677:
1019:
1206:
1011:
921:
913:
834:. Most Exzidi live in southern Kurdistan (Northern Iraq, the Sheikhan area near Mosul, the Sinjar mountains), southwestern Kurdistan (Northern Syria), northwestern Kurdistan (southeastern Turkey), as well as in Armenia, Georgia, Russia, the Ukraine, the USA, Germany and other countries of Western Europe. the overwhelming majority consider themselves ethnically Kurdish, although Yazidis are religiously distinct from Iraq's predominantly Sunni Kurdish population.
1389:
266:
1362:, the Jews were re-integrated into Iraqi society. Following his overthrow in the 1963 revolution and further coup, the Jewish community faced persecution again. Most of the Jews fled Iraq. Gradually as Saddam Hussein rose to power, the remaining Jews were granted protection and freedom. Between 500 to 1,000 Jews remained in Iraq, across Baghdad, Mosul, Basra and Erbil in Kurdistan. They were not allowed to have jobs in the government and military.
1329:. Armenians have a long history of association with Mesopotamia, going back to pre-Christian times. The Armenians have historically been a thriving community in Iraq with football clubs (Nadi Armeni) and other establishments. Armenian folk music and dance is admired in Iraq. Most Iraqi Armenians live in Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra and their population is estimated at around 10,000 down from 70,000 before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
251:
5566:
5161:
4756:
4331:
669:
5576:
5171:
4766:
4341:
76:
3211:
601:
35:
759:
for full independence rather than reconciliation with Iraq." Almost no other political or social group in the region is agreeable to the idea of
Kurdish independence. Iraq's neighboring countries such as Turkey are particularly opposed to the movement because they fear that an independent Iraqi Kurdistan would strengthen Kurdish independence movements in their own territories.
4351:
4361:
178:
897:
signed decree number 666 which legalized and ordered the confiscation, forced deportation, exile and detention of Feyli Kurds. Saddam justified the decree by accusing Feyli Kurds of having "foreign origin" and "disloyalty to the people and father land and to the political and social principles of the
779:
region, told the
Kurdish parliament the national leadership were "failures" and that the Iraqi flag was a symbol of his people's past oppression by Baghdad: "If at any moment we, the Kurdish people and parliament, consider that it is in our interests to declare independence, we will do so and we will
758:
and the fall of Saddam, brought renewed hope to the Kurds. The Kurds have since been working towards developing the area and pushing for democracy in the country. However, most Kurds overwhelmingly favor becoming an independent nation. "In the
January 2005 Iraqi elections, 98.7 percent of Kurds voted
798:
There are about 60,000–400,000 Shabaks in Iraq. They are an ethnic and religious minority, retaining their own distinct Pre
Islamic religion. They are an Indo-European people and speak an Indo-European language with elements of Turkish and Arabic infused. The Shabak's origin are not well-known, many
2261:
Turkomans are descendents of
Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants... The 1957 census, Iraq's last reliable count before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, put the country's population at 6,300,000 and the Turkoman population at 567,000, about 9 per cent...Subsequent censuses,
1449:
period, was the most important in the world with 30,000–50,000 of the 70,000 total living in the country mainly in the area around the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. Mandaeans, although an ethnic and religious minority, consider themselves Iraqi and have supported the Iraqi nation patriotically. They
1365:
During the oil boom of the 1970s, massive infrastructure projects were proposed by the government. Among them was the construction of a road in
Baghdad, where an old Jewish cemetery lies on the route. The cemetery was transferred to another location in the Shi'ite neighborhood of Sadr City, under
968:
According to the 1957 Iraqi census the
Turkmen/Turkoman had a population of 567,000, accounting for 9% of the total Iraqi population. By 2013, the Iraqi Ministry of Planning said that there were 3 million Turkmen/Turkoman, out of a population of 34.7 million, forming 8.65% of the population. The
770:
north. Maliki's Arab Shi'ite-led government was locked in a dispute with the autonomous
Kurdish regional government, which has banned the use of the Iraqi state flag on public buildings. The prime minister issued a blunt statement on Sunday saying: "The Iraqi flag is the only flag that should be
2229:
There's a strong conflict of opinions regarding the origins of Iraqi
Turkmen, however, it is certain that they settled down during the Ottoman rule in the northwest of Mosul, whence they spread to eastern Baghdad. Once there, they became high ranked officers, experts, traders, and executives in
2196:
The largest number of Turkmen immigrants followed the army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent when he conquered all of Iraq in 1535. Throughout their reign, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along the loosely formed boundary that divided Arab and Kurdish settlements in
2604:
The modern Turkish influence was strong until Arabic became the new offıcial language in the 1930s. A certain diglossia Turkish vs. Iraqi Turkic is still observable. Turkish as a prestige language has exerted profound influence on Iraqi Turkic. Thus, the syntax differs sharply from neighboring
1558:, Afro-Iraqis also retain some cultural and religious traditions from their ancestral homeland. They suffer considerable discrimination due to their race, and, as a result, are restricted to working as entertainers or menial laborers. Moreover, they are often addressed by other Iraqis as '
1237:(Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Babylon, Adiabene, Osroene and Hatra). They speak various Neo-Aramaic dialects and have their own written scripts. They began to convert to Christianity in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD formerly having followed the ancient Sumerian-Akkadian religion (also known as
2359:
The last reliable census in Iraqi – and the only one in which participants could declare their mother tongue – was in 1957. It found that Turkomans were the third largest ethnicity in Iraq, after Arabs and Kurds. The Turkomans numbered 567,000 out of a total population of
893:. In the mid 1970s, the Iraqi government launched a campaign of forced deportation and exile targeting the Feyli Kurds. In 1970, more than 70,000 Feylis were deported to Iran and their citizenship was revoked, alleging that they were Iranian nationals. On 7 May 1980,
884:
population. They are known for being very wealthy businessmen, bankers, merchants, politicians, senators, highly educated and dominated the politics and economy of Iraq especially during the 30s until the 70s. Unlike the other sunni Kurds the Feylis speak the
2230:
residential agglomerations lined up along the vast, fertile plains, and mingled with Kurds, Assyrians, Arabs, and other confessions. With the creation of the new Iraqi state in 1921, Iraqi Turkmen managed to maintain their socioeconomic status.
2246:
973:
region – which is a political term used by the Turkmen/Turkoman to define the vast swath of territory in which they have historically had a dominant population. In particular, the Turkmen/Turkoman consider the capital of Turkmeneli to be
960:. Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman have found themselves increasingly discriminated against from the policies of successive regimes, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1923, 1947, 1959, and in 1979 when the
1636:
was kidnapped on February 23, 2008. Three of his companions were also murdered during the kidnapping. His body was found in March, and an Iraqi Al-Qaeda leader, Ahmed Ali Ahmed, known as Abu Omar, was sentenced to death in May for this
1244:
The Assyrian minority came under persecution during Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime. When Hussein first assumed power, the Assyrian population there numbered 2 million to 2.5 million. Many have fled to neighboring countries such as
1006:
in 1785, however, there is no clear reference to Turkmeneli until the end of the twentieth century. According to Khalil Osman there has been "a raft of federalist schemes" proposed by various Turkmen/Turkoman political parties.
964:
discriminated against the community. Although the Turks were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq (alongside the Arabs and Kurds) in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman were later denied this status.
2163:
Turkmen, Iraqi citizens of Turkish origin, are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, and they are said to number about 3 million of Iraq's 34.7 million citizens according to the Iraqi Ministry of
1454:
in Iraq, Saddam Hussein even allocated the land owned by the Iraqi ministry of finance to the Mandaeans in the 1980s, granting the Mandaeans a free 1,200 square meters of land, which allowed for the construction of the
1241:). There are believed to be no more than 500,000 Assyrians remaining in Iraq, with a large concentration in the diaspora. They are Iraq's fourth largest ethnic group after the Arabs, the Kurds and the Iraqi Turkmen.
731:, a systematic genocide of the Kurdish people in Iraq, was launched. For this, Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures, including the use of
718:
took power in Iraq, the new government, in order to end the Kurdish revolt, granted the Kurds their own limited autonomy. However, for various reasons, including the pro-Iranian sympathies of some Kurds during the
765:
was at loggerheads with the leader of ethnic Kurds, who brandished the threat of secession in a growing row over the symbolic issue of flying the Iraqi national flag at government buildings in the autonomous
2256:
1562:, meaning "slave". In the mid-9th century, black slaves around Basra rose in a rebellion, conquering their former masters and ruling the city for 15 years before being put down by forces sent by the
2807:
3593:
1459:. The Mandaeans were considered an economically successful community, and had achieved high levels in Iraqi society, and are held in high regard as silversmiths, goldsmiths, academics and poets.
2578:
There is a Turkish – or rather Azerbaijanian-speaking part of the population of northern Iraq which is sometimes called "Turkmen", similar to the Yuruk tribes in the Balkans and in Anatolia.
952:
and adhere to that heritage and identity, this is because most Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq from
362:
3115:
1422:, are one of the smallest ethno-religious groups in the world, with only about 75,000 followers worldwide. The oldest independent confirmation of Mandaean existence in the region is
1370:
in Baghdad continued to function, which was also restored by Saddam. Remaining Jewish sites, some of them also revered by Muslims and Christians were protected by the Ba'ath regime.
711:
rebelled against Qassem's policies, he allowed Barzānī to return from exile to help suppress the pro-Nasser rebels. By 1961, Barzānī and the Kurds began a full-scale rebellion.
3622:
1343:
Iraq was home to one of the oldest Jewish communities of the Middle East. During the Ottoman period, the Jews were part of society in Iraq. Iraq's first finance minister was
3892:
3506:
961:
2983:"مندى الصابئة - بغداد". ديوان أوقاف الديانات المسيحية والأيزيدية والصابئة المندائية / Endowments of the Christian, Ezidian & Sabian Mandaean Religious Divan
1947:
1922:
2994:
1262:
638:
1164:
Christianity has a presence in Iraq dating to the 1st century AD. The Christian community in Iraq is relatively small, and further dwindled due to the
3510:
199:
186:
3882:
898:
Revolution", deporting over 700 000 Feylis to Iran. However, since 2003 many Feyli kurds have returned to Iraq and been granted Iraqi citizenship.
5480:
5075:
4670:
2116:
1430:
and there is archaeological evidence that attests to the Mandaean presence in pre-Islamic Iraq. The Mandaeans were originally native speakers of
5531:
4885:
5126:
3198:
3112:
2885:
2679:
2446:
2415:
2292:
2222:
2156:
2090:
2058:
1822:
1735:
1716:
453:
3634:
3144:
1456:
822:
Today, there are around 650,000 Ezidis in Iraq who live in northern parts of Iraq. All speak Kurdish with the exception of the two villages
5207:
4802:
4397:
3541:
569:
511:
3536:
5541:
5230:
3171:
3162:
3148:
784:
and Kurds, the second great threat to Iraq's survival as a state after the growing sectarian conflict between Arab Sunnis and Shi'ites.
551:
547:
93:
48:
3526:
3491:
1146:
may have also led to the standardisation of Turkmeni towards Turkish, and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the
880:
during the 1600 and 1700 hundreds. Their population is estimated to be around 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 in Iraq which is about 30% of the
5455:
5136:
4721:
3887:
3803:
531:
357:
5500:
5300:
3931:
2949:
2557:
2328:
2189:
1280:
attempts at Assyrian cities are in progress. This was after the Kurdish takeover of Assyrian towns in the Kurdistan region (such as
476:
471:
466:
224:
159:
62:
5050:
3600:
3588:
2982:
676:
1793:
1018:
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4935:
4930:
4825:
4019:
4004:
2715:
2407:
2109:
1653:
October 2006: Orthodox priest, Boulos Iskander, kidnapped in Mosul and subsequently beheaded, and his arms and legs were cut off.
1644:
501:
496:
491:
399:
140:
3615:
1450:
gained large protection from the Ba'ath Party against persecution with the Ba'athist regime helping pay for the construction of
807:'First Edition' from 1913-1936, states that the Shabaks are "a religious community of Kurdish origin in the wilāyet of Mawṣil."
5290:
5055:
5030:
4845:
4835:
4731:
3877:
3863:
3265:
319:
112:
5536:
3481:
1812:
1273:. Assyrians have traditionally made good soldiers, during the Iran–Iraq War, many were recruited to the armies of both sides.
5600:
5495:
5445:
5400:
4895:
2913:
2808:"In Iraq, respect for the Jews Baghdad: A tiny minority that has seen good days and bad is treated well under Saddam Hussein"
1300:
631:
97:
4645:
3176:
5505:
5131:
2618:
1010:
5470:
5450:
5415:
5370:
5295:
5090:
4995:
4990:
4960:
4860:
4690:
421:
119:
5340:
5335:
4354:
3627:
5460:
5435:
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5330:
5310:
5305:
5280:
5250:
5240:
5100:
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4830:
611:
5546:
5425:
5420:
5045:
5010:
4965:
3605:
1756:
5490:
5440:
5375:
5365:
5265:
5105:
5040:
5005:
4910:
4850:
4176:
3941:
3904:
3836:
1355:
1338:
1177:
587:
5465:
5380:
5360:
5245:
5235:
4945:
4925:
4875:
4480:
3521:
325:
5510:
5410:
5345:
5325:
5315:
5275:
5260:
5255:
5141:
5020:
5015:
4726:
1118:
which has exerted a profound historical influence on their dialect. In addition, the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman grammar
126:
5610:
5551:
5430:
5405:
5385:
5320:
5285:
5270:
5085:
5035:
4980:
4970:
4915:
4865:
4685:
4590:
4029:
4009:
3851:
3841:
3831:
3531:
3300:
3031:
2967:
2485:
The predominantly Muslim Turkmen are an ethnic group with close cultural and linguistic ties to Anatolia in Turkey.
2252:
2181:
1205:
920:
750:, fighting Kurds on its on territory, bombed Kurdish areas in Northern Iraq, claiming that bases for the terrorist
302:
293:
5390:
5355:
4840:
191:
86:
5605:
4940:
4920:
4905:
4900:
4870:
4855:
4695:
4530:
4525:
3981:
3826:
3396:
3191:
2844:
1435:
1067:
624:
524:
448:
5146:
5065:
5025:
5000:
4890:
4880:
4640:
4605:
4560:
1003:
5222:
5200:
4985:
4950:
4817:
4795:
4440:
4420:
4412:
4390:
4068:
4039:
3683:
2840:
2097:
The Turkic-speaking Turkomans/Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq after the Arabs and the Kurds.
1657:
1214:
1173:
1071:
1059:
839:
108:
4650:
4625:
4540:
4520:
4470:
4430:
2548:
Bulut, Christiane (2000), "Optative constructions in Iraqi Turkmen", in Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (eds.),
2262:
in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation.
1814:
Kurds and Yezidis in the Middle East: Shifting Identities, Borders, and the Experience of Minority Communities
998:. According to Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield, the Turkmen/Turkoman note that the term "Turcomania" – an
4736:
4615:
4610:
4490:
4680:
4630:
4565:
4555:
4455:
4296:
4044:
3708:
3441:
2335:
The 1957 Iraqi census — the last in which the Turkmens were permitted to register — counted 567,000 Turkmens
2050:
1623:
August 10, 2009: Truck bombs kill at least 28 people in the Shabak village of Khazna, in Nineveh governorate
751:
54:
4655:
4570:
4550:
4435:
4425:
3153:
4700:
4600:
4585:
4535:
4515:
4505:
4465:
4450:
4445:
3999:
3858:
3728:
3703:
3573:
3325:
2021:"جريمة إبادة الكرد الفيليين … والصمت الحكومي والتجاهل الرسمي عن إستذكار هذه الفاجعة الآليمة ! !"
1996:"جريمة إبادة الكرد الفيليين … والصمت الحكومي والتجاهل الرسمي عن إستذكار هذه الفاجعة الآليمة ! !"
1761:
1169:
804:
315:
4741:
4660:
4620:
4595:
4575:
4510:
4485:
4475:
2644:
4580:
4545:
4495:
4103:
3971:
3583:
3456:
3435:
3355:
3315:
2572:
Boeschoten, Hendrik (1998), "Speakers of Turkic Languages", in Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (eds.),
1871:
1511:
1367:
755:
559:
386:
337:
1590:
948:
are the third largest ethnic group in the country, after the Arabs and Kurds. They are a branch of the
746:
in northern Iraq, which was never recognized by the Iraqi government until 2005. During the same year,
4635:
4198:
4080:
4014:
3976:
3872:
3798:
3793:
3718:
3566:
3184:
1971:
1681:
1478:
1427:
1159:
1139:
1042:
population (about 60%-70%) but there is also a significant number of Turkmen/Turkoman practicing the
426:
406:
279:
5520:
5193:
5115:
4788:
4710:
4460:
4383:
4140:
4098:
4024:
3899:
3821:
3350:
3320:
3305:
2148:
1838:
1650:
June 4, 2007: 2 churches attacked, Ragheed Ganni, a priest, and three men were shot dead in church.
1629:
1612:
912:
582:
574:
366:
5575:
5170:
4765:
4340:
1732:
4271:
4266:
4251:
4213:
4188:
3986:
3921:
3556:
3365:
3280:
3006:
2848:
2531:
1633:
1051:
800:
704:
700:
308:
3546:
1233:. More generally speaking, the Assyrians (like the Mandeans) are the descendants of the ancient
720:
133:
2284:
2278:
1388:
4291:
4256:
4093:
4034:
3936:
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3811:
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http://www.chaldean.org/news/detail.asp?iData=225&iCat=80&iChannel=2&nChannel=News
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1712:
1706:
1451:
1393:
1359:
1326:
1320:
1200:
1082:. Some linguists have suggested that the dialect spoken by Turkmen/Turkoman is similar to the
857:
728:
707:, he faced growing opposition from pro-Egypt officers in the Iraqi army. When the garrison in
441:
411:
298:
4364:
1570:
regime, Afro-Iraqis have once again begun to struggle for an improvement in their condition.
4183:
4118:
4108:
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3758:
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1131:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1079:
1063:
1055:
933:
890:
886:
743:
732:
416:
241:
3088:
3019:
2474:
4281:
4246:
4135:
4130:
4049:
3960:
3698:
3551:
3463:
3451:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3295:
3270:
3255:
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2971:
2903:
2787:
2775:
2743:
1884:
1739:
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1222:
1218:
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1123:
1075:
881:
776:
762:
688:
663:
332:
1640:
January 6, 2008: 7 Assyrian churches bombed: three churches in Mosul and four in Baghdad.
1524:) ethnic minority was looked down upon as second-class citizens under Ba'ath party rule.
1098:. However, the Turkmen/Turkoman dialect is particularly close to the Turkish dialects of
742:, the Kurds began another uprising against the Ba'athists and established the autonomous
715:
684:
The vast majority of Iraqi Kurds are Sunni Muslims, with Shia and Christian minorities.
17:
4261:
4236:
3516:
3446:
2938:
1567:
1344:
1304:
1181:
969:
Turkmen/Turkoman minority mainly reside in northern and central Iraq, in the so-called
957:
949:
894:
864:, the region between Iraq and Iran, they live in the central and northeastern parts of
767:
564:
3130:
2594:
1546:, having been brought to the region as slaves over one thousand years ago to work the
5594:
5569:
5164:
4759:
4334:
4286:
4276:
4241:
4193:
4170:
4145:
4113:
3909:
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1517:
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793:
772:
2535:
250:
4160:
3926:
3723:
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3426:
3416:
3250:
3131:
Basile Georges Casmoussa, Catholic Archbishop, Taken Hostage In Iraq: Diggers Realm
2929:
2832:
1948:"The Feyli Kurds in Iraq: A Geopolitical Crisis with Complex Identity Consequences"
1923:"The Feyli Kurds in Iraq: A Geopolitical Crisis with Complex Identity Consequences"
1626:
June 20, 2009: Truck bomb kills at least 70 people in a Turkmen village near Kirkuk
1579:
1439:
1234:
995:
696:
537:
1130:
as the formal written language and by 2005 the community leaders decided that the
1087:
1070:
in 1624; thereafter, in 1640, the Turkish varieties continued to be influenced by
2933:
2372:
Strakes, Jason E. (2009), "Current Political Complexities of the Iraqi Turkmen",
1495:
The Kaka'is are a small Kurdish religious group who located mainly in and around
1221:
are the indigenous people of Iraq and the descendants of those who ruled ancient
695:
in 1945. After the failure of the uprising Barzānī and his followers fled to the
5579:
5174:
4769:
4344:
4306:
4155:
3991:
3916:
3713:
3275:
2622:
2517:
1539:
1533:
1468:
1083:
929:
873:
668:
605:
270:
265:
75:
5185:
2500:
Oğuzlu, Tarik H. (2004), "Endangered community:The Turkoman identity in Iraq",
3421:
3072:
2082:
999:
970:
925:
1907:
1416:
epithet historically claimed by several religious groups) and (in Arabic) as
1366:
supervision of the government and Saddam paid the amount for relocation. The
1292:, etc.) and the forceful deportation and killing of Christians in that area.
4780:
4231:
4203:
4150:
3688:
3380:
3340:
2671:
2509:
2438:
1770:
1547:
1490:
1383:
1379:
1230:
1189:
727:
civil war broke out. From March 29, 1987 until April 23, 1989, the infamous
2065:
the Turkmen are Iraq's third-largest ethnic group after the Arabs and Kurds
1168:
to just several thousands. Most Christians in Iraq belong traditionally to
177:
3158:
2877:
3748:
3578:
3561:
3335:
3330:
3167:
3159:
Assimilation, Exodus, Eradication: Iraq's minority communities since 2003
2349:
1397:
1238:
1193:
1165:
1095:
1031:
1026:
The Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman share close cultural and linguistic ties with
979:
953:
856:
The Feylis are a ethnographic group of Shia Muslim Kurds who follows the
835:
739:
2964:
1046:
branch of Islam (about 30% to 40%). Nonetheless, the Turkmen are mainly
4208:
4165:
3345:
3290:
2526:
1766:
1601:
1521:
1409:
1285:
1226:
1091:
1047:
1035:
869:
827:
823:
692:
2602:, Stockholm: Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul, pp. 15–16,
1002:
version of "Turkmeneli" – appears on a map of the region published by
4375:
4088:
3743:
2867:
1647:- killed 796 people and wounded 1,562, targeting the Yazidi minority.
1563:
1496:
1423:
1351:
1254:
1246:
1185:
1143:
1107:
1050:, having internalized the secularist interpretation practiced in the
1027:
975:
851:
747:
1863:
4301:
3285:
1551:
1543:
1474:
1413:
1387:
1289:
1281:
1270:
1250:
1204:
1058:, which is often called "Turkmen". This dialect was influenced by
1039:
1017:
1009:
987:
983:
919:
911:
831:
816:
708:
675:
667:
2905:
Guardians of the Gate: Angelic Vice-regency in the Late Antiquity
2705:
Guide: Christians in the Middle East". BBC News. 11 October 2011.
2020:
1995:
723:
in the 1980s, the regime implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a
3496:
3473:
3216:
3210:
2321:
Operation Iraqi Freedom And The New Iraq: Insights And Forecasts
1401:
1103:
1043:
877:
865:
861:
803:
have argued that the Shabak People were of Kurdish origins. The
781:
5189:
4784:
4379:
4066:
3958:
3780:
3655:
3228:
3180:
2435:
Sectarianism in Iraq: The Making of State and Nation Since 1920
2178:
Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq
2404:
Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise
2210:
171:
69:
28:
2240:
2238:
1303:
Currently run the security in many Towns and Villages in the
2619:"Declaration of Principles of the (Iraqi?) Turkman Congress"
2217:, The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, pp. 313–328,
3145:
Still Targeted: Continued Persecution of Iraq's Minorities
2588:
2586:
2323:, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, p. 262,
780:
fear no one." The dispute exposes a widening rift between
735:
against the Kurds, which resulted in thousands of deaths.
2272:
2270:
2145:
Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective
1022:
Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of a Turkmen village.
3168:
The Constitution of Iraq: Religious and Ethnic Relations
2668:
Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq
2047:
American Image in Turkey: U.S. Foreign Policy Dimensions
680:
Approximate map of the Kurdish-populated region of Iraq
2645:"The Iraqi Turkomans: Who They Are and What They Want"
2110:"Minorities in Iraq Pushed to the brink of existence"
1276:
Currently, Assyrians face persecution from Kurds, as
1122:
from Irano-Turkic varieties, such as South Azeri and
2248:
Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?
1417:
1074:, as well as other languages in the region, such as
5519:
5479:
5221:
5114:
5074:
4816:
4709:
4669:
4411:
4224:
4079:
3472:
3389:
3241:
1656:January 2005: Syriac Catholic Archbishop of Mosul,
100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2937:
2460:
2357:, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2007, p. 79,
1014:Iraqi Turkmen girl in traditional Turkish costume.
691:led a rebellion against the central government in
2869:From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes
1798:Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936)
1708:Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State
1550:plantations then in existence. Although they are
672:Flag of the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq
2995:Saddam praises Sabaeans, pledges to build temple
1126:types. In 1997 the Turkmen/Turkoman adopted the
1477:who number 125,000 to 150,000 who live in the
1180:, and are concentrated in small cities in the
654:include various ethnic and religious groups.
5201:
4796:
4391:
3192:
632:
8:
2831:De Blois, François (1960–2007). "Ṣābiʾ". In
2495:
2493:
1900:Ancient rites and old religions in Kurdistan
1358:and the Israeli bombing. During the time of
1138:in Iraqi schools. The current prevalence of
2428:
2426:
2402:Anderson, Liam; Stansfield, Gareth (2009),
2213:, in Catusse, Myriam; Karam, Karam (eds.),
1263:United Nations High Commission for Refugees
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5208:
5194:
5186:
4803:
4789:
4781:
4398:
4384:
4376:
4076:
4063:
3955:
3777:
3652:
3238:
3225:
3199:
3185:
3177:
1864:"Yezidism and Proto-Indo-Iranian Religion"
1350:Almost all Iraqi Jews were transferred to
868:. There are also a big Feyli community in
771:raised over any square inch of Iraq." But
703:distanced himself from Egyptian president
687:Under the Kingdom of Iraq, Kurdish leader
639:
625:
236:
3507:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
2940:Iconography of Religions: An Introduction
2525:
2138:
2136:
2134:
1839:"Who are the Yezidis? – Dimitri Pir Bari"
1473:The Marsh Arabs or Ma'dãn are a group of
1445:The Iraqi Mandaean community, in the pre-
754:were located in the region. However, the
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
160:Learn how and when to remove this message
3331:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
2596:Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map
1269:have registered for temporary asylum in
202:of all important aspects of the article.
3068:
3066:
3064:
2550:Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages
2117:European Parliamentary Research Service
1697:
1660:, kidnapped on January 17 and released.
876:families, who originally migrated from
278:
239:
3082:
3080:
2853:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2783:
2771:
2760:
2739:
2728:
2693:
2617:Türkmeneli İşbirliği ve Kültür Vakfı.
2306:
1880:
1869:
1618:Assaults on minority Groups since 2003
198:Please consider expanding the lead to
2801:
2799:
2797:
1438:, before many switched to colloquial
860:school. The Feylis are indigenous to
699:. In the 1960s, when Iraqi Brigadier
7:
4360:
4302:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
3087:Harrison, Frances (March 13, 2008).
2655:(9), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1666:October 16, 2004: 5 churches bombed.
1663:December 7, 2004: 2 churches bombed.
889:dialect which is more closer to the
872:, many of whom come from well known
98:adding citations to reliable sources
4350:
3172:Minority Rights Group International
3163:Minority Rights Group International
3149:Minority Rights Group International
3046:, BBC World Service, March 13, 2008
3007:"Black Iraqis in Basra Face Racism"
2245:International Crisis Group (2008),
1769:. September 4, 2006. Archived from
3073:Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004
3032:Iraq bombing kills 70; 182 injured
2985:(in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-12-13.
2502:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
2351:Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case
1811:Tezcür, Günes Murat (2021-01-28).
1566:in Baghdad. After the fall of the
25:
3058:, BBC World Service, May 18, 2008
2944:. Vol. 21. Chris Robertson.
2277:Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2007),
1540:Iraqis of largely African descent
44:This article has multiple issues.
5574:
5565:
5564:
5169:
5160:
5159:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4359:
4349:
4339:
4330:
4329:
3635:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
3209:
3020:Bomb attacks in Iraq kill dozens
2861:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0952
2408:University of Pennsylvania Press
2390:10.1163/157338410X12625876281505
1976:European Union Agency for Asylum
1645:Bombing of Qahtaniya and Jazeera
1457:Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad
978:and its boundaries also include
599:
264:
249:
176:
74:
33:
4114:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
3537:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
3527:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
3266:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
3113:death of Father Boulos Iskander
3056:Death penalty over Iraq killing
3044:Kidnapped Iraqi archbishop dead
2643:Nissman, David (5 March 1999),
2280:Iraq: People, History, Politics
2215:Returning to Political Parties?
1757:"Iraq captures al Qaeda deputy"
1542:live mostly around the city of
1062:from 1534 onwards, but also by
1054:. The minority speak their own
1034:region. They are predominately
271:Member State of the Arab League
190:may be too short to adequately
85:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
5532:British Indian Ocean Territory
5127:British Indian Ocean Territory
4722:British Indian Ocean Territory
3397:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
2461:Anderson & Stansfield 2009
1301:Nineveh Plain Protection Units
512:2005 constitutional referendum
200:provide an accessible overview
1:
3089:"Christians besieged in Iraq"
2936:. In Moore, Albert C. (ed.).
2209:Jawhar, Raber Tal'at (2010),
2025:مجلة بصرياثا الثقافية الأدبية
2000:مجلة بصرياثا الثقافية الأدبية
1347:, an Iraqi Jew from Baghdad.
422:Kurdistan Regional Government
5216:Religious minorities in Asia
3893:in ISIL-controlled territory
2552:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
2475:"Who's who in Iraq: Turkmen"
1265:reports that half a million
1086:dialect used by the Turkish
3804:Council of Representatives
3542:Weapons of mass destruction
2902:Deutsch, Nathaniel (1999).
2518:10.1080/1360200042000296681
1792:Minorsky, V. (2012-04-24).
1705:Rafaat, Aram (2018-05-11).
1418:
1356:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah
1339:History of the Jews in Iraq
1178:Assyrian Church of the East
588:Iraq and the United Nations
532:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5627:
3532:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2866:Van Bladel, Kevin (2017).
2253:International Crisis Group
1610:
1599:
1588:
1577:
1531:
1509:
1488:
1466:
1377:
1336:
1318:
1198:
1157:
905:
849:
814:
791:
661:
358:Council of Representatives
5560:
5155:
4811:Ethnic minorities in Asia
4750:
4325:
4075:
4062:
3967:
3954:
3789:
3776:
3664:
3651:
3237:
3224:
3034:Los Angeles Times website
2319:Knights, Michael (2004),
2211:"The Iraqi Turkmen Front"
1817:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1408:Mandaeans, also known as
916:Flag of the Iraqi Turkmen
18:Ethnic minorities in Iraq
5281:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4876:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4471:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3883:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
3794:Administrative divisions
3154:Iraqi Minorities Council
2576:, Routledge, p. 5,
2051:Rowman & Littlefield
1658:Basile Georges Casmoussa
1436:Eastern Aramaic language
1215:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
1174:Chaldean Catholic Church
1142:and media exposure from
805:Encyclopaedia of Islam's
407:Governorates (provinces)
400:Administrative divisions
326:Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
5542:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5137:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4732:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3442:Mandate for Mesopotamia
3316:First Babylonian Empire
2970:March 15, 2007, at the
2666:Shanks, Kelsey (2016),
2605:Irano-Turkic varieties.
2593:Johanson, Lars (2001),
2374:Iran & the Caucasus
2027:(in Arabic). 2010-04-25
2002:(in Arabic). 2010-04-25
1253:, or have emigrated to
1038:, formed of a majority
956:during the rule of the
838:has roots in a western
752:Kurdistan Workers Party
3601:Insurgency (2011–2013)
3522:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3326:Middle Assyrian Empire
2433:Osman, Khalil (2015),
2176:Taylor, Scott (2004),
2143:Triana, María (2017),
2077:Barker, Geoff (2012),
1879:Cite journal requires
1843:Free Yezidi Foundation
1762:Television New Zealand
1405:
1396:(house of worship) in
1354:in the early 1950s in
1210:
1170:Syriac Orthodox Church
1023:
1015:
941:
937:
917:
681:
673:
548:Diplomatic missions of
5601:Ethnic groups in Iraq
3888:in post-invasion Iraq
3594:U.S. troop withdrawal
3356:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3118:May 20, 2011, at the
2965:Who are the Mandaeans
2878:10.1163/9789004339460
2473:BBC (June 18, 2004).
2348:Güçlü, Yücel (2007),
2045:Sadik, Giray (2009),
1972:"2.15.9. Fayli Kurds"
1773:on September 20, 2011
1746:, January 2006 pg 26.
1512:Romani people in Iraq
1391:
1368:Meir Taweig Synagogue
1209:Flag of the Assyrians
1208:
1021:
1013:
923:
915:
756:2003 invasion of Iraq
679:
671:
5456:United Arab Emirates
5051:United Arab Emirates
4646:United Arab Emirates
3837:Council of Ministers
3719:Mesopotamian Marshes
2574:The Turkic Languages
2259:on 12 January 2011,
2149:Taylor & Francis
2119:. 2015. pp. 3–4
1862:Kaczorowski, Karol.
1733:The Kurds in Control
1682:Demographics of Iraq
1632:Catholic Archbishop
1479:Mesopotamian Marshes
1160:Christianity in Iraq
1140:satellite television
454:Electoral Commission
427:Kurdistan Parliament
109:"Minorities in Iraq"
94:improve this article
5483:limited recognition
5078:limited recognition
4673:limited recognition
4099:Mesopotamian Arabic
3905:Freedom of religion
3351:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3321:Old Assyrian Period
3306:Neo-Sumerian Empire
1744:National Geographic
1613:Circassians in Iraq
1327:Orthodox Christians
1030:, particularly the
775:, president of the
583:Foreign aid to Iraq
367:Mohamed al-Halbousi
4406:Minorities in Asia
4030:Telecommunications
4005:Foreign Investment
3942:Wars and conflicts
3878:in pre-Saddam Iraq
3842:Presidency Council
3628:2019–2021 protests
3557:Invasion of Kuwait
3381:Sassanid Asorestan
3376:Parthian Babylonia
3371:Seleucid Babylonia
3366:Achaemenid Assyria
3281:Jemdet Nasr period
3022:, BBC News website
3009:. NPR. 2008-12-03.
2283:, Polity, p.
1738:2007-12-01 at the
1634:Paulos Faraj Rahho
1499:in northern Iraq.
1481:in southern Iraq.
1426:'s inscription at
1406:
1325:The Armenians are
1211:
1134:would replace the
1114:has long been the
1068:capture of Baghdad
1056:dialect of Turkish
1052:Republic of Turkey
1024:
1016:
942:
918:
801:Anastas Al-Karmali
705:Gamal Abdel Nasser
701:Abdul-Karim Qassem
682:
674:
652:Minorities in Iraq
309:Abdul Latif Rashid
294:Federal government
5611:Ethnic minorities
5588:
5587:
5525:other territories
5183:
5182:
5120:other territories
4778:
4777:
4715:other territories
4373:
4372:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4307:Mandaean New Year
4058:
4057:
3950:
3949:
3932:Political parties
3827:Foreign relations
3772:
3771:
3679:Lower Mesopotamia
3674:Upper Mesopotamia
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3407:Abbasid Caliphate
3402:Umayyad Caliphate
3311:Isin-Larsa period
2887:978-90-04-33943-9
2872:. Leiden: Brill.
2806:By (1998-11-13).
2782:Missing or empty
2738:Missing or empty
2681:978-1-317-52043-6
2448:978-1-317-67487-0
2417:978-0-8122-0604-3
2294:978-0-7456-3227-8
2224:978-1-886604-75-9
2158:978-1-317-42368-3
2092:978-1-61535-637-9
2060:978-0-7391-3380-4
1824:978-0-7556-0120-2
1731:Viviano, Frank. "
1718:978-1-351-18881-4
1643:August 14, 2007:
1428:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1360:Abdul-Karim Qasim
1321:Armenians in Iraq
1201:Assyrians in Iraq
1106:in south-eastern
1066:during the brief
928:on a monument in
799:notables such as
729:Al-Anfal campaign
649:
648:
570:Visa requirements
525:Foreign relations
458:Recent elections
449:Political parties
235:
234:
227:
217:
216:
170:
169:
162:
144:
67:
16:(Redirected from
5618:
5606:Religion in Iraq
5578:
5568:
5567:
5537:Christmas Island
5223:Sovereign states
5210:
5203:
5196:
5187:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5132:Christmas Island
4818:Sovereign states
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4768:
4758:
4757:
4727:Christmas Island
4413:Sovereign states
4400:
4393:
4386:
4377:
4363:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4343:
4333:
4332:
4077:
4064:
3995:
3956:
3807:
3778:
3764:Sinjar Mountains
3754:Zagros Mountains
3694:Hamrin Mountains
3653:
3616:Mosul liberation
3589:Iraqi insurgency
3511:National Command
3500:
3336:Simurrum culture
3239:
3226:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3110:
3104:
3103:
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3017:
3011:
3010:
3003:
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2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2621:. Archived from
2614:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2529:
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2470:
2464:
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2452:
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2430:
2421:
2420:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2382:Brill Publishers
2369:
2363:
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2356:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2255:, archived from
2242:
2233:
2232:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2140:
2129:
2128:
2126:
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2100:
2099:
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2068:
2067:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1898:Turgut, Lokman.
1895:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1835:
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1808:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1753:
1747:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1702:
1677:Politics of Iraq
1484:
1421:
1267:Iraqi Christians
1132:Turkish language
1128:Turkish alphabet
1116:prestige dialect
1112:Istanbul Turkish
891:Persian language
887:southern Kurdish
744:Kurdistan Region
740:Persian Gulf War
733:chemical weapons
641:
634:
627:
604:
603:
602:
417:Kurdistan Region
269:
268:
253:
242:Politics of Iraq
237:
230:
223:
212:
209:
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180:
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158:
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37:
36:
29:
21:
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5589:
5584:
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5524:
5515:
5496:Northern Cyprus
5482:
5475:
5217:
5214:
5184:
5179:
5151:
5119:
5110:
5091:Northern Cyprus
5077:
5070:
4812:
4809:
4779:
4774:
4746:
4714:
4705:
4686:Northern Cyprus
4672:
4665:
4407:
4404:
4374:
4369:
4313:
4297:Public holidays
4220:
4071:
4054:
3993:
3963:
3946:
3805:
3785:
3768:
3699:Iraqi Kurdistan
3689:Euphrates river
3660:
3639:
3606:War (2014–2017)
3552:Operation Opera
3498:
3468:
3464:Arab Federation
3452:Kingdom of Iraq
3385:
3361:Fall of Babylon
3296:Akkadian Empire
3271:Samarra culture
3256:Hassuna culture
3233:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3120:Wayback Machine
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3085:
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3071:
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3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2993:
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2977:
2972:Wayback Machine
2963:
2959:
2952:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2865:
2849:Heinrichs, W.P.
2830:
2829:
2825:
2816:
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2499:
2498:
2491:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2441:, p. 243,
2432:
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2225:
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2203:
2192:
2182:Esprit de Corps
2175:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2151:, p. 168,
2142:
2141:
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2122:
2120:
2112:
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2093:
2076:
2075:
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2044:
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2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
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1969:
1965:
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1805:
1791:
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1774:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:Wayback Machine
1730:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1687:History of Iraq
1673:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:Ajam (Persians)
1556:Arabic-speakers
1536:
1530:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1386:
1378:Main articles:
1376:
1341:
1335:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1299:Security force
1203:
1162:
1156:
1148:Turkish culture
1120:differs sharply
1072:Ottoman Turkish
1060:Ottoman Turkish
1004:William Guthrie
910:
904:
854:
848:
840:Pre-Zoroastrian
830:, located near
821:
819:
813:
796:
790:
777:Iraqi Kurdistan
763:Nouri al-Maliki
689:Mustafa Barzani
666:
664:Iraqi Kurdistan
660:
645:
616:
612:Other countries
606:Iraq portal
600:
598:
593:
592:
579:
560:Nationality law
556:
544:
527:
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490:Gubernatorial:
484:
483:
465:Parliamentary:
444:
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402:
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382:
374:
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338:Current cabinet
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185:This article's
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166:
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91:
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38:
34:
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22:
15:
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11:
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4073:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Transportation
4032:
4027:
4025:Stock Exchange
4022:
4020:Reconstruction
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:Infrastructure
3997:
3989:
3984:
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3897:
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3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3859:Prime Minister
3856:
3855:
3854:
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3829:
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3819:
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3809:
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3796:
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3613:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:1991 uprisings
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Saddam Hussein
3514:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3447:Mandatory Iraq
3444:
3439:
3436:Mamluk dynasty
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
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3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Gutian dynasty
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3151:
3140:
3139:External links
3137:
3135:
3134:
3123:
3105:
3076:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
2998:
2987:
2975:
2957:
2950:
2921:
2914:
2894:
2886:
2845:van Donzel, E.
2841:Bosworth, C.E.
2823:
2793:
2749:
2707:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2674:, p. 57,
2658:
2635:
2609:
2582:
2564:
2558:
2540:
2489:
2465:
2453:
2447:
2422:
2416:
2410:, p. 57,
2394:
2364:
2340:
2329:
2311:
2299:
2293:
2266:
2234:
2223:
2201:
2197:northern Iraq.
2190:
2184:, p. 31,
2168:
2157:
2130:
2101:
2091:
2085:, p. 23,
2069:
2059:
2053:, p. 13,
2037:
2012:
1987:
1963:
1946:Salah, Sinaa.
1938:
1921:Salah, Sinaa.
1913:
1890:
1881:|journal=
1854:
1830:
1823:
1803:
1784:
1748:
1724:
1717:
1696:
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1689:
1684:
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1667:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1611:Main article:
1608:
1605:
1600:Main article:
1597:
1594:
1589:Main article:
1586:
1583:
1578:Main article:
1575:
1572:
1568:Saddam Hussein
1532:Main article:
1529:
1526:
1510:Main article:
1507:
1504:
1489:Main article:
1486:
1483:
1467:Main article:
1464:
1461:
1375:
1372:
1345:Sassoon Eskell
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1319:Main article:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:Nineveh Plains
1199:Main article:
1192:, Ankawa, and
1182:Nineveh Plains
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
958:Ottoman Empire
950:Turkic peoples
906:Main article:
903:
900:
895:Saddam Hussein
850:Main article:
847:
844:
815:Main article:
812:
809:
792:Main article:
789:
786:
662:Main article:
659:
656:
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629:
621:
618:
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615:
614:
608:
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354:
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316:Prime Minister
313:
312:
311:
296:
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287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
259:
258:
255:
254:
246:
245:
240:
233:
232:
215:
214:
194:the key points
184:
182:
175:
168:
167:
82:
80:
73:
68:
42:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5623:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5563:
5562:
5559:
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5550:
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5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:South Ossetia
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
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5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
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5412:
5409:
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5402:
5399:
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5389:
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5364:
5362:
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5339:
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5334:
5332:
5329:
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5324:
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5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
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5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
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5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5211:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5192:
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5188:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:South Ossetia
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5067:
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5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
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4959:
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4949:
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4912:
4909:
4907:
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4902:
4899:
4897:
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4892:
4889:
4887:
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4882:
4879:
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4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
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4837:
4834:
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4827:
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4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:South Ossetia
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
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4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
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4459:
4457:
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4452:
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4447:
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4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
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4171:Iraqi Turkmen
4169:
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4159:
4157:
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4149:
4147:
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3808:
3806:(legislative)
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3739:Syrian Desert
3737:
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3734:Shatt al-Arab
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3669:Faw peninsula
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3611:Fall of Mosul
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
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3590:
3587:
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3584:U.S. invasion
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3547:Iran–Iraq War
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3412:Buyid dynasty
3410:
3408:
3405:
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3287:
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3282:
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3274:
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3261:Halaf culture
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
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2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2951:9780800604882
2947:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2930:Rudolph, Kurt
2925:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2898:
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2883:
2879:
2875:
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2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:Bianquis, Th.
2834:
2827:
2824:
2813:
2812:Baltimore Sun
2809:
2802:
2800:
2798:
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2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2625:on 2012-03-08
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2597:
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2587:
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2575:
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2559:3-447-04293-1
2555:
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2330:0-944029-93-0
2326:
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2300:
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2250:
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2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:1-895896-26-6
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1953:
1952:cfri-irak.com
1949:
1942:
1939:
1928:
1927:cfri-irak.com
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1873:
1865:
1858:
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1799:
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1788:
1785:
1772:
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1763:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1711:. Routledge.
1710:
1709:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
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1617:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1595:
1592:
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1573:
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1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:1990 Gulf War
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Kurdification
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:Mesopotamians
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Arabic script
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
966:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:Iraqi Turkmen
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
914:
909:
908:Iraqi Turkmen
901:
899:
896:
892:
888:
883:
882:Iraqi Kurdish
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
810:
808:
806:
802:
795:
794:Shabak people
787:
785:
783:
778:
774:
773:Mesud Barzani
769:
764:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Iran–Iraq War
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
678:
670:
665:
657:
655:
653:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
623:
622:
620:
619:
613:
610:
609:
607:
597:
596:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
549:
546:
545:
539:
535:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
521:
520:
513:
510:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
489:
488:
486:
480:
479:
475:
473:
470:
468:
464:
463:
460:
459:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
438:
437:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
396:
395:
388:
387:Supreme Court
385:
384:
378:
377:
368:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
355:
349:
348:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
327:
324:
323:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307:
306:
304:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
285:
284:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
248:
247:
243:
238:
229:
226:
211:
201:
195:
193:
188:
183:
179:
174:
173:
164:
161:
153:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111: –
110:
106:
105:Find sources:
99:
95:
89:
88:
83:This article
81:
77:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5521:Dependencies
5451:Turkmenistan
5416:Saudi Arabia
5116:Dependencies
5046:Turkmenistan
5011:Saudi Arabia
4711:Dependencies
4641:Turkmenistan
4606:Saudi Arabia
4500:
4199:Christianity
4125:
4081:Demographics
4015:Oil reserves
4010:Oil Industry
3977:Central Bank
3873:Human rights
3799:Constitution
3744:Tigris river
3724:Persian Gulf
3432:Ottoman Iraq
3417:Qara Qoyunlu
3251:Ubaid period
3161:, Report by
3147:, Report by
3126:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3001:
2990:
2978:
2960:
2939:
2924:
2904:
2897:
2868:
2852:
2826:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:
2784:|title=
2752:
2740:|title=
2721:February 20,
2719:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2689:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:the original
2612:
2603:
2595:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2549:
2543:
2505:
2501:
2484:
2478:. Retrieved
2468:
2456:
2434:
2403:
2397:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2320:
2314:
2302:
2279:
2260:
2257:the original
2247:
2228:
2214:
2204:
2195:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2144:
2121:. Retrieved
2104:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2004:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1916:
1899:
1893:
1872:cite journal
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1760:
1751:
1743:
1727:
1707:
1700:
1591:Baháʼí Faith
1580:Ajam of Iraq
1559:
1537:
1515:
1506:Roma (Gypsy)
1501:
1494:
1472:
1444:
1440:Iraqi Arabic
1407:
1364:
1349:
1342:
1324:
1310:Other groups
1294:
1275:
1243:
1212:
1163:
1119:
1088:Yörük tribes
1025:
996:Tuz Khurmatu
967:
962:Ba'ath Party
943:
874:aristocratic
855:
820:
797:
761:
737:
724:
716:Ba'ath Party
713:
697:Soviet Union
686:
683:
651:
650:
538:Fuad Hussein
477:
280:Constitution
262:
221:
205:
189:
187:lead section
156:
150:October 2007
147:
137:
130:
123:
116:
104:
92:Please help
87:verification
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
5580:Asia portal
5481:States with
5401:Philippines
5341:South Korea
5336:North Korea
5231:Afghanistan
5175:Asia portal
5076:States with
4996:Philippines
4936:South Korea
4931:North Korea
4826:Afghanistan
4770:Asia portal
4671:States with
4591:Philippines
4531:South Korea
4526:North Korea
4421:Afghanistan
4355:WikiProject
4156:Marsh Arabs
4141:Circassians
3822:Foreign aid
3714:Mesopotamia
3276:Uruk period
3170:, Study by
2934:"Mandaeism"
2833:Bearman, P.
2694:Shanks 2016
2649:Iraq Report
2527:11693/49129
2307:Taylor 2004
1777:October 25,
1607:Circassians
1534:Afro-Iraqis
1469:Marsh Arabs
1463:Marsh Arabs
1400:, southern
1084:South Azeri
930:Altun Kupri
575:Visa policy
352:Legislature
208:August 2014
5595:Categories
5461:Uzbekistan
5436:Tajikistan
5351:Kyrgyzstan
5331:Kazakhstan
5251:Bangladesh
5241:Azerbaijan
5056:Uzbekistan
5031:Tajikistan
4946:Kyrgyzstan
4926:Kazakhstan
4846:Bangladesh
4836:Azerbaijan
4651:Uzbekistan
4626:Tajikistan
4541:Kyrgyzstan
4521:Kazakhstan
4441:Bangladesh
4431:Azerbaijan
4272:Television
4252:Literature
4214:Irreligion
4189:Secularism
4126:Minorities
3994:(currency)
3987:Corruption
3832:Government
3623:Insurgency
3422:Aq Qoyunlu
3243:Chronology
2915:9004109099
2817:2024-08-16
2772:|url=
2629:2011-11-25
2480:2011-11-23
2360:6,300,000.
2083:Britannica
2031:2024-07-04
2006:2024-07-04
1981:2024-07-04
1957:2024-07-05
1932:2024-07-04
1848:2021-05-31
1794:"S̲h̲abak"
1693:References
1217:-speaking
1184:, such as
1100:Diyarbakır
1000:Anglicized
971:Turkmeneli
938:Altınköprü
926:Turkmeneli
738:After the
536:Minister:
288:Government
120:newspapers
49:improve it
5547:Hong Kong
5501:Palestine
5426:Sri Lanka
5421:Singapore
5301:Indonesia
5142:Hong Kong
5096:Palestine
5021:Sri Lanka
5016:Singapore
4896:Indonesia
4737:Hong Kong
4691:Palestine
4616:Sri Lanka
4611:Singapore
4491:Indonesia
4292:Squatting
4257:Education
4204:Mandaeism
4173:/Turkoman
4151:Mandaeans
4136:Assyrians
4131:Armenians
4094:Languages
3982:Companies
3937:Judiciary
3847:President
3817:Elections
3812:Democracy
3658:Geography
3574:Sanctions
3492:2003–2011
3487:1968–2003
3482:1958–1968
3341:Babylonia
2908:. BRILL.
2672:Routledge
2510:Routledge
2439:Routledge
2164:Planning.
1908:879288867
1548:sugarcane
1491:Yarsanism
1392:Mandaean
1384:Mandaeism
1380:Mandaeans
1374:Mandaeans
1315:Armenians
1231:Babylonia
1219:Assyrians
1190:Tel Keppe
1154:Assyrians
1032:Anatolian
924:A map of
842:religion
714:When the
442:Elections
412:Districts
381:Judiciary
299:President
192:summarize
55:talk page
5570:Category
5491:Abkhazia
5441:Thailand
5396:Pakistan
5376:Mongolia
5371:Maldives
5366:Malaysia
5266:Cambodia
5165:Category
5086:Abkhazia
5036:Thailand
4991:Pakistan
4971:Mongolia
4966:Maldives
4961:Malaysia
4861:Cambodia
4760:Category
4681:Abkhazia
4631:Thailand
4586:Pakistan
4566:Mongolia
4561:Maldives
4556:Malaysia
4456:Cambodia
4335:Category
4184:Religion
4161:Persians
4045:Railways
4040:Airlines
3922:Military
3783:Politics
3759:Wildlife
3749:Umm Qasr
3579:Iraq War
3562:Gulf War
3474:Republic
3427:Safavids
3390:638–1958
3116:Archived
3093:BBC News
2968:Archived
2932:(1977).
2851:(eds.).
2763:cite web
2731:cite web
2536:56385519
1736:Archived
1671:See also
1630:Chaldean
1528:Africans
1398:Nasiriya
1297:Assyrian
1257:and the
1239:Ashurism
1194:Bartella
1176:and the
1166:Iraq War
1096:Anatolia
980:Tal Afar
954:Anatolia
836:Yezidism
725:de facto
565:Passport
5466:Vietnam
5381:Myanmar
5361:Lebanon
5291:Georgia
5246:Bahrain
5236:Armenia
5061:Vietnam
4976:Myanmar
4956:Lebanon
4886:Georgia
4841:Bahrain
4831:Armenia
4656:Vietnam
4571:Myanmar
4551:Lebanon
4481:Georgia
4436:Bahrain
4426:Armenia
4365:Commons
4282:Smoking
4247:Culture
4242:Cuisine
4225:General
4209:Yazidis
4166:Solluba
4119:Persian
4109:Kurdish
4104:Aramaic
4069:Society
4050:Tourism
3961:Economy
3709:Islands
3684:Borders
3509: (
3499:present
3434:(incl.
3346:Assyria
3291:Subartu
3231:History
3098:May 12,
2774:value (
2512:: 313,
2384:: 369,
2123:19 June
1767:Reuters
1602:Bedouin
1596:Bedouin
1585:Baháʼís
1552:Muslims
1522:Kawliya
1516:Iraq's
1485:Kaka'is
1452:Mandi's
1432:Mandaic
1414:Quranic
1410:Sabians
1286:Ainkawa
1227:Assyria
1092:Balkans
1090:in the
1080:Kurdish
1064:Persian
1048:secular
1036:Muslims
992:Mandali
934:Turkish
902:Turkmen
870:Baghdad
858:Ja'fari
828:Bahzani
824:Bashiqa
788:Shabaks
768:Kurdish
693:Baghdad
552:in Iraq
363:Speaker
333:Cabinet
134:scholar
5511:Taiwan
5446:Turkey
5411:Russia
5346:Kuwait
5326:Jordan
5316:Israel
5276:Cyprus
5261:Brunei
5256:Bhutan
5106:Taiwan
5041:Turkey
5006:Russia
4941:Kuwait
4921:Jordan
4911:Israel
4871:Cyprus
4856:Brunei
4851:Bhutan
4701:Taiwan
4636:Turkey
4601:Russia
4536:Kuwait
4516:Jordan
4506:Israel
4466:Cyprus
4451:Brunei
4446:Bhutan
4345:Portal
4287:Sports
4262:Health
4237:Cinema
4089:Iraqis
3992:Dinar
3927:Police
3729:Places
3219:topics
2948:
2912:
2884:
2770:Check
2678:
2556:
2534:
2445:
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2327:
2291:
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1637:crime.
1564:Caliph
1497:Kirkuk
1424:Kartir
1352:Israel
1255:Europe
1247:Jordan
1186:Alqosh
1144:Turkey
1124:Afshar
1108:Turkey
1076:Arabic
1028:Turkey
994:, and
976:Kirkuk
878:Persia
852:Feylis
846:Feylis
811:Ezidis
748:Turkey
136:
129:
122:
115:
107:
5552:Macau
5471:Yemen
5431:Syria
5406:Qatar
5386:Nepal
5321:Japan
5296:India
5286:Egypt
5271:China
5147:Macau
5066:Yemen
5026:Syria
5001:Qatar
4981:Nepal
4916:Japan
4891:India
4881:Egypt
4866:China
4742:Macau
4661:Yemen
4621:Syria
4596:Qatar
4576:Nepal
4511:Japan
4486:India
4476:Egypt
4461:China
4277:Music
4267:Media
4194:Islam
4146:Kurds
3972:Banks
3910:Women
3704:Lakes
3497:2011–
3457:Kings
3286:Sumer
2892:p. 5.
2696:, 58.
2600:(PDF)
2532:S2CID
2508:(2),
2463:, 56.
2380:(2),
2355:(PDF)
2309:, 28.
2113:(PDF)
1544:Basra
1475:Arabs
1434:, an
1419:Ṣubba
1404:-2016
1394:Mandi
1290:Aqrah
1282:Zakho
1271:Syria
1251:Syria
1223:Akkad
1040:Sunni
988:Erbil
984:Mosul
832:Mosul
817:Ezidi
782:Arabs
709:Mosul
658:Kurds
141:JSTOR
127:books
5391:Oman
5356:Laos
5311:Iraq
5306:Iran
4986:Oman
4951:Laos
4906:Iraq
4901:Iran
4581:Oman
4546:Laos
4501:Iraq
4496:Iran
4177:Jews
3900:LGBT
3864:List
3852:List
3217:Iraq
3100:2010
2946:ISBN
2910:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2788:help
2776:help
2744:help
2723:2006
2676:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2153:ISBN
2125:2018
2087:ISBN
2079:Iraq
2055:ISBN
1904:OCLC
1885:help
1819:ISBN
1779:2011
1713:ISBN
1554:and
1538:The
1518:Roma
1402:Iraq
1382:and
1333:Jews
1295:The
1261:The
1259:U.S.
1249:and
1229:and
1213:The
1110:and
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1102:and
1094:and
1078:and
1044:Shia
944:The
866:Iraq
862:Elam
826:and
502:2023
497:2013
492:2009
478:next
472:2021
467:2018
320:list
303:list
113:news
5523:and
5118:and
4713:and
4232:Art
3917:Law
2874:doi
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