1611:
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2133:
8517:
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2288:
1926:
7402:
1165:, observing and describing the animals and plants, considering the adaptations of different organisms and the function of their parts. Four hundred years later, Roman physician Galen dissected animals to study their anatomy and the function of the different parts, because the dissection of human cadavers was prohibited at the time. This resulted in some of his conclusions being false, but for many centuries it was considered
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71:
1130:, continued throughout Antiquity. Ancient knowledge of wildlife is illustrated by the realistic depictions of wild and domestic animals in the Near East, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, including husbandry practices and techniques, hunting and fishing. The invention of writing is reflected in zoology by the presence of animals in Egyptian hieroglyphics.
1192:, zoology, and minerals included information from ancient sources, but also the results of his own investigations. His general approach was surprisingly modern, and he wrote, "For it is of natural science not simply to accept what we are told but to inquire into the causes of natural things." An early pioneer was
1455:
can be defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sex can produce fertile offspring; about 1.5 million species of animal have been described and it has been estimated that as many as 8 million animal species may exist. An early necessity was to identify
1118:
from ancient to modern times. Prehistoric people needed to study the animals and plants in their environment to exploit them and survive. Cave paintings, engravings and sculptures in France dating back 15,000 years show bison, horses, and deer in carefully rendered detail. Similar images from other
2318:
described the structure of DNA and the interactions within the molecule, and this publication jump-started research into molecular biology and increased interest in the subject. While researchers practice techniques specific to molecular biology, it is common to combine these with methods from
1483:
Although someone who made a scientific study of animals would historically have described themselves as a zoologist, the term has come to refer to those who deal with individual animals, with others describing themselves more specifically as physiologists, ethologists, evolutionary biologists,
1709:
the specific epithet, both of them combined make up the species name. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term may be italicized or underlined.
1937:
Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the structures function as a whole. The theme of "structure to function" is central to biology. Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into
2345:, the study of gene structure and function, has been among the most prominent sub-fields of molecular biology since the early 2000s. Other branches of biology are informed by molecular biology, by either directly studying the interactions of molecules in their own right such as in
2421:). Generally, meiosis in parthanogenetically reproducing animals occurs by a similar process to that in sexually reproducing animals, but the diploid zygote nucleus is generated by the union of two haploid genomes from the same individual rather than from different individuals.
1896:
and organ systems. It focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and other animals, in addition to how they work independently. Anatomy and cell biology are two studies that are closely related, and can be categorized under "structural" studies.
2408:
that can then develop into a genetically unique individual progeny. However, some animals are also capable, as an alternative reproductive process, to reproduce parthenogenetically. Parthenogenesis has been described in snakes and lizards (see
Knowledge (XXG)
2052:
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Evolutionary research is concerned with the origin and descent of
3353:
993:
Although humans have always been interested in the natural history of the animals they saw around them, and used this knowledge to domesticate certain species, the formal study of zoology can be said to have originated with
1153:. In the fourth century BC, Aristotle looked at animals as living organisms, studying their structure, development and vital phenomena. He divided them into two groups: animals with blood, equivalent to our concept of
998:. He viewed animals as living organisms, studied their structure and development, and considered their adaptations to their surroundings and the function of their parts. Modern zoology has its origins during the
1025:
The study of animals has largely moved on to deal with form and function, adaptations, relationships between groups, behaviour and ecology. Zoology has increasingly been subdivided into disciplines such as
1886:. Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology.
1329:; in this Darwin placed the theory of organic evolution on a new footing, by explaining the processes by which it can occur, and providing observational evidence that it had done so.
1333:
was rapidly accepted by the scientific community and soon became a central axiom of the rapidly developing science of biology. The basis for modern genetics began with the work of
3253:
3070:
3474:
2730:
2168:
1271:; all living organisms were composed of one or more cells and could not generate spontaneously. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life.
4029:
1352:
basis, fresh investigation of the development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of
6078:
1726:
2100:
techniques in the late 20th century, the application of these techniques in zoology has increased the understanding of animal populations. In the 1980s,
1348:, by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution. The result was a reconstruction of the classification of animals upon a
815:
6618:
6544:
2595:
1282:
investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography, laying the foundations for
1180:
was the most advanced in the world, integrating concepts from
Ancient Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia and Persia as well as the ancient Indian tradition of
107:
3991:
3770:
2525:
8369:
1274:
Having previously been the realm of gentlemen naturalists, over the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional
1240:
1177:
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1587:, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the
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721:
504:
1660:) These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the chemical composition of the cell exteriors.
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as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Biological classification belongs to the science of
4829:
3224:
2208:, which uses laboratory experiments and carefully controlled field studies to investigate an animal's intelligence and learning.
1729:. A merging draft, BioCode, was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature, but has yet to be formally adopted.
8086:
3696:
1492:
Although the study of animal life is ancient, its scientific incarnation is relatively modern. This mirrors the transition from
4824:
4731:
3337:
2154:, which focuses on behavioral response studies in a laboratory setting. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the
2105:
1377:
1303:
1079:
1552:, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast to the previous format of lectures only.
8349:
8119:
1456:
the organisms and group them according to their characteristics, differences and relationships, and this is the field of the
808:
3936:
3195:
2563:
1460:. Originally it was thought that species were immutable, but with the arrival of Darwin's theory of evolution, the field of
8437:
7008:
4908:
4898:
4881:
2414:
2185:
8507:
8566:
8034:
6064:
4690:
3519:
Gilbert, Scott F.; Barresi, Michael J.F. (2016) "Developmental
Biology" Sinauer Associates, inc.(11th ed.) pp. 785–810.
2410:
2770:
1207:
In Europe, Galen's work on anatomy remained largely unsurpassed and unchallenged up until the 16th century. During the
8024:
2520:
3027:
WATSON JD, CRICK FH (April 1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid".
1548:
of animals. Many consider him the greatest comparative anatomist of the latter half of the 19th century. Similar to
8334:
8322:
7474:
2302:
and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants, attempting to answer the questions regarding the mechanisms of
1989:
is the study of the processes by which animals and plants reproduce and grow. The discipline includes the study of
2092:
record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution, and partly on the developments in areas such as
1799:
and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups. The rest of the animal kingdom is dealt with by
7509:
7469:
7434:
7046:
6625:
6602:
6570:
2984:
944:
801:
86:
3396:
1695:. The scientific name of an organism is generated from its genus and species. For example, humans are listed as
8364:
8339:
6789:
6598:
4551:
1994:
1127:
711:
31:
2404:. Ordinarily, gametes produced by separate individuals unite by a process of fertilization to form a diploid
3604:
Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Curtis, Caitlin; Millar, Craig D.; Huynen, Leon; Lambert, David M. (3 February 2014).
8327:
8317:
7561:
6695:
4913:
4186:
2471:
2061:
oriented disciplines. For example, it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular
1780:
1663:
Further, each kingdom is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is:
1596:
1252:
1007:
2588:
2327:. Much of molecular biology is quantitative, and recently a significant amount of work has been done using
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8301:
7638:
7320:
7262:
6905:
6153:
4785:
3983:
3845:
2515:
1998:
1879:
1357:
1353:
1279:
1173:
1142:
706:
314:
3374:
John McNeill (4 November 1996). "The BioCode: Integrated biological nomenclature for the 21st century?".
1472:
is the study of the diversification of living forms, the evolutionary history of a group is known as its
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1990:
1986:
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2960:
The Monk in the Garden : The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Modern
Genetics
2745:
2623:
2020:
in the adult organism. Development of both animals and plants is further considered in the articles on
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Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Worm, Boris (23 August 2011).
2500:
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2002:
1954:
cells can also apply to human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of
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2 : the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour especially under natural conditions
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2006:
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3279:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
2549:
30-Second
Zoology: The 50 most fundamental categories and concepts from the study of animal life
3867:"Social Structure and Individual Ontogenies: Problems of Description, Mechanism, and Evolution"
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parts of the world illustrated mostly the animals hunted for food and the savage animals.
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produced commentaries and paraphrases of all
Aristotle's works; his books on topics like
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on peas in 1865, although the significance of his work was not realized at the time.
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2996:(Second ed.). Washington, DC: The National Academy of Sciences. 1999. p.
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2009:
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2081:, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution.
1137:
as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from
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2651:"That the best physician is also a philosopher" with a Modern Greek Translation
2150:
and objective study of animal behavior under natural conditions, as opposed to
2139:
chicks peck at red spot on mother's beak to stimulate the regurgitating reflex.
770:
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3376:
Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on
Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century
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Thinking about Life: The
History and Philosophy of Biology and Other Sciences
2243:. It is an integrative field of study, uniting concepts and information from
1946:, but some principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular
1628:
outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally start with the
1540:. Modern zoology first arose in German and British universities. In Britain,
1476:, and the relationship between the clades can be shown diagrammatically in a
1387:
Research in cell biology is interconnected to other fields such as genetics,
8432:
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7898:
7883:
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2136:
2066:
2021:
2017:
1914:
1824:
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1464:
came into being, studying the relationships between the different groups or
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3048:
2697:
Bayrakdar, Mehmet (1986). "Al-Jahiz and the rise of biological evolution".
1219:
and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were
3622:
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of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of
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4400:
3982:
Tabery, James; Piotrowska, Monika; Darden, Lindley (19 February 2005).
2401:
2358:
2260:
2252:
2057:, as well as their change over time, and includes scientists from many
2054:
1950:
is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of
1902:
1889:
1836:
1820:
1796:
1764:
1741:
1692:
1645:
1633:
1576:
1517:
1509:
1497:
1452:
1287:
1184:, while making numerous advances and innovations. In the 13th century,
960:
936:
409:
279:
226:
212:
70:
62:
6056:
4770:
4018:. Springer-Verlag Berlin & Heidelberg GmbH & Co. p. 542.
3797:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2275:, a British biologist who had some of his work jointly published with
37:"Animal biology" and "Zoologist" redirect here. For the journals, see
8165:
7668:
7199:
7184:
7144:
7139:
7013:
6935:
6930:
6840:
6183:
6013:
5747:
5037:
4947:
4934:
4805:
4802:
4473:
4326:
3665:
Unifying
Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and Evolutionary Biology
3419:"Deep phylogeny—how a tree can help characterize early life on Earth"
3390:
3040:
2990:
Science and Creationism: a view from the National Academy of Sciences
2658:
2654:
2405:
2397:
2394:
2089:
1828:
1804:
1772:
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1448:
1248:
1212:
1189:
1166:
1162:
1115:
973:
932:
344:
234:
2104:
re-entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the
2112:. Related fields often considered part of evolutionary biology are
1169:
to challenge any of his views, so the study of anatomy stultified.
7330:
7229:
7161:
7149:
6887:
6835:
4620:
4608:
4593:
4588:
2767:
Strange Science: The rocky road to modern paleontology and biology
2291:
A clade representation of seven dog breeds in relation to wolves.
2286:
2220:
2131:
1951:
1924:
1883:
1725:, and nomenclature of zoological organisms is administered by the
1688:
1653:
1609:
1572:
1484:
ecologists, pharmacologists, endocrinologists or parasitologists.
1465:
1364:
remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of
1211:
and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in
1146:
1094:
230:
1614:
Linnaeus's table of the animal kingdom from the first edition of
1251:, as well as studying the development and behavior of organisms.
7209:
7194:
7134:
6810:
6699:
6655:
2307:
1816:
1768:
1756:
1439:
elucidated the degrees of affinity between different organisms.
1403:. With the determination of the double helical structure of the
150:
8101:
6559:
6060:
5066:
4774:
4072:
3153:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
1958:
to non-human species. Physiology studies how, for example, the
1583:. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of
846:
8255:
8128:
6988:
1404:
1043:
2649:
Claudii Galeni Pergameni (1992). Odysseas Hatzopoulos (ed.).
985:
979:
967:
3417:
Gaucher, E.A.; Kratzer, J.T.; Randall, R.N. (January 2010).
2271:. The origin of this field of study is widely accredited to
6872:
3181:
Biology in Profile: A Guide to the Many Branches of Biology
914:
908:
896:
864:
858:
6555:
4068:
3919:
Cox, C. Barry; Moore, Peter D.; Ladle, Richard J. (2016).
911:
902:
861:
852:
3498:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 14 February 2020.
3339:
Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation
1803:, a vast and very diverse group of animals that includes
1775:. The various taxonomically oriented disciplines such as
1516:, shaping the modern areas of zoological investigation:
3959:
The secular ark: studies in the history of biogeography
3536:
Jablonski D (1999). "The future of the fossil record".
3093:"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"
1563:, is a method by which zoologists group and categorize
1544:
was a prominent figure. His ideas were centered on the
1204:, was published in four volumes between 1551 and 1558.
1196:, whose monumental 4,500-page encyclopedia of animals,
3606:"DNA fingerprinting in zoology: past, present, future"
2661:: Odysseas Hatzopoulos & Company: Kaktos Editions.
2096:
and evolutionary theory. Following the development of
1892:
considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as
1227:, who used experimentation and careful observation in
8505:
2417:) and in numerous other species (see Knowledge (XXG)
2393:, a process involving the union of a male and female
2219:
studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the
923:
893:
873:
843:
3922:
Biogeography:An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach
3246:"Systematics: Meaning, Branches and Its Application"
3063:"Systematics: Meaning, Branches and Its Application"
2849:
A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded
1901:
is the study of similarities and differences in the
905:
855:
8380:
8310:
8264:
8143:
8012:
7574:
7544:
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7409:
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4399:
4325:
4119:
951:, and distribution of all animals, both living and
899:
849:
1267:. van Leeuwenhoek's observations were endorsed by
3990:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2169:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
1713:The dominant classification system is called the
4015:Molecular Imaging: Fundamentals and Applications
3791:MacDougall-Shackleton, Scott A. (27 July 2011).
2589:"Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary: Introduction"
2162:. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was
1309:These developments, as well as the results from
1114:The history of zoology traces the study of the
3872:. In P.P.G. Bateson; Peter H. Klopfer (eds.).
3342:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 198.
2729:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2699:Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
2672:Friedman, Meyer; Friedland, Gerald W. (1998).
1905:of different groups. It is closely related to
1447:Zoology is the branch of science dealing with
1317:, were synthesized in the 1859 publication of
1110:is considered the beginning of modern zoology.
8113:
6571:
6072:
4786:
4084:
2791:Agutter, Paul S.; Wheatley, Denys N. (2008).
2373:. There is also a long tradition of studying
2188:with regard to animal behavior: what are the
1727:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
1259:and revealed the previously unknown world of
809:
8:
2750:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. Preface.
1931:Handbuch der Anatomie der Tiere für Künstler
959:. Zoology is one of the primary branches of
2932:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
1874:levels for single-celled organisms such as
1197:
1103:
8120:
8106:
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7417:
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6564:
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4940:
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4793:
4779:
4771:
4541:
4409:
4091:
4077:
4069:
3467:"What is physiology? — Faculty of Biology"
3423:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
3148:
3146:
2625:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
2204:of the behavior? Another area of study is
816:
802:
53:
6545:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
4063:Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology
3876:. Vol. 4. Plenum. pp. 105–133.
3849:
3816:
3756:
3639:
3621:
3442:
3312:
3302:
3272:
3270:
3126:
3108:
2714:
2377:"from the ground up", or molecularly, in
1579:. Biological classification is a form of
1042:. With the discovery of the structure of
5131:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
3844:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford Press.
3729:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2084:Evolutionary biology is partly based on
2016:, and the growth and differentiation of
1500:at the start of the 19th century. Since
8512:
3988:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3984:"Molecular Biology (Fall 2019 Edition)"
2487:
61:
5125:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
5095:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
3277:Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990).
2985:"Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions"
2824:On Animals: A Medieval Summa Zoologica
2722:
2413:), in amphibians (see Knowledge (XXG)
1372:, and by the 1930s the combination of
6540:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3925:. Chichester, UK: Wiley. p. xi.
2901:William Coleman (1978). "Chapter 2".
2433:, the biology of domesticated animals
1368:work led to the rapid development of
7:
8072:
5396:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
3961:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3581:Population Genetics: A Concise Guide
2676:. Yale University Press. p. 2.
2173:influenced many future ethologists.
1878:as well as the specialized cells in
1561:Scientific classification in zoology
8082:
3663:Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis (1996).
1733:Vertebrate and invertebrate zoology
1178:Middle Eastern science and medicine
955:, and how they interact with their
6999:Evolutionary developmental biology
4993:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
3793:"The levels of analysis revisited"
2826:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2674:Medecine's 10 Greatest Discoveries
2110:evolutionary developmental biology
1419:opened up, leading to advances in
1058:opened up, leading to advances in
25:
7024:Post-transcriptional modification
3842:Cognition, Evolution and Behavior
3722:"Darwin in the world of emotions"
3155:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
2903:Biology in the Nineteenth Century
2878:Genesis: The Evolution of Biology
1929:Animal anatomical engraving from
1624:Many scientists now consider the
1084:History of zoology (1859–present)
8539:
8527:
8515:
8489:
8488:
8478:
8477:
8466:
8081:
8071:
8062:
8061:
8049:
7400:
6037:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
4755:
4754:
4474:Mammalian anatomy and morphology
2628:. Bloomsbury. pp. 135–136.
1751:animals, that is animals with a
1126:, which is characterized by the
889:
839:
783:
782:
769:
69:
4032:from the original on 2024-06-12
3994:from the original on 2024-06-12
3939:from the original on 2024-06-12
3773:from the original on 2016-08-10
3699:from the original on 2009-04-25
3502:from the original on 2021-04-30
3477:from the original on 2018-07-07
3399:from the original on 2007-03-16
3356:from the original on 2024-06-12
3256:from the original on 2017-04-13
3227:from the original on 2017-09-13
3198:from the original on 2024-06-12
3157:. Cengage Learning. p. 2.
3073:from the original on 2017-04-13
2851:. CRC Press. pp. 133–144.
2773:from the original on 2021-06-16
2761:Scott, Michon (26 March 2017).
2601:from the original on 2021-07-21
2566:from the original on 2024-06-12
2528:from the original on 2013-03-08
2389:Animals generally reproduce by
1978:systems function and interact.
1512:study has been associated with
1340:Darwin gave a new direction to
1298:and consider the importance of
1278:. Explorer-naturalists such as
1088:For a chronological guide, see
1080:History of zoology through 1859
5224:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
3667:. Princeton University Press.
3336:Heather Silyn-Roberts (2000).
2905:. Cambridge University Press.
2822:Saint Albertus Magnus (1999).
1795:seek to identify and classify
1747:that consists of the study of
1294:. Naturalists began to reject
1245:classify the diversity of life
1002:and early modern period, with
1:
3986:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3550:10.1126/science.284.5423.2114
2957:Henig, Robin Marantz (2009).
2415:Parthenogenesis in amphibians
1636:(originally Archaebacteria);
1376:and natural selection in the
1157:, and animals without blood,
1143:biological works of Aristotle
931:) is the scientific study of
5836:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
3110:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127
2411:Parthenogenesis in squamates
1263:, laying the groundwork for
974:
8438:Zoo emergency response team
5893:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
5633:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
5448:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
5359:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
5248:Loricifera (corset animals)
3882:10.1007/978-1-4615-7575-7_5
3840:Shettleworth, S.J. (2010).
3435:10.1101/cshperspect.a002238
2880:. Oxford University Press.
2521:Online Etymology Dictionary
1866:. This is done on both the
1850:studies the structural and
963:. The term is derived from
27:Scientific study of animals
8583:
5783:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
5529:Annelida (segmented worms)
5354:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
5270:Onychophora (velvet worms)
3741:10.1177/014107680209500617
3579:John H. Gillespie (1998).
3184:. Elsevier. pp. 3–5.
2719:(inactive 27 August 2024).
2223:, focusing on topics like
2176:A subfield of ethology is
1839:are not usually included.
1360:, though the mechanism of
1231:, and naturalists such as
1087:
1077:
980:
968:
935:. Its studies include the
36:
29:
8461:
8355:Former zoos and aquariums
8043:
7510:Polymerase chain reaction
7470:Green fluorescent protein
7398:
7047:Earliest known life forms
6593:
6094:
6033:
5831:Asterozoans inc. starfish
5733:
5726:
5677:
5628:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
5609:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
5569:
5545:
5514:
5454:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
5426:
5349:
5336:
5265:
5243:
5232:
5183:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
5169:
5143:
5119:
5090:
5075:
5062:
5027:
4978:
4955:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
4943:
4928:
4812:
4750:
4106:
3392:Anatomy of the Human Body
2744:Wyckoff, Dorothy (1967).
2716:10.1501/Ilhfak_0000000674
2306:and the structure of the
2180:which attempts to answer
1640:(originally Eubacteria);
1215:by a renewed interest in
722:List of unsolved problems
5389:Rotifera (wheel animals)
5188:Priapulida (penis worms)
3874:Perspectives in Ethology
3865:Wiley, R. Haven (1981).
3689:"Definition of Ethology"
2926:Coyne, Jerry A. (2009).
2847:Magner, Lois N. (2002).
2400:, each gamete formed by
1995:cellular differentiation
1717:. It includes ranks and
1161:. He spent two years on
1133:Although the concept of
1128:domestication of animals
990:('knowledge', 'study').
717:List of research methods
32:Zoology (disambiguation)
7562:species discovery curve
6690:Response to environment
5603:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
5575:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
5296:Tardigrada (waterbears)
5289:Arthropoda (arthropods)
4187:Biological anthropology
3720:Black, J. (June 2002).
3583:. Johns Hopkins Press.
3496:"Developmental biology"
3304:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
3221:Encyclopedia Britannica
3178:Campbell, P.N. (2013).
2472:Zoological distribution
1880:multicellular organisms
1833:single-celled organisms
1781:biological anthropology
1597:Molecular phylogenetics
1255:did pioneering work in
1253:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1008:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
986:
190:Response to environment
8302:Species reintroduction
8035:Plant morphology terms
7639:Biological engineering
7321:Biological interaction
6154:Biological engineering
5778:Anthozoans inc. corals
5477:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
4012:Tian, J., ed. (2013).
3957:Browne, Janet (1983).
3809:10.1098/rstb.2010.0363
3610:Investigative Genetics
3283:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2546:Mark Fellowes (2020).
2292:
2140:
1934:
1721:. The classification,
1621:
1605:zoological systematics
1415:in 1953, the realm of
1358:germ theory of disease
1354:spontaneous generation
1280:Alexander von Humboldt
1198:
1111:
1104:
1054:in 1953, the realm of
707:List of biology awards
315:Biological engineering
8428:Wildlife conservation
8408:Behavioral enrichment
7724:Developmental biology
7699:Computational biology
7679:Cellular microbiology
7019:Mendelian inheritance
6931:Energy transformation
6239:Developmental biology
6214:Computational biology
6194:Cellular microbiology
5908:Hexapods inc. insects
5218:Nematoda (roundworms)
4716:Alfred Russel Wallace
4626:Water vascular system
3623:10.1186/2041-2223-5-3
3395:. Lea & Febiger.
2929:Why Evolution is True
2351:developmental biology
2337:computational biology
2290:
2273:Alfred Russel Wallace
2196:of the organism, the
2194:developmental history
2192:of the behavior, the
2135:
2108:through the study of
2102:developmental biology
2038:Mendelian inheritance
1991:embryonic development
1987:Developmental biology
1982:Developmental biology
1928:
1719:binomial nomenclature
1613:
1601:nucleic acid sequence
1425:developmental biology
1304:mutability of species
1276:scientific discipline
1237:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1141:reaching back to the
1098:
1064:developmental biology
400:Developmental biology
375:Computational biology
355:Cellular microbiology
8398:Animals in captivity
8297:In situ conservation
8292:Ex situ conservation
8282:Conservation biology
7944:Reproductive biology
7829:Mathematical biology
7754:Evolutionary biology
7704:Conservation biology
7515:Two-hybrid screening
7485:Protein purification
7316:Biogeochemical cycle
7278:Internal environment
6926:Cellular respiration
6459:Reproductive biology
6344:Mathematical biology
6269:Evolutionary biology
6219:Conservation biology
5101:Chordata (chordates)
4577:Cellular respiration
3473:. 16 February 2016.
2963:. Houghton Mifflin.
2797:. Springer. p.
2501:Cambridge Dictionary
2447:Evolutionary biology
2363:evolutionary biology
2245:evolutionary biology
2048:Evolutionary biology
1907:evolutionary biology
1862:, interactions, and
1801:invertebrate zoology
1393:medical microbiology
1382:evolutionary biology
1356:and the rise of the
1124:Neolithic Revolution
740:Agricultural science
620:Reproductive biology
505:Mathematical biology
430:Evolutionary biology
380:Conservation biology
30:For other uses, see
8567:Branches of biology
8495:Category: Aquariums
8350:Conservation topics
7729:Ecological genetics
7440:Gel electrophoresis
7430:Genetic engineering
7383:Population dynamics
7293:Reproductive system
6244:Ecological genetics
6088:Branches of biology
5551:Mollusca (molluscs)
5036:of the animal root
4742:Timeline of zoology
4671:Karl Ernst von Baer
4572:Respiratory pigment
4447:Mineralized tissues
3803:(1574): 2076–2085.
3544:(5423): 2114–2116.
3389:Henry Gray (1918).
3295:1990PNAS...87.4576W
2620:Leroi, Armand Marie
2467:Timeline of zoology
2391:sexual reproduction
2367:population genetics
2331:techniques such as
2304:genetic inheritance
2298:studies the common
2094:population genetics
2034:genetic variability
2026:population genetics
1899:Comparative anatomy
1630:three-domain system
1626:five-kingdom system
1581:scientific taxonomy
1542:Thomas Henry Huxley
1488:Branches of zoology
1435:was transformed as
1374:population genetics
1106:Historiae animalium
1090:Timeline of zoology
745:Biomedical sciences
405:Ecological genetics
57:Part of a series on
8473:Animals portal
8448:Zoological society
8335:Animal sanctuaries
8287:Endangered species
8201:Marine mammal park
8056:Biology portal
7954:Structural biology
7939:Relational biology
7764:Generative biology
7759:Freshwater biology
7557:mark and recapture
7505:Restriction enzyme
7298:Respiratory system
7253:Circulatory system
7180:Epidermis (botany)
6535:History of biology
6469:Structural biology
6454:Relational biology
6279:Generative biology
6274:Freshwater biology
5764:Calcareous sponges
4949:Porifera (sponges)
4557:Respiratory system
4545:General physiology
4442:Connective tissues
3250:Biology Discussion
3067:Biology Discussion
3007:-0-309-06406-6
2585:E. A. Wallis Budge
2457:Outline of zoology
2452:List of zoologists
2361:, as in fields in
2343:Molecular genetics
2293:
2257:physical geography
2182:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2178:behavioral ecology
2141:
2098:DNA fingerprinting
1935:
1858:, including their
1843:Structural zoology
1738:Vertebrate zoology
1705:is the genus, and
1622:
1429:molecular genetics
1200:Historia animalium
1174:post-classical era
1112:
1068:molecular genetics
776:Biology portal
630:Structural biology
615:Relational biology
440:Generative biology
435:Freshwater biology
8503:
8502:
8418:Immersion exhibit
8156:Animal theme park
8095:
8094:
7959:Synthetic biology
7839:Molecular biology
7694:Cognitive biology
7570:
7569:
7396:
7395:
7087:Natural selection
6868:Organic compounds
6765:Scientific method
6755:Emergent property
6696:Hierarchy of life
6666:Energy processing
6553:
6552:
6474:Synthetic biology
6354:Molecular biology
6209:Cognitive biology
6054:
6053:
6029:
6028:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5196:
5195:
5139:
5138:
5058:
5057:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
4768:
4767:
4711:Jakob von Uexküll
4657:
4656:
4644:Insect physiology
4537:Animal physiology
4531:
4530:
4523:Insect morphology
4454:Molecular anatomy
4427:Epithelial tissue
4405:Animal morphology
4057:Project Gutenberg
3968:978-0-300-02460-9
3891:978-1-4615-7577-1
3674:978-0-691-03343-3
3590:978-0-8018-8008-7
3471:biology.cam.ac.uk
3289:(12): 4576–4579.
3191:978-1-4831-3797-1
3164:978-81-315-0104-7
2970:978-0-395-97765-1
2943:978-0-19-923084-6
2872:Jan Sapp (2003).
2808:978-1-4020-8865-0
2707:Ankara University
2635:978-1-4088-3622-4
2559:978-0-7112-5465-7
2442:Cognitive zoology
2296:Molecular biology
2283:Molecular biology
2160:natural selection
2088:, which uses the
1944:animal physiology
1715:Linnaean taxonomy
1417:molecular biology
1327:natural selection
1151:Greco-Roman world
1102:(1516–1565). His
1056:molecular biology
1022:and many others.
826:
825:
750:Health technology
635:Synthetic biology
515:Molecular biology
370:Cognitive biology
165:Energy processing
16:(Redirected from
8574:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8532:
8531:
8520:
8519:
8511:
8492:
8491:
8481:
8480:
8471:
8470:
8365:Zoo associations
8340:Butterfly houses
8277:Captive breeding
8151:Animal sanctuary
8122:
8115:
8108:
8099:
8085:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8065:
8064:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8030:Ecological terms
7684:Chemical biology
7545:Field techniques
7418:
7404:
7263:Digestive system
7258:Endocrine system
6831:Chemical element
6790:Biology journals
6686:Self-replication
6641:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6557:
6199:Chemical biology
6081:
6074:
6067:
6058:
5735:
5691:
5591:
5567:
5543:
5512:
5508:
5435:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5347:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5263:
5241:
5234:
5205:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5117:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5064:
5041:
4976:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4841:
4821:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4772:
4758:
4757:
4686:Jean-Henri Fabre
4542:
4410:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4070:
4053:Books on Zoology
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3894:. Archived from
3871:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3760:
3726:
3725:(Free full text)
3717:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3625:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3533:
3527:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3306:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3112:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3041:10.1038/171737a0
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2747:Book of Minerals
2741:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2492:
2329:computer science
2206:animal cognition
2190:proximate causes
2106:modern synthesis
1956:human physiology
1940:plant physiology
1378:modern synthesis
1221:Andreas Vesalius
1203:
1109:
989:
983:
982:
978:('animal'), and
977:
971:
970:
927:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
888:
877:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
838:
818:
811:
804:
791:
786:
785:
778:
774:
773:
712:List of journals
360:Chemical biology
73:
54:
21:
8582:
8581:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8540:
8538:
8526:
8514:
8506:
8504:
8499:
8465:
8457:
8423:Nocturnal house
8403:Animal training
8376:
8306:
8260:
8176:Butterfly house
8139:
8126:
8096:
8091:
8048:
8047:
8039:
8025:Botanical terms
8008:
8007:
8006:
7969:Systems biology
7934:Quantum biology
7566:
7540:
7422:
7412:
7405:
7392:
7302:
7283:Muscular system
7240:
7234:
7225:Vascular tissue
7172:
7166:
7106:
7067:History of life
7028:
7009:Gene regulation
7004:Gene expression
6975:
6892:
6799:
6630:
6589:
6584:
6554:
6549:
6523:
6484:Systems biology
6449:Quantum biology
6090:
6085:
6055:
6050:
6025:
5951:Phylactolaemata
5739:
5729:
5728:
5714:
5705:Xenambulacraria
5681:
5637:
5614:
5580:
5562:Kryptotrochozoa
5556:
5534:
5504:
5491:
5482:Monoblastozoa (
5458:
5416:
5403:
5375:Micrognathozoa
5363:
5326:
5301:
5274:
5252:
5228:
5192:
5159:
5148:
5135:
5106:
5080:
5071:
5054:
5031:
5015:
4998:
4967:
4959:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4839:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4769:
4764:
4746:
4720:
4653:
4649:Fish physiology
4632:
4584:Vascular system
4527:
4465:
4458:
4432:Muscular tissue
4403:
4395:
4381:Platyhelminthes
4356:Xenacoelomorpha
4321:
4160:Lepidopterology
4115:
4102:
4097:
4049:
4044:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3997:
3995:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3933:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3702:
3700:
3693:Merriam-Webster
3687:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3350:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3252:. 27 May 2016.
3244:
3243:
3239:
3230:
3228:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3192:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3103:(8): e1001127.
3090:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3069:. 27 May 2016.
3061:
3060:
3056:
3035:(4356): 737–8.
3026:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2763:"Conrad Gesner"
2760:
2759:
2755:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2721:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:. John Murray.
2591:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2427:
2419:Parthenogenesis
2387:
2285:
2233:plate tectonics
2214:
2130:
2050:
1984:
1923:
1845:
1827:and many other
1735:
1617:Systema Naturae
1569:biological type
1558:
1494:natural history
1490:
1445:
1431:. The study of
1331:Darwin's theory
1186:Albertus Magnus
1149:in the ancient
1139:natural history
1093:
1086:
1078:Main articles:
1076:
925:
892:
883:
882:
875:
842:
833:
832:
822:
781:
768:
767:
760:
759:
735:
727:
726:
693:
685:
684:
683:
682:
645:Systems biology
610:Quantum biology
253:
245:
244:
209:
194:
156:
145:
121:
113:
78:
76:Science of life
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8580:
8578:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8554:
8553:
8549:
8548:
8536:
8524:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8497:
8486:
8484:Category: Zoos
8475:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8393:Animal cruelty
8390:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8362:
8360:Nature centers
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8320:
8314:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8268:
8266:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8236:Reptile centre
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8102:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8079:
8069:
8059:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8016:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7824:Marine biology
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7634:Bioinformatics
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7465:DNA microarray
7462:
7460:DNA sequencing
7457:
7452:
7450:Centrifugation
7447:
7445:Chromatography
7442:
7437:
7435:Transformation
7432:
7426:
7424:
7415:
7407:
7406:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7346:Climate change
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7312:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7288:Nervous system
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7244:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7220:Vascular plant
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7077:Microevolution
7074:
7072:Macroevolution
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6966:Photosynthesis
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6921:Cell signaling
6918:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6805:
6804:Chemical basis
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6770:Taxonomic rank
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6750:Reductionistic
6747:
6693:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6645:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6611:
6606:
6597:Introduction (
6594:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6560:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6339:Marine biology
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6149:Bioinformatics
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6061:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5916:Platyhelminths
5912:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5743:
5741:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5710:Centroneuralia
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5525:
5515:
5509:
5506:Lophotrochozoa
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5443:
5441:
5432:
5421:
5418:Platytrochozoa
5413:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5380:
5377:(Limnognathia)
5371:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5284:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5213:
5211:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5164:
5153:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:(Triploblasts)
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4987:and relatives)
4979:
4973:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4944:
4938:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:Mesomycetozoea
4911:
4906:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4850:Diaphoretickes
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Charles Darwin
4678:
4676:Georges Cuvier
4673:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4548:
4546:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4518:Spider anatomy
4515:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4470:
4468:
4466:and morphology
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Nervous tissue
4434:
4429:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4401:Animal anatomy
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4317:Zooarchaeology
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4254:
4248:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4223:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4175:Orthopterology
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Coleopterology
4148:
4143:
4132:Arthropodology
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4048:
4047:External links
4045:
4043:
4042:
4024:
4004:
3974:
3967:
3949:
3931:
3911:
3890:
3857:
3851:10.1.1.843.596
3832:
3783:
3735:(6): 311–313.
3712:
3680:
3673:
3655:
3596:
3589:
3571:
3528:
3512:
3487:
3458:
3429:(1): a002238.
3409:
3381:
3366:
3348:
3328:
3266:
3237:
3208:
3190:
3170:
3163:
3142:
3083:
3054:
3019:
3006:
2976:
2969:
2949:
2942:
2918:
2911:
2893:
2886:
2864:
2857:
2839:
2832:
2814:
2807:
2783:
2753:
2736:
2689:
2682:
2664:
2641:
2634:
2611:
2576:
2558:
2538:
2507:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2431:Animal science
2426:
2423:
2386:
2383:
2333:bioinformatics
2284:
2281:
2277:Charles Darwin
2237:climate change
2213:
2210:
2198:survival value
2186:four questions
2166:, whose book,
2164:Charles Darwin
2129:
2126:
2049:
2046:
1983:
1980:
1922:
1919:
1854:properties of
1844:
1841:
1734:
1731:
1593:common descent
1557:
1556:Classification
1554:
1508:, comparative
1489:
1486:
1444:
1441:
1437:DNA sequencing
1319:Charles Darwin
1261:microorganisms
1225:William Harvey
1194:Conrad Gessner
1116:animal kingdom
1100:Conrad Gessner
1075:
1072:
1028:classification
1016:Charles Darwin
945:classification
824:
823:
821:
820:
813:
806:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
779:
762:
761:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
681:
680:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
500:Marine biology
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
310:Bioinformatics
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
220:
215:
208:
207:
193:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
155:
154:
149:Properties of
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
122:
120:Key components
119:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
100:
99:
94:
89:
83:
80:
79:
74:
66:
65:
59:
58:
40:Animal Biology
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8579:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8547:
8546:Palaeontology
8537:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8509:
8496:
8487:
8485:
8476:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8463:
8460:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8388:Animal rights
8386:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8345:Dolphinariums
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8196:Nature center
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8144:Types of zoos
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8118:
8116:
8111:
8109:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8088:
8080:
8078:
8070:
8068:
8060:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7904:Phylogenetics
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7799:Human biology
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7689:Chronobiology
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7664:Biotechnology
7662:
7660:
7659:Biostatistics
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7552:Belt transect
7550:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7500:Southern blot
7498:
7496:
7495:Northern blot
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7408:
7403:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:Immune system
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7190:Ground tissue
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7092:Phylogenetics
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7057:Genetic drift
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6863:Nucleic acids
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6826:Chemical bond
6824:
6822:
6821:Carbohydrates
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6419:Phylogenetics
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Human biology
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6204:Chronobiology
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6179:Biotechnology
6177:
6175:
6174:Biostatistics
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6077:
6075:
6070:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6046:
6045:dubious phyla
6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5844:Hemichordates
5841:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:Glass sponges
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:Deuterostomia
5698:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:of Bilateria
5685:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5519:Cycliophora (
5517:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5502:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5414:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Panarthropoda
5255:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Stramenopiles
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4840:(major groups
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4761:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Konrad Lorenz
4699:
4697:
4696:Carl Linnaeus
4694:
4692:
4691:William Kirby
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4599:Blood vessels
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4511:Shark anatomy
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Aschelminthes
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Neuroethology
4290:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4231:Testudinology
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Helminthology
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4181:Myriapodology
4179:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Anthrozoology
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4031:
4027:
4025:9783642343032
4021:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4005:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3938:
3934:
3932:9781118968581
3928:
3924:
3923:
3915:
3912:
3901:on 2013-06-08
3897:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:9781605354705
3522:
3516:
3513:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3355:
3351:
3349:0-7506-4636-5
3345:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2912:0-521-29293-X
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2887:0-19-515619-6
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2858:0-8247-0824-5
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2833:0-8018-4823-7
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2683:0-300-07598-7
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:. Ivy Press.
2551:
2550:
2542:
2539:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Palaeontology
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:phylogenetics
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2316:Francis Crick
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:phylogenetics
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:taxonomically
2056:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:metamorphosis
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1917:of species).
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:physiological
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:, which uses
1598:
1594:
1591:principle of
1590:
1586:
1585:Carl Linnaeus
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:Francis Crick
1406:
1402:
1401:cytochemistry
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1335:Gregor Mendel
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:'s theory of
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:fossil record
1246:
1243:who began to
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:Carl Linnaeus
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:invertebrates
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Francis Crick
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1020:Gregor Mendel
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:Carl Linnaeus
1001:
997:
991:
988:
976:
966:
965:Ancient Greek
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
919:
886:
880:
879:
869:
836:
830:
819:
814:
812:
807:
805:
800:
799:
797:
796:
790:
780:
777:
772:
766:
765:
764:
763:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
731:
730:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
699:
696:
695:
689:
688:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:Phylogenetics
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
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475:Human biology
473:
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371:
368:
366:
365:Chronobiology
363:
361:
358:
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353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Biotechnology
338:
336:
335:Biostatistics
333:
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68:
67:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
46:The Zoologist
42:
41:
33:
19:
8452:
8370:WAZA members
8272:Biodiversity
8265:Conservation
8221:Penguinarium
8211:Night safari
8181:Dolphinarium
7949:Sociobiology
7929:Protistology
7894:Photobiology
7889:Pharmacology
7879:Parasitology
7874:Paleontology
7854:Neuroscience
7834:Microbiology
7744:Epidemiology
7714:Cytogenetics
7674:Cell biology
7654:Biosemiotics
7644:Biomechanics
7624:Biogeography
7619:Biochemistry
7614:Bacteriology
7609:Astrobiology
7533:
7526:
7519:
7490:Western blot
7480:Enzyme assay
7455:Cell culture
7356:Conservation
7241:and function
7239:Animal form
7173:and function
6946:Fermentation
6724:Organ system
6682:Reproduction
6660:Properties (
6518:
6464:Sociobiology
6444:Protistology
6409:Photobiology
6404:Pharmacology
6394:Parasitology
6389:Paleontology
6369:Neuroscience
6349:Microbiology
6259:Epidemiology
6229:Cytogenetics
6189:Cell biology
6169:Biosemiotics
6159:Biomechanics
6139:Biogeography
6134:Biochemistry
6129:Bacteriology
6124:Astrobiology
6043:Potentially
6038:
5991:
5967:
5961:Gymnolaemata
5956:Stenolaemata
5945:Ectoproctans
5943:
5914:
5885:
5861:
5855:Pterobranchs
5842:
5818:
5794:
5770:
5746:
5740:within phyla
5738:Major groups
5608:
5595:Bryozoa s.l.
5586:Lophophorata
5574:
5550:
5528:
5520:
5483:
5472:Orthonectida
5447:
5394:
5387:
5376:
5295:
5288:
5217:
5175:Scalidophora
5124:
5112:Ambulacraria
5099:
5012:(see below↓)
4992:
4984:
4948:
4899:Opisthokonta
4567:Gas exchange
4506:Fish anatomy
4501:Bird anatomy
4361:Ambulacraria
4307:Paleozoology
4302:Parasitology
4221:Batrachology
4202:Ethnozoology
4197:Cnidariology
4099:
4061:
4034:. Retrieved
4014:
4007:
3996:. Retrieved
3987:
3977:
3958:
3952:
3941:. Retrieved
3921:
3914:
3903:. Retrieved
3896:the original
3873:
3860:
3841:
3835:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3775:. Retrieved
3732:
3728:
3715:
3707:
3701:. Retrieved
3692:
3683:
3664:
3658:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3580:
3574:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3515:
3504:. Retrieved
3490:
3479:. Retrieved
3470:
3461:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3401:. Retrieved
3391:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3358:. Retrieved
3338:
3331:
3286:
3282:
3258:. Retrieved
3249:
3240:
3229:. Retrieved
3220:
3211:
3200:. Retrieved
3180:
3173:
3154:
3100:
3097:PLOS Biology
3096:
3086:
3075:. Retrieved
3066:
3057:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3011:. Retrieved
2989:
2979:
2959:
2952:
2928:
2921:
2902:
2896:
2877:
2867:
2848:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2793:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2766:
2756:
2746:
2739:
2725:cite journal
2702:
2698:
2692:
2673:
2667:
2650:
2644:
2624:
2614:
2603:. Retrieved
2579:
2568:. Retrieved
2548:
2541:
2530:. Retrieved
2519:
2510:
2499:
2490:
2437:Astrobiology
2388:
2385:Reproduction
2375:biomolecules
2347:cell biology
2341:
2325:biochemistry
2312:James Watson
2294:
2265:paleontology
2217:Biogeography
2215:
2212:Biogeography
2175:
2167:
2142:
2086:paleontology
2083:
2051:
2042:reproduction
2010:reproduction
1999:regeneration
1985:
1936:
1930:
1888:
1848:Cell biology
1846:
1736:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1698:Homo sapiens
1696:
1662:
1623:
1615:
1559:
1514:morphography
1491:
1482:
1446:
1421:cell biology
1413:James Watson
1407:molecule by
1389:biochemistry
1386:
1350:genealogical
1339:
1315:paleontology
1308:
1296:essentialism
1284:biogeography
1273:
1269:Robert Hooke
1206:
1171:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1113:
1060:cell biology
1052:James Watson
1036:biochemistry
1024:
1012:Robert Hooke
992:
828:
827:
734:Applications
625:Sociobiology
605:Protistology
570:Photobiology
565:Pharmacology
555:Parasitology
550:Paleontology
530:Neuroscience
510:Microbiology
420:Epidemiology
390:Cytogenetics
350:Cell biology
330:Biosemiotics
320:Biomechanics
300:Biogeography
295:Biochemistry
290:Bacteriology
285:Astrobiology
197:
185:Reproduction
148:
75:
51:
45:
39:
8246:Virtual zoo
8241:Safari park
8231:Petting zoo
8191:Insectarium
8186:Herpetarium
8087:WikiProject
7999:Xenobiology
7994:Virophysics
7964:Systematics
7919:Primatology
7864:Ornithology
7804:Ichthyology
7789:Herpetology
7784:Gerontology
7749:Epigenetics
7709:Cryobiology
7599:Agrostology
7589:Aerobiology
7584:Abiogenesis
7421:Laboratory
7268:Homeostasis
7171:Plant form
6994:Epigenetics
6916:Cell theory
6816:Amino acids
6795:Common name
6785:Peer review
6760:Mechanistic
6514:Xenobiology
6509:Virophysics
6479:Systematics
6434:Primatology
6379:Ornithology
6319:Ichthyology
6304:Herpetology
6299:Gerontology
6264:Epigenetics
6224:Cryobiology
6114:Agrostology
6104:Aerobiology
6099:Abiogenesis
6019:Tusk shells
6004:Cephalopods
5975:Polychaetes
5922:Turbellaria
5903:Crustaceans
5879:Secernentea
5869:Chromadorea
5850:Acorn worms
5820:Echinoderms
5812:Vertebrates
5754:Demosponges
5688:is disputed
5150:Protostomia
5038:is disputed
4965:ParaHoxozoa
4737:Post-Darwin
4614:Capillaries
4552:Respiration
4312:Planktology
4297:Ornithology
4281:Primatology
4237:Ichthyology
4217:Herpetology
4192:Bryozoology
4170:Myrmecology
4165:Melittology
4146:Carcinology
4136:Arachnology
2874:"Chapter 7"
2709:: 307–315.
2355:populations
2310:. In 1953,
2269:climatology
2152:behaviorism
2118:systematics
2075:herpetology
2071:ornithology
1976:circulatory
1972:respiratory
1868:microscopic
1864:environment
1809:echinoderms
1793:ichthyology
1789:ornithology
1785:herpetology
1644:(including
1470:Systematics
1433:systematics
1362:inheritance
1265:cell theory
1209:Renaissance
1172:During the
1155:vertebrates
1000:Renaissance
675:Xenobiology
670:Virophysics
640:Systematics
595:Primatology
540:Ornithology
480:Ichthyology
465:Herpetology
460:Gerontology
425:Epigenetics
385:Cryobiology
275:Agrostology
265:Aerobiology
260:Abiogenesis
126:Cell theory
8556:Categories
8413:Frozen zoo
8226:Pheasantry
8216:Oceanarium
8013:Glossaries
7984:Toxicology
7979:Teratology
7924:Proteomics
7909:Physiology
7849:Neontology
7814:Lipidology
7809:Immunology
7779:Geobiology
7739:Embryology
7719:Dendrology
7649:Biophysics
7629:Biogeology
7423:techniques
7378:Microbiome
7205:Plant stem
7097:Speciation
7042:Adaptation
6971:Prokaryote
6951:Metabolism
6911:Cell cycle
6742:>
6738:>
6734:>
6732:Population
6730:>
6726:>
6722:>
6718:>
6714:>
6710:>
6706:>
6702:>
6678:Regulation
6662:Adaptation
6499:Toxicology
6494:Teratology
6439:Proteomics
6424:Physiology
6364:Neontology
6329:Lipidology
6324:Immunology
6294:Geobiology
6254:Embryology
6234:Dendrology
6164:Biophysics
6144:Biogeology
5999:Gastropods
5980:Clitellata
5887:Arthropods
5826:Sea lilies
5772:Cnidarians
5690:; see also
5620:Brachiozoa
5383:Syndermata
5342:Gnathifera
5040:; see also
4985:Trichoplax
4983:Placozoa (
4970:Planulozoa
4732:Pre-Darwin
4706:Thomas Say
4663:Zoologists
4637:By species
4376:Arthropoda
4341:Ctenophora
4287:Nematology
4271:Felinology
4251:Teuthology
4246:Conchology
4242:Malacology
4151:Entomology
4036:2019-07-08
3998:2020-04-19
3943:2020-05-22
3905:2012-12-21
3777:2011-01-01
3703:2012-10-30
3506:2021-06-20
3481:2021-06-19
3403:2011-01-01
3360:2020-11-07
3260:2017-04-12
3231:2017-09-13
3202:2021-06-18
3077:2021-06-10
3013:2009-09-24
2777:2017-09-27
2605:2021-06-10
2570:2021-06-04
2532:2013-05-24
2483:References
2379:biophysics
2241:cladistics
2148:scientific
2079:entomology
2018:stem cells
1921:Physiology
1825:arthropods
1761:amphibians
1755:, such as
1749:vertebrate
1745:discipline
1742:biological
1571:, such as
1546:morphology
1534:teratology
1530:embryology
1522:physiology
1510:anatomical
1462:cladistics
1458:taxonomist
1397:immunology
1346:physiology
1342:morphology
1311:embryology
1300:extinction
1257:microscopy
1229:physiology
1217:empiricism
1032:physiology
957:ecosystems
941:embryology
660:Toxicology
655:Teratology
600:Proteomics
585:Physiology
525:Neontology
490:Lipidology
485:Immunology
455:Geobiology
415:Embryology
395:Dendrology
325:Biophysics
305:Biogeology
180:Regulation
160:Adaptation
8433:Zookeeper
8323:Aquariums
8206:Menagerie
8133:aquariums
7899:Phycology
7884:Pathology
7869:Osteology
7859:Nutrition
7819:Mammalogy
7794:Histology
7535:in silico
7411:Research
7388:Resources
7361:Ecosystem
7351:Community
7336:Biosphere
7248:Breathing
7130:Eukaryote
7112:Diversity
7062:Gene flow
7034:Evolution
6941:Eukaryote
6853:Molecules
6744:Biosphere
6740:Ecosystem
6736:Community
6708:Organelle
6603:Evolution
6414:Phycology
6399:Pathology
6384:Osteology
6374:Nutrition
6334:Mammalogy
6309:Histology
5985:Sipuncula
5932:Monogenea
5927:Trematoda
5898:Myriapods
5863:Nematodes
5807:Tunicates
5802:Lancelets
5796:Chordates
5788:Myxozoans
5695:Nephrozoa
5684:phylogeny
5484:Salinella
5439:Rouphozoa
5280:Tactopoda
5209:Nematoida
5161:Ecdysozoa
5082:Bilateria
5069:Bilateria
5050:Benthozoa
5045:Eumetazoa
5034:phylogeny
5004:Bilateria
4894:Amoebozoa
4872:Alveolata
4860:Cryptista
4835:Eukaryota
4562:Breathing
4414:Histology
4276:Hippology
4257:Mammalogy
4226:Ophiology
4140:Acarology
3846:CiteSeerX
3749:0141-0768
3632:2041-2223
3217:"zoology"
3119:1545-7885
2516:"zoology"
2496:"zoology"
2229:migration
2225:dispersal
2202:phylogeny
2156:evolution
2137:Kelp gull
2067:mammalogy
2063:organisms
2022:evolution
1968:endocrine
1915:evolution
1911:phylogeny
1872:molecular
1813:tunicates
1777:mammalogy
1642:Eukaryota
1589:Darwinian
1565:organisms
1526:histology
1478:cladogram
1474:phylogeny
1323:evolution
1167:heretical
1040:evolution
996:Aristotle
937:structure
698:Biologist
575:Phycology
560:Pathology
545:Osteology
535:Nutrition
495:Mammalogy
470:Histology
141:Phylogeny
136:Evolution
131:Ecosystem
18:Zoologist
8251:Vivarium
8171:Bear pit
8161:Aquarium
8137:aviaries
8067:Category
7989:Virology
7974:Taxonomy
7914:Pomology
7844:Mycology
7774:Genomics
7769:Genetics
7594:Agronomy
7575:Branches
7528:in vitro
7125:Bacteria
7102:Taxonomy
7082:Mutation
7052:Function
6981:Genetics
6883:Proteins
6728:Organism
6704:Molecule
6688:),
6644:Overview
6619:Timeline
6599:Genetics
6528:See also
6504:Virology
6489:Taxonomy
6429:Pomology
6359:Mycology
6289:Genomics
6284:Genetics
6109:Agronomy
6009:Bivalves
5993:Molluscs
5969:Annelids
5328:Spiralia
4935:Animalia
4889:Amorphea
4867:Rhizaria
4855:Hacrobia
4845:Excavata
4830:Bacteria
4760:Category
4604:Arteries
4489:Elephant
4464:Anatomy
4391:Annelida
4386:Mollusca
4366:Chordata
4351:Cnidaria
4346:Placozoa
4336:Porifera
4266:Cynology
4261:Cetology
4207:Ethology
4120:Branches
4030:Archived
3992:Archived
3937:Archived
3827:21690126
3771:Archived
3767:12042386
3697:Archived
3650:24490906
3616:(1). 3.
3566:43388925
3558:10381868
3500:Archived
3475:Archived
3453:20182607
3397:Archived
3354:Archived
3254:Archived
3225:Archived
3196:Archived
3137:21886479
3071:Archived
3049:13054692
2771:Archived
2622:(2015).
2596:Archived
2587:(1920).
2564:Archived
2526:Archived
2425:See also
2365:such as
2321:genetics
2249:taxonomy
2144:Ethology
2128:Ethology
2122:taxonomy
2065:such as
2030:heredity
1948:organism
1882:such as
1876:bacteria
1860:behavior
1837:protists
1821:molluscs
1765:reptiles
1753:backbone
1723:taxonomy
1646:protists
1638:Bacteria
1538:ethology
1380:created
1370:genetics
1366:Mendel's
1302:and the
1292:ethology
1247:and the
1182:Ayurveda
789:Category
755:Pharming
692:Research
665:Virology
650:Taxonomy
590:Pomology
520:Mycology
450:Genomics
445:Genetics
270:Agronomy
252:Branches
239:Protists
218:Bacteria
203:Kingdoms
108:timeline
97:Glossary
8562:Zoology
8534:Biology
8522:Animals
8508:Portals
8453:Zoology
8443:Zoo key
8381:Related
8328:largest
8077:Commons
8020:Biology
8003:Zoology
7734:Ecology
7604:Anatomy
7521:in vivo
7413:methods
7366:Habitat
7341:Climate
7326:Biomass
7308:Ecology
7155:Protist
7120:Archaea
7014:Genomes
6961:Mitosis
6956:Meiosis
6878:Polymer
6858:Monomer
6846:Quantum
6680:,
6676:,
6672:,
6668:,
6664:,
6651:Science
6636:Biology
6614:History
6609:Outline
6587:Biology
6519:Zoology
6249:Ecology
6119:Anatomy
6014:Chitons
5937:Cestoda
5874:Enoplea
5748:Sponges
5521:Symbion
5464:Mesozoa
4904:Animals
4825:Archaea
4801:Extant
4725:History
4422:Tissues
4111:Outline
4100:Zoology
3818:3130367
3758:1279921
3641:3909909
3538:Science
3444:2827910
3323:2112744
3291:Bibcode
3128:3160336
2402:meiosis
2395:haploid
2359:species
2300:genetic
2261:geology
2253:ecology
2146:is the
2055:species
2003:asexual
1960:nervous
1903:anatomy
1890:Anatomy
1805:sponges
1797:species
1773:mammals
1740:is the
1707:sapiens
1693:species
1669:kingdom
1658:animals
1634:Archaea
1577:species
1518:anatomy
1498:biology
1453:species
1449:animals
1288:ecology
1135:zoology
1074:History
961:biology
953:extinct
933:animals
829:Zoology
679:Zoology
410:Ecology
280:Anatomy
227:Animals
223:Eukarya
213:Archaea
205:of life
199:Domains
104:History
92:Outline
63:Biology
8493:
8482:
8166:Aviary
8135:, and
7669:Botany
7475:vector
7331:Biomes
7200:Phloem
7185:Flower
7145:Fungus
7140:Animal
6936:Enzyme
6841:Matter
6836:Lipids
6775:Theory
6716:Tissue
6670:Growth
6184:Botany
6039:bolded
4882:Plants
4819:Domain
4803:animal
4329:groups
4327:Animal
4022:
3965:
3929:
3888:
3848:
3825:
3815:
3765:
3755:
3747:
3671:
3648:
3638:
3630:
3587:
3564:
3556:
3523:
3451:
3441:
3346:
3321:
3311:
3188:
3161:
3135:
3125:
3117:
3047:
3029:Nature
3004:
2967:
2940:
2909:
2884:
2855:
2830:
2805:
2680:
2659:Greece
2655:Athens
2632:
2556:
2406:zygote
2398:gamete
2239:, and
2120:, and
2090:fossil
2040:, and
2007:sexual
1974:, and
1964:immune
1894:organs
1884:humans
1831:, but
1791:, and
1685:family
1673:phylum
1665:Domain
1656:, and
1654:plants
1620:(1735)
1550:Hunter
1506:Cuvier
1502:Hunter
1466:clades
1399:, and
1241:Buffon
1239:, and
1213:Europe
1190:botany
1163:Lesbos
949:habits
928:-ə-jee
878:-ə-jee
787:
345:Botany
235:Plants
170:Growth
8311:Lists
7371:niche
7230:Xylem
7215:Shoot
7162:Virus
7150:Plant
6898:Cells
6888:Water
6811:Atoms
6720:Organ
6674:Order
6626:Index
5201:N+L+P
4909:Fungi
4806:phyla
4621:Heart
4609:Veins
4594:Lymph
4589:Blood
4479:Human
3899:(PDF)
3870:(PDF)
3562:S2CID
3314:54159
2994:(php)
2705:(1).
2599:(PDF)
2592:(PDF)
2478:Notes
2221:Earth
2077:, or
1952:yeast
1913:(the
1856:cells
1829:phyla
1817:worms
1769:birds
1689:genus
1681:order
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