Ethnography - Knowledge (XXG)

2049:. An ethnography is a specific kind of written observational science which provides an account of a particular culture, society, or community. The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in another society, living with the local people and learning about their ways of life. Ruth Fulton Benedict uses examples of Enthrotyhy in her serious of field work that began in 1922 of Serrano, of the Zuni in 1924, the Cochiti in 1925 and the Pina in 1926. All being people she wished to study for her anthropological data. Benedict's experiences with the Southwest Zuni pueblo is to be considered the basis of her formative fieldwork. The experience set the idea for her to produce her theory of "culture is personality writ large" (modell, 1988). By studying the culture between the different Pueblo and Plain Indians, She discovered the culture isomorphism that would be considered her personalized unique approach to the study of anthropology using ethnographic techniques. 2098:. Folk notions of botany and zoology are presented as ethnobotany and ethnozoology alongside references from the formal sciences. Material culture, technology, and means of subsistence are usually treated next, as they are typically bound up in physical geography and include descriptions of infrastructure. Kinship and social structure (including age grading, peer groups, gender, voluntary associations, clans, moieties, and so forth, if they exist) are typically included. Languages spoken, dialects, and the history of language change are another group of standard topics. Practices of child rearing, acculturation, and emic views on personality and values usually follow after sections on social structure. Rites, rituals, and other evidence of religion have long been an interest and are sometimes central to ethnographies, especially when conducted in public where visiting anthropologists can see them. 3474:

of other groups, such as the family, religion, and community, as well as the profession". The code of ethics notes that anthropologists are part of a wider scholarly and political network, as well as human and natural environment, which needs to be reported on respectfully. The code of ethics recognizes that sometimes very close and personal relationship can sometimes develop from doing ethnographic work. The Association acknowledges that the code is limited in scope; ethnographic work can sometimes be multidisciplinary, and anthropologists need to be familiar with ethics and perspectives of other disciplines as well. The eight-page code of ethics outlines ethical considerations for those conducting Research, Teaching, Application and Dissemination of Results, which are briefly outlined below.

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example of an image is how an individual views a novel after completing it. The physical entity that is the novel contains a specific image in the perspective of the interpreting individual and can only be expressed by the individual in the terms of "I can tell you what an image is by telling you what it feels like." The idea of an image relies on the imagination and has been seen to be utilized by children in a very spontaneous and natural manner. Effectively, the idea of the image is a primary tool for ethnographers to collect data. The image presents the perspective, experiences, and influences of an individual as a single entity and in consequence, the individual will always contain this image in the group under study.

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digital ethnography goes more in-depth. For example, digital ethnographers would use social media platforms such as Twitter or blogs so that people's interactions and behaviors can be studied. Modern developments in computing power and AI have enabled higher efficiencies in ethnographic data collection via multimedia and computational analysis using machine learning to corroborate many data sources together to produce a refined output for various purposes. A modern example of this technology in application, is the use of captured audio in smart devices, transcribed to issue targeted adverts (often reconciled vs other metadata, or product development data for designers.

1832:, a leading social scientist, data collection methods are meant to capture the "social meanings and ordinary activities" of people (informants) in "naturally occurring settings" that are commonly referred to as "the field". The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of personal bias in the data. Multiple methods of data collection may be employed to facilitate a relationship that allows for a more personal and in-depth portrait of the informants and their community. These can include participant observation, field notes, interviews and surveys, as well as various visual methods. 1855:(2010) examine the ontological and epistemological presuppositions underlying ethnography. Ethnographic research can range from a realist perspective, in which behavior is observed, to a constructivist perspective where understanding is socially constructed by the researcher and subjects. Research can range from an objectivist account of fixed, observable behaviors to an interpretive narrative describing "the interplay of individual agency and social structure." Critical theory researchers address "issues of power within the researcher-researched relationships and the links between knowledge and power." 3374:, and Ken Anderson describe design ethnography as being "a way of understanding the particulars of daily life in such a way as to increase the success probability of a new product or service or, more appropriately, to reduce the probability of failure specifically due to a lack of understanding of the basic behaviors and frameworks of consumers." Sociologist Sam Ladner argues in her book, that understanding consumers and their desires requires a shift in "standpoint", one that only ethnography provides. The results are products and services that respond to consumers' unmet needs. 2053: 1814: 1065: 2332: 3516:"The Observant Ethnographer" – Readers of ethnography are often led to assume the report of a scene is complete – that little of importance was missed. In reality, an ethnographer will always miss some aspect because of lacking omniscience. Everything is open to multiple interpretations and misunderstandings. As ethnographers' skills in observation and collection of data vary by individual, what is depicted in ethnography can never be the whole picture. 1575:—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied, at least in some marginal role, and seeking to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants, and to understand these in their local contexts. It had its origin in social and cultural anthropology in the early twentieth century, but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology, during the course of that century. 3459:

unavoidable. He maintains that "illusions" are essential to maintain an occupational reputation and avoid potentially more caustic consequences. He claims, "Ethnographers cannot help but lie, but in lying, we reveal truths that escape those who are not so bold". Based on these assertions, Fine establishes three conceptual clusters in which ethnographic ethical dilemmas can be situated: "Classic Virtues", "Technical Skills", and "Ethnographic Self".

3386:(EPIC) conference is evidence of this. Ethnographers' systematic and holistic approach to real-life experience is valued by product developers, who use the method to understand unstated desires or cultural practices that surround products. Where focus groups fail to inform marketers about what people really do, ethnography links what people say to what they do—avoiding the pitfalls that come from relying only on self-reported, focus-group data. 3334:

examination of the reality-generating mechanisms of everyday life (Coulon, 1995). Ethnographic work in communication studies seeks to explain "how" ordinary methods/practices/performances construct the ordinary actions used by ordinary people in the accomplishments of their identities. This often gives the perception of trying to answer the "why" and "how come" questions of human communication. Often this type of research results in a

1799: 3752: 1637: 3487:"Dissemination of Results" – When disseminating results of an ethnography, "nthropologists have an ethical obligation to consider the potential impact of both their research and the communication or dissemination of the results of their research on all directly or indirectly involved." Research results of ethnographies should not be withheld from participants in the research if that research is being observed by other people. 2110:

what contexts winks were used, and whether, as one moved about a region, winks remained meaningful in the same way. In this way, cultural boundaries of communication could be explored, as opposed to using linguistic boundaries or notions about the residence. Geertz, while still following something of a traditional ethnographic outline, moved outside that outline to talk about "webs" instead of "outlines" of culture.

3128: 3513:"The Precise Ethnographer" – Ethnographers often create the illusion that field notes are data and reflect what "really" happened. They engage in the opposite of plagiarism, giving undeserved credit through loose interpretations and paraphrasing. Researchers take near-fictions and turn them into claims of fact. The closest ethnographers can ever really get to reality is an approximate truth. 2255: 156: 53: 1848:

become members of a particular religious group they are interested in studying; or they may even inhabit a familial role in a community they are staying with. Robert M. Emerson, Rachel Fretz, and Linda Shaw summarize this idea in their book Writing Ethnographic Field Notes using a common metaphor: “the fieldworker cannot and should not attempt to be a fly on the wall.”

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that researchers are typically not as ethical as they claim or assume to be — and that "each job includes ways of doing things that would be inappropriate for others to know". Also see Jaber F. Gubrium concept of "site-specificity" discussed his book co-edited with Amir Marvasti titled CRAFTING ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELDWORK. Routledge, 2023.

291: 3478:"Conducting Research" – When conducting research Anthropologists need to be aware of the potential impacts of the research on the people and animals they study. If the seeking of new knowledge will negatively impact the people and animals they will be studying they may not undertake the study according to the code of ethics. 3707:

Multispecies ethnography in particular focuses on both nonhuman and human participants within a group or culture, as opposed to just human participants in traditional ethnography. A multispecies ethnography, in comparison to other forms of ethnography, studies species that are connected to people and

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While there is no international standard on Ethnographic Ethics, many western anthropologists look to the American Anthropological Association for guidance when conducting ethnographic work. In 2009, the Association adopted a code of ethics, stating: Anthropologists have "moral obligations as members

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helped to encourage the development of 'collaborative ethnography.' This exploration of the relationship between writer, audience, and subject has become a central tenet of contemporary anthropological and ethnographic practice. In certain instances, active collaboration between the researcher(s) and

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interpretive anthropology recognized subjects as creative actors who constructed their sociocultural worlds out of symbols, postmodernists attempted to draw attention to the privileged status of the ethnographers themselves. That is, the ethnographer cannot escape the personal viewpoint in creating

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An inevitability during ethnographic participation is that the researcher experiences at least some resocialization. In other words, the ethnographer to some extent “becomes” what they are studying. For instance, an ethnographer may become skilled at a work activity that they are studying; they may

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Most ethnographies take place in specific places where the observer can observe specific instances that relate to the topic involved. Relational Ethnography articulates studying fields rather than places or processes rather than processed people. Meaning that relational ethnography doesn't take an

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Businesses, too, have found ethnographers helpful for understanding how people use products and services. By assessing user experience in a "natural" setting, ethnology yields insights into the practical applications of a product or service. It is one of the best ways to identify areas of friction

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Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, ethnographic research methods began to be widely used by communication scholars. As the purpose of ethnography is to describe and interpret the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group, Harris, (1968), also

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Traditionally, the ethnographer focuses attention on a community, selecting knowledgeable informants who know the activities of the community well. These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using snowball or chain sampling. This process is

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In order to make the data collection and interpretation transparent, researchers creating ethnographies often attempt to be "reflexive". Reflexivity refers to the researcher's aim "to explore the ways in which researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such

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Digital ethnography is also seen as virtual ethnography. This type of ethnography is not so typical as ethnography recorded by pen and pencil. Digital ethnography allows for a lot more opportunities to look at different cultures and societies. Traditional ethnography may use videos or images, but

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have also defined autoethnography as "an autobiographical genre of writing and research that displays multiple layers of consciousness, connecting the personal to the cultural." They further indicate that autoethnography is typically written in first-person and can "appear in a variety of forms,"

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Fine is not necessarily casting blame at ethnographic researchers but tries to show that researchers often make idealized ethical claims and standards which are inherently based on partial truths and self-deceptions. Fine also acknowledges that many of these partial truths and self-deceptions are

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that have adapted over time but are apparent and must be accounted for in all research paradigms. These ethical dilemmas are evident throughout the entire process of conducting ethnographies, including the design, implementation, and reporting of an ethnographic study. Essentially, Fine maintains

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approach, tracing not just the doings of people, but the cultural elements themselves. For example, if within a group of people, winking was a communicative gesture, he sought to first determine what kinds of things a wink might mean (it might mean several things). Then, he sought to determine in

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Interviews are often taped and later transcribed, allowing the interview to proceed unimpaired of note-taking, but with all information available later for full analysis. Secondary research and document analysis are also used to provide insight into the research topic. In the past, kinship charts

3541:"The Literary Ethnographer" – Representation is a balancing act of determining what to "show" through poetic/prosaic language and style, versus what to "tell" via straightforward, 'factual' reporting. The individual skills of an ethnographer influence what appears to be the value of the research. 2222:

helped bring changes to both anthropology and ethnography often described in terms of being 'postmodern,' 'reflexive,' 'literary,' 'deconstructive,' or 'poststructural' in nature, in that the text helped to highlight the various epistemic and political predicaments that many practitioners saw as

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views of where the culture begins and ends. Using language or community boundaries to bound the ethnography is common. Ethnographies are also sometimes called "case studies". Ethnographers study and interpret culture, its universalities, and its variations through the ethnographic study based on

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Another form of data collection is that of the "image". The image is the projection that an individual puts on an object or abstract idea. An image can be contained within the physical world through a particular individual's perspective, primarily based on that individual's past experiences. One

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Ethnographic research is a fundamental methodology in cultural ecology, development studies, and feminist geography. In addition, it has gained importance in social, political, cultural, and nature-society geography. Ethnography is an effective methodology in qualitative geographic research that

3535:"The Chaste Ethnographer" – When ethnographers participate within the field, they invariably develop relationships with research subjects/participants. These relationships are sometimes not accounted for within the reporting of the ethnography, although they may influence the research findings. 3449:

argues that the nature of ethnographic inquiry demands that researchers deviate from formal and idealistic rules or ethics that have come to be widely accepted in qualitative and quantitative approaches in research. Many of these ethical assumptions are rooted in positivist and post-positivist

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use ethnographic research methods to analyze communicative behaviors and phenomena. This is often characterized in the writing as attempts to understand taken-for-granted routines by which working definitions are socially produced. Ethnography as a method is a storied, careful, and systematic

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became a focal point for looking at how ethnographers could describe different cultures and societies without denying the subjectivity of those individuals and groups being studied while simultaneously doing so without laying claim to absolute knowledge and objective authority. Along with the

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Multispecies ethnography highlights a lot of the negative effects of these shared environments and systems. Not only does multispecies ethnography observe the physical relationships between organisms, it also takes note of the emotional and psychological relationships built between species.

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According to Dewan (2018), the researcher is not looking for generalizing the findings; rather, they are considering it in reference to the context of the situation. In this regard, the best way to integrate ethnography in a quantitative research would be to use it to discover and uncover

3715:'s The American Beaver and His Works (1868). His study closely observed a group of beavers in Northern Michigan. Morgan's main objective was to highlight that the daily individual tasks that the beavers performed were complex communicative acts that had been passed down for generations. 1844:

often effective in revealing common cultural denominators connected to the topic being studied. Ethnography relies greatly on up-close, personal experience. Participation, rather than just observation, is one of the keys to this process. Ethnography is very useful in social research.

3519:"The Unobtrusive Ethnographer" – As a "participant" in the scene, the researcher will always have an effect on the communication that occurs within the research site. The degree to which one is an "active member" affects the extent to which sympathetic understanding is possible. 3402:). Ethnographic studies need to be evaluated in some manner. No consensus has been developed on evaluation standards, but Richardson (2000, p. 254) provides five criteria that ethnographers might find helpful. Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein's (1997) monograph, 1610:, and organisations of various kinds. While, traditionally, ethnography has relied on the physical presence of the researcher in a setting, there is research using the label that has relied on interviews or documents, sometimes to investigate events in the past such as the 1840:

research".[Marvasti, Amir & Gubrium, Jaber. 2023. Crafting Ethnographic Fieldwork: Sites, Selves & Social Worlds. Routledge. Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased. This factor has provided a basis to criticize ethnography.

3484:"Application" – When conducting an ethnography, Anthropologists must be "open with funders, colleagues, persons studied or providing information, and relevant parties affected by the work about the purpose(s), potential impacts, and source(s) of support for the work." 3739:

object nor a bounded group that is defined by its members shared social features nor a specific location that is delimited by the boundaries of a particular area. But rather the processes involving configurations of relations among different agents or institutions.

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Within cultural anthropology, there are several subgenres of ethnography. Beginning in the 1950s and early 1960s, anthropologists began writing "bio-confessional" ethnographies that intentionally exposed the nature of ethnographic research. Famous examples include

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such as an analysis of speech patterns at a protest rally, or the way firemen communicate during "down time" at a fire station. Like anthropology scholars, communication scholars often immerse themselves, and participate in and/or directly observe the particular

3497:"The kindly ethnographer" – Most ethnographers present themselves as being more sympathetic than they are, which aids in the research process, but is also deceptive. The identity that we present to subjects is different from whom we are in other circumstances. 3699:' ethical guidelines are frequently used. Gabriele de Seta's paper "Three Lies of Digital Ethnography" explores some of the methodological questions more central to a specifically ethnographical approach to internet studies, drawing upon Fine's classic text. 3651:

or kinship commonly plays a crucial role in the structure of non-industrial societies, determining both social relations and group relationship to the past. Marriage, for example, is frequently pivotal in determining military alliances between

3726:, a collection of discussions, showcases, and other events for anthropologists. The event provided a space for anthropologists and artists to come together and showcase vast knowledge of different organisms and their intertwined systems. 3503:"The honest ethnographer" – If research participants know the research goals, their responses will likely be skewed. Therefore, ethnographers often conceal what they know in order to increase the likelihood of acceptance by participants. 3500:"The friendly ethnographer" – Ethnographers operate under the assumption that they should not dislike anyone. When ethnographers find they intensely dislike individuals encountered in the research, they may crop them out of the findings. 1836:

were commonly used to "discover logical patterns and social structure in non-Western societies". In the 21st century, anthropology focuses more on the study of people in urban settings and the use of kinship charts is seldom employed.

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which describes how the Alzheimer's disease movement constructed a new subjectivity of senile dementia and how that is organized in a geriatric hospital. Another approach to ethnography in sociology comes in the form of

5852:. pp. 171–182 in Fragile Truths: 25 Years of Sociology and Anthropology in Canada. D. Harrison, W.K. Carroll, L. Christiansen-Ruffman and Raymond Currie (eds.). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Carleton University Press. 3587:

Autoethnography is a form of ethnographic research in which a researcher connects personal experiences to wider cultural, political, and social meanings and understandings. According to Adams et al., autoethnography

1743:) did not exist in the ancient world. There is no ancient term or concept applicable to ethnography, and those writers probably did not consider the study of other cultures as a distinct mode of inquiry from history. 4440:(Dewan M. (2018) Understanding Ethnography: An 'Exotic' Ethnographer's Perspective. In: Mura P., Khoo-Lattimore C. (eds) Asian Qualitative Research in Tourism. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Springer, Singapore). 3538:"The Fair Ethnographer" – Fine claims that objectivity is an illusion and that everything in ethnography is known from a perspective. Therefore, it is unethical for a researcher to report fairness in findings. 2040:. Cultural and social anthropologists today place a high value on doing ethnographic research. The typical ethnography is a document written about a particular people, almost always based at least in part on 3598:

uses deep and careful self-reflection—typically referred to as "reflexivity"—to name and interrogate the intersections between self and society, the particular and the general, the personal and the political

3532:"The Candid Ethnographer" – Where the researcher personally situates within the ethnography is ethically problematic. There is an illusion that everything reported was observed by the researcher. 1786:

Ethnography can also be used in other methodological frameworks, for instance, an action research program of study where one of the goals is to change and improve the situation.

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and improve overall user experience. Companies make increasing use of ethnographic methods to understand consumers and consumption, or for new product development (such as

3481:"Teaching" – When teaching the discipline of anthropology, instructors are required to inform students of the ethical dilemmas of conducting ethnographies and field work. 1722:"stands as the sole surviving full-scale monograph by a classical author on an alien people." Ethnography formed a relatively coherent subgenre in Byzantine literature. 1471: 6025:

Marcus, George E. & Michael Fischer. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. (1986). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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Lassiter, Luke E. (2001). "From 'Reading over the Shoulders of Natives' to 'Reading alongside Natives', Literally: Toward a Collaborative and Reciprocal Ethnography".

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subject(s) has helped blend the practice of collaboration in ethnographic fieldwork with the process of creating the ethnographic product resulting from the research.

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Olaf Zenker & Karsten Kumoll. Beyond Writing Culture: Current Intersections of Epistemologies and Representational Practices. (2010). New York: Berghahn Books.

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that involves examining the behavior of the participants in a given social situation and understanding the group members' own interpretation of such behavior.

3425:: "How did the author come to write this text...Is there adequate self-awareness and self-exposure for the reader to make judgments about the point of view?" 2711: 3619:

such as "short stories, poetry, fiction, novels, photographic essays, personal essays, journals, fragmented and layered writing, and social science prose."

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The ethnographic method is used across a range of different disciplines, primarily by anthropologists/ethnologists but also occasionally by sociologists.

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an ethnographic account, thus making any claims of objective neutrality highly problematic, if not altogether impossible. In regards to this last point,

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by Vincent Crapanzano. In the 1980s, the rhetoric of ethnography was subjected to intense scrutiny within the discipline, under the general influence of

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has argued that Homeric poetry lacks "the coherence and vigour of ethnological science". From Herodotus forward, ethnography was a mainstay of ancient

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Jaber F. Gubrium's series of organizational ethnographies focused on the everyday practices of illness, care, and recovery are notable. They include

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This critical turn in sociocultural anthropology during the mid-1980s can be traced to the influence of the now classic (and often contested) text,

2147:" ethnographies refined the technique to translate cultural differences by representing their effects on the ethnographer. Famous examples include 6718: 3552:

Observe the world from the point of view of the subject, while maintaining the distinction between everyday and scientific perceptions of reality.

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Effective Strategies for English Language Acquisition: A Curriculum Guide for the Development of Teachers, Grades Kindergarten through Eight

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According to Norman K. Denzin, ethnographers should consider the following seven principles when observing, recording, and sampling data:

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As ethnography developed, anthropologists grew more interested in less tangible aspects of culture, such as values, worldview and what

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In ethnography, the researcher gathers what is available, what is normal, what it is that people do, what they say, and how they work.

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Mannik, L., & McGarry, K. (2017). Practicing Ethnography: A Student Guide to Method and Methodology. University of Toronto Press.

6236: 5740: 5370: 3802: 3097: 3087: 2791: 2751: 2302: 1614: 940: 853: 559: 257: 239: 137: 80: 6772: 6728: 3299:. But even though many sub-fields and theoretical perspectives within sociology use ethnographic methods, ethnography is not the 2546: 1988: 1764: 6767: 6687: 5940: 4081: 3276: 2846: 2631: 2382: 1476: 115: 7306: 6897: 6733: 4428:

Early History of Ethnograph and Ethnolog in the German Enlightenment: Anthropological Discourse in Europe and Asia, 1710–1808

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Gubrium, Jaber F. and James A. Holstein. (1997) "The New Language of Qualitative Method." New York: Oxford University Press.

1564:. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of 5875:

Dubinsky, Itamar (2017). Global and local methodological and ethical questions in researching football academies in Ghana.

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Preece, J., Sharp, H., & Rogers, Y. (2015). Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction (4th edition). Wiley.

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Westbrook, David A. Navigators of the Contemporary: Why Ethnography Matters. (2008). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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introduced the term into the academic discourse in an attempt to reform the contemporary understanding of world history.

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have used ethnographic data to answer academic questions about consumers and consumption. In this sense, Tony Salvador,

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development of experimental forms such as 'dialogic anthropology,' 'narrative ethnography,' and 'literary ethnography',

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S. Ybema, D. Yanow, H. Wels, & F. Kamsteeg (2010). "Ethnography." In A. Mills, G. Durepos, & E. Wiebe (Eds.),

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focuses on people's perceptions and experiences and their traditionally place-based immersion within a social group.

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as a distinct area of study. This became known as "ethnography", following the introduction of the Greek neologism

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In the early 2000s multi-species ethnography took on a huge increase in popularity. The annual meetings of the

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uses a researcher's personal experience to describe and critique cultural beliefs, practices, and experiences;

3437:: "Does it seem 'true'—a credible account of a cultural, social, individual, or communal sense of the 'real'?" 206: 7326: 6799: 6791: 6636: 6303: 4168: 3887: 3762: with: missing attribution of who or what source considers these persons ethnographers. You can help by 3399: 3225: 3151: 2891: 2881: 2851: 2731: 2716: 2681: 2601: 2596: 2496: 2056: 1993: 1983: 1572: 1443: 950: 816: 748: 664: 544: 436: 373: 338: 328: 306: 301: 5328:

Maréchal, Garance (2010). "Autoethnography". In Mills, Albert J.; Durepos, Gabrielle; Wiebe, Elden (eds.).

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and typically follows an outline to include a brief history of the culture in question, an analysis of the

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The study's roots go back to general anthropology of animals. One of the earliest well-known studies was

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Gubrium, Jaber F. and James A. Holstein. (2009). "Analyzing Narrative Reality." Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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While ethnography ("ethnographic writing") was widely practiced in antiquity, ethnography as a science (

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shows people in the process of figuring out what to do, how to live, and the meaning of their struggles

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which documents the social organization of patient subjectivity in a physical rehabilitation hospital;

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For post-colonial critiques of ethnography from various locations, see essays in Prem Poddar et al,

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The ethnographic methodology is not usually evaluated in terms of philosophical standpoint (such as

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Agar (1980) note that ethnography is both a process and an outcome of the research. Studies such as

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Much debate surrounding the issue of ethics arose following revelations about how the ethnographer

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Dixon, Adam; Liu, Ying; Setchi, Rossi (2016). "Computer-Aided Ethnography in Engineering Design".

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Beyond Writing Culture: Current Intersections of Epistemologies and Representational Practices.

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Well-known is Jaber F. Gubrium's pioneering ethnography on the experiences of a nursing home,

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relationships and then use the resultant data to test and explain the empirical assumptions.

1620:. There is also a considerable amount of 'virtual' or online ethnography, sometimes labelled 7174: 7169: 7052: 6611: 6594: 6584: 6480: 6153: 6123: 6038: 5910: 5859: 5809: 5801: 5703: 5695: 5652: 5601: 5591: 5522: 5477: 5432: 5135: 5024: 4989: 4740: 4648: 4621: 4606: 4358: 4325: 4118: 4071: 4039: 4033: 4016: 4004: 3941: 3463: 3292: 3288: 3269: 3200: 3056: 3016: 2960: 2816: 2771: 2726: 2671: 2611: 2526: 2491: 2441: 2215: 1896: 1868: 1731: 1387: 1355: 1345: 1313: 1126: 1091: 701: 681: 418: 393: 72: 5550: 7209: 7155: 7127: 7067: 7002: 6957: 6892: 6626: 6621: 6599: 6527: 6144:

Skinner, Joseph (2014-05-30). "Greek Ethnography and Archaeology: Limits and Boundaries".

5929: 4108: 3999: 3977: 3845: 3796: 3712: 3680: 3644: 3582: 3356: 3326:, paved the way for the expansion of ethnographic research in the study of communication. 3315: 3241: 3205: 3175: 3064: 3060: 3044: 3024: 2952: 2940: 2829: 2801: 2746: 2706: 2471: 2421: 2188: 2172: 2152: 2102: 2029: 1960: 1904: 1798: 1747:

developed the concept of ethnography as a separate discipline whilst participating in the

1714: 1702: 1565: 1394: 1333: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1074: 945: 885: 862: 611: 6031:"Being one of the guys or the fly on the wall? Participant observation of veteran bikers" 5686:

Kirksey, S. Eben; Helmreich, Stefan (2010). "The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography".

4044: 213: 2183:

thought. "Experimental" ethnographies that reveal the ferment of the discipline include

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our social lives. Species affect and are affected by culture, economics, and politics.

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The Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a prolific ethnographer in antiquity

7290: 7214: 7179: 6972: 6912: 6887: 6882: 6651: 6606: 6500: 6427: 6407: 6127: 5922: 5823: 5805: 5717: 5699: 5672: 5623: 5579: 5454: 5162:

Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures--Continental Europe and its Empires,

5147: 5036: 5001: 4558: 4066: 4061: 4027: 3899: 3851: 3827: 3821: 3661: 3615: 3020: 3008: 2992: 2988: 2914: 2426: 2372: 2227: 2011: 1908: 1414: 1404: 778: 773: 721: 443: 7249: 7189: 7072: 7014: 7007: 6962: 6902: 6833: 6641: 6631: 6579: 6517: 6505: 6495: 6485: 6470: 6422: 6338: 5865: 4103: 3971: 3947: 3869: 3815: 3668: 3451: 3367: 3344: 3301: 3217: 3012: 2964: 2176: 2160: 2037: 1557: 1255: 686: 576: 282: 6275: 5114: 5901:

Fine, G. A. (1993). "Ten lies of ethnography: Moral dilemmas of field research".

4497: 4210: 3228:

developed from the same tradition and yielded such sociological ethnographies as

7184: 6992: 6977: 6952: 6877: 6547: 6512: 6490: 6417: 5880: 3965: 3863: 3339: 3319: 3259:

which features the social construction of behavioral disorders in children; and

3028: 3000: 2972: 2811: 2541: 2516: 2254: 1964: 1936: 1924: 1880: 1621: 1382: 1228: 1183: 858: 483: 356: 323: 155: 5914: 5656: 5139: 5015:

Lassiter, Luke E. (2005). "Collaborative Ethnography and Public Anthropology".

4329: 2105:

termed the "ethos" of the culture. In his fieldwork, Geertz used elements of a

1759:

by Johann Friedrich Schöpperlin and the German variant by A. F. Thilo in 1767.

7259: 7254: 7229: 7164: 7097: 6987: 6432: 6175:

Ethnography after antiquity: foreign lands and peoples in Byzantine literature

5075:

Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999) "Design Ethnography,"

4916:

Erickson & Murphy (2008). A History of Anthropological Theory, pp. 190–191

4696: 4362: 4153: 3988: 3790: 3672: 3395: 3335: 3127: 2561: 2481: 2406: 1892: 1687: 1436: 1340: 1308: 1280: 1198: 1188: 1178: 838: 17: 6219: 6192: 6165: 6110: 6042: 5976:

Gubrium, Jaber F. (1988). "Analyzing Field Reality." Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

5664: 5615: 5427:

Poulos, Christopher N. (2021), "Conceptual foundations of autoethnography.",

5413: 5347: 4993: 7219: 7092: 6997: 6589: 6462: 6319: 6246: 5750: 5380: 4731:

Balsiger, Philip; Lambelet, Alexandre (2014). "Participant observation". In

4133: 4010: 3648: 3171: 2980: 2936: 2323: 2046: 1952: 1916: 1884: 1876: 1740: 1677: 1377: 811: 806: 738: 31: 5526: 4948: 3272:

for studying the social relations which structure people's everyday lives.

6157: 6005:

Heath, Shirley Brice & Brian Street, with Molly Mills. On Ethnography.

5596: 5481: 3561:

The methodology should highlight phases of process, change, and stability.

3555:

Link the group's symbols and their meanings with the social relationships.

6907: 6872: 6033:. In Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia M.; Rietjens, Sebastiaan (eds.). 5606: 4163: 4143: 3695:

Digital ethnography comes with its own set of ethical questions, and the

3636: 3549:

The groups should combine symbolic meanings with patterns of interaction.

3467: 3359:

was a pioneer in applying the ethnographic methodology to the classroom.

2083: 2016: 1821: 1806: 1587: 1303: 1101: 1096: 1056: 6017:

Window on Humanity : A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology

5814: 5708: 5519:

Volume 7: 28th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology

5436: 6927: 6857: 4719:

Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power

3653: 3632: 3604:

balances intellectual and methodological rigor, emotion, and creativity

2367: 2095: 2091: 2076: 1944: 1920: 1697: 1672: 1599: 1595: 1561: 848: 828: 796: 586: 5764: 4744: 4414:

Early History of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment

3723: 3528:

The following are commonly misconceived conceptions of ethnographers:

3431:: "Does this affect me? Emotionally? Intellectually?" Does it move me? 6412: 4496:

Himley, Matthew; Havice, Elizabeth; Valdivia, Gabriela (2021-07-12).

1888: 823: 3261:

Oldtimers and Alzheimer's: The Descriptive Organization of Senility,

5028: 3643:. The method owes its origin from the book of British ethnographer 6947: 6452: 5850:

Caught in the Riptide: Female Researcher in a Patricentric Setting

5843:

The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography

5551:"Thousands of Amazon Workers Listen to Alexa Users' Conversations" 3413:: "Does the piece contribute to our understanding of social life?" 2066: 2051: 1635: 6202:

Tales of the barbarians: ethnography and empire in the Roman west

5431:, Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 3–17, 5113:

A Simple Guide For Conducting Consumer Research by Brian Lischer

4091:

James H McAlexander (Consumer Culture Ethnography) (1958 to 2022)

3406:

discusses forms of ethnography in terms of their "methods talk".

6333: 5363:

The ethnographic I: a methodological novel about autoethnography

3657: 3595:

acknowledges and values a researcher's relationships with others

2041: 1611: 1607: 1603: 833: 290: 6292: 6118:

Redfield, James Adam (2019-04-24), "Ethnography in Antiquity",

5952:

The Politics of Pain Medicine: A Rhetorical-Ontological Inquiry

1676:

as a starting point for ancient ethnography, while noting that

3746: 2248: 1737: 1590:

study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the

149: 87: 46: 5733:

The American beaver: a classic of natural history and ecology

5126:

Richardson, Laurel (29 June 2016). "Evaluating Ethnography".

4783:(Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology). 1997, Prentice Hall. 4647:

Emerson, Robert M.; Fretz, Rachel I.; Shaw, Linda L. (2011).

4620:

Emerson, Robert M.; Fretz, Rachel I.; Shaw, Linda L. (2011).

3178:, Atlanta University (now Clark-Atlanta University), and the 1662: 1653: 6288: 5473:

Evocative Autoethnography: Writing Lives and Telling Stories

5394:

Adams, Tony E.; Jones, Stacy Holman; Ellis, Carolyn (2015).

4357:. Princeton University Press. 2010-12-31. pp. 159–178. 5640:"TEN LIES OF ETHNOGRAPHY: Moral Dilemmas of Field Research" 5564: 3322:, working-class neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, 3216:. Major influences on this development were anthropologist 3174:

is another field which prominently features ethnographies.

2094:, and often including what biological anthropologists call 6035:

Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies

5870:

The World of Goods: Toward and Anthropology of Consumption

4303: 4301: 2090:

or terrain inhabited by the people under study, including

6010:

Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach

5263:

American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p. 5–6.

5221:

American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p. 1–8.

4677:(pp. 348–352). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 6073:

Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999)

4781:

Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Workers in American Society

2208:

Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography

5565:"Association of Internet Researchers Ethics Guidelines" 5254:

American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p. 5.

5242:

American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p. 4.

5233:

American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p.2–3

3763: 111: 4324:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 471–480. 4252: 4250: 3318:'s analysis of cultural communication strategies in a 3305:

of the discipline, as it is in cultural anthropology.

3253:

Describing Care: Image and Practice in Rehabilitation,

1982:

were developed around ethnographic research and their

5788:

Kirksey, S. Eben; Helmreich, Stefan (November 2010).

5212:

American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p.2

5049:

Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., and Piele, L. J. (2005).

4928:"Writing Ethnographies that Ordinary People Can Read" 4499:

The Routledge Handbook of Critical Resource Geography

4320:

Dench, Emma (2017-09-12). "Ethnography and History".

3251:

which describes the social worlds of a nursing home;

3240:. Other important ethnographies in sociology include 2223:

plaguing ethnographic representations and practices.

1967:

are other fields which have made use of ethnography.

4737:

Methodological practices in social movement research

3564:

The act should be a type of symbolic interactionism.

3257:

Caretakers: Treating Emotionally Disturbed Children,

1571:

As a form of inquiry, ethnography relies heavily on

7268: 7151: 7023: 6826: 6660: 6461: 6326: 6019:, (pages 2–3, 16–17, 34-44). McGraw Hill, New York. 3647:titled "Kinship and Social Organisation" in 1911. 3607:

strives for social justice and to make life better.

180:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6177:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 5638: 3567:Use concepts that would avoid casual explanations. 6012:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 5888:Doing Team Ethnography : Warnings and Advice 4899:Third Edition. (2008). Toronto: Broadview Press. 5200:American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics 4212:Ethnocriticism: Ethnography, History, Literature 6231:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 5398:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 5229: 5227: 5053:Belmont, California: Thomson Wadworth. pp. 229. 5051:Communication Research: Strategies and Sources. 4958: 4956: 4839:The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual 4827:Ember and Ember 2006, op cit., Chapters 7 and 8 4650:Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes, Second Edition 4623:Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes, Second Edition 3236:, which documents the early history of fantasy 6229:The invention of racism in classical antiquity 5305:Method Meets Art: Arts-Based Research Practice 5115:http://www.ignytebrands.com/customer-research/ 4837:Turner, Victor; Turner, Victor Witter (1970). 4397: 4385: 4292: 4241: 4215:(in Spanish). University of California Press. 3466:conducted his ethnographic fieldwork with the 6304: 5881:https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2016.1249823 5507:by Conrad Phillip Kottak. Chapter 2, page 38. 5330:Encyclopedia of case study research. Volume 2 5250: 5248: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 4818:cf. Ember and Ember 2006, Heider 2001 op cit. 4769:Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. 4739:. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–172. 4468:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography 4322:A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography 3152: 1534: 1025: 8: 5886:Erickson, Ken C. and Donald D. Stull (1997) 4809:. 2001. Prentice Hall, Chapters One and Two. 1986:texts, which are mostly ethnographies: e.g. 5790:"The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography" 4689:"Lynda Barry: The answer is in the picture" 4599:"Tapping Into Community Funds of Knowledge" 3220:, on the Chicago sociology faculty, and to 2283:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2071:Part of the ethnographic collection of the 81:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6311: 6297: 6289: 6082:Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography 4653:. University of Chicago Press. p. 4. 4626:. University of Chicago Press. p. 3. 3419:: "Does this piece succeed aesthetically?" 3159: 3145: 2330: 2314: 2195:by Michael F. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, 1541: 1527: 1063: 1043: 1032: 1018: 269: 5813: 5707: 5605: 5595: 5062:Bentz, V. M., and Shapiro, J. J. (1998). 4523: 4521: 4519: 4466:, in Kitchin, Rob; Thrift, Nigel (eds.), 4307: 2303:Learn how and when to remove this message 258:Learn how and when to remove this message 240:Learn how and when to remove this message 138:Learn how and when to remove this message 5971:Research Methods in Indigenous Contexts. 5897:, Third edition, Thousand Oaks CA, Sage. 5470:Bochner, Arthur; Ellis, Carolyn (2016). 5066:Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. p. 117. 4256: 2185:Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man 2149:Deep Play: Notes on a Balinese Cockfight 1812: 1797: 1472:Library and information science software 6091:Almagor, Eran; Skinner, Joseph (2013). 5271: 5269: 4949:http://literary-ethnography.tumblr.com/ 4895:Paul A. Erickson & Liam D. Murphy. 4353:"CHAPTER SIX. Tacitus on the Germans". 4268: 4201: 3404:The New Language of Qualitative Method, 2322: 1560:and the systematic study of individual 1055: 281: 27:Systematic study of people and cultures 5332:. Los Angeles : SAGE. pp. 43–45. 4538:(Fourth ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. 4470:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 626–631, 3324:Speaking 'Like a Man' in Teamsterville 2132:, as well as the mildly fictionalized 1467:Geographic information system software 6084:Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6061:Material Culture and Mass Consumption 5465: 5463: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4448: 4446: 4408: 4406: 4280: 3671:the term is used to characterize the 2082:A typical ethnography attempts to be 1582:methods, though they may also employ 7: 6002:, Fourth edition, London, Routledge. 5365:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. 4897:A History of Anthropological Theory, 4721:. University Of Chicago Press. 2009. 4675:Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. 3720:American Anthropological Association 3295:on black America, and Lai Olurode's 3283:on working class youth; the work of 3275:Other notable ethnographies include 2281:adding citations to reliable sources 178:adding citations to reliable sources 105:research paper or scientific journal 6095:(in French). New York: Bloomsbury. 6093:Ancient ethnography: new approaches 6070:. Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning. 6000:Ethnography: Principles in Practice 5998:, Martyn and Atkinson, Paul (2019) 5903:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 5645:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 5580:"Three lies of digital ethnography" 5307:(3rd ed.). The Guilford Ford. 5064:Mindful Inquiry in Social Research. 4982:Journal of Anthropological Research 4796:(Prentice Hall, 2006), chapter one. 3697:Association of Internet Researchers 3675:method employed by such writers as 2157:Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco 1686:is the usual starting point; while 5868:, Mary and Baron Isherwood (1996) 5584:Journal of Digital Social Research 4878:(2010). New York: Berghahn Books. 4874:Olaf Zenker & Karsten Kumoll. 25: 5476:. New York, New York: Routledge. 5164:Edinburgh University Press, 2008. 4926:Ghodsee, Kristen (May 24, 2013). 4355:Rethinking the Other in Antiquity 3803:Adriaen Cornelissen van der Donck 3249:Living and Dying at Murray Manor, 1998:Ethnologische Excursion in Johore 1775:Features of ethnographic research 62:This article has multiple issues. 37:For the academic periodical, see 6152:(Supplement10). CAIRN: 171–203. 5806:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01069.x 5735:. New York: Dover Publications. 5700:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01069.x 5578:Seta, Gabriele de (2020-02-17). 3750: 3214:Living and Dying at Murray Manor 3126: 2253: 1989:Argonauts of the Western Pacific 1971:Cultural and social anthropology 1765:Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer 289: 154: 92: 51: 6204:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 6037:. Routledge. pp. 104–114. 4792:Ember, Carol and Melvin Ember, 3384:Ethnographic Praxis in Industry 3297:Glimpses of Madrasa From Africa 3244:'s work in Algeria and France. 3224:'s experience as a journalist. 2712:Peace, war, and social conflict 2197:A Space on the Side of the Road 165:needs additional citations for 70:or discuss these issues on the 6128:10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0214 6015:Kottak, Conrad Phillip (2005) 5990:What's Wrong With Ethnography? 5955:. Chicago Scholarship Online. 5934:The Interpretation of Cultures 5637:Fine, Gary Alan (1993-10-01). 5429:Essentials of autoethnography. 4863:The Interpretation of Culture, 4430:. Leiden: Privately published. 1863:Differences across disciplines 979:Anthropologists by nationality 1: 6146:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 3806: 1586:The typical ethnography is a 6281:Resources in other libraries 5731:Morgan, Lewis Henry (1986). 4841:. Cornell University Press. 4124:Ethnography of communication 3355:The American anthropologist 3188:(1899) by W. E. B. Du Bois, 1901:human factors and ergonomics 1809:, Turkey, from the courtyard 6227:Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). 6173:Kaldellis, Anthony (2013). 6122:, Oxford University Press, 4087:Mikhail Nikolaevich Smirnov 2126:The Savage and the Innocent 1749:Second Kamchatka Expedition 1661:"folk, people, nation" and 7343: 6680:Countries by ethnic groups 6675:Contemporary ethnic groups 6077:Design Management Journal. 6068:The Ethnographic Interview 6066:Spradley, James P. (1979) 5915:10.1177/089124193022003001 5657:10.1177/089124193022003001 5140:10.1177/107780040000600207 4695:. INKtalks. Archived from 4502:. Routledge. p. 204. 4462:Till, K. E. (2009-01-01), 4398:Almagor & Skinner 2013 4386:Almagor & Skinner 2013 4330:10.1002/9781405185110.ch51 4293:Almagor & Skinner 2013 4242:Almagor & Skinner 2013 3954:August Ludwig von Schlözer 3580: 2383:Human environmental impact 1761:August Ludwig von Schlözer 1729: 1663: 1654: 999:List of indigenous peoples 36: 29: 6276:Resources in your library 5949:Graham, S. Scott (2015). 5895:Ethnography: Step by Step 5848:Burns, Janet M.C. (1992) 5077:Design Management Journal 4580:Garson, G. David (2015). 4412:Vermeulen, Han F., 2008, 4363:10.1515/9781400836550.159 3876:José Leite de Vasconcelos 3470:people of South America. 3266:institutional ethnography 2199:by Kathleen Stewart, and 2167:by Jean-Paul Dumont, and 1700:has ethnographies in the 1578:Ethnographers mainly use 1494:Qualitative data analysis 744:Cross-cultural comparison 6080:Van Maanen, John. 1988. 6043:10.4324/9780203093801-20 5969:Groh, Arnold A. (2018). 5939:Ghodsee, Kristen (2013) 5936:, New York, Basic Books. 5765:"The Multispecies Salon" 4994:10.1086/jar.57.2.3631564 4597:Genzuk, Michael (1999). 4536:Doing visual ethnography 4426:Vermeulen, Hans (2008). 3912:Gerhard Friedrich Müller 3906:Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay 3703:Multispecies ethnography 3411:Substantive contribution 3362:Anthropologists such as 2477:Structural functionalism 2136:by Elenore Smith Bowen ( 2120:(1955) by Lévi-Strauss, 2002:Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay 1803:İzmir Ethnography Museum 1745:Gerhard Friedrich Müller 1726:Development as a science 916:Historical particularism 120:overly technical phrases 112:help improve the article 30:Not to be confused with 6792:Torres Strait Islanders 6637:Ethnopsychopharmacology 6381:In-group and out-groups 5361:Ellis, Carolyn (2004). 5303:Levy, Patricia (2020). 4169:Participant observation 3785:Manuel Ancízar Basterra 3226:Symbolic interactionism 2497:Symbolic interactionism 2392:Industrial revolutions 2073:Međimurje County Museum 1794:Data collection methods 1769:University of Göttingen 1573:participant observation 749:Participant observation 7038:Cultural appropriation 6938:Lineage-bonded society 6059:Miller, Daniel (1987) 6029:Moelker, René (2014). 5890:. Sage, Beverly Hills. 5877:Children's Geographies 5769:The Multispecies Salon 5527:10.1115/DETC2016-59832 4733:Della Porta, Donatella 3734:Relational ethnography 3631:investigates links of 3390:Evaluating ethnography 3185:The Philadelphia Negro 2487:Social constructionism 2079: 2064: 2007:Coming of Age in Samoa 1825: 1810: 1641: 1373:Inferential statistics 1319:Descriptive statistics 1266:Human subject research 891:Cross-cultural studies 7307:Cultural anthropology 7063:Ethnic interest group 6898:Ethnicity in censuses 6848:Cultural assimilation 6349:Ethnolinguistic group 6158:10.3917/dha.hs91.0171 6008:Hymes, Dell. (1974). 5893:Fetterman, D. (2009) 5841:Agar, Michael (1996) 5794:Cultural Anthropology 5688:Cultural Anthropology 5597:10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.24 5482:10.4324/9781315545417 5091:Practical Ethnography 4947:Literary Ethnography 4794:Cultural Anthropology 4583:Ethnographic Research 3743:Notable ethnographers 3331:communication studies 3309:Communication studies 3210:Horace R. Cayton, Jr. 3191:Street Corner Society 2862:Conversation analysis 2437:Social stratification 2201:Advocacy after Bhopal 2124:by Kenneth Read, and 2070: 2055: 2034:The Lele of the Kasai 2022:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 1976:Cultural anthropology 1929:communication studies 1816: 1801: 1639: 1157:Philosophical schools 7276:Minzu (anthropology) 7245:Separatist movements 7108:Ethnographic village 6933:Legendary progenitor 6568:Transidioethnography 6371:Hyphenated ethnicity 6366:Ethnographic realism 6359:Ethnoreligious group 6200:Woolf, Greg (2011). 6063:. Blackwell, London. 5992:, London, Routledge. 5872:. Routledge, London. 5093:. Left Coast Press. 5089:Ladner, Sam (2014). 5017:Current Anthropology 4717:Schatz, Edward, ed. 4609:on October 23, 2018. 4534:Pink, Sarah (2021). 4174:Qualitative research 4149:Immersion journalism 4114:Critical ethnography 3888:Bronisław Malinowski 3558:Record all behavior. 2277:improve this section 2057:Bronisław Malinowski 1994:Bronisław Malinowski 1873:occupational therapy 1482:Reference management 1432:Scientific modelling 1174:Critical rationalism 984:Anthropology by year 921:Boasian anthropology 896:Cultural materialism 881:Actor–network theory 479:Paleoanthropological 174:improve this article 7312:Social anthropology 7143:Multinational state 7138:Model minority myth 7025:Multiethnic society 6943:Linguistic homeland 6354:Ethnonational group 6075:Design Ethnography. 5973:New York: Springer. 5505:Windows on Humanity 5437:10.1037/0000222-001 5128:Qualitative Inquiry 4807:Seeing Anthropology 4271:, pp. 171–203. 4209:Krupat, A. (2023). 4179:Realist ethnography 4129:Ethnographic Museum 3894:David Maybury-Lewis 3882:Claude Lévi-Strauss 3687:Digital ethnography 3677:Friedrich Nietzsche 3629:genealogical method 3623:Genealogical method 3435:Expresses a reality 3281:Learning to Labour, 3196:William Foote Whyte 2447:Social cycle theory 2318:Part of a series on 2226:Where Geertz's and 2210:, (1986) edited by 2130:David Maybury-Lewis 1980:social anthropology 1941:accounting research 1933:performance studies 1753:Völker-Beschreibung 1462:Argument technology 936:Performance studies 829:Kinship and descent 769:Cultural relativism 419:Paleoethnobotanical 394:Ethnoarchaeological 114:by rewriting it in 7123:Middleman minority 7083:Ethnic pornography 7078:Ethnic nationalism 6983:Pantribal sodality 6923:Imagined community 6448:Symbolic ethnicity 6376:Indigenous peoples 6344:Ethnographic group 5879:, 15(4), 385-398. 5079:(pp. 35-41). p. 37 4861:Geertz, Clifford. 4189:Visual ethnography 4159:Online ethnography 4022:Kristen R. Ghodsee 3840:Zora Neale Hurston 3724:Multispecies Salon 3722:began to host the 3713:Lewis Henry Morgan 3238:role-playing games 3133:Society portal 2756:History of science 2737:Race and ethnicity 2417:Social environment 2181:post-structuralist 2134:Return to Laughter 2088:physical geography 2080: 2065: 1826: 1818:Ethnography museum 1811: 1642: 1584:quantitative data. 1456:Tools and software 1400:Secondary research 1324:Discourse analysis 956:Post-structuralism 715:Research framework 116:encyclopedic style 103:is written like a 7284: 7283: 7205:Ethnic stereotype 7118:Indigenous rights 7103:Ethnographic film 7088:Ethnic theme park 7048:Dominant minority 7043:Diaspora politics 7033:Consociationalism 6968:National language 6853:Cultural identity 6843:Cross-race effect 6787:Aboriginal groups 6262:Library resources 6211:978-1-4051-6073-5 6184:978-0-8122-0840-5 6137:978-0-19-976656-7 6102:978-1-4725-3760-7 6052:978-0-203-09380-1 5962:978-0-226-26405-9 5943:Anthropology News 5845:. Academic Press. 5536:978-0-7918-5019-0 5491:978-1-134-81587-6 5446:978-1-4338-3454-7 5405:978-0-19-997210-4 5339:978-1-4522-6572-8 5314:978-1-4625-3897-3 5100:978-1-61132-390-0 4968:978-1-84545-675-7 4935:Anthropology News 4905:978-1-55111-871-0 4884:978-1-84545-675-7 4848:978-0-8014-9101-6 4754:978-0-19-871957-1 4660:978-0-226-20683-7 4633:978-0-226-20683-7 4545:978-1-5297-1766-2 4509:978-0-429-78408-8 4477:978-0-08-044910-4 4416:, Leiden, p. 199. 4372:978-1-4008-3655-0 4339:978-1-4051-8511-0 4222:978-0-520-33443-4 4184:Video ethnography 4077:Susan Visvanathan 4056:Marilyn Strathern 3936:Alexey Okladnikov 3930:Dositej Obradović 3918:Nikolai Nadezhdin 3780: 3779: 3524:Ethnographic self 3380:video ethnography 3169: 3168: 2887:Social experiment 2767:Social psychology 2412:Social complexity 2313: 2312: 2305: 2165:The Headman and I 2117:Tristes Tropiques 1957:political science 1913:religious studies 1626:cyber-ethnography 1551: 1550: 1517:Philosophy portal 1425:Systematic review 1410:Literature review 1368:Historical method 1351:Social experiment 1286:Scientific method 1271:Narrative inquiry 1122:Interdisciplinary 1116:Research strategy 1087:Research question 1082:Research proposal 1042: 1041: 941:Political economy 764:Thick description 561:Political economy 424:Zooarchaeological 384:Bioarchaeological 268: 267: 260: 250: 249: 242: 224: 148: 147: 140: 85: 16:(Redirected from 7334: 7175:Ethnic cleansing 7170:Ethnic bioweapon 7053:Ethnic democracy 6662:Groups by region 6612:Ethnomethodology 6595:Ethnomathematics 6585:Ethnolinguistics 6481:Ethnoarchaeology 6313: 6306: 6299: 6290: 6250: 6223: 6196: 6169: 6140: 6114: 6056: 5988:, Martyn (2018) 5966: 5926: 5860:George E. Marcus 5828: 5827: 5817: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5642: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5609: 5599: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5553:. 11 April 2019. 5547: 5541: 5540: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5264: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5196: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5086: 5080: 5073: 5067: 5060: 5054: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4977: 4971: 4960: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4803: 4797: 4790: 4784: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4605:. Archived from 4594: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4531: 4525: 4514: 4513: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4417: 4410: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4206: 4119:Ethnoarchaeology 4072:Sudhir Venkatesh 4040:Katrina Karkazis 4034:Jaber F. Gubrium 4017:Mitchell Duneier 4005:Napoleon Chagnon 3994:Zuzana Beňušková 3942:Sergey Oldenburg 3811: 3810: 1618–1655 3808: 3775: 3772: 3754: 3747: 3667:In the field of 3508:Technical skills 3464:Napoleon Chagnon 3289:Mitchell Duneier 3270:Dorothy E. Smith 3201:Black Metropolis 3161: 3154: 3147: 3131: 3130: 2882:Network analysis 2772:Sociocybernetics 2762:Social movements 2492:Social darwinism 2442:Social structure 2334: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2257: 2249: 2193:Debating Muslims 2107:phenomenological 2028:(1936, 1958) by 1897:computer science 1869:Cultural studies 1732:Off the verandah 1666: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1489:Science software 1388:Cultural mapping 1356:Quasi-experiment 1346:Field experiment 1314:Content analysis 1209:Critical realism 1127:Multimethodology 1067: 1044: 1034: 1027: 1020: 562: 444:Anthrozoological 293: 270: 263: 256: 245: 238: 234: 231: 225: 223: 182: 158: 150: 143: 136: 132: 129: 123: 96: 95: 88: 77: 55: 54: 47: 21: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7264: 7210:Ethnic violence 7158: 7156:ethnic conflict 7154: 7147: 7128:Minority rights 7068:Ethnic majority 7019: 7003:Detribalization 6958:Nation-building 6893:Ethnic religion 6836: 6832: 6822: 6729:Central America 6656: 6627:Ethnophilosophy 6622:Ethnomusicology 6600:Ethnostatistics 6558:Person-centered 6528:Autoethnography 6457: 6322: 6317: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6239: 6226: 6212: 6199: 6185: 6172: 6143: 6138: 6117: 6103: 6090: 6053: 6028: 5963: 5948: 5900: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5773: 5771: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5743: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5447: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5406: 5396:Autoethnography 5393: 5392: 5388: 5373: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5340: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5293:Fine, p. 282–89 5292: 5288: 5284:Fine, p. 277–81 5283: 5279: 5275:Fine, p. 270–77 5274: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4894: 4890: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4778: 4774: 4767:Naroll, Raoul. 4766: 4762: 4755: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4579: 4578: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4517: 4510: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4109:Autoethnography 4099: 4094: 4000:Zalpa Bersanova 3983:Elijah Anderson 3978:Lila Abu-Lughod 3846:Diamond Jenness 3809: 3797:Gregory Bateson 3776: 3770: 3767: 3760:needs expansion 3745: 3736: 3705: 3689: 3681:Michel Foucault 3645:W. H. R. Rivers 3625: 3585: 3583:Autoethnography 3579: 3577:Autoethnography 3574: 3526: 3510: 3494: 3492:Classic virtues 3444: 3417:Aesthetic merit 3392: 3357:George Spindler 3353: 3347:being studied. 3316:Gerry Philipsen 3311: 3285:Elijah Anderson 3268:, developed by 3242:Pierre Bourdieu 3206:St. Clair Drake 3176:Urban sociology 3165: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3078: 3068: 3067: 2995: 2921: 2907: 2905:Major theorists 2897: 2896: 2832: 2822: 2821: 2512: 2502: 2501: 2472:Critical theory 2467:Conflict theory 2462: 2452: 2451: 2422:Social equality 2363: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2274: 2258: 2247: 2238:Writing Culture 2233:Writing Culture 2220:Writing Culture 2203:by Kim Fortun. 2189:Michael Taussig 2173:literary theory 2153:Clifford Geertz 2122:The High Valley 2103:Clifford Geertz 2030:Gregory Bateson 1973: 1961:social movement 1905:ethnomusicology 1865: 1796: 1777: 1734: 1728: 1634: 1566:social research 1556:is a branch of 1547: 1511: 1510: 1457: 1449: 1448: 1395:Phenomenography 1334:Autoethnography 1299: 1291: 1290: 1251:Grounded theory 1246:Critical theory 1241:Art methodology 1236:Action research 1231: 1221: 1220: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1117: 1109: 1108: 1077: 1075:Research design 1038: 1009: 1008: 974: 966: 965: 946:Practice theory 886:Alliance theory 876: 868: 867: 863:Postcolonialism 792: 784: 783: 717: 707: 706: 672:Anthropological 667: 657: 656: 560: 510: 509: 489: 488: 439: 429: 428: 359: 349: 348: 319: 311: 264: 253: 252: 251: 246: 235: 229: 226: 183: 181: 171: 159: 144: 133: 127: 124: 109: 97: 93: 56: 52: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7340: 7338: 7330: 7329: 7327:Ethnic studies 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7289: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7235:Indigenization 7232: 7227: 7225:Ethnosymbolism 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7195:Ethnic penalty 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7133:Model minority 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7113:Ethnopluralism 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7058:Ethnic enclave 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7005: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6803: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6768:Southeast Asia 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6691: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6647:Ethnosemiotics 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6617:Ethnomuseology 6614: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6478: 6476:Ethnic studies 6473: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6443:Supraethnicity 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6396:Minority group 6393: 6391:Metroethnicity 6388: 6386:Meta-ethnicity 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256:External links 6254: 6252: 6251: 6237: 6224: 6210: 6197: 6183: 6170: 6141: 6136: 6115: 6101: 6088: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6051: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6013: 6006: 6003: 5993: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5946: 5937: 5927: 5909:(3): 267–294. 5898: 5891: 5884: 5873: 5863: 5858:, James & 5853: 5846: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5800:(4): 545–576. 5780: 5756: 5741: 5723: 5694:(4): 545–576. 5678: 5651:(3): 267–294. 5629: 5570: 5556: 5542: 5535: 5509: 5497: 5490: 5459: 5445: 5419: 5404: 5386: 5371: 5353: 5338: 5320: 5313: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5265: 5256: 5244: 5235: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5153: 5134:(2): 253–255. 5118: 5106: 5099: 5081: 5068: 5055: 5042: 5029:10.1086/425658 5007: 4988:(2): 137–149. 4972: 4952: 4940: 4918: 4909: 4888: 4867: 4854: 4847: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4805:Heider, Karl. 4798: 4785: 4772: 4760: 4753: 4723: 4710: 4687:Barry, Lynda. 4679: 4666: 4659: 4639: 4632: 4612: 4589: 4567: 4561: 4551: 4544: 4526: 4515: 4508: 4488: 4476: 4454: 4442: 4433: 4418: 4402: 4390: 4388:, p. 133. 4378: 4371: 4345: 4338: 4312: 4310:, p. vii. 4308:Kaldellis 2013 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4246: 4234: 4221: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4139:Ethnosemiotics 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3960:James Spradley 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3924:Lubor Niederle 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3858:Carobeth Laird 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3834:Thor Heyerdahl 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3757: 3755: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3704: 3701: 3688: 3685: 3635:determined by 3624: 3621: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3581:Main article: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3452:epistemologies 3447:Gary Alan Fine 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3391: 3388: 3372:Genevieve Bell 3352: 3349: 3310: 3307: 3234:Gary Alan Fine 3230:Shared Fantasy 3180:Chicago School 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3069: 2923: 2922: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2532:Astrosociology 2529: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2378:Human behavior 2375: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2311: 2310: 2261: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2212:James Clifford 2138:Laura Bohannan 1972: 1969: 1949:urban planning 1864: 1861: 1795: 1792: 1776: 1773: 1727: 1724: 1692:historiography 1633: 1630: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1420:Scoping review 1417: 1412: 1407: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363:Field research 1360: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1261:Historiography 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1214:Subtle realism 1211: 1201: 1196: 1194:Postpositivism 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1169:Constructivism 1166: 1164:Antipositivism 1160: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1029: 1022: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 961:Systems theory 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 901:Culture theory 898: 893: 888: 883: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 820: 819: 809: 804: 799: 793: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 735: 734: 724: 718: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 668: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 511: 508: 507: 502: 496: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 484:Primatological 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 440: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 357:Archaeological 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 324:Archaeological 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 310: 309: 304: 298: 295: 294: 286: 285: 279: 278: 266: 265: 248: 247: 162: 160: 153: 146: 145: 100: 98: 91: 86: 60: 59: 57: 50: 26: 24: 18:Ethnographical 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7339: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Ethnocentrism 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7180:Ethnic hatred 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973:National myth 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6913:Folk religion 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6888:Ethnic origin 6886: 6884: 6883:Ethnic option 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758:Northern Asia 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6734:South America 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6719:United States 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6652:Ethnotaxonomy 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Ethnomedicine 6605: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6543:Institutional 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Ethnomycology 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:Polyethnicity 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Monoethnicity 6406: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6309: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6255: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6238:0-691-11691-1 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5781: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5742:0-486-24995-6 5738: 5734: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5607:11250/2754160 5603: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5372:0-7591-0050-0 5368: 5364: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5023:(1): 83–106. 5022: 5018: 5011: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4779:Chavez, Leo. 4776: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4699:on 2021-10-30 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4489: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4464:"Ethnography" 4458: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4257:Redfield 2019 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4235: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4205: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4067:Barrie Thorne 4065: 4063: 4062:Carolyn Ellis 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4050:Richard Price 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4028:Alice Goffman 4026: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3938:(1908-)_1981) 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3900:Margaret Mead 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3852:Mary Kingsley 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3828:Leo Frobenius 3826: 3823: 3822:Raymond Firth 3820: 3817: 3814: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3771:November 2022 3765: 3761: 3758:This section 3756: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673:philosophical 3670: 3665: 3663: 3662:ethnic groups 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364:Daniel Miller 3360: 3358: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3293:Loïc Wacquant 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3098:Organizations 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: · 3046: 3043: · 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3003: · 3002: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2935: · 2934: 2930: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2852:Computational 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2597:Environmental 2595: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2547:Consciousness 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2427:Social equity 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2373:Globalization 2371: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2307: 2304: 2296: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2262:This section 2260: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2216:George Marcus 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:post-colonial 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012:Margaret Mead 2009: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:folkloristics 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1828:According to 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1647: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1477:Bibliometrics 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1415:Meta-analysis 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1405:Bibliometrics 1403: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1276:Phenomenology 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1005: 1004:Organizations 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 970: 969: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 951:Structuralism 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 926:Functionalism 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 878: 872: 871: 864: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 818: 817:sociocultural 815: 814: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 788: 787: 780: 779:Emic and etic 777: 775: 774:Ethnocentrism 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 733: 730: 729: 728: 725: 723: 722:Anthropometry 720: 719: 716: 711: 710: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 687:Ethnopoetical 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 666: 661: 660: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 642:Transpersonal 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 622:Psychological 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 582:Institutional 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 558: 556: 553: 551: 550:Environmental 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 493: 492: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 438: 433: 432: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 389:Environmental 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 353: 352: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 315: 314: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 297: 296: 292: 288: 287: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271: 262: 259: 244: 241: 233: 222: 219: 215: 212: 208: 205: 201: 198: 194: 191: – 190: 189:"Ethnography" 186: 185:Find sources: 179: 175: 169: 168: 163:This article 161: 157: 152: 151: 142: 139: 131: 128:February 2020 121: 118:and simplify 117: 113: 107: 106: 101:This article 99: 90: 89: 84: 82: 75: 74: 69: 68: 63: 58: 49: 48: 43: 41: 33: 19: 7302:Anthropology 7250:Xenocentrism 7200:Ethnic slurs 7190:Ethnic party 7153:Ideology and 7073:Ethnic media 7015:White ethnic 7008:Neotribalism 6963:Nation state 6903:Ethnofiction 6834:ethnogenesis 6805: 6798: 6779: 6748:Central Asia 6740: 6693: 6686: 6669: 6642:Ethnoscience 6632:Ethnopoetics 6580:Ethnohistory 6522: 6518:Ethnogeology 6506:Ethnozoology 6496:Ethnoecology 6486:Ethnobiology 6471:Anthropology 6423:Panethnicity 6339:Ethnic group 6266: 6228: 6201: 6174: 6149: 6145: 6120:Anthropology 6119: 6092: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6034: 6016: 6009: 5999: 5989: 5970: 5953: 5950: 5942: 5933: 5932:, Clifford. 5906: 5902: 5894: 5887: 5876: 5869: 5849: 5842: 5835:Bibliography 5815:1721.1/61966 5797: 5793: 5783: 5772:. 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