Russians in China - Knowledge (XXG)

1528: 1292:) as its political and socioeconomic center. Dragotsenka counted only 450 inhabitants in 1933 but grew to 3,000 in 1944. Only half of those inhabitants were Russians whereas there lived 1,000 Chinese and 500 Japanese. (Most of the other villages were almost exclusively inhabited by Russians.) There was also a 500-strong garrison nearby. It was the seat of the head cossack, responsible for the Russians in the area, as well as the seat of regional police and a Japanese military mission. There was a small power station, a refinery for vegetable oil, a steel-rolling mill, a dairy factory, auto repair shops, saddleries, leather and felt factories, a post and telegraph office, a bank, and branches of national trading houses. Most of the Chinese worked in small own businesses. The Russian community could find here its only high school in the area, the seat of the Russian Association and the local branch of the nation-wide 4366:"It cannot be overlooked that their success is due to that perseverance which is peculiar for the Slavs. Although can hardly be copied due to different environmental conditions and unequal living habits, their long experience with northern, cold terrain is to be respected. As there is much to learn in agriculture as well as everyday life, we have to adopt their advantages so that we can adapt, if only incrementally, to the climate of the North. What present Japanese settlers are lacking the most, is therefore an introduction into the everyday life ." (transl. by Okuto Gunji from Japanese to German for Urbansky's 2014 article) 1270:

1933: V. A. Anučin: Geografičeskie očerki Man'čžurii. Moskau 1948. Anučin claims to rely on research by Kormazov. For 1945: Julija Argudjaeva: Russkoe naselenie v Trechreč'e. In: Rossija i ATR (2004), vol. 4, p. 126. For 1955 and 1972: V. N. Žernakov: Trechreč'e. Oakland (Ca.) no year, p. 4. From the private archive of Olga Bakich, Toronto. For 1990: E'erguna you qi zhi . Haila'er 1993, pp. 106 and 127. These very high numbers published by Chinese authorities for 1990 are especially problematic and unrealistic, given the fact that members of minorities are entitled to privileges in education and family policies.

109: 3104: 222: 3404: 1376:(incl. Tryokhrechye) was the second largest by members (21,202) after Harbin (39,421). The BREM organized local propaganda and indoctrination, especially for Russian youth, and the celebrations for March 1, Manchukuo's national holiday. From 1937 onwards, control of the border region was intensified, and from the 1940s, traveling to and settling in the region required a permit. This increased the isolation of the community. 799:, the traveler Ahmad Kamal was asked by "Turki" (Uighur) men if the veils donned by Turki women in Xinjiang were also worn by women in America (Amerikaluk). The label of "whores" (Jilops) was used for Russian (Russ) and American (Amerikaluk) women by Turki men when what these women wore in public while bathing and the fact that no veil was worn by them was described by Ahmad Kamal to the Turki men. 623: 364: 5079: 4864: 3118: 1516:

the Russian sample. The East Asian Y haplogroup O3-M122 was found in 47% of Russian males in China. In another test the East Asian paternal Y Haplogroup O made up 58% of Russian males samples in China while European origin mitochondrial DNA predominated in the Russian population in China, showing that the ethnic Russian population receive male East Asian paternal lineages.

707:, arranged for them to be transported to Dunhuang at the Mogao Grottoes, after talks with Governor Lu Hongtao of Gansu. The bandits wrote profanities on Buddhist statues, destroyed or damaged paintings, gouging out eyes and amputating the limbs of the statues, in addition to committing arson. This damage can still be seen to this day. 36: 1067:, who would have preferred farming like the Russians, were at first not allowed to settle here. Around 1900, there were only a few Chinese shopkeepers in the area, selling alcohol and tobacco. The latter became much more profitable after the introduction of customs controls in 1900 and especially with the end of the 50- 1515:

Russians in China who migrated there after the 18th century absorbed local East Asian males marrying Russian females into their population with one sample showing most of the Russians had European mtdna but East Asian haplogroup O made up 58% of their Y haplogroup. O3-M122 specifically made up 47% of

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Unit 100 staff poisoned and drugged Russians with heroin, castor oil, tobacco and other substances for weeks at a time. Some died during the experimentation. When survivors were determined to no longer be useful for experimentation and were complaining of illness, staff told them they would receive a

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Some children grew up inside the walls of Unit 731, infected with syphilis. A Youth Corps member deployed to train at Unit 731 recalled viewing a batch of subjects that would undergo syphilis testing: " one was a White Russian woman with a daughter of four or five years of age, and the last

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throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the Chinese population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they

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who recently immigrated via Iran rushed to the port and offered to host the Old Believers at their homes and prayer halls. In the process, addresses were exchanged. Later, once settled in South America, the elders used these addresses to contact potential sponsors, and eventually came to Los Angeles,

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During the Ili Rebellion, American telegrams reported that the Soviet secret police threatened to assassinate Muslim leaders from Ining and put pressure on them to flee to "inner China" via Tihwa (Ürümqi), White Russians grew fearful of Uyghur Muslim mobs as they chanted, "We freed ourselves from the

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After the riot, the Russians sent troops to Sarikol in Tashkurghan and demanded that the Sarikol postal services be placed under Russian supervision, the locals of Sarikol believed that the Russians would seize the entire district from the Chinese and send more soldiers even after the Russians tried

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The numbers have been compiled by Sören Urbansky (Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun', 2014) and stem from different sources. For 1928: V. A. Kormazov: Èkonomičeskij očerk. Harbin 1928, pp. 50 f. For

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The small Russian community beyond the Argun drew a disproportionate interest of Japanese imperial researchers: ethnographers, anthropologists, agronomists. The number of their publication exceeds the Russian and Chinese ones by far, and much of what we know about the community comes from Japanese

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The Cossack settlers organized an administration of their own, consisting of village elders, with a chief elder in the village of Suchye (Russian: Сучье), where there was also a Chinese district chief. Chinese authorities attempted to assimilate the emigrants in the 1920s by introducing passports,

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began grazing their cattle on the Chinese side, first along the Khaul river which is closest to Russia, only a day's ride away from the Russian settlements. They erected simple shelters for haymaking in summer and autumn and for hunting in winter. Already before 1900, some of these cattle stations

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When Ma Zhongying heard that the coup had taken place in Xinjiang, he promptly led the army to the west and sent his general Ma Heying to Altay. In May 1933, the Russian and Kazakh peasants of Bulqin armed themselves to fight against Ma's army, but were forced to give ground. Sheng ordered Guihua

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to negotiate with the Begs of Sarikol and sway them to their side, they failed since the Sarikoli officials and authorities demanded in a petition to the Amban of Yarkand that they be evacuated to Yarkand to avoid being harassed by the Russians and objected to the Russian presence in Sarikol, the

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to form the Guihua army. The conscripted Russians were organized as the 1st Guihua Cavalry under the regimental commander Mogutnov. Later the cavalry were expanded into two groups, with Antonov and Bapingut as the commanders. Zhang Peiyuan commanded the Guihua Army and the Province Army finally

299:. There are currently over 16,000 ethnic Russians in China who have lived their entire life as Chinese citizens. In the census of 1957, there were 9,000 ethnic Russians. The 1978 census counted just 600 Russians, but the figure rose to 2,935 in the 1982 census and 13,504 in the 1990 census. 1090:

and its aftermath changed the make-up of the Trekhrechye Russian community. Four waves of immigrants might be distinguished: (1) Cossacks who had lived just on the Russian side on the Argun and now settled down on the Chinese side; (2) other refugees of the civil war from the remainder of

666:, lit. "Naturalized people") and had to fill out applications and write volunteer certificates. Yang ordered officials from various regions to distribute land for them, and gave them farm animals and seeds. Some had joined the USSR nationality. Others refused to join either nationality. 1527: 1365:. In December 1932, they greeted the new "era of order and justice" and promised their cooperation. Japan permitted a certain degree of cultural autonomy for minorities like the Russians, mainly to counter the numerically dominant Han Chinese in their new puppet state, 803:

was a saying by Turki Muslims (Uyghurs) in Xinjiang. Anti Russian hatred was spouted by Tungans (Hui Muslims) to the adventurer Ahmad Kamal in Xinjiang. Ahmad Kamal saw Russians in the bazar at Aksu. he saw Russian soldiers and Russian girls in the bazar at Urumchi.

3997:, which the shape of their villages so strongly recalls, with the cathedral whose domes and towers, crowned by the holy cross, rise up proudly at the best spot of the village into the blue sky of the gracious Manchu Empire that they revere as their second home. 746:

and Antonov to launch a coup d'état, and they occupied the city defense command on the afternoon of April 12. Later Jin Shuren fled to the outskirts. At the same night, they established the Interim Sustain Committee and sent liaison officers to contact

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They live their traditional Russian-patriarchal life in satisfaction and prosperity, they work on the field, respect the interests, the law and order of the country that assists them in all their troubles, and keep in dear memory their suffering

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continued to play a central role. In addition to St. Peter and Paul's Church in Dragotsenka, there were nine other village churches and one monastery. With regards to traditions, people would e.g. strew flour into their hallways nine days after

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was a White Russian woman with a boy of about six or seven." The children of these women were tested in ways similar to their parents, with specific emphasis on determining how longer infection periods affected the effectiveness of treatments.

446:. Some Harbin Russians initially welcomed the occupation, hoping that the Japanese would help them in their anti-Soviet struggles and provide protection from the Chinese, who were desperately trying to restore their sovereignty over Harbin. 994:

While soils on the left (Russian) bank of the Argun are poor, those in the Trekhrechye are fertile, enabling agriculture as known in Russia proper. Forests in the East provided wood and game, the steppe to the South offered ample pasture.

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had built up. Even though morality was not strict in Kashgar, the local Turki Muslims clashed violently with the Russians before they were dispersed. The Chinese sought to end the tensions to avoid giving the Russians a pretext to invade.

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minority. Russians have been living in China for centuries and are typically the descendants of the Russians who settled in China in the 17th century. Ethnic Russians in China are Chinese citizens. Many of them are descendants of

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To Soviet visitors of the late 1940s, the Tryokhrechye villages seemed like curious, almost museum-like images of life in prerevolutionary Siberia. The villages were grouped around long straight streets and consisted of

774:, however, the Soviets intervened on the side of the Provincial government and the Guihua White Russians, and Ma Zhongying ended up in control of southern Xinjiang while the provincial government controlled the north. 330:

descent. There were a total of 53 different nationalities. Most of the Harbin population were of Russian and/or European descent. Most were ethnic Russians including a minority of Germans, Ukrainians, Jews, and Poles.

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in Oregon agreed to advise them in settlement. Later on, the Sinkiang Old Believers in South America also joined the growing Old Believer community in Oregon. Therefore, a number of Russian Old Believers now live in

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Japanese general Kenji Doihara forced White Russian women into prostitution and drug addiction to spy and spread drugs to their male Chinese clients. He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian

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for the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Red Army led punitive expeditions into the Tryokhrechye in August and September 1929. It was reported that 150 emigrants were killed, and that there was a wave of refugees to

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Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.).

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seeds. One of the prisoners of Russian nationality became so exhausted from the experiments that no more could be performed on him, and Matsui ordered me to kill that Russian by giving him an injection of

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In the summer of 1934, when the war ended pro tempore, Sheng retracted the Guihua Headquarters, and selected about 500 Russians to form the 6th Cavalry to quarter at Ürümqi. In 1937, the Cavalry and the

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government forced a lot of Chinese and their Russian relatives to move to China. More than 20,000 Russians entered China through the Crossings of Xinjiang and after 1941, many refugees fled to Xinjiang.

1420:. There were multiple Russian victims of Unit 731 and testimonies and records show that a Russian girl and her mother were gassed and one Russian man was cut into two and preserved with formaldehyde. 1541:

The 1957 census counted 9,000 ethnic Russians in China, while the 1978 census counted just 600. That number rose again to 2,935 in the 1982 census and 13,504 in the 1990 census, mostly in northern

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The Qing authorities unsuccessfully tried to encourage Han farmers to settle there but from 1905 they replaced indigenous officials with Han men, much to the chagrin of the Mongols. After the

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villages. Many of the Old Believer men were taken back to Russia and imprisoned. Those who stayed found their way of life drastically changed and they often sought ways to leave China. The

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which was run largely by Russians up until that time. As a result of this, ethnic Russians represented more than 80% of this region's population in the late 1930s and early 40s.

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rebelled under the lead of Makhsut, but were beaten down by Guihua Army. Near the Chinese New Year Eve of 1933, the capital Ürümqi was besieged by Ma Shimin's units during the

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In 1920, the Republic of China announced that it would no longer recognize the Russian consulates in China. On September 23, China ceased relations with representatives of the

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Under the reign of Yang Zengxin, the Russians in Xinjiang were mainly divided into 3 parts: some of the refugees had joined the Chinese nationality, were called "Guihua ren" (

4449:"Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians" 4410:"Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians" 1372:

This initial optimism was weakened by strict Japanese surveillance. The main tool for this was the BREM with which they had to register. In 1944, the BREM district for the

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Wang, Chuan-Chao; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Shrestha, Rukesh; Zhang, Manfei; Huang, Xiu-Yuan; Hu, Kang; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (Aug 4, 2014). Pereira, Luísa M. Sousa Mesquita (ed.).

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The first generation of Russians built the city from scratch. By 1913, Harbin had become an established Russian colony for the construction and maintenance work on the

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panning for gold, and in 1900, Russian troops entered China, and destroyed several sentries. By 1907 there were already 1,000 households of Russian settlers in the

4248: 3743:"Unsuccessful attempts to resolve political problems in Sinkiang; extent of Soviet aid and encouragement to rebel groups in Sinkiang; border incident at Peitashan" 544:

Almost all the Kerjaks were devout Christians; they rarely communicated with other groups. According to the census in 1943, there were 1,200 Kerjaks in Bulqin and

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research. They idolized the Cossacks and their way of dealing with the harsh climate, drawing potential conclusions for the settlement of Japanese in Manchuria.

780:, a German Nazi agent, was told "Must I tell him that I am a Russian? You know how the Tungans hate the Russians." by his driver, a White Russian when meeting 751:. Later that night Jin's troops fought back, but were finally defeated and Jin had to return to give up his office, more than 70 Russians died in that battle. 435:. The Chinese government took control of institutions in Harbin such as courts, police, prison, post office, and some research and educational institutions. 4229: 991:

by the Khingan, it is quite open to Russian territory across the Argun as the river freezes in winter and presents many fords and islands even in summer.

6764: 5067: 4588: 3752:. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947. Vol. VII. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. p. 549. Documents 450–495. 3377: 684:

In 1933, Jin abdicated. In 1935, the 2nd People's Congress was held and the Guihua people were officially recognized as a minority group of Xinjiang.

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came to power, he strengthened supervision and taxation of the Russians. Freedom of movement and trade were curtailed. According to the records from

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colonel Helovsky to reinforce them, and defeated Ma Heying after two days. In June 1933, Sheng Shicai and Ma Zhongying fought a decisive battle at

594:. This caused a massive brawl by the inflamed local Turki Muslim populace against the Russians on the pretext of protecting Muslim women because 1397: 1488:

after the Chinese government permitted them to do so in 1962. The very few remaining Russians relocated back to the left riverbank during the

1404:. Having lost their livelihoods, and with most of them widowed, Doihara forced the women into prostitution, using them to create a network of 5564: 5369: 4727: 4623: 4596: 4178: 3713: 3686: 3659: 3632: 3605: 3578: 3387: 3333: 3306: 6759: 5593: 5441: 5019: 1473: 1092: 813: 816:. And later it was disbanded, all the Guihua soldiers became ordinary people. The White Russians again sided with the Soviets during the 6728: 4193: 1412:

Japanese scientists conducted human experiments on White Russian men, women and children by gassing, injecting and vivisecting them in

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With Russian influence in Harbin coming to an end, Harbin had to live under Chinese and Japanese control for the next several decades.

6774: 4759: 4314: 4107: 4029: 3212: 385: 54: 5045: 1557:, the only Russian ethnic townships in China. There continues to be disagreement over the number of ethnic Russians living in China. 4649: 4215: 3480: 3414: 3360: 411: 287: 72: 6738: 5005: 4331:

Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons

4097: 4043: 627: 580: 534: 443: 4124: 4075:. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series (illustrated ed.). M. Evans, Incorporated. p. 179. 5586: 3470: 833: 767: 5622: 5609: 5536: 5060: 4824: 4134: 4080: 4053: 1453:

shot of medicine, but instead executed them with potassium cyanide injections. Executions were also carried out by gunshots.

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of 1911, China struggled to reassert control of the Hulunbuir area which was partially achieved in 1915, fully only in 1920.

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raising taxes, prohibiting Orthodox feast days. When the archbishop of Harbin visited Dragotsenka in 1926, he was arrested.

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units had made small-scale raids onto Soviet territory. The Russian diaspora proved to be well-connected: The Russians of

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Shou, Wei-Hua; Qiao, En-Fa; Wei, Chuan-Yu; Dong, Yong-Li; Tan, Si-Jie; Shi, Hong; Tang, Wen-Ru; Xiao, Chun-Jie (2010).

1496:‚ half-bloods‘) were accused of espionage, often tortured and killed. Speaking Russian was forbidden during this time. 1476:. Most of them were repatriated to the Soviet Union over the following years, with the last significant wave going to 1329: 771: 3176: 607:

did not believe the Russian claim that they would leave them alone and only involved themselves in the mail service.

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An anti-Russian uproar broke out when Russian customs officials, three Cossacks, and a Russian courier invited local

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Zhang Peiyuan then defected and joined forces with Ma Zhongying. Together, they almost defeated Sheng Shicai at the

108: 5117: 4070: 1373: 968: 872:. The receiving countries offered them refugee assistance, including land, equipment, building materials and food. 2992: 393: 378: 5053: 3763: 1075: 845: 6022: 6703: 5181: 4819: 742:

The Guihua soldiers were unhappy with Jin's arrears of military expenditures. Several Jin dissenters persuaded

521:. They sent four heralds to negotiate with the Kazakh chief Kala Usman and they were allowed to settle down in 3551: 6566: 5921: 5385: 4794: 4408:

Shou, Wei-Hua; Qiao, En-Fa; Wei, Chuan-Yu; Dong, Yong-Li; Tan, Si-Jie; Tang, Wen-Ru; Xiao, Chun-Jie (2010).

3171: 3055: 2707: 1313: 1100: 732: 518: 432: 467:. In 1644, a Russian army was defeated by a Qing army, and some of the captives were incorporated into the 6554: 6282: 5992: 5700: 5630: 5430: 5207: 5186: 5176: 5171: 5166: 4667:

Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar (1989). "The Russians in Xinjiang: From immigrants to national minority".

3146: 1554: 1472:. The other residents received Soviet passports. In autumn 1949, the farms of the remaining Russians were 1040: 595: 504: 6294: 4554: 4284: 1312:

wood, facing south, with ocher-painted floors. A similar archaism prevailed in religion and customs. The

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authorized them to join the Bordered Yellow Banner. Their descendants exist to this day and are known as

5671: 5505: 5331: 5293: 5150: 5036: 4985: 4891: 4884: 3595: 3568: 3141: 3091:), the figure skater of Russian, Chinese, and Korean descent, had Chinese nationality from 2001 to 2010. 1393: 587: 319: 1480:

in 1955–56; Chinese farmers took over the vacated areas. Most of the Russians who stayed, emigrated to

1464:) entered the area and arrested about a quarter of the male population, esp. the larger number of the 6733: 6708: 6006: 5471: 5400: 4995: 4915: 4904: 4775: 4499: 1533: 1432: 1338: 884: 6675: 5552: 5491: 5476: 5466: 5461: 5436: 5233: 5228: 5212: 5202: 5140: 5122: 5112: 4848: 1823: 1489: 1003: 999: 916:

regiment of the People's Republic of China — Chinese Cossacks — stationed in the foothills of the

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Macartney at Kashgar: new light on British, Chinese and Russian activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918

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Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890–1918

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Macartney at Kashgar: new light on British, Chinese and Russian activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918

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Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918

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Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890–1918

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These settlers were tolerated by Chinese officials, usually themselves from nomadic groups (e.g.

976: 777: 604: 567:, which enraged the local people, who burned the Russian trade circle down under the lead of two 339: 5568: 1381: 350:

fleeing from Russia. Harbin held the largest Russian population outside of the state of Russia.

347: 1448:. After the injection, the man died at once. Bodies were buried in the unit's cattle cemetery." 6636: 6579: 5804: 5639: 5521: 5395: 5390: 5353: 5348: 5336: 5283: 5263: 4967: 4814: 4809: 4723: 4645: 4637: 4619: 4602: 4592: 4527: 4468: 4429: 4310: 4211: 4130: 4103: 4076: 4072:

Spies: A Narrative Encyclopedia of Dirty Deeds and Double Dealing from Biblical Times to Today

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and invaded western China. In doing so, Soviet forces encountered, to their surprise, Russian

756: 692: 343: 187: 4688: 3649: 499: 6654: 6631: 6584: 6501: 6412: 6179: 6169: 6113: 6102: 5787: 5751: 5659: 5481: 5421: 5278: 5268: 5083: 4909: 4843: 4831: 4804: 4676: 4517: 4507: 4460: 4421: 3819: 3799: 3084: 3067: 3059: 3037: 3029: 3004: 2996: 2983: 1436: 1346: 948: 943: 237: 221: 174: 170: 6691: 6665: 6626: 6541: 6508: 6495: 6246: 6164: 5817: 5756: 5654: 5326: 4960: 4941: 4878: 3841: 3131: 1857: 1755: 1687: 1318: 796: 711: 576: 556: 514: 313: 114: 4503: 17: 6713: 6696: 6522: 6480: 6467: 6361: 6326: 6321: 6264: 6204: 6149: 5967: 5961: 5951: 5862: 5841: 5690: 5685: 5092: 4933: 4633: 4522: 4487: 3166: 3161: 3016: 1925: 1546: 1519:

O3-M122 is the commonly shared genetic signature of Sino-Tibetan speaking ethnicities.

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but was hardly policed in a meaningful way. While the Russians erected Cossack posts (

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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.298, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,

3994: 3814: 3794: 3123: 2987: 1485: 909: 817: 781: 719: 677:, from 1930 to 1931 there were 207 Russians who went through the Guihua procedure in 545: 522: 510: 468: 4739: 6670: 6646: 6610: 6589: 6515: 6485: 6475: 6442: 6427: 6367: 6341: 6256: 6077: 6042: 6030: 5930: 5906: 5899: 5850: 5830: 5812: 5774: 5012: 4488:"Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor" 3109: 1959: 1017: 848:

learned of the Old Believers' plight and came to their aid, helping them gather in

837: 789: 748: 724: 715: 704: 646: 635: 464: 157: 678: 4512: 3988:Вестник Казачьей Выставке в Харбине 1943 г. Сборник статей о казаках и казачестве 3797:(August 9, 1969). "The first Western look at the secret H-bomb centre in China". 1369:. Russian language propaganda of Manchukuo painted local life in idyllic colors. 6456: 6395: 6383: 6378: 6348: 6219: 6084: 6036: 5956: 5946: 5941: 5823: 5762: 5745: 5733: 5726: 5715: 5665: 5321: 4953: 4230:"Unmasking Horror -- A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity" 1721: 1305: 1064: 1036: 1013: 876: 480: 363: 335: 213: 1277:

At its height, there were 21 Russian villages in the Three-River Country, with

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Transbaikalia, many hoping to return soon; (3) the largest wave: refugees from

1020:

was for a long time not interested in development of their side of the border.

703:, but were defeated when they tried to attack Qitai. The Governor of Xinjiang, 6658: 6389: 6334: 6315: 6270: 6189: 6174: 6091: 6057: 6050: 5974: 5679: 5648: 4853: 4680: 3099: 3045: 1789: 1477: 1440: 880: 785: 736: 670: 654:

Xinjiang Russians under the reign of Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai

615: 611: 568: 488: 484: 191: 4606: 3472:风雨敦煌话沧桑: 历经劫难的莫高窟 Feng yu Dunhuang hua cang sang: li jing jie nan de Mogao ku 5981: 5793: 5781: 4448: 4409: 2843: 2367: 1481: 1366: 1322: 1028: 988: 960: 917: 869: 865: 853: 849: 841: 743: 631: 564: 530: 439: 226: 4863: 4531: 4472: 4433: 1349:

in a telegram to put an end to "the bloody nightmare of the Red henchmen".

1431:"On some of the prisoners I experimented 5-6 times, testing the action of 967:, of roughly 11,500 km size. It takes its name from the three rivers 955:

id.) designates a region of former Russian settlement in the Northeast of

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Senior Sgt. Kazuo Mitomo described some of Unit 100's human experiments:

1417: 1413: 1342: 1044: 857: 809: 700: 619: 560: 495: 296: 291: 209: 149: 4464: 4425: 6534: 6236: 6224: 6214: 6194: 6154: 6144: 6139: 6134: 4744: 2911: 2809: 2673: 2503: 2435: 2401: 2265: 2197: 2129: 1993: 1405: 1401: 1321:

and check the next morning whether their dead parents had returned. On

1056: 1032: 913: 908:

Some Russians found employment and remained in China: as late as 1969,

591: 538: 126: 4360:

Minami manshū testudō Kabushiki gaisha Hokuman keizai chōsajo (1943).

6528: 6421: 6199: 6159: 6129: 6107: 6012: 5078: 4740:

Security service investigation followed Orthodox priest's deportation

3020: 2877: 2775: 2741: 2469: 1334: 1060: 984: 964: 893: 861: 760: 728: 639: 323: 261: 122: 118: 4266: 1384:

women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the

475:, nearly 100 Russians surrendered to the Qing authorities, and the 6548: 6276: 6251: 6209: 5936: 5768: 4249:"Human bones could reveal truth of Japan's 'Unit 731' experiments" 2605: 2571: 2537: 2333: 2299: 2231: 2061: 1526: 1469: 1068: 980: 549: 526: 438:

From 1932 to 1945, Harbin Russians had a difficult time under the

279: 220: 196: 3245:

Bakich, Olga Mikhailovna, "Emigre Identity: The Case of Harbin,"

1560:

Statistics as of the 2002 Census. Pink designates native region.

1492:. Soviet citizens were not harassed but those of mixed ancestry ( 695:

were responsible for vandalizing much of the Buddhist art at the

5097: 4194:"How Imperial Japan Created a Vast Drug Empire to Destroy China" 4171:"How Imperial Japan Created a Vast Drug Empire to Destroy China" 3213:"Blood Brothers: The Scarred History of China's Ethnic Russians" 1550: 1461: 572: 563:. The Russian merchants killed approximately 200 mineworkers at 283: 5582: 5049: 4748: 883:, which since 1905 had been the center of a large community of 571:

Xu Tianrao and An Yuxian. As a result, the Russians forced the

525:. After several years, they also pioneered some settlements in 4099:

The Enemy Within: A History of Spies, Spymasters and Espionage

723:

defeated Ma's army, reoccupied Zhenxi and raised the siege of

622:

and other refugees fled to Xinjiang under the lead of General

357: 322:. A record shows Harbin had a total of 68,549 people, most of 29: 4126:

Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold

714:

broke out in Xinjiang and the Province Army was defeated by

1111:

Population estimates for the Tryokhrechye by ethnic groups

4713:

Burma Road: The Story of the World's Most Romantic Highway

971:, Derbul and Khaul that descend from the heavily forested 346:. In the 1920s Harbin was flooded with 100,000 to 200,000 3403:

Sir Clarmont Percival Skrine; Pamela Nightingale (1973).

3349:

Sir Clarmont Percival Skrine; Pamela Nightingale (1973).

548:. Many moved to Australia after the establishment of the 4309:(1st ed.). New York: Tuttle Pub. pp. 157–158. 4102:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. 4014:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. pp. 114–115. 3764:"OLD BELIEVERS – Russian-Speaking Communities in Oregon" 559:

was established and many Russian merchants swarmed into

4210:

Encyclopedia of espionage, p.315, Ronald Sydney Seth,

1460:

With the Soviet invasion in 1945, the secret service (

1361:

fear, the Three-River Russians initially welcomed the

4397:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 109 f. 3975:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 112 f. 3943:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 110 f. 334:

In the decade from 1913 to 1923, Russia went through

4152:"Curse of the Golden Bat II – Lawrence of Manchuria" 4045:

White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian

1325:, the Cossacks washed and consecrated their horses. 687:

Besides damage done by previous European explorers,

579:. In 1871, the Russian Empire conquered the area of 6684: 6619: 6565: 6466: 6411: 6293: 6067: 6021: 5991: 5920: 5872: 5840: 5803: 5699: 5638: 5629: 5545: 5454: 5409: 5378: 5362: 5309: 5302: 5246: 5221: 5195: 5159: 5131: 5105: 5090: 4978: 4871: 4782: 4349:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 120. 3959:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 111. 3927:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 112. 3911:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 108. 3895:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 106. 3879:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 107. 3860:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 104. 3376:Pamela Nightingale; C.P. Skrine (5 November 2013). 3322:Pamela Nightingale; C.P. Skrine (5 November 2013). 3295:Pamela Nightingale; C.P. Skrine (5 November 2013). 634:but were finally suppressed by the Chinese warlord 203: 180: 164: 143: 133: 93: 5035:For immigrants and expatriates in Hong Kong, see: 3076:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 875:One group aboard a ship stopped for a few days in 4300: 4298: 1031:area. Some of them are said to have escaped from 739:formed the 2nd Guihua Cavalry and repulsed them. 4644:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 294. 4048:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 298. 3869: 3867: 1048:began to coalesce into the first villages, like 4555:"国家统计局：《2000年第五次人口普查数据》表1—6 省、自治区、直辖市分性别、民族的人口" 987:. While the region is naturally separated from 983:forests, in the South – the open steppe around 812:finally defeated Ma Hushan's troops during the 642:soldiers recruited by the Xinjiang government. 49:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 4395:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 4347:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 4012:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 3986:Шестаков, М. (1943). "Благодатное Трёхречье". 3973:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 3957:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 3941:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 3925:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 3909:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 3893:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 3877:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 3858:Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte 2986:, lieutenant general, deputy commander of the 1027:of 1825, political prisoners were sent to the 463:launched several military actions against the 229:, with a sign in Chinese, Russian, and Manchu. 5594: 5061: 4760: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1099:, "1930-ers"); (4) laid-off employees of the 933: 759:, Ma was defeated, and was forced to flee to 8: 6770:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China 4689:The Status of the Russian Emigrants in China 4123:Seagrave, Sterling; Seagrave, Peggy (2003). 1609: 1599: 1589: 1579: 1571: 1565: 1296:(BREM) which published the weekly newspaper 494:The earliest Russian immigrants who came to 88: 4715:The Bobbs-Merrill Company, New York (34–35) 4333:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1950. 4271:UNIT 731 Japan's Biological Warfare Project 979:in the West. In the North, there are dense 824:yellow men, now we must destroy the white. 583:and many Russian merchants migrated there. 537:. In 1861, 160 Kerjaks entered the area of 483:. From 1860 to 1884, many Russians came to 392:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5635: 5601: 5587: 5579: 5306: 5102: 5068: 5054: 5046: 4767: 4753: 4745: 4705:The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey 4589:Publishing House of Minority Nationalities 4377:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1562: 513:), who were persecuted under the reign of 87: 4521: 4511: 4362:Hokuman sanka rojin no jūtaku to seikatsu 1294:Office for the Russian Emigrants' Affairs 1095:, starting in 1929 (Russian: Тридцатники 852:and prepare for resettlement. Those from 412:Learn how and when to remove this message 73:Learn how and when to remove this message 1109: 959:, in the present-day city-prefecture of 4228:KRISTOF, NICHOLAS D. (March 17, 1995). 4129:(reprint ed.). Verso. p. 35. 3452: 3450: 3328:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 124–. 3203: 1262: 1082:The Russian Civil War and its aftermath 1052:(Russian: Манерка) at the lower Khaul. 1039:) across the river and to have married 354:Chinese control and Japanese occupation 4642:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China 4370: 3837: 3826: 975:in the East and join the border river 832:In the last days of World War II, the 5565:Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states 4693:American Journal of International Law 3211:Li Yijuan; Fan Yiying (2 June 2022). 942: 7: 5020:Under-occupied developments in China 4618:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 3556:. Hurst & Blackett. p. 143. 1353:Japanese occupation and World War II 892:with recommendations to go north to 814:Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937) 614:was defeated in the war against the 390:adding citations to reliable sources 144:Regions with significant populations 6729:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China 4585:Brief History of Russians in China) 3469:Xiuqing Yang 杨秀清, 甘肃省新闻办公室 (2006). 1409:were selling to Chinese customers. 1388:anti-Bolshevik movement during the 912:in the region identified a "Kazakh 4720:Mitya's Harbin; Majesty and Menace 4718:Zissermann, Lenore Lamont (2016), 1071:free trade zone along the border. 834:USSR entered the war against Japan 25: 6765:Chinese people of Russian descent 4364:(in Japanese). Tokyo. p. 2. 718:'s troops. So Jin Shuren ordered 588:Turki Muslim (Uyghur) prostitutes 6734:Immigrant ethnic groups in China 5077: 4862: 4150:Mana, Davide (2 December 2019). 3116: 3102: 801:Chinese swines and Russ infidels 638:. Part of them later joined the 444:Japanese occupation of Manchuria 362: 290:in China designated for China's 113:Ethnic Russians, flanked by the 107: 34: 3741:Perkins, E. Ralph, ed. (1947). 2943: 1957: 1923: 1889: 1855: 1821: 1787: 1753: 1719: 1685: 1653: 1621: 864:. Others from Sinkiang went to 517:for refusing to convert to the 4192:Preskar, Peter (Mar 7, 2021). 4169:Preskar, Peter (Mar 7, 2021). 3475:. 五洲传播出版社中信出版社. p. 158. 1289: 663: 590:to a party in January 1902 in 266: 257: 249: 1: 4587:] (in Chinese). Beijing: 4247:Ryall, Julian (15 Feb 2010). 3990:(in Russian). Harbin: 194 f. 3702:Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). 3675:Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). 3648:Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). 3621:Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). 3594:Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). 3567:Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). 3249:, Vol.99, No.1 (2000): 51–73. 1281:(Russian: Драгоценка, modern 699:. They had caused trouble in 459:During the 17th century, the 5001:History of the Jews in China 4687:Kotenev, Anatol M. (1934). " 4513:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772 3708:. iUniverse. pp. 298–. 3681:. iUniverse. pp. 221–. 3627:. iUniverse. pp. 204–. 3382:. Routledge. pp. 125–. 3301:. Routledge. pp. 124–. 3247:The South Atlantic Quarterly 3152:Chinese Eastern Railway Zone 2993:Yelizaveta Pavlovna Kishkina 998:The Argun river served as a 284:Enhe Russian Ethnic Township 139:Officially, just over 16,000 6760:Russian diaspora by country 4722:, Book Publishers Network, 4285:"Savages of the Rising Sun" 3654:. iUniverse. pp. 82–. 3600:. iUniverse. pp. 81–. 3573:. iUniverse. pp. 80–. 3553:My Russian jailers in China 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1468:, who were deported to the 772:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 727:. In 1932, the peasants of 6791: 5106:Central and Eastern Europe 4703:Schwars, Henry G. (1984). 3009:Елизавета Павловна Кишкина 1615:total local population (%） 1503: 1392:and the withdrawal of the 1300:(Russian: Казачья Жизнь). 1242:"Ethnic Russians": 1,748; 768:Battle of Urumqi (1933–34) 691:bandits escaping from the 550:People's Republic of China 311: 6775:Russian diaspora in China 6724: 5616: 5561: 5033: 4860: 4681:10.1080/02634938908400666 4616:China's ethnic minorities 4453:Journal of Human Genetics 4414:Journal of Human Genetics 4069:Nash, Jay Robert (1997). 3088: 3071: 3063: 3041: 3033: 3008: 3000: 1605:local minority population 934: 846:World Council of Churches 795:In the 1930s, during the 626:. Some of them rioted in 431:and deprived Russians of 278:officially recognized in 241: 208: 185: 169: 148: 138: 106: 6704:Local ethnic nationalism 5623:recognized ethnic groups 4991:Immigration to Hong Kong 4580: 3409:. Methuen. p. 125. 3355:. Methuen. p. 124. 1337:. For some time before, 1043:women. Since the 1870s, 944:[trʲɵxˈrʲet͡ʃjɪ] 910:an Australian journalist 575:government to pay heavy 18:Ethnic Russians in China 3172:Chinese Orthodox Church 3074:), deputy to the tenth 3056:Nikolai Ivanovich Lunev 3042:Фаина Ипатьевна Вахрева 2708:Tibet Autonomous Region 1549:. Some of them live in 1314:Russian Orthodox Church 1101:Eastern Chinese Railway 1093:Soviet collectivization 947:‘Three-River Country’, 733:Battle of Urumqi (1933) 645:From 1931 to 1938, the 519:Russian Orthodox Church 433:extraterritorial rights 6739:Historic ethnic groups 5610:Ethnic groups in China 4096:Crowdy, Terry (2011). 4042:Bisher, Jamie (2006). 3177:China–Russia relations 3147:China Far East Railway 3072:Николай Иванович Лунёв 1538: 1474:forcibly collectivized 681:and 288 in Chuguchak. 596:anti-Russian sentiment 230: 4986:Demographics of China 4711:Smith, Nicol (1940). 4289:Phantoms and Monsters 3705:Land Without Laughter 3678:Land Without Laughter 3651:Land Without Laughter 3624:Land Without Laughter 3597:Land Without Laughter 3570:Land Without Laughter 3142:Russians in Hong Kong 1530: 1504:Further information: 1076:revolutionary turmoil 963:, at the border with 924:Russians at the Argun 509:(кержаки in Russian, 320:China Eastern Railway 312:Further information: 224: 204:Related ethnic groups 121:(right), a poster in 27:Ethnic group in China 5442:United Arab Emirates 4996:Immigration to Macau 4776:Immigration to China 4669:Central Asian Survey 3550:Georg Vasel (1937). 3015:, niece of the last 1534:The Motherland Calls 885:Spiritual Christians 450:Russians in Xinjiang 386:improve this section 274:, are one of the 56 5025:Illegal immigration 4504:2014PLoSO...9j3772W 4465:10.1038/jhg.2010.30 4426:10.1038/jhg.2010.30 3750:The Far East: China 1824:South Central China 1490:Cultural Revolution 1357:In this climate of 1330:Soviet intervention 1112: 1004:treaty of Nerchinsk 1000:Sino-Russian border 254:traditional Chinese 90: 4544:Olson 1998, p. 294 4307:Unit 731 Testimony 4305:Gold, Hal (2011). 4234:The New York Times 3729:Eluosi zu jian shi 3538:Eluosi zu jian shi 3526:Eluosi zu jian shi 3514:Eluosi zu jian shi 3502:Eluosi zu jian shi 3457:Eluosi zu jian shi 3442:Eluosi zu jian shi 3430:Eluosi zu jian shi 3283:Eluosi zu jian shi 3271:Eluosi zu jian shi 3259:Eluosi zu jian shi 1539: 1110: 868:and a few went to 828:After World War II 489:Ergun Right Banner 455:Russian migrations 340:Russian Revolution 308:Russians in Harbin 246:simplified Chinese 231: 53:You can assist by 6747: 6746: 5916: 5915: 5576: 5575: 5450: 5449: 5242: 5241: 5043: 5042: 5016: 5008: 4971: 4963: 4956: 4945: 4728:978-1-940598-75-8 4625:978-7-119-03184-2 4614:Li, Xing (2003). 4598:978-7-105-08688-7 4291:. August 1, 2012. 4218:, Doubleday, 1974 3836:Missing or empty 3817:(June 15, 1969). 3715:978-0-595-01005-9 3688:978-0-595-01005-9 3661:978-0-595-01005-9 3634:978-0-595-01005-9 3607:978-0-595-01005-9 3580:978-0-595-01005-9 3389:978-1-136-57609-6 3335:978-1-136-57616-4 3308:978-1-136-57609-6 3187:Russians in Korea 3182:Russians in Japan 3137:Shanghai Russians 3050:Republic of China 3026:Chiang Fang-liang 3019:of pre-Bolshevik 2975: 2974: 1506:Shanghai Russians 1500:Shanghai Russians 1446:potassium cyanide 1390:Russian Civil War 1363:Japanese invasion 1259: 1258: 1088:Russian Civil War 1025:Decembrist revolt 973:Khingan Mountains 903:Willamette Valley 887:from Russia. The 693:Russian Civil War 422: 421: 414: 344:Russian Civil War 219: 218: 188:Russian Orthodoxy 101: 97: 89:Russians in China 83: 82: 75: 16:(Redirected from 6782: 6605:Tajiks (Pamiris) 5636: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5580: 5563:Related topics: 5307: 5103: 5084:Russian diaspora 5082: 5081: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5047: 5037:Hong Kong people 5011: 5003: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4939: 4918: 4894: 4887: 4866: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4746: 4708: 4684: 4655: 4629: 4610: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4525: 4515: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4368: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4225: 4219: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4177:. 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2069: 2064: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1655:31 Province area 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1616: 1606: 1596: 1586: 1576: 1568: 1563: 1347:President Hoover 1298:The Cossack Life 1291: 1271: 1267: 1119:Total population 1113: 946: 941: 937: 936: 675:Xinjiang Gazette 665: 541:to settle down. 508: 417: 410: 406: 403: 397: 366: 358: 268: 259: 251: 243: 134:Total population 111: 99: 95: 91: 78: 71: 67: 64: 58: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6720: 6692:Han nationalism 6680: 6627:African Chinese 6615: 6561: 6462: 6407: 6289: 6247:Sichuan Mongols 6063: 6017: 5987: 5912: 5868: 5836: 5799: 5695: 5625: 5612: 5607: 5577: 5572: 5557: 5541: 5446: 5405: 5374: 5358: 5298: 5238: 5217: 5191: 5155: 5127: 5095: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5044: 5039: 5029: 4974: 4914: 4890: 4883: 4867: 4858: 4778: 4773: 4736: 4702: 4666: 4663: 4661:Further reading 4658: 4652: 4634:Olson, James S. 4632: 4626: 4613: 4599: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4369: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4209: 4205: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4023: 4019: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3873: 3872: 3865: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3835: 3825: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3240: 3236:Li 2003, p. 100 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3132:Harbin Russians 3122: 3117: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3011:), the wife of 2980: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858:Southwest China 1856: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756:Northeast China 1754: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688:Northwest China 1686: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1525: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1433:Korean bindweed 1355: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1264: 1084: 1002:since the 1689 939: 926: 830: 797:Kumul Rebellion 712:Kumul Rebellion 656: 577:war reparations 557:Treaty of Kulja 515:Peter the Great 502: 473:Battle of Yagsi 457: 452: 442:régime and the 418: 407: 401: 398: 383: 367: 356: 316: 314:Harbin Russians 310: 305: 288:ethnic township 272:Russian Chinese 242:Pусские в Китае 234:Ethnic Russians 225:Bread store in 194: 186:Predominantly: 160:and other areas 129: 117:(left) and the 102: 98: 86: 79: 68: 62: 59: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6752: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6714:Zhonghua minzu 6706: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6417: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6364: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6312: 6307: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5705: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5644: 5642: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5537:United Kingdom 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5363:Southeast Asia 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5313: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5100: 5093:Russian Empire 5088: 5087: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5009: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4957: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4875: 4873: 4872:From elsewhere 4869: 4868: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4734:External links 4732: 4731: 4730: 4716: 4709: 4700: 4685: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4630: 4624: 4611: 4597: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4546: 4537: 4498:(8): e103772. 4478: 4459:(5): 314–322. 4439: 4420:(5): 314–322. 4400: 4384: 4352: 4336: 4322: 4316:978-1462900824 4315: 4294: 4276: 4258: 4239: 4220: 4203: 4184: 4181:on 2021-03-28. 4161: 4142: 4135: 4115: 4109:978-1780962245 4108: 4088: 4081: 4061: 4054: 4034: 4030:978-0714656908 4017: 4001: 3978: 3962: 3946: 3930: 3914: 3898: 3882: 3863: 3847: 3806: 3786: 3780: 3755: 3733: 3721: 3714: 3694: 3687: 3667: 3660: 3640: 3633: 3613: 3606: 3586: 3579: 3559: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3481: 3461: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3415: 3395: 3388: 3368: 3361: 3341: 3334: 3314: 3307: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3238: 3229: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167:Burhan Shahidi 3164: 3162:Chinese Tatars 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3113: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3078: 3064:尼古拉·伊萬諾維奇·盧尼奧夫 3053: 3023: 3017:Prime Minister 2990: 2979: 2978:Notable people 2976: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2945:In active duty 2941: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1926:Inner Mongolia 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1578: 1570: 1547:Inner Mongolia 1524: 1523:Current status 1521: 1512: 1509: 1501: 1498: 1450: 1449: 1354: 1351: 1345:pleaded to US 1273: 1272: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1122:Density per km 1120: 1117: 1083: 1080: 957:Inner Mongolia 932:(Russian: 925: 922: 856:and some from 829: 826: 770:. During the 697:Mogao Grottoes 689:White movement 669:In 1928, when 655: 652: 477:Kangxi Emperor 461:Russian Empire 456: 453: 451: 448: 429:Russian Empire 420: 419: 402:September 2024 370: 368: 361: 355: 352: 309: 306: 304: 301: 217: 216: 206: 205: 201: 200: 183: 182: 178: 177: 167: 166: 162: 161: 154:Inner Mongolia 146: 145: 141: 140: 136: 135: 131: 130: 112: 104: 103: 94: 84: 81: 80: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6787: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6567:Indo-European 6564: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6230:Upper Mongols 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5922:Austroasiatic 5919: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5284:United States 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5133:Baltic states 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4699:(3): 562–565. 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4675:(2): 97–129. 4674: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4651:0-313-28853-4 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4267:"Experiments" 4262: 4259: 4254: 4253:The Telegraph 4250: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4216:9780385016094 4213: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4198:Short History 4195: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4175:Short History 4172: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3995:Mother Russia 3989: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3830: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3815:Francis James 3810: 3807: 3803:. p. 10. 3802: 3801: 3796: 3795:Francis James 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3528:, pp.25 – 26. 3527: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3504:, pp.22 – 23. 3503: 3498: 3495: 3484: 3482:7-5085-0916-1 3478: 3474: 3473: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3416:9780416653908 3412: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3396: 3391: 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During the 470: 469:Eight Banners 466: 462: 454: 449: 447: 445: 441: 436: 434: 430: 425: 416: 413: 405: 395: 391: 387: 381: 380: 376: 371:This section 369: 365: 360: 359: 353: 351: 349: 348:White émigrés 345: 341: 337: 332: 329: 325: 321: 315: 307: 302: 300: 298: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276:ethnic groups 273: 269: 263: 255: 247: 239: 235: 228: 223: 215: 211: 207: 202: 198: 193: 189: 184: 179: 176: 172: 168: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 137: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 110: 105: 92: 77: 74: 66: 63:December 2023 56: 50: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 6653: 6647:Kaifeng Jews 6603: 6597: 6596: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6420: 6400: 6388: 6366: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6314: 6302: 6275: 6263: 6112: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6056: 6049: 6035: 6005: 5993:Austronesian 5980: 5973: 5966: 5929: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5861: 5849: 5829: 5822: 5792: 5780: 5773: 5761: 5744: 5732: 5725: 5708: 5701:Lolo-Burmese 5678: 5664: 5647: 5631:Sino-Tibetan 5618: 5569:White émigré 5431:Russian Jews 5316: 5222:Other states 5182:Turkmenistan 5160:Central Asia 4948: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4672: 4668: 4641: 4615: 4584: 4558:. 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Retrieved 3216: 3206: 3110:China portal 1960:Heilongjiang 1595:in China (%) 1593:all Russians 1559: 1540: 1537:in Manchuria 1532: 1518: 1514: 1493: 1466:tridtsatniki 1465: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1426: 1422: 1411: 1400:armies from 1382:White émigré 1378: 1371: 1356: 1327: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1265: 1245: 1243: 1105: 1097:tridtsatniki 1096: 1085: 1073: 1054: 1049: 1022: 1018:Qing dynasty 1007: 997: 993: 952: 930:Tryokhrechye 929: 927: 907: 897: 888: 874: 838:Old Believer 831: 822: 806: 800: 794: 790:Ma Zhongying 776: 765: 753: 749:Sheng Shicai 741: 716:Ma Zhongying 709: 705:Yang Zengxin 686: 683: 674: 668: 657: 644: 636:Yang Zengxin 609: 601: 585: 554: 543: 493: 458: 437: 426: 423: 408: 399: 384:Please help 372: 333: 317: 286:is the only 271: 265: 233: 232: 158:Heilongjiang 85:Ethnic group 69: 60: 47:copy editing 45:may require 44: 6491:Fuyu Kyrgyz 5532:Switzerland 5386:Afghanistan 5370:Philippines 5322:Albazinians 4954:Albazinians 4938:Portuguese 4905:Australians 4156:Karavansara 3261:, pp.7 – 8. 1864:193,085,172 1830:350,658,477 1796:358,849,244 1762:104,864,179 1728:145,896,933 1722:North China 1611:Russians as 1601:Russians as 1585:(Eluosi Zu) 1494:polukrovtsy 1359:anti-Soviet 1328:During the 1306:blockhouses 1279:Dragotsenka 1246:polukrovtsy 1128:Han Chinese 1065:Han Chinese 1037:penal labor 1014:Transbaikal 877:Los Angeles 778:Georg Vasel 503: [ 481:Albazinians 465:Qing Empire 336:World War I 214:Albazinians 6754:Categories 6697:chauvinism 6676:Pakistanis 6659:Chaoxianzu 6271:Sogwo Arig 6190:Muumyangan 6175:Khishigten 6023:Hmong-Mien 5975:Vietnamese 5619:Underlined 5379:South Asia 5208:Azerbaijan 5187:Uzbekistan 5177:Tajikistan 5172:Kyrgyzstan 5167:Kazakhstan 4854:Vietnamese 4849:Pakistanis 4136:1859845428 4082:0871317907 4055:1135765952 3488:2010-06-28 3217:Sixth Tone 3193:References 3052:in 1978–88 3046:First Lady 2918:40,397,598 2884:32,471,242 2850:30,512,763 2816:43,854,538 2782:34,097,947 2646:45,930,651 2612:58,999,948 2578:63,274,173 2544:59,508,870 2510:35,247,695 2476:42,360,089 2408:82,348,296 2374:85,225,007 2340:91,236,854 2306:25,124,282 2238:26,802,191 2204:73,043,577 2170:89,971,789 2136:35,365,072 2102:16,407,734 2068:66,684,419 2034:41,824,412 2000:13,569,194 1966:36,237,576 1932:23,323,347 1898:18,459,511 1790:East China 1694:89,258,221 1575:Population 1478:Kazakhstan 1441:castor oil 1323:Whitmonday 1283:Sanhexiang 1248:): 3,468 1236:ca. 50,000 1188:ca. 1,000 1182:ca. 11,000 1176:ca. 13,100 1041:indigenous 1023:After the 905:, Oregon. 881:California 737:Jin Shuren 671:Jin Shuren 616:Bolsheviks 612:White Army 485:Hulun Buir 342:, and the 195:minority: 192:Irreligion 55:editing it 6575:Armenians 6496:Ili Turks 6092:Dongxiang 5788:Qixingmin 5672:subgroups 5660:Chuanqing 5621:: the 56 5553:Australia 5410:West Asia 5332:Hong Kong 5310:East Asia 5294:Venezuela 5274:Guatemala 5254:Argentina 5151:Lithuania 5006:Hong Kong 4929:Nigerians 4924:Canadians 4916:Hong Kong 4900:Americans 4892:Hong Kong 4885:Guangzhou 4800:Filipinos 4790:Armenians 4783:From Asia 4638:"Russian" 4607:298347724 4373:cite book 3829:cite news 3198:Citations 2950:2,498,600 2844:Chongqing 2748:7,559,035 2714:2,616,329 2680:5,486,393 2442:4,822,963 2368:Guangdong 2272:9,848,731 1482:Australia 1367:Manchukuo 1244:"Mixed" ( 1202:ca. 3,000 1185:ca. 1,100 1029:Nerchinsk 1012:) in the 989:Manchuria 961:Hulunbuir 935:Трёхречье 918:Tien Shan 870:Australia 866:Argentina 854:Manchuria 850:Hong Kong 842:Red Cross 820:in 1944. 744:Pappengut 632:Chuguchak 610:When the 605:Sarikolis 565:Chuguchak 531:Chuguchak 498:were the 440:Manchukuo 373:does not 227:Manzhouli 165:Languages 6666:Macanese 6637:Japanese 6598:Russians 6580:Iranians 6476:Altaians 6413:Tungusic 6185:Khuuchid 6180:Khorchin 6170:Kharchin 6125:Abaganar 6098:Hamnigan 6069:Mongolic 6001:Filipino 5818:Gyalrong 5506:Svalbard 5472:Bulgaria 5401:Pakistan 5337:Shanghai 5247:Americas 5196:Caucasus 4979:See also 4968:Shanghai 4949:Russians 4879:Africans 4837:Shanghai 4825:Shanghai 4820:Japanese 4815:Iranians 4810:Israelis 4636:(1998). 4591:. 2008. 4532:25090432 4492:PLOS ONE 4473:20414255 4434:20414255 4255:. Tokyo. 3096:See also 3081:Misha Ge 3013:Li Lisan 2640:Zhejiang 2164:Shandong 2096:Shanghai 2028:Liaoning 1892:Xinjiang 1583:in China 1581:Russians 1543:Xinjiang 1511:Genetics 1418:Unit 100 1414:Unit 731 1406:brothels 1398:Japanese 1343:Shanghai 1308:made of 1125:Russians 1045:Cossacks 860:went to 858:Sinkiang 810:Red Army 757:Ziniquan 701:Xinjiang 620:Cossacks 561:Xinjiang 496:Xinjiang 297:Cossacks 267:Éluósīzú 210:Russians 181:Religion 150:Xinjiang 6685:Related 6655:Koreans 6632:Indians 6585:Nepalis 6555:Western 6535:Uyghurs 6436:Manchus 6327:Tai Nua 6322:Tai Lue 6295:Kra–Dai 6283:Eastern 6265:Monguor 6237:Onnigud 6225:Torghut 6215:Khoshut 6205:Dzungar 6195:Naimans 6165:Khalkha 6155:Jalaids 6145:Chahars 6140:Buryats 6135:Baarins 6114:Mongols 6103:Kangjia 6007:Gaoshan 5863:Tibetan 5842:Tibetic 5805:Qiangic 5752:Laomian 5691:Waxiang 5686:Longjia 5640:Sinitic 5546:Oceania 5512:Romania 5492:Germany 5477:Croatia 5467:Belgium 5462:Austria 5437:Lebanon 5289:Uruguay 5234:Moldova 5229:Finland 5213:Georgia 5203:Armenia 5141:Estonia 5123:Ukraine 5113:Belarus 5096:or the 5091:Former 5013:Kaifeng 4910:Britons 4844:Nepalis 4832:Koreans 4805:Indians 4795:Burmese 4573:Sources 4560:13 June 4523:4121179 4500:Bibcode 4273:. 2019. 3773:13 June 3731:, p.30. 3540:, p.27. 3516:, p.24. 3459:, p.18. 3444:, p.16. 3432:, p.14. 3285:, p.11. 3085:Chinese 3068:Russian 3060:Chinese 3048:of the 3044:), the 3038:Russian 3030:Chinese 3005:Russian 2997:Chinese 2970:0.00088 2938:0.00001 2912:Jiangxi 2904:0.00002 2870:0.00004 2836:0.00003 2810:Guangxi 2802:0.00004 2768:0.00019 2734:0.00076 2700:0.00038 2674:Ningxia 2666:0.00005 2632:0.00004 2598:0.00004 2564:0.00004 2530:0.00009 2504:Guizhou 2496:0.00008 2462:0.00100 2436:Qinghai 2428:0.00006 2402:Sichuan 2394:0.00006 2360:0.00006 2326:0.00022 2292:0.00061 2266:Tianjin 2258:0.00024 2224:0.00009 2198:Jiangsu 2190:0.00008 2156:0.00020 2130:Shaanxi 2122:0.00046 2088:0.00015 2054:0.00036 2020:0.00159 1994:Beijing 1986:0.00073 1952:0.02152 1918:0.04840 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