308:
Ole Bruun
Precious Steppe: Mongolian Nomadic Pastoralists in Pursuit of the Market (2006). p. 68. "The historical administrative units of aimag, sum, and bag (Khotont constitutes one of nineteen sums in Arkangai aimag) still form the bases
58:
gained power in conjunction with their growing internal and external problems. The decentralisation of government included restructuring of organisational methods, reduction of roles in rural government and creation of sums.
298:
Baskaran, S., & Ihjas, M. (2019). The
Development of Public Administration in the Peopleâs Republic of China: An Analysis of Administrative Reform. Civil Service Management and Administrative Systems in South Asia ,
2113:
337:
2093:
330:
751:
2108:
360:
2139:
2134:
1482:
323:
1388:
237:
1602:
640:
1607:
1035:
539:
1534:
701:
1420:
1368:
1277:
202:
1557:
1497:
1457:
1363:
1341:
1125:
780:
775:
446:
1622:
1383:
547:
2064:
1617:
866:
797:
991:
184:
39:
1734:
1541:
1353:
1331:
891:
768:
607:
245:
1477:
1222:
1592:
1103:
691:
255:
50:. Countries such as China and Mongolia have employed the sum as administrative division, which was used during the
1792:
1764:
1582:
1346:
1098:
711:
229:
1797:
1562:
903:
580:
111:
1844:
1405:
1265:
1243:
1008:
600:
347:
55:
35:
1921:
1757:
1752:
1282:
1120:
1020:
756:
676:
241:
162:
102:
2017:
1253:
937:
921:
881:
871:
706:
570:
552:
398:
68:
1984:
876:
436:
315:
1992:
1829:
1487:
1415:
1110:
1068:
956:
886:
861:
648:
595:
408:
403:
17:
2103:
1824:
1812:
1747:
1742:
1462:
1248:
1132:
1015:
898:
831:
723:
681:
521:
210:
91:
78:
1866:
1854:
1502:
1492:
1115:
1093:
998:
962:
856:
743:
733:
718:
575:
508:
1911:
1709:
1272:
1178:
931:
815:
686:
666:
630:
503:
413:
267:
215:
2098:
1959:
1587:
1290:
1193:
1137:
1074:
1045:
1030:
810:
805:
763:
728:
528:
493:
468:
263:
1891:
1430:
1398:
1260:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1003:
969:
837:
787:
738:
431:
233:
168:
2128:
1612:
1452:
1214:
1063:
926:
696:
671:
514:
106:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1964:
1472:
1467:
1378:
848:
498:
474:
460:
393:
51:
1906:
2083:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
1819:
1632:
1577:
1440:
1435:
1425:
1160:
1155:
1053:
1025:
590:
585:
452:
259:
1519:
1058:
913:
612:
266:
in the rest of China. As of 2010, there is only one ethnic sum in China, the
1938:
1896:
1871:
1729:
1684:
1572:
1514:
1336:
1085:
149:
1974:
1969:
2034:
1928:
1779:
1724:
1694:
1524:
1447:
1358:
1170:
948:
658:
144:
43:
2029:
1954:
1784:
1774:
1714:
1627:
1597:
1529:
1410:
622:
423:
2059:
2049:
2044:
1979:
1933:
1849:
1719:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1373:
980:
562:
192:
128:
47:
1804:
2054:
2039:
2024:
1901:
1886:
1876:
1861:
1839:
1834:
1769:
1567:
1509:
1393:
279:
96:
109:. There are 331 sums in Mongolia. Each sum is again divided into
1881:
1147:
485:
136:
1661:
1313:
375:
358:
319:
213:
but is unique to Inner
Mongolia. It is therefore larger than a
1679:
27:
Administrative division used in China, Mongolia, and Russia
95:) is the second level administrative division below the
1947:
1672:
1550:
1324:
1233:
1207:
1169:
1146:
1084:
1044:
979:
947:
912:
847:
824:
796:
657:
639:
621:
561:
538:
484:
459:
445:
422:
386:
220:
54:. This system was acted in the 1980s after the
331:
8:
2109:List of administrative divisions by country
1669:
1658:
1321:
1310:
383:
372:
368:
355:
338:
324:
316:
119:being commonly translated as "brigade."
291:
135:is an administrative division of the
101:(provinces), roughly comparable to a
90:
7:
254:whose population is predominated by
240:-level division). Examples include
25:
18:Ethnic townships of Inner Mongolia
147:. Both describe the Russian term
2140:Administrative divisions in Asia
2135:Types of administrative division
1126:Organized incorporated territory
2114:Slavic administrative divisions
1663:Non-English terms or loanwords
867:Direct-controlled municipality
197:
188:
1:
992:Special administrative region
892:Mountain resort municipality
769:Intermediate school district
752:Educational service district
608:Regional county municipality
246:Honggor Sum, Siziwang Banner
209:division is equivalent to a
1223:Autonomous territorial unit
2156:
1104:National capital territory
825:Indian reserve/reservation
692:Indian government district
346:Designations for types of
160:
66:
2094:Autonomous administration
2081:
1668:
1657:
1320:
1309:
1099:Federal capital territory
712:Non-metropolitan district
702:Local government district
382:
371:
367:
354:
221:
82:
904:Specialized municipality
581:Consolidated city-county
1266:Military exclusion zone
1244:Exclusive economic zone
1009:National capital region
601:Non-metropolitan county
348:administrative division
203:administrative division
56:Chinese Communist Party
36:administrative division
1283:Self-administered zone
1121:Incorporated territory
988:Administrative region
757:Local service district
677:Congressional district
242:Shiwei, Inner Mongolia
179:), sometimes called a
163:Sums of Inner Mongolia
1254:Special economic zone
938:Praetorian prefecture
922:Autonomous prefecture
882:Regional municipality
872:District municipality
707:Metropolitan district
571:Administrative county
553:Residential community
399:Local government area
228:) and smaller than a
69:Districts of Mongolia
1845:Njësi administrative
877:Neutral municipality
816:Subdivision of India
548:Autonomous community
437:Metropolitan borough
377:Common English terms
262:â parallel with the
1488:Autonomous republic
1416:Enclave and exclave
1315:Other English terms
1111:Dependent territory
957:Autonomous province
887:Resort municipality
862:County municipality
649:Overseas department
596:Metropolitan county
409:Unincorporated area
2104:Electoral district
1421:Federal dependency
1249:Free economic zone
1133:Overseas territory
1016:Development region
899:Rural municipality
832:Indian reservation
724:Municipal district
682:Electoral district
522:Free imperial city
236:equivalent of the
2122:
2121:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1219:Territorial unit
1116:Federal territory
1094:Capital territory
999:Autonomous region
963:Overseas province
857:City municipality
748:Service district
744:Sanitary district
734:Regional district
719:Military district
576:Autonomous county
509:Incorporated city
256:ethnic minorities
16:(Redirected from
2147:
1710:Regierungsbezirk
1670:
1659:
1322:
1311:
1273:Free speech zone
1179:Charter township
932:Super-prefecture
776:Special district
687:Federal district
667:Capital district
631:Overseas country
504:Independent city
475:Imperial capital
414:Unorganized area
384:
373:
369:
356:
340:
333:
326:
317:
310:
306:
300:
296:
268:Evenk Ethnic Sum
227:
226:
224:
199:
190:
178:
94:
88:
84:
21:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2099:Census division
2069:
1943:
1664:
1637:
1588:Imperial Circle
1546:
1316:
1297:
1291:Free-trade zone
1229:
1203:
1194:Survey township
1165:
1142:
1138:Union territory
1080:
1075:Sovereign state
1040:
1031:Overseas region
975:
943:
908:
843:
834:(United States)
820:
811:Police division
806:Census division
792:
764:School district
729:Police district
653:
635:
617:
557:
534:
529:Royal free city
494:Autonomous city
480:
469:Federal capital
455:
441:
418:
378:
363:
350:
344:
314:
313:
307:
303:
297:
293:
288:
276:
264:ethnic township
258:are designated
222:
176:
165:
159:
145:Buryat Republic
143:is that of the
125:
92:[sÊ°oÌm]
86:
71:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1261:Exclusion zone
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1240:Economic zone
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1199:Urban township
1196:
1191:
1189:Paper township
1186:
1184:Civil township
1181:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1004:Capital region
1001:
996:
995:
994:
985:
983:
977:
976:
974:
973:
970:Roman province
966:
959:
953:
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
934:
929:
924:
918:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
901:
896:
895:
894:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
853:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
838:Indian reserve
835:
828:
826:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
802:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
788:Urban district
785:
784:
783:
773:
772:
771:
761:
760:
759:
754:
746:
741:
739:Rural district
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
715:
714:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
661:
655:
654:
652:
651:
645:
643:
637:
636:
634:
633:
627:
625:
619:
618:
616:
615:
610:
605:
604:
603:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
565:
559:
558:
556:
555:
550:
544:
542:
536:
535:
533:
532:
525:
518:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
488:
482:
481:
479:
478:
471:
465:
463:
457:
456:
451:
449:
443:
442:
440:
439:
434:
432:County borough
428:
426:
420:
419:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
388:
380:
379:
376:
365:
364:
359:
352:
351:
345:
343:
342:
335:
328:
320:
312:
311:
301:
290:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
275:
272:
234:Inner Mongolia
169:Inner Mongolia
161:Main article:
158:
155:
124:
121:
67:Main article:
64:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:Kommun/Kunta
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Roman diocese
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Neighbourhood
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Alpine resort
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1215:Regional unit
1213:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Federal state
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
989:
987:
986:
984:
982:
978:
972:
971:
967:
965:
964:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
950:
946:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Subprefecture
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
915:
911:
905:
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
850:
846:
839:
836:
833:
830:
829:
827:
823:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
799:
795:
789:
786:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:Land district
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
672:City district
670:
668:
665:
664:
662:
660:
656:
650:
647:
646:
644:
642:
638:
632:
629:
628:
626:
624:
620:
614:
611:
609:
606:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
566:
564:
560:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
543:
541:
537:
531:
530:
526:
524:
523:
519:
517:
516:
515:Imperial city
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
489:
487:
483:
477:
476:
472:
470:
467:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
444:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
427:
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415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
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397:
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391:
389:
385:
381:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:English terms
357:
353:
349:
341:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
321:
318:
305:
302:
295:
292:
285:
281:
278:
277:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
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243:
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231:
218:
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200:
194:
186:
182:
174:
170:
164:
156:
154:
152:
151:
146:
142:
138:
137:Tuva Republic
134:
130:
122:
120:
118:
114:
113:
108:
107:United States
104:
100:
99:
93:
80:
76:
70:
62:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2084:
2005:Maalaiskunta
1965:Heerlijkheid
1916:
1805:LĂ€n (Sweden)
1473:Protectorate
1468:Principality
1389:Constituency
1278:Neutral zone
1073:
968:
961:
936:
849:Municipality
527:
520:
513:
499:Charter city
473:
404:Special area
394:Insular area
304:
294:
251:
250:
214:
206:
196:
180:
172:
166:
148:
140:
132:
126:
116:
110:
97:
74:
72:
52:Qing dynasty
31:
29:
2000:Landskommun
1892:SavivaldybÄ
1758:Switzerland
1753:South Tyrol
1633:Viceroyalty
1426:Governorate
1384:Condominium
1287:Trade zone
1161:Market town
1156:Census town
1054:Proto-state
1026:Microregion
591:County town
586:County seat
453:Half-canton
260:ethnic sums
2129:Categories
1948:Historical
1912:ShahrestÄn
1855:Autonomous
1603:Presidency
1551:Historical
1520:Suzerainty
1503:Autonomous
1347:Autonomous
1069:Free state
1059:City-state
1021:Mesoregion
914:Prefecture
641:Department
286:References
1989:Landskap
1985:LÀn/LÀÀni
1939:Vingtaine
1907:Seniƫnija
1897:Selsoviet
1872:Poblacion
1809:Landskap
1739:Gemeinde
1730:Freguesia
1685:Apskritis
1608:Residency
1573:Exarchate
1515:Sultanate
1406:Eldership
1337:Bailiwick
1086:Territory
1036:Subregion
781:in the US
613:Viscounty
540:Community
201:), is an
150:selsoviet
79:Mongolian
2090:See also
1825:Maakunta
1820:LocalitĂ
1765:Gemeente
1725:Frazione
1695:Barangay
1525:Townland
1463:Precinct
1448:Muftiate
1399:District
1359:Cadastre
1171:Township
949:Province
840:(Canada)
798:Division
659:District
299:305-323.
274:See also
211:township
63:Mongolia
44:Mongolia
38:used in
2085:italics
2045:Satrapy
2030:Pargana
1955:Commote
1813:Finland
1793:Finland
1785:Kampong
1775:Hromada
1748:Germany
1743:Austria
1715:Comarca
1673:Current
1628:Tithing
1598:Monthon
1583:Hundred
1530:Village
1483:Regency
1478:Quarter
1411:Emirate
1379:Commune
1369:Circuit
1325:Current
623:Country
461:Capital
424:Borough
185:Chinese
105:in the
2060:Syssel
2050:Socken
2018:Greece
1993:Sweden
1980:Korale
1975:Köping
1970:Komunë
1934:Tehsil
1850:Oblast
1798:Sweden
1720:Comune
1705:Bezirk
1700:Bashki
1690:Bakhsh
1563:Barony
1558:Agency
1535:Summer
1498:Sector
1493:Riding
1458:Parish
1431:Hamlet
1374:Colony
1364:Circle
1342:Banner
981:Region
563:County
447:Canton
238:county
230:banner
223:á á á Žá á á
205:. The
195::
193:pinyin
187::
139:, and
129:Russia
123:Russia
103:county
98:aimags
48:Russia
46:, and
34:is an
2055:Subah
2040:Rreth
2035:PlasÄ
2025:Pagus
2013:Egypt
2009:Nome
1929:SĂœsla
1922:China
1902:Sitio
1887:Raion
1877:Purok
1867:OstÄn
1862:Okrug
1840:Mukim
1835:Muban
1830:Megye
1780:JudeÈ
1770:Gmina
1623:Tenth
1593:March
1568:Burgh
1510:Shire
1441:Royal
1436:Manor
1394:Duchy
1354:Block
1046:State
280:Aimag
232:(the
225:гаŃĐ°Đ°
157:China
141:somon
133:sumon
40:China
2065:Zhou
1882:Qark
1618:Seat
1578:Hide
1542:Ward
1234:Zone
1208:Unit
1148:Town
486:City
387:Area
252:Sums
244:and
216:gaqa
198:sĆ«mĂč
181:sumu
177:á °á €á źá €
171:, a
131:, a
112:bags
87:á °á €á źá €
1960:Gau
1917:Sum
1680:Amt
207:sum
173:sum
167:In
127:In
117:bag
83:ŃŃĐŒ
75:sum
32:sum
2131::
2087:.
1735:Fu
309:âŠ"
270:.
248:.
191:;
189:èæš
153:.
115:,
89:,
85:,
81::
73:A
42:,
30:A
339:e
332:t
325:v
219:(
183:(
175:(
77:(
20:)
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