566:, New Zealand, in 2012, the first of its type for the country. Since the pilot was established, 46% of participants have graduated. According to the New Zealand Drug Foundation, this rate is six times higher than that achieved by most ‘voluntary’ rehabilitation programmes. Graduates were 62% less likely to reoffend and 71% less likely to return to prison in the first 12 months after treatment. When non-graduates were included in the analysis, 54% (of participants overall) were less likely to reoffend and 58% less likely to go back to prison in the following 12 months.
40:
480:. One counterfactual is that drug addicted offenders would likely be sent to prison if a drug court was not available. Recidivism rates vary from one country to another depending on a variety of factors. In the U.S. nearly 44% of prisoners return to prison within 12 months of release. The rate varies from state to state. In any given state, the re-incarceration rate would need to compared with the re-incarceration rate of drug court participants in that state - which is different from the re-arrest rate usually reported in drug court evaluations.
655:
methodological problems making the results hard to generalize to the population. This research study done over ten randomized different jurisdictions shows promising results. The results show that juvenile drug courts reduced marijuana use rates, increased accessibility to resources, and overall reduced rearrest rates also known as recidivism. However, the positive effects observed were small to moderate. The effects in this study were discovered to be more beneficial for high-risk youth.
426:(DTAP) in New York which is “recognized as one of the nation’s most successful diversion programmes”. However, the reason this result appears better than all the others is because it refers solely to reduced offending by graduates – those who completed the programme. The other drug courts in this analysis appear less successful because their results include defendants who dropped out of treatment and reoffended.
262:
452:, which is the second oldest drug court in the country. One finding was that the longer drug court judges worked with addicts, and the more experience they had in the court (key component #7), the better the success rates were for participants. The authors of the study concluded that "this model provides clear support that drug court does reduce criminal recidivism".
721:
421:
issues into account which undermine the reliability of their conclusions. For instance, the
Government Accountability Office (GAO) study from 2005, which assessed 27 different drug courts, found that 24 of them reduced recidivism by between 1% and 13%. But one court in this study reported a reduction
547:
Drug treatment courts (DTCs) are a recent phenomenon in the
Canadian criminal justice system. The first Canadian DTC commenced in Toronto in 1998. The Federal Government currently supports Edmonton (December 2005), Winnipeg (January 2006), Ottawa (March 2006), Regina (October 2006), Toronto (1998),
460:
Another important factor in determining a drug court's effectiveness is the retention and graduation rate. For instance, the King's County DTAP programme attributes its 35% reduction in re-arrests to its excellent retention rate of 71% in the first 12 months of the programme. But over the following
341:
communities work together to help addicted offenders into long-term recovery. Instead of punishment, their purpose is to address one of the underlying drivers of crime and, in the process, reduce the use of imprisonment, potentially leading to substantial cost-savings. Drug courts aim to do this by
447:
Evaluations of individual drug courts where compliance with the ten key components is monitored, tend to show better results. One such study of a mature drug court which has been operating for over ten years found that over the entire period, the re-arrest rate declined by nearly 30%. This was the
433:
looked at 154 independent drug court evaluations. It claimed that participation in one of these courts led to "a drop in recidivism" between 38% and 50%. However, these studies used a variety of different measures for recidivism (such as re-arrest, reconviction, or re-imprisonment) which tends to
412:
Another factor which affects how successful a drug court appears to be is the length of the follow-up period after participants have finished treatment. The longer the follow-up (sometimes as much as four years), the more likely participants are to relapse and reoffend. Results almost always look
425:
Another study which suggested a better result than 20% was the GAO analysis from 2011. This described reductions in recidivism from 32 different US drug courts, one of which achieved a reduction in the re-arrest rate of 26%. This was the Kings County Drug
Treatment Alternative to Prison Program
645:
A research study has shown how addiction can be the results of mental illness derived from interpersonal violence. This shows that crime that results from drug addiction can be tied to trauma that is a result of interpersonal violence. This indicates a societal problem that must be dealt with
403:
How effective drug courts are largely depends on how well they adhere to the ten key components described above. The United States has more drug courts than any other country in the world, so most studies of their effectiveness are based on results in the USA. Out of thousands of drug courts
438:
the results. And the claimed reductions in recidivism were all based on a 12-month follow-up period which mostly overlapped with the period that participants were still in treatment in the court. Recidivism rates generally increase significantly after completing treatment when the level of
654:
Drug courts also exist to treat juveniles with substance abuse issues. They work similarly to adult drug courts but are tailored to meet the needs of children. One research study on juvenile drug courts stated that many previous research studies have inconsistent results due to different
416:
As a result of these methodological issues, meta-studies which have been conducted over the years describe quite variable results. Few studies have found drug courts which reduce reoffending by more than 20%. Studies which have found more positive results may not have taken
483:
The availability of rehabilitation programs also varies from state to state. So another counterfactual is to compare reoffending rates of drug court participants in a given state with prisoners who attended addiction treatment while in prison in that state.
1393:
582:
began a pilot scheme of dedicated drug courts. Family Drug and
Alcohol Court are in operation in various locations throughout the country, including London, Gloucestershire and Milton Keynes where the service is run by the
369:
Using a non-adversarial approach, prosecution and defense counsel promote public safety. Participants must waive their due process rights to a speedy trial and sign a pre-emptive confession before being allowed to
641:
There are many variations to drug courts and more recently some have opened up to deal specifically with women drug users. Some even treat women who engage in prostitution because of their drug addiction.
1385:
857:
404:
operating in the US, 40% of states which have them do not have a management information system, required by the key components, which would enable their performance to be monitored properly.
1415:
1179:
1073:
956:
874:
1021:
1162:
798:
422:
of 35%, which appeared to make it one of the best performing drug courts in the United States. However, this result was based on a follow-up period of only 12 months.
1227:
974:
351:
1202:
468:
found that graduation rates nationally were around 47% (in the first 12 months). The authors noted that "the research on long-term outcomes was less definitive".
289:
927:
888:
1306:
584:
854:
1494:
741:
1327:
Belenko, Steven; Dennis, Michael; Hiller, Matthew; Mackin, Juliette; Cain, Chelsey; Weiland, Doris; Estrada, Barbara; Kagan, Raanan (October 2022).
838:
779:
1000:
394:
Forging partnerships among drug courts, public agencies, and community-based organizations generates local support and enhances their effectiveness
1329:"The Impact of Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts on Substance Use, Mental Health, and Recidivism: Results from a Multisite Experimental Evaluation"
557:
1419:
1187:
1138:
1077:
587:. In February 2015 it was announced that more would open in East Sussex, Kent and Medway, Plymouth, Torbay and Exeter, and West Yorkshire.
413:
better if the follow-up period is only 12 months, while participants are often still engaged in the treatment program ordered by the court.
953:
1657:
508:
1047:
917:
Addiction and Mental Health
Research Laboratory. (2009). Drug treatment Courts (DTCs). Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta. Fact sheet.
342:
incentivizing or mandating offenders into addiction treatment combined with frequent drug testing and regular monitoring by the judge.
282:
1025:
1454:
This discussion paper is based on the deliberations of a group of international experts present at a scientific workshop held at
818:
630:
596:
796:
Assessing the effectiveness of drug courts on recidivism: A meta-analytic review of traditional and non-traditional drug courts
633:
representing all 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, and various tribal regions.
1159:
795:
971:
766:
GAO. (February 2005). Adult Drug Courts: Evidence
Indicates Recidivism Reductions and Mixed Results for Other Outcomes, p.46
993:"Exploring Te Whare Whakapiki Wairua/The Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court Pilot: Theory, practice and known outcomes"
465:
1487:
1206:
703:
1688:
275:
757:
GAO. (February 2005). Adult Drug Courts: Evidence
Indicates Recidivism Reductions and Mixed Results for Other Outcomes,
476:
Another way of measuring the effectiveness of drug courts is to compare them with 'business as usual' or a variety of
430:
1160:
Painting the
Current Picture: A National Report on Drug Courts and Other Problem-Solving Courts in the United States
1107:
606:
376:
Drug courts provide access to a continuum of alcohol, drug, and other related treatment and rehabilitation services
69:
896:
39:
1480:
931:
498:
1298:
511:, although their formation, process and procedures differ. The main aim of the Australian courts is to divert
391:
Continuing interdisciplinary education promotes effective drug court planning, implementation, and operations
1683:
1642:
1632:
539:. People appearing in Australian drug courts often fall outside the parameters for other pre-court services
1545:
738:
306:
117:
835:
776:
1460:
Voluntary-based or compulsory drug dependence treatment? From mandated treatment to therapeutic alliance
1366:
1280:
992:
112:
663:
Drug courts have had many successful graduates. They have bi-partisan support in the political arena.
1243:"Interpersonal Violence, PTSD, and Substance Use Types among Women Receiving Substance Use Treatment"
613:
problem plaguing the city. Chief Judge Gerald
Wetherington, Judge Herbert Klein, then State Attorney
532:
265:
23:
1581:
338:
204:
94:
64:
59:
1662:
1221:
1130:
154:
1599:
309:
that take a public health approach to criminal offending using a specialized model in which the
1540:
1358:
1272:
954:
Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court Outcomes Evaluation 2018-19: Summary Evaluation Report.
895:. Australian Government: Australian Institute of Criminology. 6 September 2010. Archived from
536:
246:
230:
168:
163:
103:
864:, Shannon M. Carey — Juliette R. Mackin, Michael W. Finigan. Drug Court Review Vol. VIII, p.7
816:
Impact of a Mature Drug Court Over 10 Years of Operation: Recidivism and Costs (Final Report)
617:, and Public Defender Bennett Brummer designed the court for nonviolent offenders to receive
1627:
1586:
1348:
1340:
1262:
1254:
1051:
84:
814:
Michael W. Finigan, Ph.D. ; Shannon M. Carey, Ph.D. ; Anton Cox, B.A. July 2007.
1561:
1520:
1166:
978:
960:
861:
842:
822:
802:
783:
745:
528:
520:
388:
Monitoring and evaluation measure the achievement of program goals and gauge effectiveness
140:
1444:
373:
Eligible participants are identified early and promptly placed in the drug court program
1617:
1535:
1525:
1446:
From coercion to cohesion: Treating drug dependence through health care, not punishment
1353:
1328:
1267:
1242:
677:
618:
579:
575:
512:
477:
363:
225:
54:
815:
548:
and Vancouver (2001). Hamilton, Calgary and Durham have also recently initiated DTCs.
1677:
1652:
1566:
1515:
725:
622:
602:
516:
330:
79:
1074:"Court is supporting families to stay together in Milton Keynes and Buckinghamshire"
1571:
318:
314:
209:
186:
177:
1258:
578:, drug courts are currently being tested in various places. In December 2005, the
519:
into treatment programs for their addiction. Drug courts have been established in
1370:
1284:
972:
Viewpoints: Should New Zealand introduce drug courts? New Zealand Drug Foundation
1576:
334:
31:
1344:
855:
What Works? The Ten Key Components Of Drug Court: Research-Based Best Practices
696:
382:
A coordinated strategy governs drug court responses to participants' compliance
1647:
1594:
1530:
1022:"DrugScope reporting on an example of two Scottish trials in Fife and Glasgow"
614:
524:
131:
89:
1622:
672:
504:
322:
310:
74:
1362:
1276:
1158:
Marlowe, Douglas B., JD, PhD; Hardin, Carolyn D., MPA; Fox, Carson L., JD;
385:
Ongoing judicial interaction with each drug court participant is essential
1099:
563:
435:
418:
144:
702:. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. January 1997.
610:
562:
A five-year pilot Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court was opened in
1455:
449:
366:
and other drug treatment services with justice system case processing
326:
379:
Abstinence is monitored by frequent drug testing (including alcohol)
1472:
1452:. New York: United Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime. p. 13.
1466:
1241:
Goodrum, Nada M.; Bernard, Donte L.; Moreland, Angela D. (2022).
724:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
195:
1476:
1465:
National Association of Drug Court Professionals (2013–2015).
251:
1386:"Ten years clean and sober, drug counselor gets clean record"
1416:"Five People Graduate from Drug Court in Boone County, W.Va"
1048:"UK Ministry of Justice reporting initial drug court trials"
1467:
Adult Drug Court Best Practice Standards, Volumes I and II
1100:"Family Drug and Alcohol Courts to be extended in England"
889:"Australian responses to illicit drugs : Drug courts"
1203:"Huntington Gets Creative in Effort to Stop Prostitution"
930:. New Zealand Government. 1 November 2012. Archived from
1333:
The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
836:
Drug treatment Alternative to Prison, 16th Annual report
777:
Drug treatment Alternative to Prison, 16th Annual report
626:
1608:
1554:
1508:
627:National Association of Drug Court Professionals
352:National Association of Drug Court Professionals
1299:"Juvenile Drug Court - West Virginia Judiciary"
461:four years, its graduation rate falls to 41%.
1488:
805:. Journal of Criminal Justice 40 (2012) pp.63
283:
8:
1226:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1180:"Dayton judge launches drug court for women"
928:"NZ's first Alcohol and Drug Court launched"
1169:. June 2016. National Drug Court Institute.
629:, as of December 31, 2014, there are 3,057
1495:
1481:
1473:
1076:. MK Web. 25 February 2015. Archived from
893:Criminal justice system: Specialist courts
697:"Defining Drug Courts: The Key Components"
585:Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust
290:
276:
18:
1352:
1266:
1050:. Ministry of Justice, UK. Archived from
650:Juvenile drug courts in the United States
448:Multnomah County Drug Court in Portland,
1443:Gerra, Gilberto; Clark, Nicolas (2010).
356:Defining Drug Courts: The Key Components
1131:"Remembering the Drug Court Revolution"
688:
238:
217:
194:
176:
153:
130:
102:
46:
30:
1219:
845:, April 2007. Executive Summary, p.24.
786:, April 2007. Executive Summary, p. 3.
709:from the original on 21 September 2023
637:Women and drug courts in United States
558:Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court
358:. They named these as key components:
609:in 1989 as a response to the growing
466:National Drug Court Institute Program
7:
646:treatment instead of incarceration.
1658:Truth and reconciliation commission
1129:Kirchner, Lauren (April 25, 2014).
472:Comparison with other interventions
464:A review conducted in 2001 for the
1110:from the original on 15 March 2015
1024:. DrugScope.org.uk. Archived from
952:Ministry of Justice. (2019, June)
14:
739:Painting the Current Picture 2022
719:
597:Drug courts in the United States
261:
260:
38:
1396:from the original on 2018-02-01
1309:from the original on 2018-08-26
1141:from the original on 2017-10-17
1003:from the original on 2024-07-06
737:National Drug Resource Centre,
354:in the United States published
218:Applications of medicine to law
991:Thom, Katey (September 2017).
443:Compliance with key components
1:
1259:10.1080/15504263.2022.2090649
1201:Davis, Dave Mistich, Clark.
875:"Recidivism Rates in the US"
601:The first drug court in the
1384:writer, Caity Coyne Staff.
431:Journal of Criminal Justice
1705:
1345:10.1007/s11414-022-09805-4
607:Miami-Dade County, Florida
594:
555:
496:
408:Length of follow-up period
1247:Journal of Dual Diagnosis
507:, drug courts operate in
1458:in October 2009, called
678:Veterans treatment court
499:Drug courts in Australia
439:supervision falls away.
1643:Human rights commission
1633:Domestic violence court
1390:Charleston Gazette-Mail
659:Drug courts in the news
1546:Problem-solving courts
362:Drug courts integrate
307:problem-solving courts
118:Mental health tribunal
1184:The Columbus Dispatch
509:various jurisdictions
113:Involuntary treatment
1106:. 18 February 2015.
429:A meta-study in the
1689:Drug rehabilitation
1582:Mental health court
1028:on 7 September 2008
934:on 16 November 2012
625:, according to the
205:Medical malpractice
65:Fitness to practise
60:Professional ethics
1663:Small claims court
1414:Staff, WSAZ News.
1165:2016-09-18 at the
977:2020-11-18 at the
959:2024-07-06 at the
860:2023-06-24 at the
841:2022-11-25 at the
821:2024-07-06 at the
801:2023-07-10 at the
782:2022-11-25 at the
744:2023-07-09 at the
513:illicit drug users
155:Administrative law
145:Medical Profession
1671:
1670:
1591:
1541:Arbitral tribunal
537:Western Australia
300:
299:
247:Medical sociology
231:Forensic medicine
169:Mental health law
164:Public health law
104:Medical treatment
1696:
1628:Livability court
1589:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1453:
1451:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1418:. Archived from
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1356:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1303:www.courtswv.gov
1295:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1205:. Archived from
1198:
1192:
1191:
1190:on July 8, 2014.
1186:. Archived from
1176:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1135:Pacific Standard
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1054:on 24 March 2009
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
988:
982:
969:
963:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
924:
918:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
899:on 22 March 2012
885:
879:
878:
871:
865:
852:
846:
832:
826:
812:
806:
793:
787:
773:
767:
764:
758:
755:
749:
735:
729:
723:
722:
718:
716:
714:
708:
701:
693:
292:
285:
278:
264:
263:
95:Patient's rights
85:Informed consent
42:
19:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1610:
1604:
1600:Veterans' court
1562:Community court
1550:
1521:Appellate court
1504:
1503:Types of courts
1501:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1437:Further reading
1434:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1167:Wayback Machine
1157:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1080:on 2 April 2015
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1004:
990:
989:
985:
979:Wayback Machine
970:
966:
961:Wayback Machine
951:
947:
937:
935:
926:
925:
921:
916:
912:
902:
900:
887:
886:
882:
873:
872:
868:
862:Wayback Machine
853:
849:
843:Wayback Machine
833:
829:
823:Wayback Machine
813:
809:
803:Wayback Machine
794:
790:
784:Wayback Machine
774:
770:
765:
761:
756:
752:
746:Wayback Machine
736:
732:
720:
712:
710:
706:
699:
695:
694:
690:
686:
669:
661:
652:
639:
599:
593:
572:
560:
554:
545:
529:South Australia
521:New South Wales
501:
495:
490:
478:counterfactuals
474:
458:
445:
410:
401:
348:
327:law enforcement
296:
141:Medical license
17:
12:
11:
5:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1684:Courts by type
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Court of Honor
1614:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:District court
1533:
1528:
1526:Superior court
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1406:
1376:
1339:(4): 436–455.
1319:
1290:
1253:(3): 123–134.
1233:
1193:
1171:
1151:
1121:
1091:
1065:
1039:
1013:
999:(3): 180–193.
983:
964:
945:
919:
910:
880:
866:
847:
827:
807:
788:
768:
759:
750:
730:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
675:
668:
665:
660:
657:
651:
648:
638:
635:
605:took shape in
595:Main article:
592:
589:
580:United Kingdom
571:
570:United Kingdom
568:
556:Main article:
553:
550:
544:
541:
497:Main article:
494:
491:
489:
486:
473:
470:
457:
456:Retention rate
454:
444:
441:
409:
406:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
367:
347:
346:Key components
344:
335:social service
298:
297:
295:
294:
287:
280:
272:
269:
268:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
241:
240:
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
226:Expert witness
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
199:
198:
192:
191:
190:
189:
181:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
158:
157:
151:
150:
149:
148:
135:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
107:
106:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
55:Medical ethics
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1701:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Traffic court
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1587:Miners' court
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Court-martial
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Supreme court
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1422:on 2019-12-30
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1209:on 2018-08-26
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
981:, August 2011
980:
976:
973:
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
949:
946:
933:
929:
923:
920:
914:
911:
898:
894:
890:
884:
881:
876:
870:
867:
863:
859:
856:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
831:
828:
824:
820:
817:
811:
808:
804:
800:
797:
792:
789:
785:
781:
778:
772:
769:
763:
760:
754:
751:
747:
743:
740:
734:
731:
727:
726:public domain
705:
698:
692:
689:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
664:
658:
656:
649:
647:
643:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:United States
620:
616:
612:
611:crack cocaine
608:
604:
598:
591:United States
590:
588:
586:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
559:
551:
549:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:incarceration
514:
510:
506:
500:
492:
487:
485:
481:
479:
471:
469:
467:
462:
455:
453:
451:
442:
440:
437:
432:
427:
423:
420:
414:
407:
405:
399:Effectiveness
398:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
360:
359:
357:
353:
350:In 1997, the
345:
343:
340:
336:
332:
331:mental health
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
293:
288:
286:
281:
279:
274:
273:
271:
270:
267:
259:
258:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
197:
193:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
179:
175:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
156:
152:
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
129:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
105:
101:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
80:Public health
78:
76:
73:
71:
70:Qualification
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
16:Type of court
1637:
1572:Health court
1509:By structure
1459:
1445:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1302:
1293:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1196:
1188:the original
1183:
1174:
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1134:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1016:
1005:. Retrieved
996:
986:
967:
948:
936:. Retrieved
932:the original
922:
913:
901:. Retrieved
897:the original
892:
883:
869:
850:
830:
810:
791:
771:
762:
753:
733:
711:. Retrieved
691:
662:
653:
644:
640:
600:
573:
561:
546:
502:
482:
475:
463:
459:
446:
428:
424:
415:
411:
402:
370:participate.
355:
349:
302:
301:
210:Health court
187:Manslaughter
178:Criminal law
143:(regulating
122:
1577:Labor court
1058:19 February
1032:19 February
997:Te Wharenga
903:26 February
631:drug courts
552:New Zealand
419:confounding
319:defense bar
315:prosecution
303:Drug courts
32:Medical law
1678:Categories
1648:Land court
1638:Drug court
1611:or dispute
1609:By offense
1595:Teen court
1531:High Court
1426:2018-08-26
1400:2018-08-26
1371:2681076142
1313:2018-08-26
1285:2689192204
1213:2018-08-26
1145:2015-05-10
1007:2023-05-28
938:7 November
684:References
615:Janet Reno
525:Queensland
488:By country
239:Studied by
132:Regulation
123:Drug court
90:Negligence
47:Principles
1623:DWI court
1590:(defunct)
1222:cite news
673:DWI court
621:. In the
619:treatment
505:Australia
493:Australia
339:treatment
323:probation
311:judiciary
75:Expertise
1555:By party
1394:Archived
1367:ProQuest
1363:35732969
1307:Archived
1281:ProQuest
1277:35802744
1163:Archived
1139:Archived
1114:20 March
1108:Archived
1104:BBC News
1084:20 March
1001:Archived
975:Archived
957:Archived
858:Archived
839:Archived
819:Archived
799:Archived
780:Archived
742:Archived
704:Archived
667:See also
564:Auckland
533:Victoria
436:confound
266:Category
24:a series
22:Part of
1354:9217114
1268:9721397
713:10 July
574:In the
364:alcohol
1456:Vienna
1369:
1361:
1351:
1283:
1275:
1265:
834:DTAP:
825:, p.27
775:DTAP:
748:, p.48
543:Canada
535:, and
450:Oregon
337:, and
1450:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
700:(PDF)
515:from
1359:PMID
1273:PMID
1228:link
1116:2015
1086:2015
1060:2009
1034:2009
940:2012
905:2012
715:2023
305:are
196:Tort
1349:PMC
1341:doi
1263:PMC
1255:doi
503:In
252:Law
1680::
1392:.
1388:.
1365:.
1357:.
1347:.
1337:49
1335:.
1331:.
1305:.
1301:.
1279:.
1271:.
1261:.
1251:18
1249:.
1245:.
1224:}}
1220:{{
1182:.
1137:.
1133:.
1102:.
995:.
891:.
603:US
576:UK
531:,
527:,
523:,
333:,
329:,
325:,
321:,
317:,
313:,
26:on
1496:e
1489:t
1482:v
1469:.
1462:.
1429:.
1403:.
1373:.
1343::
1316:.
1287:.
1257::
1230:)
1216:.
1148:.
1118:.
1088:.
1062:.
1036:.
1010:.
942:.
907:.
877:.
728:.
717:.
291:e
284:t
277:v
147:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
