Freedom Fighters
1100:"Study compares drug harms"
548:European Addiction Research
2274:
2185:Heffter Research Institute
2045:Legal Marijuana Now Party
2035:Freedom Party of Manitoba
1777:FAAAT think & do tank
1352:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592199
91:
2116:Cannabis sans frontières
2055:Marijuana Party (Canada)
2050:Legalize Marijuana Party
1288:10.1177/0269881119841569
1225:10.1177/0269881115581980
967:10.1177/0269881108099672
405:DrugScience publications
339:study on the effects of
1982:Fields of Green for All
1701:Winners Don't Use Drugs
1339:Frontiers in Psychiatry
353:Imperial College London
314:National Health Service
183:(originally called the
122:Chief Executive Officer
2060:Marijuana Reform Party
1926:Drug Equality Alliance
367:before going into the
324:
283:
107:; 14 years ago
1613:1988 Drug Trafficking
1038:. STM Publishing News
462:The Lancet Psychiatry
322:
310:Public Health England
281:
52:neutral point of view
1719:Anti-Narcotics Force
519:(10025): 1271–1272.
296:E-cigarette analysis
253:Drug harm comparison
105:15 January 2010
1921:Cannabis Law Reform
1681:Above the Influence
1603:1961 Narcotic Drugs
1036:STM Publishing News
891:(9752): 1558–1565.
768:"Drug Science Team"
714:(9752): 1558–1565.
88:
2175:Beckley Foundation
1880:November Coalition
1630:Cannabis in the US
1618:Cannabis in the UK
1581:Drug policy reform
937:. 1 November 2010.
325:
284:
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2200:Lindesmith Center
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2155:
2008:political parties
2000:
1999:
1992:NORML New Zealand
1752:
1751:
1569:decriminalization
1162:. 2 November 2010
1136:. 1 November 2010
1110:on 5 January 2011
597:Neuropharmacology
561:10.1159/000360220
227:psychedelic drugs
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83:
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47:with its subject.
16:(Redirected from
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2013:
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1635:reclassification
1623:reclassification
1586:demand reduction
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1513:Official website
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1438:. 18 August 2015
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819:on 12 July 2010
812:Financial Times
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721:10.1.1.690.1283
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1507:External links
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1282:(7): 759–768.
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264:ecstasy (MDMA)
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2161:Research and
1946:NORML France
1696:War on Drugs
1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1435:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1404:
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1315:. Retrieved
1279:
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1252:. Retrieved
1216:
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1190:. Retrieved
1187:The Guardian
1186:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1159:
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1138:. Retrieved
1133:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1103:
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1001:. Retrieved
991:
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848:. Retrieved
844:The Guardian
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821:. Retrieved
817:the original
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357:double blind
331:
306:e-cigarettes
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216:Alan Johnson
201:
184:
181:Drug Science
180:
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154:.drugscience
70:
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2180:DrugScience
2137:(Australia)
2131:(Australia)
2119: [
2110:Dagga Party
1987:Otago NORML
1850:DrugWarRant
1650:prohibition
1574:prohibition
1564:Drug policy
1549:Drug policy
1494:26 February
1030:Editorial.
881:Nutt, D. J.
603:: 588–595.
483:10871/30208
423:: 144–152.
392:Evan Harris
388:Keith Allen
177:DrugScience
87:DrugScience
2242:Categories
1941:Metzineres
1759:supporting
1648:supporting
1345:: 592199.
1317:26 October
1254:26 October
961:(1): 3–5.
885:The Lancet
823:16 January
754:References
708:The Lancet
675:The Lancet
513:The Lancet
349:David Nutt
333:Drugs Live
328:Drugs Live
262:including
218:after the
193:David Nutt
189:hedge fund
141:David Nutt
132:Key people
112:2010-01-15
64:March 2020
2141:Luz Verde
2086:Ale Yarok
2079:Elsewhere
1970:Elsewhere
1840:DanceSafe
1712:Elsewhere
1361:1664-0640
1312:153308637
1296:0269-8811
1233:0269-8811
893:CiteSeerX
716:CiteSeerX
634:Addiction
625:207227699
580:1022-6877
371:scanner.
345:Channel 4
101:Formation
56:talk page
2125:(France)
2088:(Israel)
2025:Bloc pot
2006:Cannabis
1951:NORML UK
1468:14 March
1463:BBC News
1442:14 March
1416:14 March
1379:33192740
1304:31081439
1249:21969507
1241:25922421
1192:14 March
1166:14 March
1140:14 March
1134:BBC News
1114:14 March
983:32034780
975:19158127
951:Nutt, D.
935:BBC News
915:21036393
846:. London
738:21036393
695:54282142
662:11064759
654:21777321
617:22732441
588:24714502
535:26975791
500:28186580
492:28395988
449:29459211
386:, actor
380:Jon Snow
239:ketamine
235:cannabis
2149:(Spain)
2143:(Spain)
2106:(Spain)
2018:America
1803:America
1659:America
1557:General
1436:Reuters
1370:7649209
1042:24 July
1003:3 April
923:5667719
850:2 April
746:5667719
365:placebo
231:ecstasy
204:sacking
147:Website
110: (
1909:Europe
1770:Global
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210:by UK
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2016:North
1900:VANDU
1875:NORML
1801:North
1657:North
1396:(PDF)
1308:S2CID
1245:S2CID
979:S2CID
919:S2CID
742:S2CID
691:S2CID
658:S2CID
621:S2CID
496:S2CID
363:or a
2100:(UK)
1895:VMCA
1890:SAER
1870:NCIA
1835:CSMP
1815:AAMC
1792:SSDP
1787:LEAP
1496:2014
1470:2018
1444:2018
1418:2018
1375:PMID
1357:ISSN
1319:2022
1300:PMID
1292:ISSN
1256:2022
1237:PMID
1229:ISSN
1194:2018
1168:2018
1142:2018
1116:2018
1044:2020
1005:2010
971:PMID
911:PMID
852:2010
825:2010
787:The
734:PMID
650:PMID
613:PMID
584:PMID
576:ISSN
531:PMID
488:PMID
445:PMID
399:PTSD
378:and
369:fMRI
361:MDMA
341:MDMA
337:fMRI
304:and
270:and
247:SAGE
233:and
156:.org
1885:PoT
1860:MPP
1845:DPA
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1825:CAN
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1365:PMC
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