Edward Drinker Cope

507: 4186: 444:, a small Quaker school where the family had philanthropic ties. The college awarded him an honorary master's degree so he could have the position. Cope even began to think about marriage and consulted his father in the matter, telling him of the girl he would like to marry: "an amiable woman, not over sensitive, with considerable energy, and especially one inclined to be serious and not inclined to frivolity and display—the more truly Christian of course the better—seems to be the most practically the most suitable for me, though intellect and accomplishments have more charm." Cope thought of Annie Pim, a member of the Society of Friends, as less a lover than companion, declaring, "her amiability and domestic qualities generally, her capability of taking care of a house, etc., as well as her steady seriousness weigh far more with me than any of the traits which form the theme of poets!" Cope's family approved of his choice, and the marriage took place in July 1865 at Pim's farmhouse in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The two had a single daughter, Julia Biddle Cope, born June 10, 1866. Cope's return to the United States also marked an expansion of his scientific studies; in 1864, he described several fishes, a whale, and the amphibian 810: 356:, near West Chester, Pennsylvania. The school was founded in 1799 with fundraising by members of the Society of Friends (Quakers), and provided much of the Cope family's education. The prestigious school was expensive, costing Alfred $ 500 in tuition each year, and in his first year, Edward studied algebra, chemistry, scripture, physiology, grammar, astronomy, and Latin. Edward's letters home requesting a larger allowance show he was able to manipulate his father, and he was, according to author and Cope biographer Jane Davidson, "a bit of a spoiled brat". His letters suggest he was lonely at the school—it was the first time he had been away from his home for an extended period. Otherwise, Edward's studies progressed much like a typical boy—he consistently had "less than perfect" or "not quite satisfactory" marks for conduct from his teachers, and did not work hard on his penmanship lessons, which may have contributed to his often-illegible handwriting as an adult. 643:, that had four flippers and a long neck—he commented that the fossil's head was on the wrong end, evidently stating that Cope had put the skull at the end of the vertebrae of the tail. Cope was outraged and the two argued for some time until they agreed to have Leidy examine the bones and determine who was right. Leidy came, picked up the head of the fossil and put it on the other end. Cope was horrified since he had already published a paper on the fossil with the error at the American Philosophical Society. He immediately tried to buy back the copies, but some remained with their buyers (Marsh and Leidy kept theirs). The whole ordeal might have passed easily enough had Leidy not exposed the cover-up at the next society meeting, not to alienate Cope, but only in response to Cope's brief statement where he never admitted he was wrong. Cope and Marsh would never talk to each other amicably again, and by 1873, open hostility had broken out between them. 862:

anyone ... all the sides of his multiform character." Osborn, intending to follow the coffin to the graveyard, was instead pulled aside by Collins and taken to the reading of Cope's will—Osborn and Cope's brother-in-law John Garrett were named executors. Cope gave his family a choice of his books, with the remainder to be sold or donated to the University of Pennsylvania. After debts were handled, Cope left small bequests to friends and family—Anna Brown and Julia received $ 5000 each, while the remainder went to Annie. Cope's estate was valued at $ 75,327, not including additional revenue raised by sales of fossils to the American Museum of Natural History, for a total of $ 84,600. Some specimens preserved in alcohol made their way to the Academy of Natural Sciences, including a few

306: 797:. In the 1890s, his publication rate increased to an average of 43 articles a year. His final expedition to the West took place in 1894, when he prospected for dinosaurs in South Dakota and visited sites in Texas and Oklahoma. The same year, Julia was married to William H. Collins, a Haverford astronomy professor. The couple's ages—Julia was 28 and the groom 35—were past the conventions of Victorian marriage. After their European honeymoon, the couple returned to Haverford. While Annie moved to Haverford, as well, Cope did not. His official reason was the long commute and late lectures he gave in Philadelphia. In private correspondence, however, Osborn wrote that the two had essentially separated, though they remained on amiable terms. 364:. Edward often obtained bad marks due to quarreling and bad conduct. His letters to his father show he chafed at farm work and betrayed flashes of the temper for which he would later become well known. After sending Edward back to the farm for summer break in 1854 and 1855, Alfred did not return Edward to school after spring 1856. Instead, Alfred attempted to turn his son into a gentleman farmer, which he considered a wholesome profession that would yield enough profit to lead a comfortable life, and improve the undersized Edward's health. Until 1863, Cope's letters to his father continually expressed his yearning for a more professional scientific career than that of a farmer, which he called "dreadfully boring". 432:. He held two university degrees in comparison to Edward's lack of formal schooling past 16, but Edward had written 37 scientific papers in comparison to Marsh's two published works. While they would later become rivals, the two men appeared to take a liking to each other upon meeting. Marsh led Edward on a tour of the city, and they stayed together for days. After Edward left Berlin, the two maintained correspondence, exchanging manuscripts, fossils, and photographs. Edward burned many of his journals and letters from Europe upon his return to the United States. Friends intervened and stopped Cope from destroying some of his drawings and notes, in what author Url Lanham deemed a "partial suicide". 945:

doubts about the literalness of the Bible ... he did not express them in his letters to his family but there can be little question ... that he shared the intellectual unrest of the period." Lanham writes that Cope's religious fervor (which seems to have subsided after his father's death) was embarrassing to even his devout Quaker associates. Biographer Jane Davidson believes that Osborn overstated Cope's internal religious conflicts. She ascribes Cope's deference to his father's beliefs as an act of respect or a measure to retain his father's financial support. Frazer's reminiscences about his friend suggest Cope often told people what they wanted to hear, rather than his true views.

650:, a schoolteacher in Golden, Colorado. Lakes had been hiking in the mountains near the town of Morrison with his friend, H. C. Beckwith, looking for fossilized leaves in the Dakota sandstone. Instead, the pair found large bones embedded in the rock. Lakes wrote that the bones were "apparently a vertebra and a humerus bone of some gigantic saurian." While Lakes sent Marsh some 1,500 pounds of bone, he also sent Cope some of the specimens. Marsh published his finds first, and having been paid $ 100 for the finds Lakes wrote to Cope that the samples should be forwarded to Marsh. Cope was offended by the slight. Meanwhile, Cope received bones from school superintendent O.W. Lucas in March 1877 from 902: 732:. Cope visited the mines each summer from 1881 to 1885, taking the opportunity to supervise or collect other minerals. For a while he made good money, but the mines stopped producing and by 1886 he had to give up his now-worthless stocks. The same year he received a teaching position at the University of Pennsylvania. He continued to travel west, but realized he would not be able to best Marsh in cornering the market for bones; he had to release the collectors he had hired and sell his collections. During this period, he published 40 to 75 papers each year. With the failure of his mines, Cope began searching for a job, but was turned down at the Smithsonian and 834:, a substance based on formaldehyde used to preserve specimens. Osborn was horrified by Cope's actions and made arrangements for surgery, but the plans were put on hold after a temporary improvement in Cope's health. Cope went to Virginia looking for fossils, became ill again, and returned to his home very weak. Osborn visited Cope on April 5, inquiring about Cope's health, but the sick paleontologist pressed his friend for his views on the origin of mammals. Word of Cope's illness spread, and he was visited by friends and colleagues; even in a feverish condition Cope delivered lectures from his bed. Cope died on April 12, 1897, 16 weeks short of his 57th birthday. 458:, in part to be closer to the fossil beds of western New Jersey. Due to the time-consuming nature of his Haverford position, Cope had not had time to attend to his farm and had let it out to others, but eventually found he was in need of more money to fuel his scientific habits. Pleading with his father for money to pursue his career, he finally sold the farm in 1869. Alfred apparently did not press his son to continue farming, and Edward focused on his scientific career. He continued his continental travels, including trips to Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. He visited caves across the region. He stopped these cave explorations after an 1871 trip to the 44: 499:(1878), possibly the largest dinosaur ever discovered. In the period of one year, from 1879 to 1880, Cope published 76 papers based on his travels through New Mexico and Colorado, and on the findings of his collectors in Texas, Kansas, Oregon, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. During the peak years, Cope published around 25 reports and preliminary observations each year. The hurried publications led to errors in interpretation and naming—many of his scientific names were later canceled or withdrawn. In comparison, Marsh wrote and published less frequently and more succinctly—his works appeared in the widely read 542:. The survey traveled through New Mexico, whose Puerco formations, he wrote to his father, provided "the most important find in geology I have ever made". The New Mexico bluffs contained millions of years of formation and subsequent deformation, and were in an area which had not been visited by Leidy or Marsh. Being part of the survey had other advantages; Cope was able to draw on fort commissaries and defray publishing costs. While there was no salary, his findings would be published in the annual reports the surveys printed. Cope brought Annie and Julia along on one such survey, and rented a house for them at 752:

Marsh and Powell published their own side of the story and, in the end, little changed. No congressional hearing was created to investigate Powell's alleged misallocation of funds, while Cope and Marsh were not held responsible for any mistakes. Indirectly, however, the attacks may have been influential in Marsh's fall from power in the survey. Due to pressure from Powell over bad press, Marsh was removed from his position for the government surveys. Cope's relations with the president of the University of Pennsylvania soured, and the entire funding for paleontology in the government surveys was pulled.

607: 937:: "I have often seen him busily engaged in such comparisons, all the while whistling whole passages from grand opera, or else counting the scales on the back of a lizard, while he conversed in a most amusing manner with some small street urchin who had drifted into the museum and was watching in awe with eyes and mouth wide open." His self-taught nature, however, meant that he was largely hostile to bureaucracy and politics. He had a famous temper; one friend called Cope a "militant paleontologist". Despite his faults, he was generally well liked by his contemporaries. American paleontologist 801:

29,000. While his collection contained more than 13,000 specimens, Cope's fossil hoard was still much smaller than Marsh's collection, valued at over a million dollars. The University of Pennsylvania bought part of Cope's ethnological artifact collection for $ 5,500. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia's foremost museum, did not bid on any of Cope's sales due to bad blood between Cope and the museum's leaders; as a result, many of Cope's major finds left the city. Cope's proceeds from the sales allowed him to rehire Sternberg to prospect for fossils on his behalf.

702: 1034:(1884) and "Essays in Evolution". He discovered a total of 56 new dinosaur species during the Bone Wars compared to Marsh's 80. Although Cope is today known as a herpetologist and paleontologist, his contributions extended to ichthyology, in which he cataloged 300 species of fishes and described over 300 species of reptiles over three decades. In total, he discovered and described over 1,000 species of fossil vertebrates and published 600 separate titles. One species of Caribbean snake, 963:, which had little effect on him. The only comment about Darwin's book recorded by Cope was that Darwin discussed "too much geology" from the account of his voyage. Due to his background in taxonomy and paleontology, Cope focused on evolution in terms of changing structure, rather than emphasizing geography and variation within populations as Darwin had. Over his lifetime, Cope's views on evolution shifted. His early views held that while Darwin's 973:

detailing his views on the subject. He was a strong believer in the law of use and disuse—that an individual will slowly, over time, favor an anatomical part of its body so much that it will become stronger and larger as time progresses down the generations. The giraffe, for example, stretched its neck to reach taller trees and passed this acquired characteristic to its offspring in a developmental phase that is added to gestation in the womb.

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exhausting slumber." Nevertheless, Cope continued to lead the party from sunrise to sunset, sending letters to his wife and child describing his finds. The severe desert conditions and Cope's habit of overworking himself till he was bedridden caught up with him, and in 1872, he broke down from exhaustion. Cope maintained a regular pattern of summers spent prospecting and winters writing up his findings from 1871 to 1879.

411:, Cope traveled through Europe, taking the opportunity to visit the most esteemed museums and societies of the time. Initially, he seemed interested in helping out at a field hospital, but in letters to his father later on in the war, this aspiration seemed to disappear; instead he considered working in the American South to assist freed African Americans. Davidson suggests Cope's correspondence with Leidy and 559:

collection of fossils. Cope's expeditions took him across Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Montana. His initial journey into the Clarendon beds of Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene of Texas led to an affiliation with the Geological Survey of Texas. Cope's papers on the region constitute some of his most important paleontological contributions. In 1877, he purchased half the rights to the

226: 379:, one of the most influential anatomists and paleontologists at the time. Cope asked his father to pay for a tutor in German and French to allow him to read scholarly works in those languages. During this period, he had a job recataloging the herpetological collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences, where he became a member at Leidy's urging. Cope visited the 688:, one of the most recognizable dinosaur recreations of the time. The summer of 1879 took Cope to Salt Lake City, San Francisco, and north to Oregon, where he was amazed at the rich flora and the blueness of the Pacific Ocean. In 1879, the United States Congress consolidated the various government survey teams into the United States Geological Survey with 478:. Marsh accompanied him on one of these excursions. Cope's proximity to the beds after moving to Haddonfield made more frequent trips possible. The Copes lived comfortably in a frame house backed by an apple orchard. Two maids tended the estate, which entertained a number of guests. Cope's only concern was for more money to spend on his scientific work. 415:, who worked as field surgeons during the war, might have informed Cope of the horrors of the occupation. Edward was involved in a love affair; his father did not approve. Whether Edward or the unnamed woman (whom he at one point intended to marry) broke off the relationship is unknown, but he took the breakup poorly. Biographer and paleontologist 329:. The death of his mother when he was three years old seemed to have had little effect on young Edward, as he mentioned in his letters that he had no recollection of her. His stepmother, Rebecca Biddle, filled the maternal role; Cope referred to her warmly, as well as his younger stepbrother, James Biddle Cope. Alfred, an orthodox member of the 917:. She would not comment on the name of the woman with whom her father had had an affair prior to his first European travel. Julia is believed to have burned any of the scandalous letters and journals Cope had kept, but many of his friends were able to give their recollections of the scandalous nature of some of Cope's unpublished routines. 576:, who according to Osborn, "alone treated with coolness". Following the Dublin meeting, Cope spent two days with the French Association for the Advancement of Science. At each gathering, Cope exhibited dinosaur restorations by Philadelphia colleague John A. Ryder and various charts and plates from geological surveys of the 1870s led by 736:. He turned to giving lectures for hire and writing magazine articles. Each year, he lobbied Congress for an appropriation with which to finish his work on "Cope's Bible", a volume on Tertiary vertebrates, but was continually turned down. Rather than work with Powell and the survey, Cope tried to inflame sentiment against them. 666:, to take charge of the digging. Cope, in response, learned of Carlin and Reed's discoveries and sent his own men to find bones in the area. The two scientists attempted to sabotage each other's progress. Cope was described as a genius and what Marsh lacked in intelligence, he easily made up for in connections—Marsh's uncle was 1269: 728:, but it drained him of funds. After Hayden was removed from the survey, Cope lost his source of government funding. His fortune was not enough to support his rivalry, so Cope invested in mining. Most of his properties were silver mines in New Mexico; one mine yielded an ore vein worth $ 3 million in 822:. His wife cared for him in Philadelphia when she was able; at other times, Cope's university secretary, Anna Brown, tended to him. Cope at this time lived in his Pine Street museum and rested on a cot surrounded by his fossil finds. Cope often prescribed himself medications, including large amounts of 944:

Cope was raised as a Quaker, and was taught that the Bible was literal truth. Although he never confronted his family about their religious views, Osborn writes that Cope was at least aware of the conflict between his scientific career and his religion. Osborn writes: "If Edward harbored intellectual

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During the period between 1866 and 1867, Cope went on trips to western parts of the country. He related to his father his scientific experiences; to his daughter he sent descriptions of animal life as part of her education. Cope found educating his students at Haverford "a pleasure", but wrote to his

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Edward was born and raised in a large stone house called "Fairfield", whose location is now within the boundaries of Philadelphia. The 8 acres (3.2 ha) of pristine and exotic gardens of the house offered a landscape that Edward was able to explore. The Copes began teaching their children to read

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At one point, Cope deliberately and falsely claimed that a paper on Permian vertebrates had been published three weeks earlier, in part to get back at Marsh, who had heard about Cope's discoveries at a meeting and hurriedly wrote a paper about his own finds while claiming that he was the first to do

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may affect the preservation of superficial characteristics in organisms, natural selection alone could not explain the formation of genera. Cope's suggested mechanism for this action was a "steady progressive development of organization" through what Cope termed "a continual crowding backward of the

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attributed Edward's sudden departure for Europe as a method of keeping him from being drafted into the Civil War. Cope did write to his father from London on February 11, 1864, "I shall get home in time to catch and be caught by the new draft. I shall not be sorry for this, as I know certain persons

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The Indo-European race is then the highest by virtue of the acceleration of growth in the development of the muscles by which the body is maintained in the erect position (extensors of the leg), and in those important elements of beauty, a well-developed nose and beard. It is also superior in those

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as "a man of medium height and build, but always impressive with his great energy and activity". To him, Fowler wrote, " was both genial and always interesting, easily approachable, and both kindly and helpful." Cope's affability during visits to the Academy of Natural Sciences to compare specimens

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Sternberg, still prospecting for Cope that spring, was woken by a liveryman who relayed word from Annie that Cope had died three days earlier. Sternberg wrote in his memoirs, "I had lost friends before, and I had known what it was to bury my own dead, even my firstborn son, but I had never sorrowed

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Cope sold his collections to the American Museum of Natural History in 1895; his set of 10,000 American fossil mammals sold for $ 32,000, lower than Cope's asking price of $ 50,000. The purchase was financed by the donations from New York's high society. Cope sold three other collections for $

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Cope insisted through his will that no graveside service or burial be held; he had donated his body to science. He issued a final challenge to Marsh at his death: he had his skull donated to science so his brain could be measured, hoping his brain would be larger than that of his adversary; at the

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ran the first article on January 12, 1890, in what would become a series of newspaper debates between Marsh, Powell, and Cope. Cope attacked Marsh for plagiarism and financial mismanagement, and attacked Powell for his geological classification errors and misspending of government-allocated funds.

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described the lack of water and good food available to Cope and his helpers on these expeditions. Cope would suffer from a "severe attack of nightmare" in which "every animal of which we had found trace during the day played with him at night ... sometimes he would lose half the night in this

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While working on farms, Edward continued his education on his own. In 1858, he began working part-time at the Academy of Natural Sciences, reclassifying and cataloguing specimens, and published his first series of research results in January 1859. Cope began taking French and German classes with a

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Cope's views on human races and sex were influenced by his Lamarckian beliefs, which posited those of European ancestry as more highly evolved than nonwhite groups. In his essays on evolution, he assessed the physiognomies of three "sub-species of human" — termed the Negro, the Mongolian, and the

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and promised a scandalous headline. Since 1885, Cope had kept an elaborate journal of mistakes and misdeeds that both Marsh and Powell had committed over the years. From scientific errors to publishing mistakes, he had them written down in a journal he kept in the bottom drawer of his Pine Street

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to act against Cope and attempted to persuade Hayden to "muzzle" Cope's publishing. Both men tried to spy on the other's whereabouts and attempted to offer their collectors more money in the hopes of recruiting them to their own side. Cope was able to recruit David Baldwin in New Mexico and Frank

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The exact dates of Cope's studies at the University of Pennsylvania are not known. Cope kept his admission slip for the 1861–1862 school year his entire life, but assuming that these slips were collected by university professors this would suggest he never attended in the fall of 1861 (Davidson,

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Osborn listed Cope's cause of death as uremic poisoning, combined with a large prostate, but the true cause of death is unknown. Many believed Cope had died of syphilis contracted from the women with whom he fraternized during his travels. In 1995, Davidson gained permission to have the skeleton

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on their fossil displays. Cope's studies of marine reptiles of Kansas closed in 1876, opening a new focus on terrestrial reptiles. The same year, Cope moved from Haddonfield to 2100 and 2102 Pine Street in Philadelphia. He converted one of the two houses into a museum where he stored his growing

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Despite his torpor, Edward proceeded with his tour of Europe, and met with some of the most highly esteemed scientists of the world during his travels through France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Austria, Italy, and Eastern Europe, most likely with introductory letters from Leidy and Spencer

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Davidson writes that " seem to the reader, as it does the author, that Cope could have suffered some mild depression". She points to evidence including his letters where he complains of boredom, as well as betraying insights into the discrepancy between how he saw himself and how his colleagues

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school of thought, which holds that an individual can pass on traits acquired in its lifetime to offspring. Although the view has been shown incorrect, it was the prevalent theory among paleontologists in Cope's time. In 1887, Cope published his own "Origin of the Fittest: Essays in Evolution",

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Alfred died December 4, 1875, and left Edward with an inheritance of nearly a quarter of a million dollars. Alfred's death was a blow to Cope; his father was a constant confidant. The same year marked a suspension of much of Cope's field work and a new emphasis on writing up discoveries of the

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Though Cope's scientific pursuits nearly bankrupted him, his contributions helped to define the field of American paleontology. He was a prodigious writer with 1,400 papers published over his lifetime, although his rivals debated the accuracy of his rapidly published works. He discovered,

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for Cope in 1869. Cope introduced his colleague to the marl pit owner Albert Vorhees when the two visited the site. Marsh went behind Cope's back and made a private agreement with Vorhees: any fossils that Vorhees's men found were sent back to Marsh at New Haven. When Marsh was at Haddonfield

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as its leader. This was discouraging to Cope because King named Marsh, an old college friend, as the chief paleontologist. The period of Cope's and Marsh's paleontological digs in the American West spanned from 1877 to 1892, by which time both men exhausted much of their financial resources.

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The coffin was loaded on a hearse and carried to a gathering at Fairfield; much of the gathering was spent in silence. After the coffin was removed, the assembled began talking. Frazer recalled that each person remembered Cope differently, and "Few men succeeded so well in concealing from

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Cope took his sinking fortunes in stride. In writing to Osborn about the articles, he laughed at the outcome, saying, "It will now rest largely with you whether or not I am supposed to be a liar and am actuated by jealousy and disappointment. I think Marsh is impaled on the horns of

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He believed that if, "a race was not white then it was inherently more ape-like". He was opposed to blacks because of their "degrading vices", believing that the "inferior Negro should go back to Africa" and that their "poor virtue" was inherent. Cope was against the modern view of

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points in which it is more embryonic than the other races, viz., the want of prominence of the jaws and cheek-bones, since these are associated with a greater predominance of the cerebral part of the skull, increased size of cerebral hemispheres, and greater intellectual power.

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Williston in Wyoming from Marsh. Cope and Marsh were extremely secretive as to the source of their fossils. When Henry Fairfield Osborn, at the time a student at Princeton, visited Cope to ask where to travel to look for fossils in the West, Cope politely refused to answer.

766:. Through his years of financial hardship, he was able to continue publishing papers—his most productive years were 1884 and 1885, with 79 and 62 papers published, respectively. The 1880s marked the publication of two of the best-known fossil taxa described by Cope: the 781:

in 1889. In 1889, he succeeded Leidy, who had died the previous year, as professor of zoology at the University of Pennsylvania. The small yearly stipend was enough for Cope's family to move back into one of the townhouses he had been forced to relinquish earlier.

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former Westtown teacher. Though Alfred resisted his son's pursuit of a science career, he paid for his son's private studies. Instead of working the farm his father bought for him, Edward rented out the land and used the income to further his scientific endeavors.

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Davidson found no evidence in any of the surviving Cope correspondence and papers that Alfred intended Edward to become part of his shipping business. She attributes Alfred's resistance to Edward's desire for a scientific career to "old-fashionedness". (Davidson,

1253:(1994). Psihoyos and his assistant, John Knoebber, traveled around America with Cope's skull, taking pictures of the skull in different places on the "adventure" and showing it to various modern paleontologists. Among the notable incidents during the journey was 739:

At Marsh's urging, Powell pushed for Cope to return specimens he had unearthed during his employment under the government surveys. This was an outrage to Cope, who had used his own money while working as a volunteer. In response, Cope went to the editor of the

554:, was a collection of 303 pages and 54 illustration plates. The memoir summarized his experiences prospecting in New Jersey and Kansas. Cope now had the finances to hire multiple teams to search for fossils for him year-round and he advised the 1241:. His skull is at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. His ashes were placed at the institute with those of Leidy, while his bones were extracted and kept in a locked drawer to be studied by anatomy students. In 1907, 717:

The 1880s proved disastrous for Cope. Marsh's close association with the Geological Survey gave him the resources to employ 54 staff members over the course of ten years. His teaching position at Yale meant he had guaranteed access to the

1018:, believing in the husband's role as protector; he was opposed to women's suffrage, as he felt they would be unduly influenced by their husbands, and that it would lead to the retrogression of the race as women took on more "masculine" attributes. 420:

who would be mean enough to say that I have gone to Europe to avoid the war." Eventually, Cope took the pragmatic approach and waited out the conflict. He may have suffered from mild depression during this period, and often complained of boredom.

317:. His middle name, "Drinker", was his paternal grandmother's maiden name, she being daughter of John Drinker, of Philadelphia. The Cope family were of English origin; the first to settle in America, in 1683, was Oliver Cope, a tailor formerly of 572:'s Dublin meeting. He was warmly welcomed in England and France, and met with the distinguished paleontologists and archeologists of the period. Marsh's attempts to sully Cope's reputation had made little impact on anyone save paleontologist 284:. Cope's financial fortunes soured after failed mining ventures in the 1880s, forcing him to sell off much of his fossil collection. He experienced a resurgence in his career toward the end of his life before dying on April 12, 1897. 359:

Edward returned to Westtown in 1855, accompanied by two of his sisters. Biology began to interest him more that year, and he studied natural history texts in his spare time. While at the school, he frequently visited the

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successive steps of individual development". His beliefs later evolved to one with an increased emphasis on continual and utilitarian evolution with less involvement of a Creator. He became one of the founders of the

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A Record of the Cope Family: As Established in America, by Oliver Cope, who Came from England to Pennsylvania, about ... 1682, with the Residences, Dates of Births, Deaths and Marriages of His Descendants as Far as

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Bakker, R.T.; Galton, P.M.; Siegwarth, J.; Filla, J. (1990). "A new latest Jurassic vertebrate fauna, from the highest levels of the Morrison Formation at Como Bluff, Wyoming. Part IV. The dinosaurs: A new

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Cope's cluttered study in 1897: The Pine Street home was filled with Cope's papers, bones, stuffed and mounted animals, and specimens preserved in alcohol that covered his desks and an improvised shelf in his

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and write while very young, and took Edward on trips across New England and to museums, zoos, and gardens. Cope's interest in animals became apparent at a young age, as did his natural artistic ability.

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Word that Lakes had notified Cope of his finds galvanized Marsh into action. When Marsh heard from Union Pacific Railroad workers W.E. Carlin and W.H. Reed about a vast boneyard northwest of Laramie in

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Alfred intended to give his son the same education he himself had received. At age nine, Edward was sent to a day school in Philadelphia; at 12, he attended the Friends' Boarding School at

992:. According to Sideris (2003), " argued that organisms respond to changes in their environments by an exercise of choice. Consciousness itself, he maintained, was the principal force in 592:. While in Europe, Cope purchased a great collection of fossils from Argentina. Cope never found time to describe the collection and many of the boxes remained unopened until his death. 313:

Edward Drinker Cope was born on July 28, 1840, the eldest son of Alfred Cope and Hannah, daughter of Thomas Edge, of Chester County, Pennsylvania. He was a distant cousin of historian

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In fewer than 40 years as a scientist, Cope published over 1,400 scientific papers, a record that is rivaled by few other scientists. His major works include three volumes:

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published a paper of his analysis of six brains at the American Anthropometric Society, including Cope's with additional analysis of Cope's skull. In 1993, the American photographer

854:, for what Osborn called "a perfect Quaker silence ... an interminable length of time." Anticipating the quiet, Osborn had brought along a Bible and read an excerpt from the 4035: 3053:"A Study of the Brains of Six Eminent Scientists and Scholars Belonging to the American Anthropometric Society, together with a Description of the Skull of Professor E. D. Cope" 4007: 4269: 921:, a former friend called, "Cope's mouth the filthiest, from hearsay that in heyday no woman was safe within five miles of him." As Julia was the major financier behind 906: 261:

family, he distinguished himself as a child prodigy interested in science, publishing his first scientific paper at the age of 19. Though his father tried to raise Cope as a

1359:, but less than Leidy's. Whitman's brain had been dropped on the floor and was not measured. Some sources (Psihoyos 1994) claim that Cope wanted his skeleton to become the 514:

In autumn 1871, Cope began prospecting farther west to the fossil fields of Kansas. Leidy and Marsh had been to the region earlier, and Cope employed one of Marsh's guides,

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Cope was taken on a sea trip to Boston one week after his seventh birthday. His notebook survives, including this page, and contains notes and drawings of his travels.

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The 1870s were the golden years of Cope's career, marked by his most prominent discoveries and rapid flow of publications. Among his descriptions were the therapsid

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examined by a medical doctor at the university. Dr. Morrie Kricun, a professor of radiology, concluded no evidence of bony syphilis was found on Cope's skeleton.

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When Cope arrived back in the United States after his tour of Europe in 1878, he had nearly two years of fossil findings from Lucas. Among these dinosaurs was

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described, and named more than 1,000 vertebrate species, including hundreds of fishes and dozens of dinosaurs. His proposal for the origin of mammalian

747:

desk. Cope sought out Marsh's assistants, who complained of being denied access and credit by their employer and of being chronically underpaid. Reporter

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classification; over the next five years he published primarily on reptiles and amphibians. Cope's membership in the Academy of Natural Sciences and

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devoted six paragraphs to Cope's passing, and incorrectly gave his age as 46. Cope was outlived by his rival Marsh, who was suffering poor health.

3184: 333:(Quakers), operated a lucrative shipping business started by his father, Thomas P. Cope, in 1821. He was a philanthropist who gave money to the 889:, and a two-page remembrance by Frazer. The National Academy of Sciences' official memoir was submitted years later and written by Osborn. The 4294: 3954: 3931: 3895: 3674: 3635: 3614: 3499: 3444: 3302: 3230: 2557: 2109: 1806: 1490: 1386:

MacCord, Kate (2019). "The impacts of assumptions on theories of tooth development and evolution at the turn of the nineteenth century".

462:

in Indiana, but remained interested in the subject. Cope had visited Haddonfield many times in the 1860s, paying periodic visits to the

399:

gave him outlets to publish and announce his work; many of his early paleontological works were published by the Philosophical Society.

2725: 4011: 3786: 733: 440:

When Cope returned to Philadelphia in 1864, his family made every effort to secure him a teaching post as the Professor of Zoology at

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Jackson, J.R. & Quinn, A. (2023), "Post-Darwinian Fish Classifications: Theories and Methodologies of Günther, Cope, and Gill",

671: 4064: 1112: 793:, which was the most detailed analysis and organization of the continent's frogs and amphibians ever mastered, and the 1,115-page 4249: 4244: 161: 925:, she wanted to keep her father's name in good standing and refused to comment on any misdeeds her father might have committed. 4299: 3276:

Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). Foster, J.R.; Lucas, S.G (eds.). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod

3176: 1234: 353: 273: 225: 200: 1081: 396: 268:

Cope had little formal scientific training, and he eschewed a teaching position for field work. He made regular trips to the

3282:

Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

1462:

The Bone Sharp: The Life of Edward Drinker Cope, Jane P. Davidson, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1997, p. 229

4167: 3350:

Cope, Edward Drinker (1876). "On some extinct reptiles and Batrachia from the Judith River and Fox Hills Beds of Montana".

762:." Cope was well aware of his enemies and was carefree enough to name a species after a combination of "Cope" and "hater", 4234: 786: 4202: 4239: 3972: 3760: 3992: 3968: 3375:

Cope, Edward Drinker (1882). "Third contribution to the history of the Vertebrata of the Permian formation of Texas".

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with having built into evolution a life force that propelled organisms toward even higher levels of consciousness."

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The rivalry between the two increased towards the latter half of the 1870s. In 1877, Marsh received a letter from

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father that he "could not get any work done." He resigned from his position at Haverford and moved his family to

2742:"Taxonomies of Feeling: The Epistemology of Sentimentalism in Late-Nineteenth-Century Racial and Sexual Science" 466:

pits. The fossils he found in these pits became the focus of several papers, including a description in 1868 of

1155: 959: 663: 2102:

King of the Dinosaur Hunters : the life of John Bell Hatcher and the discoveries that shaped paleontology

3769: 3566: 3410: 1074: 651: 535: 455: 380: 4116:

On The Origin of Genera; From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Oct. 1868

4031: 2665:"The neo-Lamarckism of Edward Drinker Cope and the idea of biological progress in the evolutionary process" 3662: 3377: 3363: 3341: 2464: 1282: 1242: 1172: 1100: 839: 748: 622:. The conflict's seeds began upon the men's return to the United States in the 1860s, although Cope named 416: 838:

more deeply than I did over the news." Cope's Quaker funeral consisted of six men: Osborn, his colleague

610:

Illustration plate to Cope's 1870 description of several reptiles, including an improperly reconstructed

4284: 2999:"Amid protests against racism, scientists move to strip offensive names from journals, prizes, and more" 1119: 555: 425: 277: 269: 3606:

The Gilded Dinosaur: The Fossil War Between E. D. Cope and O. C. Marsh and the Rise of American Science

1798:

The Gilded Dinosaur: The Fossil War Between E. D. Cope and O. C. Marsh and the Rise of American Science

1355:

did so, as did Powell and Leidy. Cope's brain weighed 1,545 grams, more than those of Powell and

618:

Cope's relations with Marsh turned into a competition for fossils between the two, known today as the

305: 4224: 4219: 3810: 3667:

Cope: Master Naturalist: Life and Letters of Edward Drinker Cope, With a Bibliography of His Writings

3137: 1050: 429: 3237:

Bowler, Peter (June 1977). "Edward Drinker Cope and the Changing Structure of Evolutionary Theory".

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Indo-European — in comparison to those of apes and human embryos, and drew the following conclusion:

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One of the last photographs taken of Cope (third from right), during his attendance at the 1896

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Alfred finally gave in to Edward's wishes and paid for university classes. Cope attended the

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wrote that, " little slips from virtue were those we might make ourselves, were we bolder".

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which led to faster reception abroad, and Marsh's reputation grew more rapidly than Cope's.

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in 1872 and the Titanothere Beds of Colorado in 1873. In 1874, Cope was employed with the

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In 1892, Cope (then 52 years old) was granted expense money for field work from the

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was thought to be the true measure of intelligence. Marsh never accepted the challenge.

3943: 3239: 1356: 1246: 1198: 1143: 1036: 954: 886: 850:. The six sat around Cope's coffin among the fossils and Cope's pets, a tortoise and a 847: 667: 531: 515: 3905:

Spamer, Earle (January 1999). "Know Thyself; Responsible Science and the lectotype of

3529:

Fowler, Henry W (March 30, 1963). "Special Anniversary Features: Cope in Retrospect".

3455: 701: 4213: 3513: 3433: 3268: 3018: 2773: 981: 689: 546:, but he spent more of his own money on these survey trips than he would have liked. 489: 392: 384: 289: 3838: 3188: 2681: 2664: 1233:

Cope's remains are still kept as scientific specimens. His brain was donated to the

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to publish the papers he produced at a rate so high, Marsh questioned their dating.

4196: 3604: 3509: 1796: 1352: 1087: 989: 938: 934: 863: 858:, ending by saying, "These are the problems to which our friend devoted his life." 851: 771: 684: 654:; the remains were of a dinosaur even bigger than Lakes' that Marsh had described. 647: 589: 581: 543: 495: 483: 468: 376: 314: 242: 182: 155: 3361:

Cope, Edward Drinker (1878). "On the Vertebrata of the Dakota Epoch of Colorado".

3005:. Scientific Community News. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 3876: 3822: 3778: 3646: 1446: 4164: 3625: 1167: 1160: 855: 777: 758: 568:

Cope returned to Europe in August 1878 in response to an invitation to join the

388: 254: 250: 190: 3597: 3474: 3149: 2877: 1399: 1264: 1094: 969: 871: 767: 659: 636: 630: 446: 4055:"Boulder Photographer Says Skull Accompanied Him During 'Hunting Dinosaur'". 3157: 2886: 670:, a rich banker who supported Marsh with money, and a secure position at the 526:

Throughout the decade, Cope traveled across the West, exploring rocks of the

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examining one of Cope's fossil finds—a complete skeleton of a large aquatic

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in the 1861 and/or 1862 academic years, studying comparative anatomy under

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In 1896, Cope began suffering from a gastrointestinal illness he said was

606: 17: 2757: 831: 823: 819: 326: 2765: 1366:, but this is refuted by the Academy of Natural Sciences (Spamer, 1999). 4177: 3867: 3746: 3711: 3552: 3521: 3327: 3076: 3052: 2741: 1107: 710: 330: 280:

led to a period of intense fossil-finding competition now known as the

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Cope, Edward Drinker (1889). "On a new genus of Triassic Dinosauria".

3260: 3725: 3562:"Edward Drinker Cope, Naturalist-A Chapter in the History of Science" 3531: 2907:

Academy of Natural Sciences, "History of the Ichthyology Department".

1218: 1183: 527: 258: 3859: 3738: 3702: 3685: 3544: 3068: 1219:

Journal of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists

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Cope, Edward Drinker (1870). "On the skull of dicynodont Reptilia.

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Julia assisted Osborn in writing a biography of her father, titled

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loaned Cope's skull and prominently incorporated it into his book

1209: 900: 808: 700: 605: 505: 304: 4032:"About the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists" 4039: 3924:

The Legacy of the Mastodon: The Golden Age of Fossils in America

2800:. Gerstein – University of Toronto. New York : D. Appleton. 2726:

Environmental Ethics, Ecological Theology, and Natural Selection

985: 463: 265:, he eventually acquiesced to his son's scientific aspirations. 3353:

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

3315:

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

997: 580:. He returned to London on October 12, meeting with anatomist 1216:

are distributed among 11 families. Cope lent his name to the

4065:"Quaker and Special Collections: Edward Drinker Cope papers" 3225:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. 2861:"The original descriptions of reptiles and their subspecies" 881:

Public mentions of Cope's death were relatively slight. The

1257:

pouring pasta into the skull to measure Cope's brain size.

272:, prospecting in the 1870s and 1880s, often as a member of 3801:

Polly, P. D.; Alroy, J. (October 2, 1998). "Cope's Rule".

391:

and ichthyology. In 1861, he published his first paper on

3456:"The evolution of large size: how does Cope's Rule work?" 1212:

named in honor of Cope. Currently, 21 fish species named

707:

The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the Far West

3312:

Cope, Edward Drinker (1868). "On the Origin of Genera".

3221:

Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).

628:

for Marsh in 1867, and Marsh returned the favor, naming

2859:

Uetz, Peter; Stylianou, Alexandrea (January 24, 2018).

552:

The Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Formations of the West

276:

teams. A personal feud between Cope and paleontologist

3846:

Romer, Alfred S (December 1964). "Cope versus Marsh".

3669:. Manchester, New Hampshire: Ayer Company Publishing. 2467:. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University 4148:

The Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of North America

4122:

The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West

4036:

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists

3181:

National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis

1032:

The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West

842:, Cope's friend Persifor Frazer, son-in-law Collins, 3109:

Spamer, Earle (2002). "The Skull of Poor Old Cope".

2797:

The origin of the fittest : essays on evolution

885:

ran four photographs, a six-page obituary by editor

795:

The Crocodilians Lizards and Snakes of North America

2714:

Chronology of the Evolution-Creationism Controversy

990:

governs evolution by directing animals to new goals

907:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

550:previous years. His chief publication of the time, 538:that mapped parts of the United States west of the 218: 196: 178: 148: 140: 117: 107: 97: 81: 59: 34: 4131:"The Origin of the Fittest: Essays on Evolution" ( 3942: 3888:The Fossil Feud Between E. D. Cope and O. C. Marsh 3630:. New York and London: Columbia University Press. 3432: 3057:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 570:British Association for the Advancement of Science 428:while in Berlin. Marsh, age 32, was attending the 325:, who was granted two hundred and fifty acres in 237:(July 28, 1840 – April 12, 1897) was an American 4203:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir 3295:The Great Dinosaur Hunters and Their Discoveries 2818: 2816: 2526: 2524: 1483:The great dinosaur hunters and their discoveries 292:is notable among his theoretical contributions. 3875:Scharf, John Thomas; Thompson Westcott (1884). 3783:University of California Museum of Paleontology 3518:The Dinosaurs! Episode 1: "The Monsters Emerge" 3492:The Bone Sharp: The Life of Edward Drinker Cope 1351:Cope was not alone in donating his brain; poet 4280:Members of the American Anthropometric Society 3911:Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 3723:, n. sp., from the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A". 3389:The Origin of the Fittest: Essays on Evolution 2438: 2436: 1695: 1693: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1585: 1583: 1534: 1532: 724:for publication. Cope had his interest in the 2586: 2584: 2408: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2276: 2274: 2228: 2226: 2159: 2157: 1996: 1994: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1564: 1562: 518:, who was in want of a job. Cope's companion 383:on occasion, where he became acquainted with 8: 4199:online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library. 3878:History of Philadelphia, 1609–1884, Volume 3 2735: 2733: 1513: 1511: 1485:. New York: Dover Publications. p. 70. 1431: 1429: 1419: 1417: 3590:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 3439:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 3046: 3044: 1651: 1649: 1388:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 1040:, he named in honor of his daughter Julia. 4270:American expatriates in the United Kingdom 3881:. L. H. Everts & Company. p. 972. 2484: 2482: 1293:Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope 450:(his first paleontological contribution). 42: 31: 4008:"History of the Fossil Mammal Collection" 3701: 3579: 3454:Hone, D.W.; Benton, M.J. (January 2005). 2876: 2840:Academy of Natural Sciences, "Bone Wars". 2680: 2189: 2187: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1288:List of species in Port Kennedy Bone Cave 1237:and is still preserved in alcohol at the 424:Baird. In the winter of 1863, Edward met 2712:Randy Moore, Mark Decker, Sehoya Cotner 2550:Witmer Stone: The Fascination of Nature. 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 3989:"History of the Ichthyology Department" 3890:. Detroit, Michigan: Exposition Press. 3647:"Local Pioneer Dinosaur Hunter Honored" 3592:, Vol.45, No.4, (2023), pp. 1–37. 3185:University of California, Santa Barbara 1378: 1304: 1196:Cope, 1880, and the splash tetra genus 4174:at the Niagara Falls Museum Collection 3104: 3102: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2669:História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos 2496: 2494: 2459: 2457: 1230:is recognized as a national landmark. 4187:Works by or about Edward Drinker Cope 2794:Cope, E. D. (Edward Drinker) (1887). 387:, who was an expert in the fields of 27:American paleontologist and biologist 7: 3756:"Professor Cope vs. Professor Marsh" 3719:Nussbaum, Ronald (September 1970). " 3686:"Gordiacea from the Cope Collection" 3609:. New York: Crown Publishing Group. 1801:. New York: Crown Publishing Group. 933:was later recalled by his colleague 4290:People from Haddonfield, New Jersey 3965:"Bone Wars: The Cope-Marsh Rivalry" 2421:American Museum of Natural History. 713:from the "John Day Epoch" in Oregon 4178:Edward Drinker Cope obituary, 1897 4012:American Museum of Natural History 3787:University of California, Berkeley 3124:Gnidovec, Dale M. (July 1, 1998). 734:American Museum of Natural History 556:Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition 25: 3779:"Edward Drinker Cope (1840–1897)" 3684:Montgomery, Thos (January 1900). 3223:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles 3177:"Edward Drinker Cope (1840–1897)" 4230:19th-century American zoologists 3435:When Dinosaurs Roamed New Jersey 3397:Cope, Edward Drinker (c. 1887). 3051:Spitzka, Edward Anthony (1907). 1267: 928:Cope was described by zoologist 224: 162:Hayden Memorial Geological Award 92:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 4265:American expatriates in Germany 3993:The Academy of Natural Sciences 3969:The Academy of Natural Sciences 3922:Thomson, Keith Stewart (2008). 3645:Levins, Hoag (April 10, 2008). 3560:Gill, Theodore (October 1987). 3494:. Academy of Natural Sciences. 3463:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3175:Alroy, John (October 2, 1999). 2682:10.1590/S0104-59702017000500009 1235:American Anthropometric Society 775:in 1882 and the early dinosaur 705:Illustration plate from Cope's 339:Philadelphia Zoological Gardens 201:United States Geological Survey 130: 4165:Profile of Edward Drinker Cope 3949:. New York: Knopf Publishing. 3297:. Courier Dover Publications. 397:American Philosophical Society 1: 3777:Polly, David (June 6, 1997). 3754:Penick, James (August 1971). 3431:Gallagher, William B (1997). 3386:Cope, Edward Drinker (1887). 3111:Annals of Improbable Research 1452:. King & Baird, printers. 1332:described him (Davidson, 29). 407:In 1863 and 1864, during the 49: 4295:Scientists from Philadelphia 3941:Wilford, John Noble (1985). 3823:10.1126/science.282.5386.47f 1168:Coniophanes imperialis copei 791:Batrachians of North America 534:, a group of surveys led by 510:Cope's Pine Street residence 501:American Journal of Science, 487:(1870), the archosauromorph 331:Religious Society of Friends 2997:Cahan, Eli (July 2, 2020). 891:American Journal of Science 721:American Journal of Science 362:Academy of Natural Sciences 343:Institute for Colored Youth 4316: 4170:November 19, 2020, at the 4152:Government Printing Office 4126:Government Printing Office 4118:(Merrihew & Son, 1869) 3945:The Riddle of the Dinosaur 3598:10.1007/s40656-022-00556-1 3475:10.1016/j.tree.2004.10.012 3209:-like hypsilophodontoid". 2548:McConnell, Scott (2014). " 1481:Colbert, Edwin H. (1984). 1471:Scharf and Westcott, 2216. 953:As a young man, Cope read 709:, featuring the skulls of 599: 578:Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden 373:University of Pennsylvania 209:University of Pennsylvania 102:University of Pennsylvania 74:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3926:. Yale University Press. 3150:10.1080/00357529809603019 2878:10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.5 2552:" p. 59. Self-published. 1400:10.1007/s40656-019-0245-2 493:(1876), and the sauropod 223: 214: 171: 41: 4255:American paleontologists 3886:Shor, Elizabeth (1974). 3649:. Historic Camden County 3520:(TV series). PBS Video, 3403:. Arnold (Philadelphia). 3278:Amphicoelias fragillimus 1156:Cemophora coccinea copei 664:Samuel Wendell Williston 662:, Marsh sent his agent, 4250:American ichthyologists 4245:American herpetologists 3663:Osborn, Henry Fairfield 3567:The American Naturalist 3516:(interviewees) (1992). 3490:Davidson, Jane (1997). 3411:The American Naturalist 3293:Colbert, Edwin (1984). 3011:10.1126/science.abd6441 2740:Schuller, Kyla (2012). 2100:Dingus, Lowell (2018). 1228:Cope's Pine Street home 1190:, Cope's gray treefrog 1028:On the Origin of Genera 915:Cope: Master Naturalist 787:Texas Geological Survey 759:Monoclonius sphenocerus 536:George Montague Wheeler 436:Family and early career 381:Smithsonian Institution 4300:Theistic evolutionists 4038:. 2001. Archived from 3378:Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 3364:Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 3342:Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 3337:Lystrosaurus frontosus 2969:Beolens et al., 58-59. 2663:Faria, Felipe (2017). 2465:"Getting to Know Cope" 1445:Cope, Gilbert (1861). 1283:Port Kennedy Bone Cave 1243:Edward Anthony Spitzka 1011: 960:Voyage of a Naturalist 910: 840:William Berryman Scott 815: 714: 615: 511: 469:Elasmosaurus platyurus 417:Henry Fairfield Osborn 310: 274:U.S. Geological Survey 4018:on September 11, 2010 3400:Theology of Evolution 1226:) from 1913 to 2020. 1120:Sphaerodactylus copei 1006: 978:Theology of Evolution 923:The Master Naturalist 904: 812: 704: 609: 588:, and paleontologist 509: 447:Amphibamus grandiceps 426:Othniel Charles Marsh 308: 278:Othniel Charles Marsh 247:comparative anatomist 4235:American taxonomists 4089:"Reptiles Database: 4042:on November 24, 2009 3624:Lanham, Url (1973). 3603:Jaffe, Mark (2000). 3130:Rocks & Minerals 2925:Beolens et al., 137. 2758:10.1353/aq.2012.0023 1795:Jaffe, Mark (2000). 988:of the universe and 749:William Hosea Ballou 430:University of Berlin 257:. Born to a wealthy 4240:American anatomists 4197:Edward Drinker Cope 4059:. October 13, 1994. 3815:1998Sci...282...47P 3772:on January 1, 2010. 3768:(5). Archived from 3690:Biological Bulletin 3339:from Cape Colony". 3191:on February 7, 2009 3142:1998RoMin..73..292. 1208:are among the many 980:(1887) argued that 764:Anisonchus cophater 631:Mosasaurus copeanus 574:Thomas Henry Huxley 562:American Naturalist 235:Edward Drinker Cope 36:Edward Drinker Cope 3848:Systematic Zoology 2746:American Quarterly 2530:Davidson, 106–109. 1070:Alopoglossus copii 911: 909:meeting in Buffalo 816: 715: 676:John Wesley Powell 616: 512: 409:American Civil War 335:Society of Friends 311: 48:Portrait of Cope, 4075:on April 29, 2008 4069:Haverford College 3975:on April 24, 2012 3956:978-0-394-74392-9 3933:978-0-300-11704-2 3897:978-0-682-47941-7 3761:American Heritage 3721:Dicamptodon copei 3676:978-0-405-10735-1 3637:978-0-231-03152-3 3616:978-0-517-70760-9 3501:978-0-910006-53-8 3446:978-0-8135-2349-1 3304:978-0-486-24701-4 3231:978-1-4214-0135-5 2558:978-0-692-22938-5 2500:Associated Press. 2111:978-1-68177-865-5 2104:. Pegasus Books. 1808:978-0-517-70760-9 1492:978-0-486-24701-4 1251:Hunting Dinosaurs 1193:Hyla chrysoscelis 1046:Dicamptodon copei 965:natural selection 930:Henry Weed Fowler 919:Charles R. Knight 625:Colosteus marshii 520:Charles Sternberg 442:Haverford College 232: 231: 205:Haverford College 173:Scientific career 144:Julia Biddle Cope 16:(Redirected from 4307: 4260:American Quakers 4191:Internet Archive 4139:Internet Archive 4104: 4102: 4100: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4071:. Archived from 4060: 4057:Associated Press 4051: 4049: 4047: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4014:. Archived from 4003: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3971:. Archived from 3960: 3948: 3937: 3918: 3901: 3882: 3871: 3842: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3773: 3750: 3715: 3705: 3680: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3641: 3627:The Bone Hunters 3620: 3585: 3583: 3556: 3525: 3505: 3486: 3460: 3450: 3438: 3427: 3404: 3393: 3382: 3371: 3357: 3346: 3331: 3322:(106): 242–300. 3308: 3289: 3272: 3218: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3187:. Archived from 3162: 3161: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3106: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3048: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2880: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2737: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2675:(4): 1009–1029. 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2626:Bowler, 251–253. 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2489: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2461: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2401: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2280:Lanham, 243–244. 2278: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2241:Lanham, 233–237. 2239: 2233: 2230: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2182: 2181:Lanham, 174–176. 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2142:Lanham, 170–171. 2140: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1979:Osborn, 159–160. 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1916:Osborn, 157–158. 1914: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898:Osborn, 151–154. 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1792: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1699:Davidson, 29–30. 1697: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678:Davidson, 26–27. 1676: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1383: 1367: 1349: 1343: 1342:so (Romer, 204). 1339: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1309: 1277: 1275:Biography portal 1272: 1271: 1270: 1255:Robert T. Bakker 1239:Wistar Institute 1207: 1189: 1180: 1164: 1152: 1140: 1132:Thamnophis copei 1128: 1116: 1104: 1095:Plestiodon copei 1091: 1078: 1066: 1054: 996:. Cope credited 674:. Marsh lobbied 584:, ichthyologist 413:Ferdinand Hayden 403:European travels 263:gentleman farmer 228: 134: 132: 88: 69: 67: 54: 51: 46: 32: 21: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4210: 4209: 4172:Wayback Machine 4161: 4112: 4107: 4098: 4096: 4091:Gambelia copeii 4087: 4078: 4076: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4030: 4021: 4019: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3978: 3976: 3963: 3957: 3940: 3934: 3921: 3904: 3898: 3885: 3874: 3860:10.2307/2411780 3845: 3809:(5386): 50–51. 3800: 3791: 3789: 3776: 3753: 3739:10.2307/1442278 3718: 3703:10.2307/1535753 3683: 3677: 3661: 3652: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3623: 3617: 3602: 3574:(370): 831–86. 3559: 3545:10.2307/1441319 3528: 3508: 3502: 3489: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3430: 3407: 3396: 3385: 3374: 3370:(100): 233–247. 3360: 3349: 3334: 3311: 3305: 3292: 3275: 3236: 3203: 3194: 3192: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3126:"Media Reviews" 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3069:10.2307/1005434 3050: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2451:Montgomery, 95. 2450: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2220:Osborn, p. 269. 2219: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952:Carpenter, 131. 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1794: 1793: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1202: 1187: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1135: 1123: 1111: 1098: 1085: 1082:Gambelia copeii 1073: 1061: 1055:, the dinosaur 1049: 1043:The salamander 1024: 984:comes from the 951: 899: 807: 743:New York Herald 730:silver chloride 699: 604: 598: 460:Wyandotte Caves 438: 405: 303: 298: 207: 203: 167: 136: 133: 1865) 128: 124: 93: 90: 86: 77: 71: 65: 63: 55: 52: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195:View works by 4193: 4184: 4175: 4160: 4159:External links 4157: 4156: 4155: 4145: 4129: 4119: 4111: 4110:Selected works 4108: 4106: 4105: 4085: 4061: 4052: 4028: 4004: 3985: 3961: 3955: 3938: 3932: 3919: 3902: 3896: 3883: 3872: 3854:(4): 201–207. 3843: 3798: 3774: 3751: 3733:(3): 506–514. 3716: 3681: 3675: 3659: 3642: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3600: 3586: 3581:10.1086/276725 3557: 3539:(1): 195–198. 3526: 3506: 3500: 3487: 3451: 3445: 3428: 3424:10.1086/274979 3405: 3394: 3392:. D. Appleton. 3383: 3381:(20): 447–461. 3372: 3358: 3356:(28): 340–359. 3347: 3332: 3309: 3303: 3290: 3273: 3253:10.1086/351770 3247:(2): 249–265. 3234: 3219: 3201: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3136:(4): 292–294. 3116: 3098: 3096:Davidson, 160. 3089: 3059:. New Series. 3040: 3031: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2945: 2936: 2934:Nussbaum, 509. 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2871:(2): 257–264. 2851: 2842: 2833: 2831:Davidson, 182. 2824: 2822:Davidson, 176. 2812: 2810:Davidson, 169. 2803: 2786: 2752:(2): 277–299. 2729: 2718: 2705: 2696: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2541: 2532: 2520: 2511: 2509:Davidson, 161. 2502: 2490: 2478: 2453: 2444: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2124:Gallagher, 35. 2117: 2110: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1807: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1689: 1680: 1666: 1657: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1591: 1579: 1570: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1528: 1519: 1507: 1505:Lanham, 60–63. 1498: 1491: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1437: 1425: 1413: 1410:. Art. No. 12. 1377: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1357:Daniel Webster 1344: 1334: 1324: 1314: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1262: 1259: 1247:Louie Psihoyos 1144:Aspidura copei 1067:, the lizards 1037:Liophis juliae 1023: 1020: 1016:women's rights 970:Neo-Lamarckism 955:Charles Darwin 950: 947: 898: 895: 887:J. S. Kingsley 848:Harrison Allen 806: 803: 698: 695: 672:Peabody Museum 668:George Peabody 600:Main article: 597: 594: 586:Albert Günther 540:100th meridian 532:Wheeler Survey 516:Benjamin Mudge 437: 434: 404: 401: 302: 299: 297: 294: 243:paleontologist 230: 229: 221: 220: 216: 215: 212: 211: 198: 194: 193: 180: 176: 175: 169: 168: 166: 165: 159: 152: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 126: 122: 121: 119: 115: 114: 109: 108:Known for 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 91: 89:(aged 56) 85:April 12, 1897 83: 79: 78: 72: 61: 57: 56: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4312: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180:archived via 4179: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4109: 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41. 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1961:Davidson, 43. 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1880:Davidson, 33. 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1862:Davidson, 31. 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1726:Davidson, 29. 1723: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1664:Davidson, 22. 1661: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1634:Davidson, 21. 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1607:Davidson, 20. 1604: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1589:Davidson, 17. 1586: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1556:Davidson, 15. 1553: 1550: 1547:Davidson, 11. 1544: 1541: 1538:Davidson, 12. 1535: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1188:Günther, 1872 1186: 1185: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1129:, the snakes 1126: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1108:Sepsina copei 1102: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1058:Drinker nisti 1052: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1010: 1005: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:consciousness 979: 974: 971: 966: 962: 961: 956: 948: 946: 942: 940: 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Edward Drinker Cope

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