509:
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237:; these occur when cold, dense air is pulled downhill by the force of gravity. The winds can reach speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph), heating as they descend and evaporating all water, ice and snow. The dry wind evaporates the snow rapidly and little melts into the soil. During the summer, this process can take only hours.
490:
in order to examine the microbial population and to test a drill designed for sampling on Mars in the permafrost of the driest parts of the valleys, the areas most analogous to the
Martian surface. They found no living organisms in the permafrost, the first location on the planet visited by humans
244:
For several weeks in the summer, the temperature increases enough to allow for glacial melt, which causes small freshwater streams to form. These streams feed the lakes at the base of the valleys, which do not have outflow to the sea, causing them to become highly saline.
148:
landscape, with loose gravel covering the ground. It is one of the driest places on Earth and is sometimes claimed to have not seen rain in nearly two million years, though this is highly unlikely and several anecdotal accounts of rainfall within the Dry
Valleys exist.
1004:
Fountain, Andrew G.; Lyons, W. Berry; Burkins, Melody B.; Dana, Gayle L.; Doran, Peter T.; Lewis, Karen J.; McKnight, Diane M.; Moorhead, Daryl L.; Parsons, Andrew N.; Priscu, John C.; Wall, Diana H.; Wharton, Robert A.; Virginia, Ross A. (1999).
1542:
Mikucki, Jill A.; Pearson, Ann; Johnston, David T.; Turchyn, Alexandra V.; Farquhar, James; Schrag, Daniel P.; Anbar, Ariel D.; Priscu, John C.; Lee, Peter A. (17 April 2009). "A Contemporary
Microbially Maintained Subglacial Ferrous "Ocean"".
240:
Another important factor is a lack of precipitation. Precipitation averages around 100 millimetres (4 in) per year over a century of records, almost exclusively in the form of snow. This contributes to the low humidity of the area.
214:
The Dry
Valleys are so named because of their extremely low humidity and lack of snow or ice cover. They are also dry because, in this location, the mountains are sufficiently high that they block seaward-flowing ice from the
223:. At 4,800 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi), the valleys constitute around 0.03% of the continent and form the largest ice-free region in Antarctica. The valley floors are covered with loose gravel, in which
1044:
257:
1771:
1594:
Goordial, Jacqueline; Davila, Alfonso; Lacelle, Denis; Pollard, Wayne; Marinova, Margarita M.; Greer, Charles W.; DiRuggiero, Jocelyn; McKay, Christopher P.; Whyte, Lyle G. (19 January 2016).
1442:
Precambrian ancestry of the Asgard
Formation (Skelton Group): Rb-Sr age of basement metamorphic rocks in the Dry Valley region, Antarctica, in Geological Evolution of Antarctica
1680:
268:
constitutes approximately 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi) of "deglaciated mountainous desert", according to McKelvey, bounded by the coastline of south
1764:
495:
502:. Over successive summer seasons in Antarctica, the AUT team created three dimensional maps with sub-centimeter resolution, which are now used as baselines.
1167:
1739:
1862:
1757:
1465:
Barrett, J. E.; Virginia, R. A.; Lyons, W. B.; McKnight, D. M.; Priscu, J. C.; Doran, P. T.; Fountain, A. G.; Wall, D. H.; Moorhead, D. L. (2007-03-01).
1031:
498:
to create baseline maps of the vegetation. In 2015, the New
Zealand Antarctic Research Institute granted funding to AUT to develop methods for operating
1258:
1821:
1720:
1417:
The
Cainozoic glacial record in south Victoria Land: a geological evaluation of the McMurdo Sound drilling projects, in The Geology of Antarctica
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97:
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1205:"Climate From the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, 1986–2017: Surface Air Temperature Trends and Redefined Summer Season"
446:
have been found living in the Dry
Valleys, sheltered from the dry air in the relatively moist interior of rocks. Summer
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39:
429:
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Some of the lakes of the Dry
Valleys rank among the world's most saline lakes, with a higher salinity than
1877:
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399:
368:
965:
956:
765:
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454:. Scientists consider the Dry Valleys perhaps the closest of any terrestrial environment to the planet
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bacteria whose metabolism is based on iron and sulfur live in sub-freezing temperatures under the
1596:"Nearing the cold-arid limits of microbial life in permafrost of an upper dry valley, Antarctica"
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1313:
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Air temperature, wind, precipitation and atmospheric humidity in the McMurdo Region, Antarctica
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1303:
1282:"Landform and Soil Development in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: A Regional Synthesis"
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layer within the Taylor Valley was between 137 and 275 m thick, and composed of interbedded
345:
311:
227:
1204:
1811:
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798:
672:
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323:
308:
265:
109:
86:
1045:"Near-surface internal melting: a substantial mass loss on Antarctic Dry Valley glaciers"
1613:
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1482:
1358:
Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A Geographic
Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions
1299:
1220:
253:
202:
1630:
1595:
1153:
Keys, Harry (J.R.) (September 1980). "5.5 Precipitation—Other forms of precipitation".
950:
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599:
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469:
364:
337:
326:
234:
184:
176:
69:
1440:
Adams, C.J.; Whitla, P.F. (1991). Thomson, M.R.A.; Crame, J.A.; Thomson, J.W. (eds.).
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In 2014, drones were used in the McMurdo Dry Valleys by a team of scientists from
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bacteria have been found living in the relatively moist interior of rocks, and
92:
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Part of the Valleys was designated an environmentally protected area in 2004.
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41:
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It was previously thought that algae were staining the red ice emerging at
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Irish and American researchers conducted a field expedition in 2013 to
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292:
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133:
129:
295:, with frozen lakes, saline ponds, sand dunes, and meltwater streams.
376:
333:
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153:
137:
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1281:
1162:. Antarctic Data Series. Vol. 9. Additional credits on p. 51.
1043:
Hoffman, Matthew J.; Fountain, Andrew G.; Liston, Glen E. (2017).
507:
479:
but it is now known that the staining is caused by high levels of
433:
428:
252:
201:
165:
91:
80:
68:
1467:"Biogeochemical stoichiometry of Antarctic Dry Valley ecosystems"
233:
The unique conditions in the Dry Valleys are caused, in part, by
455:
141:
1753:
340:, which intruded into the metasedimentary Skelton Group in the
1007:"Physical Controls on the Taylor Valley Ecosystem, Antarctica"
128:
and surrounding mountains prevent the flow of ice from nearby
1730:
A long-term ecological research group is working in the area.
183:, with a metabolism based on iron and sulfur, live under the
615:
Stretching south from Balham Valley are, from west to east:
1444:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–135.
1076:
The Bleeding Glacier of Antarctica: A Strange But True Tale
390:. The Dry Valley Drilling Project (1971–75) determined the
1729:
458:, and thus an important source of insights into possible
1516:"Ancient, frozen ecosystem produces blood-red ice flows"
512:
Field camp of scientists during the Antarctic summer,
168:. Although no living organisms have been found in the
85:
Location of valleys (indicated by red dot) within the
1259:"ASMA 2: Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land"
1032:"Lost world frozen 14m years ago found in Antarctica"
1073:Meekins, Jeannie (2013). Robinson, Jennifer (ed.).
190:The valleys are located within the McMurdo Valleys
96:Map showing the delineation of the McMurdo Valleys
953:, a ridge of eroded exposed rocks in Wright Valley
595:West of Victoria Valley are, from north to south,
30:"Dry Valleys" redirects here. For other uses, see
1653:"Mapping biodiversity in a changing Antarctica".
450:from the glaciers provides the primary source of
375:with, the Taylor and Wright Valleys' moraines as
548:From north to south, the three main valleys are
1471:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
386:. These basalts have ages between 2.1 and 4.4
318:, which is a medium-high-grade marble and calc
647:(sometimes incorrectly spelled Pearce Valley).
164:, a meltwater stream and Antarctica's longest
152:The region is one of the world's most extreme
1765:
1419:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 434–454.
1415:McKelvey, B.C. (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.).
8:
1681:"Map A: Map of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Area"
1209:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
124:. The Dry Valleys experience extremely low
1772:
1758:
1750:
352:. The basement complex is overlain by the
1629:
1490:
1307:
1063:
1822:Southwest Anvers Island and Palmer Basin
1714:, Antarctic Sun, January 26, 2003, 7–21.
1655:Antarctic Magazine, NZ Antarctic Society
1712:Special Report: The McMurdo Dry Valleys
1190:
1188:
1148:
1146:
1090:
496:Auckland University of Technology (AUT)
156:, and includes many features including
1745:Dry Valleys low altitude aerial videos
1287:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
940:causing a coloured water outflow from
284:are major ice-free valleys within the
210:imagery acquired on December 18, 1999.
1166:, Department of Geology. p. 41.
7:
1127:"What is the Driest Place on Earth?"
1263:Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty
959:, a set of icefalls at the head of
1098:Rejcek, Peter (29 November 2007).
1030:Highfield, Roger (4 August 2008).
772:. The most saline of all is small
655:in the west and the west coast of
25:
1863:Antarctic Specially Managed Areas
1797:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
1781:Antarctic Specially Managed Areas
1173:from the original on 8 March 2022
1164:Victoria University of Wellington
540:) is the northernmost, north of
491:with no active microbial life.
192:Antarctic Specially Managed Area
98:Antarctic Specially Managed Area
1718:Virtual Tour of the Dry Valleys
536:(sometimes incorrectly spelled
27:Snow-free valleys in Antarctica
1514:Timmer, John (16 April 2009).
1199:; Fountain, A. G.; Myers, M.;
359:, which is itself intruded by
288:. These "dry valleys" include
1:
1735:Pictures from the Dry Valleys
1341:The Book of General Ignorance
513:
968:, a sandstone promontory in
831:(Taylor Valley) (freshwater)
801:(Wright Valley) (freshwater)
1390:"NASA: McMurdo Dry Valleys"
1125:Cain, Fraser (2008-06-12).
1894:
1868:Landforms of Victoria Land
1100:"In the cold of the night"
663:are, from north to south:
228:polygonal patterned ground
29:
1787:
640:West of Taylor Valley is
523:Major geographic features
406:. This Pleistocene layer
260:image of the Dry Valleys.
160:, a saline lake, and the
1858:Transantarctic Mountains
1853:Valleys of Victoria Land
1361:. ABC-CLIO. p. 74.
1355:Hund, Andrew J. (2014).
1280:Bockheim, J. G. (2002).
500:unmanned aerial vehicles
286:Transantarctic Mountains
217:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
1565:10.1126/science.1167350
1396:. NASA. 26 January 2002
992:Cristina Takacs-Vesbach
651:Further south, between
314:, primarily the Asgard
1688:Antarctica New Zealand
1622:10.1038/ismej.2015.239
1394:NASA Earth Observatory
936:, a feature caused by
519:
437:
402:, and laminated silty
369:McMurdo Volcanic Group
261:
211:
101:
89:
78:
1848:Valleys of Antarctica
1065:10.3189/2014JoG13J095
1052:Journal of Glaciology
966:Battleship Promontory
957:Airdevronsix Icefalls
511:
460:extraterrestrial life
432:
256:
206:McMurdo Dry Valleys,
205:
132:. The rocks here are
108:are a row of largely
95:
84:
72:
1492:10.1029/2005JG000141
1344:. Faber & Faber.
1229:10.1029/2019JD032180
961:Wright Upper Glacier
1873:Oases of Antarctica
1843:McMurdo Dry Valleys
1817:McMurdo Dry Valleys
1614:2016ISMEJ..10.1613G
1557:2009Sci...324..397M
1483:2007JGRG..112.1010B
1300:2002AAAR...34..308B
1221:2020JGRD..12532180O
987:John Charles Priscu
653:Royal Society Range
106:McMurdo Dry Valleys
77:and the Dry Valleys
51: /
1723:2020-02-25 at the
1079:. Learning Island.
520:
438:
262:
219:from reaching the
212:
181:anaerobic bacteria
102:
90:
79:
55:77.467°S 162.517°E
1830:
1829:
1551:(5925): 397–400.
1105:The Antarctic Sun
881:(Victoria Valley)
789:(Victoria Valley)
783:(Victoria Valley)
661:Koettlitz Glacier
587:in the north and
573:in the north and
559:in the north and
488:University Valley
357:Beacon Supergroup
322:. The Palaeozoic
312:metamorphic rocks
299:include the Late
230:may be observed.
116:, located within
110:snow-free valleys
16:(Redirected from
1885:
1807:Deception Island
1774:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1740:Satellite images
1699:
1698:
1696:
1690:. Archived from
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1608:(7): 1613–1624.
1601:The ISME Journal
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1511:
1505:
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1405:
1403:
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1352:
1346:
1345:
1336:Mitchinson, John
1328:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1265:. Archived from
1255:
1249:
1248:
1203:(16 July 2020).
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1113:
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1080:
1069:
1067:
1058:(220): 361–374.
1049:
1039:
1026:
921:Lost Seal Stream
849:(Garwood Valley)
518:
515:
371:intrudes, or is
346:Early Ordovician
66:
65:
63:
62:
61:
60:-77.467; 162.517
56:
52:
49:
48:
47:
44:
21:
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1892:
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1884:
1883:
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1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1812:Larsemann Hills
1783:
1778:
1725:Wayback Machine
1708:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1661:: 20–21. 2019.
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1309:10.2307/1552489
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1042:
1029:
1017:(12): 961–971.
1003:
1000:
998:Further reading
978:
930:
923:(Taylor Valley)
917:(Taylor Valley)
911:(Taylor Valley)
905:(Taylor Valley)
903:Crescent Stream
899:(Taylor Valley)
893:(Taylor Valley)
887:(Wright Valley)
875:
868:(Taylor Valley)
862:
843:(Pearse Valley)
837:(Taylor Valley)
825:(Taylor Valley)
819:(Taylor Valley)
813:(Taylor Valley)
807:(Wright Valley)
799:Lake Brownworth
795:(Wright Valley)
762:
715:
698:
686:
673:Marshall Valley
659:at the lobe of
630:Virginia Valley
610:McKelvey Valley
557:St. Johns Range
553:Victoria Valley
530:
525:
516:
427:
361:Ferrar Dolerite
324:Granite Harbour
251:
235:katabatic winds
200:
87:Ross Dependency
59:
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53:
50:
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1706:External links
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:on 2009-03-27.
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1534:
1506:
1477:(G1): G01010.
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1323:
1294:(3): 308–317.
1272:
1269:on 2013-08-14.
1250:
1195:Obryk, M. K.;
1184:
1142:
1131:Universe Today
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951:Gargoyle Ridge
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942:Taylor Glacier
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855:(Miers Valley)
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600:Barwick Valley
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542:Benson Glacier
538:Atlanta Valley
529:
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470:Taylor Glacier
452:soil nutrients
426:
423:
408:disconformably
297:Basement rocks
282:Wright Valleys
250:
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199:
196:
185:Taylor Glacier
177:photosynthetic
140:, and glacial
26:
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1878:Victoria Land
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1036:The Telegraph
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1008:
1002:
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979:
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971:
970:Alatna Valley
967:
964:
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943:
939:
935:
932:
931:
927:
922:
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909:Harnish Creek
907:
904:
901:
898:
897:Vincent Creek
895:
892:
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876:
872:
867:
866:Lake Washburn
864:
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713:Taylor Valley
712:
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696:Wright Valley
695:
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688:
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683:
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674:
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664:
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658:
657:McMurdo Sound
654:
646:
645:Pearse Valley
643:
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636:
633:
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628:
626:
623:
621:
620:Priscu Valley
618:
617:
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611:
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605:Balham Valley
603:
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596:
591:in the south)
590:
586:
582:
581:Taylor Valley
579:
577:in the south)
576:
572:
571:Olympus Range
568:
567:Wright Valley
565:
563:in the south)
562:
561:Olympus Range
558:
554:
551:
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543:
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534:Alatna Valley
532:
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400:conglomerates
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342:Late Cambrian
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274:Polar Plateau
271:
270:Victoria Land
267:
266:McMurdo Oasis
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119:
118:Victoria Land
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76:
75:McMurdo Sound
71:
67:
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33:
19:
1816:
1802:Cape Denison
1692:the original
1687:
1675:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:Ars Technica
1519:
1509:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1441:
1435:
1416:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1393:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1357:
1350:
1340:
1326:
1291:
1285:
1275:
1267:the original
1253:
1212:
1208:
1201:McKay, C. P.
1197:Doran, P. T.
1175:. Retrieved
1155:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1075:
1055:
1051:
1035:
1014:
1010:
891:Doran Stream
860:Former lakes
847:Lake Garwood
811:Lake Fryxell
763:
744:Commonwealth
707:Wright Lower
702:Wright Upper
678:Miers Valley
650:
639:
614:
594:
585:Asgard Range
575:Asgard Range
547:
537:
504:
493:
485:
474:
464:
439:
436:seal carcass
380:cinder cones
350:Ross orogeny
263:
243:
239:
232:
213:
189:
151:
105:
103:
36:
1332:Lloyd, John
1177:31 December
982:Peter Doran
946:Lake Bonney
934:Blood Falls
879:Kite Stream
835:Lake Bonney
829:Parera Pond
787:Lake Thomas
625:Wall Valley
589:Kukri Hills
517: 1965
477:Blood Falls
419:diamictites
392:Pleistocene
373:interbedded
363:sheets and
348:during the
301:Precambrian
73:Map of the
58: /
18:Dry Valleys
1837:Categories
1426:0198544677
1136:2021-04-12
1111:2008-01-13
1085:References
1011:BioScience
944:into West
938:iron oxide
915:Huey Creek
885:Onyx River
853:Lake Miers
841:Lake Joyce
817:Lake Hoare
793:Lake Vanda
766:Lake Assal
481:iron oxide
441:Endolithic
396:sandstones
384:lava flows
327:intrusives
305:Palaeozoic
194:(ASMA-2).
174:endolithic
170:permafrost
162:Onyx River
114:Antarctica
32:Dry valley
1667:0003-5327
1501:2156-2202
1245:219738421
1237:2169-897X
1215:(13): 1.
823:Lake Chad
781:Lake Vida
583:(between
569:(between
555:(between
466:Anaerobic
448:meltwater
434:Mummified
410:overlies
404:mudstones
398:, pebble
331:granitoid
316:Formation
303:or Early
225:ice wedge
208:Landsat 7
158:Lake Vida
144:dot this
1721:Archived
1640:27323892
1581:44802632
1573:19372431
1527:17 April
1400:29 March
1374:24 April
1338:(2006).
1168:Archived
976:See also
770:Dead Sea
684:Glaciers
444:bacteria
412:Pliocene
377:basaltic
354:Jurassic
329:include
307:Skelton
293:moraines
290:hummocky
272:and the
221:Ross Sea
138:gneisses
134:granites
130:glaciers
126:humidity
120:west of
100:(ASMA-2)
46:162°31′E
1686:(Map).
1631:4918446
1610:Bibcode
1553:Bibcode
1545:Science
1479:Bibcode
1318:1552489
1296:Bibcode
1217:Bibcode
1023:1313730
768:or the
528:Valleys
416:Miocene
334:plutons
249:Geology
198:Climate
154:deserts
146:bedrock
43:77°28′S
1665:
1638:
1628:
1579:
1571:
1499:
1448:
1423:
1365:
1316:
1243:
1235:
1021:
873:Rivers
749:Howard
739:Canada
734:Taylor
729:Hughes
367:. The
320:schist
278:Taylor
276:. The
172:here,
1695:(PDF)
1684:(PDF)
1577:S2CID
1314:JSTOR
1241:S2CID
1171:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
1048:(PDF)
1019:JSTOR
928:Other
760:Lakes
754:Doran
724:Suess
719:Rhone
690:Clark
365:sills
338:dykes
309:Group
258:ASTER
166:river
142:tills
1663:ISSN
1636:PMID
1569:PMID
1529:2009
1497:ISSN
1446:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1402:2022
1376:2019
1363:ISBN
1233:ISSN
1179:2023
456:Mars
425:Life
414:and
382:and
336:and
280:and
264:The
136:and
104:The
1626:PMC
1618:doi
1561:doi
1549:324
1487:doi
1475:112
1304:doi
1225:doi
1213:125
1060:doi
112:in
1839::
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1292:34
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1187:^
1145:^
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1056:60
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1015:49
1013:.
1009:.
776:.
514:c.
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388:Ma
187:.
1773:e
1766:t
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544:.
344:-
34:.
20:)
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