Ethanol fuel - Knowledge (XXG)

1505:. The government expects oil marketing companies such as Indian Oil Corp (IOC) and Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd (HPCL) to provide 20% ethanol-blended fuel from April 2023 onward. States like Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, where ethanol is in surplus, are expected to be the first to adopt the higher ethanol fuel blending rate. India is also prioritizing roll-out of vehicles compatible with ethanol-blended fuel. From March 2021, auto manufacturers are required to indicate the ethanol compatibility of new vehicles and engines must be optimally designed to use 20% ethanol-blended fuel. The government expects automakers to begin production of ethanol-blended fuel compliant vehicles before April 2022. However, environmentalists worry that India's increased target for ethanol blending could incentivise water-intensive crops such as sugarcane and rice, and suggest that the government should focus on lower-water intensity crops such as millets since India is already facing an acute water shortage. 1548:

improvement over the cost-effectiveness of hybrid electric. The improvement consists of using dual-fuel direct-injection of pure alcohol (or the azeotrope or E85) and gasoline, in any ratio up to 100% of either, in a turbocharged, high compression-ratio, small-displacement engine having performance similar to an engine having twice the displacement. Each fuel is carried separately, with a much smaller tank for alcohol. The high-compression (for higher efficiency) engine runs on ordinary gasoline under low-power cruise conditions. Alcohol is directly injected into the cylinders (and the gasoline injection simultaneously reduced) only when necessary to suppress 'knock' such as when significantly accelerating. Direct cylinder injection raises the already high octane rating of ethanol up to an effective 130. The calculated over-all reduction of gasoline use and CO

1332: 170: 1493:(no residual fuel or free oxygen in the exhaust) air-to-fuel ratio for any fuel mix. In newer models, the alcohol sensors have been removed, with the computer using only oxygen and airflow sensor feedback to estimate alcohol content. The engine control computer can also adjust (advance) the ignition timing to achieve a higher output without pre-ignition when it predicts that higher alcohol percentages are present in the fuel being burned. This method is backed up by advanced knock sensors – used in most high performance gasoline engines regardless of whether they are designed to use ethanol or not – that detect pre-ignition and detonation. 2168:

not easily produced, thus numerous such reports have been generated that are contradictory. For instance, a separate survey reports that production of ethanol from sugarcane, which requires a tropical climate to grow productively, returns from 8 to 9 units of energy for each unit expended, as compared to corn, which only returns about 1.34 units of fuel energy for each unit of energy expended. A 2006 University of California Berkeley study, after analyzing six separate studies, concluded that producing ethanol from corn uses much less petroleum than producing gasoline.

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produces lower mileage than gasoline, and requires more frequent refueling. Actual performance may vary depending on the vehicle. Based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline. The EPA-rated mileage of current United States flex-fuel vehicles should be considered when making price comparisons, but E85 is a high performance fuel, with an octane rating of about 94–96, and should be compared to premium. Ethanol is not suitable for most aircraft, according to the

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claims that land for ethanol production is acquired through deforestation, while others have observed that areas currently supporting forests are usually not suitable for growing crops. In any case, farming may involve a decline in soil fertility due to reduction of organic matter, a decrease in water availability and quality, an increase in the use of pesticides and fertilizers, and potential dislocation of local communities. New technology enables farmers and processors to increasingly produce the same output using less inputs.

2709:, by shifting the need for some foreign-produced oil to domestically produced energy sources. Production of ethanol requires significant energy, but current U.S. production derives most of that energy from coal, natural gas and other sources, rather than oil. Because 66% of oil consumed in the U.S. is imported, compared to a net surplus of coal and just 16% of natural gas (figures from 2006), the displacement of oil-based fuels to ethanol produces a net shift from foreign to domestic U.S. energy sources. 1971: 85: 1426: 7159: 1882: 813: 124: 652: 116: 2255: 1030: 1729: 1616:

electric motor driving the wheels, through a battery that handles peak power demands and stores regenerated energy. The vehicle would include a tank for a blend of water and ethanol, which is fed into an onboard reformer that splits it into pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide. According to Nissan, the liquid fuel could be an ethanol-water blend at a 55:45 ratio. Nissan expects to commercialize its technology by 2020.

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does not occur. The fuel mileage declines with increased water content. The increased solubility of water with higher ethanol content permits E30 and hydrated ethanol to be put in the same tank since any combination of them always results in a single phase. Somewhat less water is tolerated at lower temperatures. For E10 it is about 0.5% v/v at 21 °C and decreases to about 0.23% v/v at −34 °C.

1942: 1853: 1141: 2962: 1791: 440:(petrol) for use in gasoline engines, but with high ethanol content only after engine modifications to meter increased fuel volume since pure ethanol contains only 2/3 the energy of an equivalent volume of pure gasoline. High percentage ethanol mixtures are used in some racing engine applications as the very high octane rating of ethanol is compatible with very high compression ratios. 847: 2990: 1438: 1760: 1130: 1913: 880:, oil gas, and other sources. Two million short tons (1,786,000 long tons; 1,814,000 t) of petroleum-derived ethanol are produced annually. The principal suppliers are plants in the United States, Europe, and South Africa. Petroleum derived ethanol (synthetic ethanol) is chemically identical to bio-ethanol and can be differentiated only by radiocarbon dating. 38: 2825: 1367:), and to reduce ethanol higher emissions during cold weather, both the US and the European markets adopted E85 as the maximum blend to be used in their flexible fuel vehicles, and they are optimized to run at such a blend. At places with harsh cold weather, the ethanol blend in the US has a seasonal reduction to 2796:. The project considers alcohol fuels to be a solution to fuel shortages, environmental damage, and public health issues caused by traditional cooking in the developing world. Targeting poor and marginalized communities that face health issues from cooking over polluting fires, Gaia currently works in 5603:

Hill, Jason, Stephen Polasky, Erik Nelson, David Tilman, Hong Huo, Lindsay Ludwig, James Neumann, Haochi Zheng, and Diego Bonta. "Climate change and health costs of air emissions from biofuels and gasoline. (SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE)(Author abstract)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of

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When condensed, this becomes a two-phase liquid mixture. The heavier phase, poor in the entrainer (benzene or cyclohexane), is stripped of the entrainer and recycled to the feed—while the lighter phase, with condensate from the stripping, is recycled to the second column. Another early method, called

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Currently, the first generation processes for the production of ethanol from corn use only a small part of the corn plant: the corn kernels are taken from the corn plant and only the starch, which represents about 50% of the dry kernel mass, is transformed into ethanol. Two types of second generation

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As ethanol yields improve or different feedstocks are introduced, ethanol production may become more economically feasible in the US. Currently, research on improving ethanol yields from each unit of corn is underway using biotechnology. Also, as long as oil prices remain high, the economical use of

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produced in the US: one unit of fossil-fuel energy is required to create 1.3 energy units from the resulting ethanol. The energy balance for sugarcane ethanol produced in Brazil is more favorable, with one unit of fossil-fuel energy required to create 8 from the ethanol. Energy balance estimates are

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Recent research has demonstrated that complete dehydration prior to blending with gasoline is not always necessary. Instead, the azeotropic mixture can be blended directly with gasoline so that liquid-liquid phase equilibrium can assist in the elimination of water. A two-stage counter-current setup

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Converting biomass to electricity for charging electric vehicles may be a more "climate-friendly" transportation option than using biomass to produce ethanol fuel, according to an analysis published in Science in May 2009. Researchers continue to search for more cost-effective developments in both

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An additional complication is that production requires tilling new soil which produces a one-off release of GHG that it can take decades or centuries of production reductions in GHG emissions to equalize. As an example, converting grass lands to corn production for ethanol takes about a century of

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Nissan plans to create a technology that uses liquid ethanol fuel as a source to generate hydrogen within the vehicle itself. The technology uses heat to reform ethanol into hydrogen to feed what is known as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The fuel cell generates electricity to supply power to the

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In June 2021, India brought forward to 2025 its target to implement a 20% ethanol-blended auto fuel. India's ethanol blending rate in fuel (at the time of this target revision) is 8%, which is set to increase to 10% by 2022 based on the 'Roadmap for ethanol blending in India 2020-25' released on 5

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production systems have been marketed to home and business users for many years, commercialized ethanol production systems designed for end-consumer use have lagged in the marketplace. In 2008, two different companies announced home-scale ethanol production systems. The AFS125 Advanced Fuel System

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and then harvest and ferment it, the algae grow in sunlight and produce ethanol directly, which is removed without killing the algae. It is claimed the process can produce 6,000 U.S. gallons per acre (5,000 imperial gallons per acre; 56,000 liters per hectare) per year compared with 400 US gallons

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The fraction of water that an ethanol-gasoline fuel can contain without phase separation increases with the percentage of ethanol. For example, E30 can have up to about 2% water. If there is more than about 71% ethanol, the remainder can be any proportion of water or gasoline and phase separation

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Large-scale farming is necessary to produce agricultural alcohol and this requires substantial amounts of cultivated land. University of Minnesota researchers report that if all corn grown in the U.S. were used to make ethanol it would displace 12% of current U.S. gasoline consumption. There are

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ethanol (with up to 4% water), which causes vapor pressure to drop faster as compared to E85 vehicles. As a result, Brazilian flex vehicles are built with a small secondary gasoline reservoir located near the engine. During a cold start pure gasoline is injected to avoid starting problems at low

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All biomass goes through at least some of these steps: it needs to be grown, collected, dried, fermented, distilled, and burned. All of these steps require resources and an infrastructure. The total amount of energy input into the process compared to the energy released by burning the resulting

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Ethanol fermentation is not 100% selective with side products such as acetic acid and glycols. They are mostly removed during ethanol purification. Fermentation takes place in an aqueous solution. The resulting solution has an ethanol content of around 15%. Ethanol is subsequently isolated and

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For E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline), the increase in fuel consumption in unmodified vehicles is small (up to 2.8%) when compared to conventional gasoline, and even smaller (1–2%) when compared to oxygenated and reformulated blends. For E85 (85% ethanol), the effect becomes significant. E85

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Cellulosic ethanol production is a new approach that may alleviate land use and related concerns. Cellulosic ethanol can be produced from any plant material, potentially doubling yields, in an effort to minimize conflict between food needs vs. fuel needs. Instead of utilizing only the starch

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study and an earlier paper published by the Society of Automotive Engineers identified a method to exploit the characteristics of fuel ethanol substantially more efficiently than mixing it with gasoline. The method presents the possibility of leveraging the use of alcohol to achieve definite

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emission is 30%. The consumer cost payback time shows a 4:1 improvement over turbo-diesel and a 5:1 improvement over hybrid. The problems of water absorption into pre-mixed gasoline (causing phase separation), supply issues of multiple mix ratios and cold-weather starting are also avoided.

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molecules are strings of glucose molecules. It is also possible to generate ethanol out of cellulosic materials. That, however, requires a pretreatment that splits the cellulose into glucose molecules and other sugars that subsequently can be fermented. The resulting product is called

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10 imperial gallons). Strong incentives, coupled with other industry development initiatives, are giving rise to fledgling ethanol industries in countries such as Germany, Spain, France, Sweden, China, Thailand, Canada, Colombia, India, Australia, and some Central American countries.

1243:, meaning it absorbs water vapor directly from the atmosphere. Because absorbed water dilutes the fuel value of the ethanol and may cause phase separation of ethanol-gasoline blends (which causes engine stall), containers of ethanol fuels must be kept tightly sealed. This high 890:. Agricultural feedstocks are considered renewable because they get energy from the sun using photosynthesis, provided that all minerals required for growth (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are returned to the land. Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such as 1489:) in North America and Europe, and up to 100% (E100) in Brazil. In older model years, their engine systems contained alcohol sensors in the fuel and/or oxygen sensors in the exhaust that provide input to the engine control computer to adjust the fuel injection to achieve 2601:

High-input annual grass. Used as feedstock for most bioethanol produced in US. Only kernels can be processed using available technology; development of commercial cellulosic technology would allow stover to be used and increase ethanol yield by 1,100 – 2,000 litres/ha.

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With increasing attention being paid to saving energy, many methods have been proposed that avoid distillation altogether for dehydration. Of these methods, a third method has emerged and has been adopted by the majority of modern ethanol plants. This new process uses

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The January 2006 Science article from UC Berkeley's ERG, estimated reduction from corn ethanol in GHG to be 13% after reviewing a large number of studies. In a correction to that article released shortly after publication, they reduce the estimated value to 7.4%. A

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of exactly how much carbon dioxide is produced in the manufacture of bioethanol is a complex and inexact process, and is highly dependent on the method by which the ethanol is produced and the assumptions made in the calculation. A calculation should include:

2178:, is emitted during fermentation and combustion. This is canceled out by the greater uptake of carbon dioxide by the plants as they grow to produce the biomass. When produced by certain methods, ethanol releases less greenhouse gases than gasoline does. 2576:

Low-input annual grass. Ethanol production possible using existing technology. Grows in tropical and temperate climates, but highest ethanol yield estimates assume multiple crops per year (possible only in tropical climates). Does not store well.

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A study by atmospheric scientists at Stanford University found that E85 fuel would increase the risk of air pollution deaths relative to gasoline by 9% in Los Angeles, US: a very large, urban, car-based metropolis that is a worst-case scenario.

1604:. The main advantage of this technical approach is that it would be cheaper and easier to deploy the fueling infrastructure than setting up the one required to deliver hydrogen at high pressures, as each hydrogen fueling station cost 1449:), and since 1993 a federal law requires mixtures between 22% and 25% ethanol, with 25% required as of mid July 2011. In the United States all light-duty vehicles are built to operate normally with an ethanol blend of 10% ( 2527:

Low-input perennial grass. Ethanol production depends on development of cellulosic technology. Breeding efforts underway to increase yields. Higher biomass production is possible with mixed species of perennial grasses.

1223:) to remove the adsorbed water. Two beds are often used so that one is available to adsorb water while the other is being regenerated. This dehydration technology can account for energy saving of 3,000 btus/gallon (840 k 2476:

Long-season annual grass. Used as feedstock for most bioethanol produced in Brazil. Newer processing plants burn residues not used for ethanol to generate electricity. Grows only in tropical and subtropical climates.

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Since 1989 there have also been ethanol engines based on the diesel principle operating in Sweden. They are used primarily in city buses, but also in distribution trucks and waste collectors. The engines, made by

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and cellulose, are both made of sugars—and can, in principle, be converted to sugars for fermentation. Currently, only the sugar (e.g., sugar cane) and starch (e.g., corn) portions can be economically converted.

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is currently being phased out due to ground water contamination, hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. Current production methods include air pollution from the manufacturer of macronutrient

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According to a 2008 analysis by Iowa State University, the growth in US ethanol production has caused retail gasoline prices to be US$ 0.29 to US$ 0.40 per gallon lower than would otherwise have been the case.

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Beginning with the model year 1999, an increasing number of vehicles in the world are manufactured with engines that can run on any fuel from 0% ethanol up to 100% ethanol without modification. Many cars and

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Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence (Brief and comprehensive account of the history, evolution and future of

1379:) during the winter, it is recommended to install an engine heater system, both for gasoline and E85 vehicles. Sweden has a similar seasonal reduction, but the ethanol content in the blend is reduced to 1117:

obtained from breaking down plant cellulose to sugars and converting the sugars to ethanol. However, cellulosic ethanol is currently uneconomical and not practiced commercially. According to a 2006

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ethanol, hydrous ethanol is not miscible in all ratios with gasoline, so the water fraction is typically removed in further treatment to burn in combination with gasoline in gasoline engines.

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Ethanol contains approximately 34% less energy per unit volume than gasoline, and therefore in theory, burning pure ethanol in a vehicle reduces range per unit measure by 34%, given the same

527: imp gal) with the United States of America and Brazil being the top producers, accounting for 62.2% and 25% of global production, respectively. US ethanol production reached 57.54 4324: 1207:, consists of adding a ternary component that increases ethanol's relative volatility. When the ternary mixture is distilled, it produces anhydrous ethanol on the top stream of the column. 2371:

because the amount of energy-intensive fertilisers and fungicides remain the same for higher output of usable material. The technology for producing cellulosic ethanol is currently in the

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from Allard Research and Development is capable of producing both ethanol and biodiesel in one machine, while the E-100 MicroFueler from E-Fuel Corporation is dedicated to ethanol only.

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allowed a compression ratio of 19.5 with fuels ranging from neat ethanol to E50. Thermal efficiency up to approximately that for a diesel was achieved. This would result in the

503: imp gal). From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global gasoline type fuel use increased from 3.7% to 5.4%. In 2011 worldwide ethanol fuel production reached 8.46 6329: 829: 4161: 7756: 2552:

Fast-growing tree. Ethanol production depends on development of cellulosic technology. Completion of genomic sequencing project will aid breeding efforts to increase yields.

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by-products from grinding wheat and other crops, cellulosic ethanol production maximizes the use of all plant materials, including gluten. This approach would have a smaller

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sports car championship introduced E10 in the 2007 season to replace pure gasoline. In the 2008 season, E85 was allowed in the GT class and teams began switching to it.

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due to the large amount of arable land required for crops, as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn.

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Biofuels for Transport: Global Potential and Implications for Energy and Agriculture (Global view, includes country study cases of Brazil, China, India and Tanzania)

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to remove water from fuel ethanol. In this process, ethanol vapor under pressure passes through a bed of molecular sieve beads. The bead's pores are sized to allow

4715:"Direct Injection Ethanol Boosted Gasoline Engines: Biofuel Leveraging for Cost Effective Reduction of Oil Dependence and CO2 Emissions. MIT Report PSFC/JA-06-16" 5452: 4869: 4714: 5370: 1167:

with maximum (95.6% m/m (96.5% v/v) ethanol and 4.4% m/m (3.5% v/v) water). This mixture is called hydrous ethanol and can be used as a fuel alone, but unlike

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flex-fuel has outside direct access to the secondary reservoir gasoline tank in the front right side; the corresponding fuel filler door is shown by the arrow.

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In many countries cars are mandated to run on mixtures of ethanol. All Brazilian light-duty vehicles are built to operate for an ethanol blend of up to 25% (

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Greater Transportation Energy and GHG Offsets from Bioelectricity Than Ethanol Campbell, et al. Science 22 May 2009: 1055–1057. DOI:10.1126/science.1168885

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temperatures. This provision is particularly necessary for users of Brazil's southern and central regions, where temperatures normally drop below 15

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emissions in production and use for corn ethanol compared to gasoline and a 56% reduction for cane ethanol. Carmaker Ford reports a 70% reduction in CO

6834: 6155: 6051: 55: 47: 5684: 2266:. This graph assumes that all bioethanols are burnt in their country of origin and that previously existing cropland is used to grow the feedstock. 5604:

the United States of America 106.6 (10 February 2009): 2077(6). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. BENTLEY UPPER SCHOOL LIBRARY (BAISL). 6 October 2009

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Stacey, Neil T.; Hadjitheodorou, Aristoklis; Glasser, David (19 September 2016). "Gasoline Preblending for Energy-Efficient Bioethanol Recovery".

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organization involved in the creation of a commercially viable household market for alcohol-based fuels in Ethiopia and other countries in the

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About 5% of the ethanol produced in the world in 2003 was actually a petroleum product. It is made by the catalytic hydration of ethylene with

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For each billion ethanol-equivalent gallons of fuel produced and combusted in the US, the combined climate-change and health costs are $ 469

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Policy document 01/08. See 4.3.1 Vapour pressure and bioethanol and Figure 4.3 for the relation between ethanol content and vapor pressure.

3894: 3159: 2372: 1454: 828: 639:. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol is in replacing gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate to 5067: 4276: 3464: 4643: 3734: 3198: 6489: 4687: 2319: 2226:

studies were performed of ambient air in São Paulo, Brazil, and compared to Osaka, Japan, which does not burn ethanol fuel. Atmospheric

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of water while excluding ethanol. After a period of time, the bed is regenerated under vacuum or in the flow of inert atmosphere (e.g. N

1199:, which when distilled produces anhydrous ethanol in the column bottom, and a vapor mixture of water, ethanol, and cyclohexane/benzene. 4193: 3553: 169: 7294: 6276: 5618: 5000: 4813: 2154: 1523:, have a modified compression ratio, and the fuel (known as ED95) used is a mix of 93.6% ethanol and 3.6% ignition improver, and 2.8% 332: 6326: 4116:

Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence

1527:. The ignition improver makes it possible for the fuel to ignite in the diesel combustion cycle. It is then also possible to use the 7716: 7203: 6974: 5105: 2400:

million for corn ethanol depending on biorefinery heat source (natural gas, corn stover, or coal) and technology, but only $ 123–208

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Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is around

4557: 4168: 3958: 5894: 4248: 2190:, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and 1155:

For the ethanol to be usable as a fuel, the yeast solids and the majority of the water must be removed. After fermentation, the

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Onuki, Shinnosuke; Koziel, Jacek A.; van Leeuwen, Johannes; Jenks, William S.; Grewell, David; Cai, Lingshuang (June 2008).

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levels are significantly increased, thereby increasing photochemical smog and aggravating medical problems such as asthma.

1592:, the fuel of choice by the other car manufacturers that have developed and commercialized fuel cell vehicles, such as the 7746: 5793: 5689: 3823: 2195: 2051:(after the United States) and the world's largest exporter. Brazil's ethanol fuel program uses modern equipment and cheap 6413: 5654: 4527: 4455: 4429: 4325:"Swedish comments on Euro 5/6 comitology version 4, 30 May 2007: Cold Temperature Tests For Flex Fuel Vehicles" 3527: 1290: 1196: 7831: 6586: 6301: 4484: 3035: 1420: 1380: 1368: 1344: 601: 585: 574: 436:(ICEs) is only possible if the engines are designed or modified for that purpose. Anhydrous ethanol can be blended with 429: 371: 6849: 6458: 3343: 8049: 7558: 7066: 6932: 6922: 5456: 4914: 4884: 4880: 4843: 4725: 4523: 3490: 3205: 3091: 2829: 2143: 1569: 1304: 1231:

of mixer-settler tanks can achieve complete recovery of ethanol into the fuel phase, with minimal energy consumption.

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stock car series mandated a switch from gasoline to E15, a blend of Sunoco GTX unleaded racing fuel and 15% ethanol.

1453:). At the end of 2010 over 90 percent of all gasoline sold in the U.S. was blended with ethanol. In January 2011 the 558:" (GGE) value of 1.5, i.e. to replace the energy of 1 volume of gasoline, 1.5 times the volume of ethanol is needed. 8042: 1276: 7798: 7424: 7363: 5217: 4057: 3081: 555: 433: 5084:"01.26.2006 – Ethanol can replace gasoline with significant energy savings, comparable impact on greenhouse gases" 4668: 2404:

million for cellulosic ethanol depending on feedstock (prairie biomass, Miscanthus, corn stover, or switchgrass).

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Block, Ben, "Study: biofuels more efficient as electricity source. (EYE ON EARTH)(Brief article)" World Watch 22.

4301: 2417:, becomes viable. By-products such as straw or wood chips can be converted to ethanol. Fast growing species like 1565: 1163:, separates the ethanol, but its purity is limited to 95–96% due to the formation of a low-boiling water-ethanol 4032: 7751: 7709: 7491: 7409: 7353: 7122: 7107: 7081: 6997: 6881: 6854: 5972: 3346:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). Archived from 3131: 3126: 3101: 2271: 1352: 1195:

to the mixture. When these components are added to the mixture, it forms a heterogeneous azeotropic mixture in

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per acre (330 imp gal/acre; 3,700 L/ha) for corn production. In 2015 the project was abandoned.

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for these very cold regions, though it is still sold as E85. At places where temperatures fall below −12

5191: 4221:; et al. (2007). "Molar enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol–gasoline mixtures and their colloid state". 4028: 1323:

is an example of an aircraft that has been specifically designed for use with ethanol fuel in some variants.

7971: 7930: 7736: 7699: 7132: 7117: 7102: 6482: 6253: 2981: 2736: 2059:) is used to produce heat and power. There are no longer light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. 1625: 1320: 1204: 1184: 570: 3239:

http://www.amis-outlook.org/fileadmin/user_upload/amis/docs/Market_monitor/AMIS_Market_Monitor_Issue_47.pdf

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for the fuel to evaporate and spark the ignition during cold weather (since ethanol tends to increase fuel

577:, and ethanol represented 10% of the U.S. gasoline fuel supply derived from domestic sources in 2011. Some 8096: 7935: 7773: 7612: 7553: 7399: 7127: 7096: 7086: 7011: 6839: 6162: 6059: 5348:. EU, RES Technology Marketing Campaign, European Biomass Industry Association EUBIA. 2007. Archived from 4480:

Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia: uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas

4478: 2044: 1098: 562: 293: 5240: 8117: 7966: 7894: 7846: 7731: 7721: 7311: 7278: 7147: 4784: 3071: 2725: 1498: 1478: 593: 578: 5083: 3344:"Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2011: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível – 1957/2010" 3163: 2421:

can be grown on land not suitable for other cash crops and yield high levels of ethanol per unit area.

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W. Horn and F. Krupp. Earth: The Sequel: The Race to Reinvent Energy and Stop Global Warming. 2006, 85

3592: 8091: 7675: 7449: 7379: 7369: 7306: 7242: 7056: 7026: 6615: 6113: 5718: 5406: 5275: 5264:"Atmospheric alcohols and aldehydes concentrations measured in Osaka, Japan and in Sao Paulo, Brazil" 1404: 1092: 1034: 664: 253: 199: 5695: 7940: 7640: 7434: 7429: 7384: 7343: 7273: 7158: 6937: 6336:, CEIHD Center for Entrepreneurship in International Health and Development. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 5044: 4218: 3616: 2851: 2328: 2159: 1593: 1524: 1075:

of carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch into sugars. Saccharification of cellulose is called

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This is shown for 25 °C (77 °F) in a gasoline-ethanol-water phase diagram, Fig 13 of

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Low-input perennial grass. Ethanol production depends on development of cellulosic technology.

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starting a cold engine becomes difficult. To avoid this problem at temperatures below 11

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In 2008 an alternative process to produce bio-ethanol from algae was announced by the company

204: 123: 5844:"Sorghum bicolor Sorghum, Common wild sorghum, Grain sorghum, Sudangrass PFAF Plant Database" 5843: 5561: 5241:"Effects of Ethanol (E85) vs. Gasoline Vehicles on Cancer and Mortality in the United States" 2318:

The graph on the right shows figures calculated by the UK government for the purposes of the

7904: 7884: 7851: 7704: 7655: 7627: 7525: 7394: 7348: 7315: 7289: 7263: 7213: 7197: 7051: 7046: 7016: 6808: 6719: 6559: 6391: 5414: 5283: 4968:"Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in the production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil" 4758: 4488: 4230: 3857: 3713: 3560: 3121: 3106: 2839:

Ethanol research focuses on alternative sources, novel catalysts and production processes.

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of the diesel principle with ethanol. These engines have been used in the United Kingdom by

1212: 1183:

ethanol/water mixture. The first process, used in many early fuel ethanol plants, is called

1134: 1068: 1029: 839: 651: 608: 448: 219: 214: 161: 5625: 5007: 4493: 8081: 8071: 7961: 7597: 7414: 7389: 7257: 7247: 6917: 6779: 6729: 6641: 6448: 6333: 5071: 4675: 3622: 2706: 1651: 1528: 1430: 1408: 1281: 873: 671:

and other sugars in the corn (or sugarcane or other crops) are converted into ethanol and

387: 5109: 4691: 6348:"INEOS Bio produces cellulosic ethanol from waste, at commercial scale – print-friendly" 5410: 5279: 4974: 98:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7991: 7981: 7899: 7763: 7694: 7632: 7338: 7320: 7091: 7071: 7036: 3116: 3061: 3051: 2995: 2882: 2767: 2729: 2690: 2175: 2171: 1348: 672: 6187: 5902: 5287: 4973:. Secretariat of the Environment, Government of the State of São Paulo. Archived from 4252: 2340:

emissions with bioethanol compared to petrol for one of their flexible-fuel vehicles.

1437: 8111: 8086: 8018: 7996: 7856: 7768: 7665: 7617: 7587: 7548: 7076: 7041: 6927: 6593: 6443: 5624:. Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center (updated to Jan 2011). Archived from 5434: 5263: 4371: 3933: 3792: 3413: 3111: 3086: 3076: 2967: 2557: 2223: 1532: 1502: 1490: 1308: 979: 857: 640: 268: 258: 5158: 3861: 7976: 7821: 7806: 7741: 7682: 7670: 7439: 7358: 6869: 6739: 6534: 6514: 6231: 5132: 4944: 4750: 3096: 3040: 3004: 2833: 2781: 2705:

One rationale given for extensive ethanol production in the U.S. is its benefit to

2263: 2242: 2231: 2227: 2164: 1597: 1482: 1160: 1076: 1056: 931: 455:. World ethanol production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 273: 6003: 5478: 5339:"Bioethanol Production and Use Creating Markets for Renewable Energy Technologies" 3895:"Technical View on Biofuels for Transportation – Focus on Ethanol End-Use Aspects" 978:, as well as many types of cellulose waste and harvesting, whichever has the best 5523:

Soil Organic Matter, Its Nature, Its role in Soil Formation and in Soil Fertility

5397:

Joseph Fargione (29 February 2008). "Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt".

4918: 2301:

The cost of transportation of the bioethanol from the factory to its point of use

2298:

The cost of the change in land use of the area where the fuel feedstock is grown.

7826: 7540: 7517: 7374: 6912: 6864: 6859: 6844: 6652: 6630: 6603: 6564: 6549: 6524: 5950: 4139: 4060:. Royal Automobile Association of South Australia. February 2004. Archived from 3379: 3056: 2975: 2878: 2863: 2763: 2750: 2418: 2311: 1666:

10 imperial gallons), accounting together for 87.1% of world production of 22.36

1470: 1411:, the first Brazilian flex fuel model without an auxiliary tank for cold start. 1336: 1244: 1240: 1192: 1140: 1060: 911: 883: 850: 807: 767: 656: 288: 278: 246: 236: 5133:"Effects of Fuel Ethanol Use on Fuel-Cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 4847: 4688:"Ethanol Producer Magazine – The Latest News and Data About Ethanol Production" 4234: 2047:

which has allowed the country to become the world's second largest producer of

1630:

The world's top ethanol fuel producers in 2011 were the United States with 13.9

1457:(EPA) issued a waiver to authorize up to 15% of ethanol blended with gasoline ( 1441:

EPA's E15 label required to be displayed in all E15 fuel dispensers in the U.S.

846: 6803: 6773: 6709: 6554: 6519: 5658: 4517:"2011 Ethanol Industry Outlook: Building Bridges to a More Sustainable Future" 3981:"Micro Fueler Is First Ethanol Kit for Brewing Backyard Biofuels on the Cheap" 3766: 3531: 3009: 2957: 2813: 2789: 2721: 2607: 2483: 2457: 2208: 1462: 1400: 1376: 1364: 1216: 1180: 1145: 1072: 903: 899: 891: 597: 414: 305: 300: 241: 231: 17: 6369: 4277:"When is E85 not 85 percent ethanol? When it's E70 with an E85 sticker on it" 3869: 3797:. XVI SIMEA 2008 – Simpósio Internacional de Engenharia Automotiva. Sao Paolo 2916: 432:

are in use around the world. The use of pure hydrous or anhydrous ethanol in

8006: 8001: 7986: 7811: 7783: 7778: 7568: 7563: 7499: 7460: 7444: 7167: 6897: 6813: 6714: 6539: 6498: 5418: 4751:"A Gasoline Engine Concept for Improved Fuel Economy -The Lean Boost System" 4590: 3347: 3020: 2961: 2871: 2867: 2844: 2414: 2199: 2191: 2052: 1635: 1520: 1485:) are designed to be flexible-fuel vehicles using ethanol blends up to 85% ( 1264: 1168: 1164: 1010: 939: 887: 869: 816: 747: 624: 612: 452: 383: 6966: 5426: 4452:"Volks lança sistema que elimina tanquinho de gasolina para partida a frio" 4006: 1247:

with water means that ethanol cannot be efficiently shipped through modern

1129: 6414:"Nano-spike catalysts convert carbon dioxide directly into ethanol | ORNL" 6139: 5500: 4087: 3153:"Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Bio fuels" 2732:

adopted a 10% ethanol blend for the 2006 season, and a 98% blend in 2007.

1311:, the engine can be made more efficient by raising its compression ratio. 8076: 7871: 7861: 6797: 6762: 6687: 6677: 6620: 4762: 3294:"Will High-Ethanol Gasoline Ruin Your Car Engine? What to Know About E15" 2797: 2344:

annual savings to make up for the GHG released from the initial tilling.

1589: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1307:, compared to burning pure gasoline. However, since ethanol has a higher 947: 865: 861: 759: 444: 437: 422: 376: 5819:"Lombardy Poplar Facts – Guide To Lombardy Poplar Care in the Landscape" 4387:

Ano 2, No. 3 (every article is presented in both English and Portuguese)

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of a neat ethanol vehicle to be about the same as one burning gasoline.

1101:

of the sugar. Microbial fermentation currently only works directly with

7945: 7925: 7795: 7660: 7530: 7268: 6704: 6698: 6647: 6529: 6506: 5216:. Environmental Science & Technology. 18 April 2007. Archived from 3298: 3250: 3025: 2874: 2816:, and is in the planning stage of projects in several other countries. 2801: 2632: 2533: 2202:

to reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States. The additive

2056: 2048: 1474: 1396: 1391: 1372: 1360: 1188: 1156: 1041: 1014: 1009:

to convert the plant cellulose into ethanol while the second type uses

986: 975: 935: 907: 895: 668: 632: 418: 402: 189: 179: 3372:"Licenciamento total de automóveis e comerciais leves por combustível" 1047:

The basic steps for large-scale production of ethanol are: microbial (

8066: 7816: 6750: 6682: 6598: 6544: 6462: 4966:

M. Macedo Isaias; Lima Verde Leal; J. Azevedo Ramos da Silva (2004).

3717: 2866:. Other potential feedstocks are municipal waste, recycled products, 2859: 2847: 2805: 2743: 1581: 1386:

Brazilian flex fuel vehicles can operate with ethanol mixtures up to

1149: 1106: 1018: 999: 971: 955: 927: 915: 743: 712: 628: 184: 133: 4883:, Ethanol Industry Overlook 2010, pp. 2 and 22. 2010. Archived from 3324:(in Portuguese). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento 2824: 4785:"Economical, High-Efficiency Engine Technologies for Alcohol Fuels" 2921:. 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence, Rhode Island 2918:

Ethanol production, purification, and analysis techniques: a review

6724: 6667: 6657: 6610: 5619:"Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels" 5001:"Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels" 4586:"EPA allows 15% ethanol in gasoline, but only for late-model cars" 3199:"Accelerating Industry Innovation – 2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook" 2855: 2840: 2823: 2809: 2693:

emissions assuming no land use change (using existing crop lands).

2657: 2582: 2310:

The benefits due to the production of useful bi-products, such as

2294:

Such a calculation may or may not consider the following effects:

2253: 2241: 2216: 1643: 1436: 1424: 1330: 1275: 1224: 1179:

There are three dehydration processes to remove the water from an

1139: 1128: 1102: 1048: 1028: 1003: 990: 967: 963: 959: 951: 943: 923: 845: 836: 822: 811: 650: 636: 616: 370: 114: 6254:"ALMS Corvettes going green with E85 fuel in 2008 – USATODAY.com" 6082:"Triticum aestivum Bread Wheat, Common wheat PFAF Plant Database" 5875:. International Crops Research Institute for the SemiArid Tropics 4941:"Industry Statistics: Annual World Ethanol Production by Country" 4162:"Changes in Gasoline IV, sponsored by Renewable Fuels Foundation" 3959:"Home Mini-Refinery Makes Ethanol & Biodiesel Simultaneously" 1159:

is heated so that the ethanol evaporates. This process, known as

6692: 6662: 3374:[Total automobiles and light-trucks registered by fuel] 2304:

The efficiency of the bioethanol compared with standard gasoline

2203: 1316: 919: 877: 620: 398: 119:

Summary of the main ethanol blends used around the world in 2013

7464: 6970: 6471: 5924:

G. C. Rains; J. S. Cundiff; G. E. Welbaum (12 September 1997).

5006:. Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Archived from 3586:"(grainscouncil.com, Biofuels_study 268 kB pdf, footnote, p 6)" 7836: 6672: 5895:"RP INVESTOR TO PUT UP PIONEERING SWEET SORGHUM ETHANOL PLANT" 5769:"Landscaping with Miscanthus sinensis (Japanese Silver Grass)" 3410:"Motos flex foram as mais vendidas em 2009 na categoria 150cc" 2843:

produced ethanol from vegetative material and wood waste. The

1486: 1356: 380: 78: 31: 5159:"Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Effects of Fuel Ethanol" 1121:

report, cellulosic ethanol could be important in the future.

443:

The first production car running entirely on ethanol was the

6467: 3273:"Alternative Fuels Data Center – Fuel Properties Comparison" 6370:"Ethanol production using genetically engineered bacterium" 6004:"What's the most energy-efficient crop source for ethanol?" 4749:

Stokes, J.; Lake, T. H.; Osborne, R. J. (16 October 2000).

4401:(in Portuguese and English). Gazeta do Povo. Archived from 4275:

Ethanol Promotion; Information Council (27 February 2007).

4118:. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. p. 42. 3704:

O. R. Inderwildi; D. A. King (2009). "Quo Vadis Biofuels".

1319:, as well as some motorbikes and small engines, though the 1063:(requirements vary, see Ethanol fuel mixtures, below), and 6156:"Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals" 5973:"What Kind of Fertilizer Is Best for Planting Sweet Corn?" 4814:"Nissan takes a different approach to fuel cells: ethanol" 1461:) to be sold only for cars and light pickup trucks with a 708:

purified by a combination of adsorption and distillation.

4840:"Industry Statistics: 2010 World Fuel Ethanol Production" 4713:

Cohn, D.R.; Bromberg, L.; Heywood, J.B. (20 April 2005),

2222:

Brazil burns significant amounts of ethanol biofuel. Gas

6392:"Air Pollution Rules Relaxed for U.S. Ethanol Producers" 4370:(in Portuguese and English). August 2008. Archived from 1535:

but the use of bioethanol fuel is now being phased out.

886:

is usually obtained from the conversion of carbon-based

451:. Ethanol is commonly made from biomass such as corn or 6141:

Ethanol as Fuel: An Environmental and Economic Analysis

5947:"ICRISAT develops sweet sorghum for ethanol production" 4323:

Vägverket (Swedish Road Administration) (30 May 2007).

3683:"New Enzyme for More Efficient Corn Ethanol Production" 2766:. As of 2010, small quantities of ethanol are used in 2332:

overview article (2007) puts the figures at 22% less CO

2307:

The amount of carbon dioxide produced at the tail pipe.

1564:

In a 2008 study, complex engine controls and increased

59: 2250:

of corn bioethanol grown in the US and burnt in the UK

1067:(optional). Prior to fermentation, some crops require 573:). Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on 4454:(in Portuguese). UNICA. 12 March 2009. Archived from 2287:

The cost of transporting the feedstock to the factory

998:

processes are under development. The first type uses

4757:. SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. Sae.org. 2290:

The cost of processing the feedstock into bioethanol

770:

in the presence of a catalyst and high temperature.

8059: 8027: 7954: 7918: 7870: 7794: 7626: 7596: 7539: 7516: 7498: 7330: 7233: 7166: 7004: 6890: 6822: 6738: 6629: 6505: 2384:cellulosic ethanol and advanced vehicle batteries. 6210:"Ethanol Lowers Gas Prices 29–40 Cents Per Gallon" 4870:"2009 Global Ethanol Production (Million Gallons)" 3662:"Hard Lessons From the Great Algae Biofuel Bubble" 1083:). Enzymes are used to convert starch into sugar. 6302:"Rocket Racing League Unveils New Flying Hot Rod" 5364: 5362: 4999:Daniel Budny and Paulo Sotero, ed. (April 2007). 4361:"Here comes the 'Flex' vehicles third generation" 4251:. The Royal Society. January 2008. Archived from 3729: 3727: 2753:championship uses Shell E85 for its racing fuel. 1251:, like liquid hydrocarbons, over long distances. 1227:/L) compared to earlier azeotropic distillation. 142: Corn used for Ethanol fuel (bushels) (left) 5794:"Growing Switchgrass – How To Plant Switchgrass" 5501:"Brazil's ethanol push could eat away at Amazon" 4807: 4805: 4616:"India targets 20% ethanol-blended fuel by 2025" 4399:"Bosch investe na segunda geração do motor flex" 4249:"Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges" 3636:"Algae farm in Mexico to produce ethanol in '09" 3517:, National Book Company, Portland, Oregon, p.499 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 2430:Annual yield (liters/hectare, US gal/acre) 2379:Using biomass for electricity instead of ethanol 127:Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States 6830:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 6232:"Texas Students Win National Auto Repair Crown" 5926:"Sweet Sorghum for a Piedmont Ethanol Industry" 3927:"Water Phase Separation in Oxygenated Gasoline" 3491:"Deforestation diesel – the madness of biofuel" 3016:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 2900:. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. 600:that regularly use neat ethanol fuel (known as 5870:"Sweet sorghum: A Water Saving BioEnergy Crop" 5678: 5676: 5657:(in Portuguese). Veja Magazine. Archived from 4428:(in Portuguese). Editora Abril. Archived from 4029:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 3983:. PopularMechanics. 8 May 2008. Archived from 1013:to convert the whole plant to either a liquid 148: Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right) 7476: 6982: 6483: 6030:"Sugar beets ~ a reliable source of biofuel?" 5744:"modern_production_of_ethanolEthanol_general" 5648: 5646: 5446: 5444: 4943:. Renewable Fuels Association. Archived from 4911:"2007 and 2008 World Fuel Ethanol Production" 4304:. Interesting Energy Facts. 23 September 2008 3530:. Oilcrash.com. 14 March 2005. Archived from 3251:"Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE) Definition" 2135:† experimental, not in commercial production 655:Structure of ethanol molecule. All bonds are 352: 8: 6327:"Impact of Improved Stoves and Fuels on IAP" 5868:Belum V S Reddy; Kumar, A Ashok; Ramesh, S. 5043:. Ngm.nationalgeographic.vom. Archived from 3197:Renewable Fuels Association (6 March 2012). 2354:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels 715:to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat: 7910:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 6394:. Environmental News Service. 12 April 2007 5108:. Oregon.gov. 27 March 2009. Archived from 4114:J. Goettemoeller; A. Goettemoeller (2007). 2895:J. Goettemoeller; A. Goettemoeller (2007). 2055:as feedstock, and the residual cane-waste ( 1044:, the most common way is via fermentation. 758:Ethanol is also produced industrially from 7483: 7469: 7461: 6989: 6975: 6967: 6490: 6476: 6468: 4109: 4107: 4105: 2728:auto race with an ethanol-fueled car. The 1692:(millions of U.S. liquid gallons per year) 1685:Annual fuel ethanol production by country 798:Most ethanol is produced by fermentation. 359: 345: 317:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy 152: 6835:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage 6032:. University of Maryland. 21 October 2016 5612: 5610: 5455:. University of Minnesota. Archived from 5301: 5299: 5297: 5184:"Study warns of health risk from ethanol" 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 4644:"The importance of the PM's ethanol push" 4492: 4477:Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico (8 May 2008). 3791:Volpato Filho, Orlando (September 2008). 3554:"World Fuel Ethanol Analysis and Outlook" 3322:"Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007" 2759:Championship runs on neat ethanol, E100. 2358:Issues relating to biofuels Fuel vs. food 2157:"). Figures compiled in a 2007 report by 1576:Fuel cells powered by an ethanol reformer 1042:various ways ethanol fuel can be produced 7082:Environmentally healthy community design 6452:) is being considered for deletion. See 5719:"How to Propagate & Grow Sugar Cane" 5369:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (8 February 2008). 4007:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol" 3740:. Worldenergyoutlook.org. Archived from 3378:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA. Archived from 2423: 2072: 1681: 122: 4610: 4608: 3817:"Modern Corn Ethanol plant description" 3237:AMIS Market Monitor No. 48 – May 2017, 3144: 2762:Ethanol fuel may also be utilized as a 711:During combustion, ethanol reacts with 611:that can be produced from agricultural 561:Ethanol-blended fuel is widely used in 160: 6144:. U.C. Berkeley, Chemical Engineering. 6052:"Crimean Red Winter Triticum aestivum" 5998: 5996: 5994: 4790:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 4544:See pages 2–3, 10–11, 19–20, and 26–27 4494:10.11606/D.86.2007.tde-07052008-115336 4296: 4294: 4086:. US EPA. 7 March 2011. Archived from 3048:(potential ethanol competitor biofuel) 2938:. London, UK: Earthscan Publications. 2045:Brazil has had an ethanol fuel program 594:flex-fuel automobiles and light trucks 5685:"Por que a cana é melhor que o milho" 5453:"Ethanol fuel presents a corn-undrum" 5371:"Biofuels Deemed a Greenhouse Threat" 4690:. Ethanolproducer.com. Archived from 4638: 4636: 4334:. European Commission. Archived from 3467:[2011 Motorcycle Production] 7: 6903:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization 4558:"A Bit More Ethanol in the Gas Tank" 4194:"Ethanol – Facts About Fuels – RACQ" 3794:Gasoline C made with Hydrous Ethanol 3160:United Nations Environment Programme 1455:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1347:present a problem to achieve enough 581:are able to use up to 100% ethanol. 60:move details into the article's body 5479:"Lula calls for ethanol investment" 4556:Matthew L. Wald (13 October 2010). 2701:Reduced petroleum imports and costs 2320:Renewable transport fuel obligation 1355:). When vapor pressure is below 45 479: imp gal) to more than 52 379:SportCombi BioPower was the second 7219:waste-water treatment technologies 5617:D. Budny; P. Sotero (April 2007). 5537:"Biofuels: An advisable strategy?" 4506:PhD Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81–82 3706:Energy & Environmental Science 3685:. Green Car Congress. 30 June 2005 2652:Grown as ethanol crop in Nigeria. 2155:energy returned on energy invested 2138:†† depending on production method 1105:. Two major components of plants, 615:. It can be made from very common 447:, introduced in 1978 in Brazil by 25: 7717:Electric motorcycles and scooters 7204:agricultural wastewater treatment 6456:to help reach a consensus. › 5901:. 25 October 2006. Archived from 5683:M. H. Tachinardi (13 June 2008). 5451:D. Morrison (18 September 2006). 5131:M. Wang; C. Saricks; D. Santini. 3634:LaMonica, Martin (12 June 2008). 3370:Renavam/Denatran (January 2012). 3162:. 16 October 2009. Archived from 2934:The Worldwatch Institute (2007). 2683:Source (except those indicated): 2677:Grown as ethanol crop in France. 2627:Grown as ethanol crop in France. 2388:Health costs of ethanol emissions 2284:The cost of growing the feedstock 1689:Top 10 countries/regional blocks 1280:The first ethanol powered car, a 551: imp gal) in May 2017. 7157: 6951: 6950: 5949:. 12 August 2004. Archived from 5555:"Industrial & Environmental" 5503:. Associated Press. 7 March 2007 5239:M. Z. Jacobson (14 March 2007). 5182:Davidson, Keay (18 April 2007). 4368:Revista Brasileira de BioEnergia 3771:University of Illinois Extension 3528:"The dirty truth about biofuels" 2988: 2974: 2960: 1969: 1940: 1911: 1880: 1851: 1820: 1789: 1758: 1727: 168: 83: 36: 7764:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 7285:List of energy storage projects 7209:industrial wastewater treatment 7062:Environmental impact assessment 7032:Environmental impact assessment 5694:(in Portuguese). Archived from 4812:Voelcker, John (14 June 2016). 4397:Agência Estado (10 June 2008). 3893:Päivi Aakko; Nils-Olof Nylund. 3862:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01591 2687:444 (7 December 2006): 673–676. 2396:million for gasoline, $ 472–952 2230:was 160% higher in Brazil, and 1588:powered by ethanol rather than 1197:vapor–liquid-liquid equilibrium 328:Topics by country and territory 7646:Battery electric multiple unit 4670:Scania PRESSInfo, 21 May 2007 4584:Fred Meier (13 October 2010). 3660:Wesoff, Eric (19 April 2017). 3591:. 18 July 2008. Archived from 3299:NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth (KXAS) 2039:Brazilian ethanol fuel program 864:. It can also be obtained via 1: 7747:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 6372:. Azom.com. 23 September 2010 6161:. Ethanol.org. Archived from 6138:M. Turon (25 November 1998). 6112:. Ethanol.org. Archived from 5653:J. Duailibi (27 April 2008). 5288:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00136-4 5214:"Clearing the air on ethanol" 5138:. Argonne National Laboratory 3408:Abraciclo (27 January 2010). 3280:Alternative Fuels Data Center 2246:UK government calculation of 2149:ethanol fuel is known as the 1433:price table for use in Brazil 413:. It is most often used as a 132: Total corn production ( 8036:Who Killed the Electric Car? 7832:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 3559:. Meti.go.jp. Archived from 3465:"Produção Motocicletas 2011" 3440:"Produção Motocicletas 2010" 3036:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 2742:In 2011, the three national 2258:Graph of UK figures for the 2163:point to modest results for 1421:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 1327:Cold start during the winter 1286:Brazilian Aerospace Memorial 1235:Post-production water issues 586:25% ethanol and 75% gasoline 430:common ethanol fuel mixtures 8050:Revenge of the Electric Car 7641:Battery-electric locomotive 7067:Environmental impact design 6933:Issues relating to biofuels 6923:Energy return on investment 5106:"oregon.gov, biomass forum" 4915:Renewable Fuels Association 4881:Renewable Fuels Association 4844:Renewable Fuels Association 4524:Renewable Fuels Association 3735:"World Energy Outlook 2006" 3206:Renewable Fuels Association 3092:Issues relating to biofuels 2186:Compared with conventional 2144:Ethanol fuel energy balance 1584:announced plans to develop 1509:Other engine configurations 1259:Consumer production systems 1119:International Energy Agency 575:blends of up to 15% ethanol 556:gasoline gallon equivalency 434:internal combustion engines 333:Marketing and policy trends 8134: 7425:High-performance buildings 6346:Jim Lane (1 August 2013). 6212:. Renewableenergyworld.com 4783:M. Brusstar; M. Bakenhus. 4483:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). 4235:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.08.008 3471:(in Portuguese). ABRACICLO 3445:(in Portuguese). ABRACICLO 3226:See pp. 3, 8, 10 22 and 23 3082:Gasoline gallon equivalent 2413:other feedstocks, such as 2408:Efficiency of common crops 2351: 2269: 2141: 1998: 1967: 1938: 1909: 1878: 1849: 1818: 1787: 1756: 1725: 1623: 1539:Dual-fuel direct-injection 1418: 1383:during the winter months. 1090: 805: 596:and 1.5 million flex-fuel 541: U.S. gal; 12.66 8043:What Is the Electric Car? 7890:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 7492:Alternative fuel vehicles 7420:Heat recovery ventilation 7405:Environmental remediation 7155: 7022:Climate smart agriculture 6946: 6908:Energy content of biofuel 6256:. Usatoday30.usatoday.com 5748:energyresourcefulness.org 5560:. Bio.org. Archived from 5535:D. Russi (7 March 2007). 4485:Universidade de São Paulo 3961:. Gas2.0. 4 November 2008 3932:. Epa.gov. Archived from 2862:can produce ethanol from 2681: 2198:requires the addition of 1684: 1566:exhaust gas recirculation 755:, indicating its source. 517: U.S. gal; 1.86 92:This article needs to be 7752:Plug-in electric vehicle 7732:Gyro flywheel locomotive 7710:Battery electric vehicle 7410:Glass in green buildings 7354:sustainable architecture 6998:Environmental technology 6882:Thermal depolymerization 6855:Industrial biotechnology 6454:templates for discussion 5070:8 September 2015 at the 4426:"Volkswagen Polo E-Flex" 3132:United States energy law 3127:Timeline of alcohol fuel 3102:Low-carbon fuel standard 3012:, a gasoline replacement 2777:Replacement cooking fuel 2724:qualified third for the 2272:Low-carbon fuel standard 1353:enthalpy of vaporization 607:Bioethanol is a form of 588:(E25). By December 2011 469: U.S. gal; 3.7 7972:Hybrid electric vehicle 7936:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 7931:Hybrid electric vehicle 7737:Hybrid electric vehicle 7700:Electric platform truck 6850:Fischer–Tropsch process 6840:Biomass heating systems 5419:10.1126/science.1152747 5268:Atmospheric Environment 5188:San Francisco Chronicle 4424:Q. Rodas (March 2009). 4302:"Ethanol fuel and cars" 2982:Renewable energy portal 2737:American Le Mans Series 2373:commercialization stage 1626:Ethanol fuel by country 1321:Embraer EMB 202 Ipanema 1205:extractive distillation 1187:and consists of adding 1185:azeotropic distillation 1097:Ethanol is produced by 571:Ethanol fuel by country 569:, and Europe (see also 493: U.S. gal; 11 8097:Zero-emissions vehicle 7613:Compressed-air vehicle 7554:Solar-powered aircraft 7400:Environmental movement 7097:Sustainability science 7087:Public interest design 7012:Appropriate technology 4755:SAE Paper 2001-01-2901 4526:. 2011. Archived from 2852:genetically engineered 2836: 2771:rocket-racing aircraft 2433:Greenhouse-gas savings 2267: 2251: 1442: 1434: 1340: 1295: 1152: 1137: 1133:Ethanol plant in West 1099:microbial fermentation 1037: 853: 843: 820: 660: 579:flexible-fuel vehicles 391: 390:in the Swedish market. 294:Tidal stream generator 150: 120: 7967:Flexible-fuel vehicle 7895:Hydrogen-powered ship 7847:Flexible-fuel vehicle 7722:Electric kick scooter 7279:hydrogen technologies 7193:Solid waste treatment 5977:homeguides.sfgate.com 5655:"Ele é o falso vilão" 4722:MIT Energy Initiative 4674:20 March 2009 at the 3072:Flexible-fuel vehicle 2827: 2726:1927 Indianapolis 500 2448:hardiness zone limit 2257: 2245: 1670:10 U.S. gallons (8.46 1654:) and Brazil with 5.6 1620:Experience by country 1499:World Environment Day 1440: 1428: 1419:Further information: 1334: 1279: 1143: 1132: 1113:There is interest in 1032: 849: 835: 815: 654: 641:increased food prices 374: 126: 118: 8092:Wind-powered vehicle 7676:Battery electric bus 7450:Water heat recycling 7380:Efficient energy use 7370:Conservation biology 7307:Sustainable lighting 7243:Efficient energy use 7057:Environmental Design 7027:Environmental design 6332:25 July 2011 at the 5708:Print edition pp. 73 5459:on 22 September 2007 5355:on 28 November 2007. 4850:on 24 September 2015 4763:10.4271/2000-01-2902 4533:on 28 September 2011 3747:on 28 September 2007 3396:Carta de ANFAVEA 308 1658:10 U.S. gallons (2.1 1501:) by Prime Minister 1473:(a class containing 1405:Volkswagen do Brasil 1093:Ethanol fermentation 1035:Claremont, Minnesota 665:ethanol fermentation 554:Ethanol fuel has a " 386:model introduced by 254:Marine current power 200:Crosswind kite power 7941:Natural gas vehicle 7435:Nature conservation 7430:Land rehabilitation 7385:Energy conservation 7274:carbon-neutral fuel 7182:dispersion modeling 6938:Sustainable biofuel 6119:on 13 February 2012 5953:on 15 December 2007 5905:on 12 February 2008 5567:on 12 February 2006 5411:2008Sci...319.1235F 5405:(5867): 1235–1238. 5319:on 24 November 2016 5280:2001AtmEn..35.3075N 5262:Nguyen, H. (2001). 5039:Joel K. Bourne Jr. 4058:"Ethanol in Petrol" 3169:on 22 November 2009 2329:National Geographic 2160:National Geographic 2075: 1594:Hyundai Tucson FCEV 1429:Hydrated ethanol × 1335:The Brazilian 2008 1282:Chrysler Dodge 1800 1040:Although there are 989:. Rather than grow 411:alcoholic beverages 405:, the same type of 284:Sustainable biofuel 195:Carbon-neutral fuel 156:Part of a series on 7608:Compressed-air car 7574:List of prototypes 7253:Energy development 7235:Sustainable energy 7224:water purification 7188:Industrial ecology 6168:on 6 February 2012 5979:. 18 December 2018 5823:Gardening Know How 5798:Gardening Know How 5481:. BBC. 4 June 2007 5376:The New York Times 5243:. ACS Publications 5220:on 27 October 2008 4563:The New York Times 4458:on 6 December 2012 4405:on 10 January 2009 3939:on 9 February 2015 3907:on 3 December 2007 3850:Energy & Fuels 3621:9 May 2008 at the 3534:on 4 December 2009 3420:on 5 December 2012 3385:on 31 January 2012 3282:. 29 October 2014. 3031:Cellulosic ethanol 2837: 2614:714-900 gal/acre 2348:Change in land use 2268: 2262:of bioethanol and 2252: 2126:Cellulosic ethanol 2073: 1586:fuel cell vehicles 1559:thermal efficiency 1465:of 2001 or newer. 1443: 1435: 1341: 1296: 1153: 1138: 1115:cellulosic ethanol 1081:cellulosic ethanol 1038: 854: 844: 821: 753:cellulosic ethanol 661: 590:Brazil had a fleet 392: 210:Geothermal heating 151: 121: 8105: 8104: 8014:Electric aircraft 7880:Fuel cell vehicle 7727:Fuel cell vehicle 7651:Electric aircraft 7583:Electric aircraft 7508:Fuel cell vehicle 7458: 7457: 7295:commercialization 6964: 6963: 6877:Sabatier reaction 6459:Biofuels: Ethanol 6350:. Biofuels Digest 6188:"Energy INFOcard" 6107:"Energy Security" 6062:on 6 October 2019 6010:. 8 February 2006 5543:on 29 March 2008. 5274:(18): 3075–3083. 5112:on 28 August 2011 4818:Green Car Reports 4377:on 3 October 2008 4341:on 3 October 2008 4255:on 5 October 2008 4142:. Fueleconomy.gov 4125:978-0-9786293-0-4 4038:on 21 August 2008 4009:. Afdc.energy.gov 3856:(10): 8286–8291. 3829:on 7 October 2011 3412:(in Portuguese). 3067:Ethanol from coal 2945:978-1-84407-422-8 2907:978-0-9786293-0-4 2828:Ethanol plant in 2698: 2697: 2694: 2589:330–424 gal/acre 2564:270–750 gal/acre 2540:400–640 gal/acre 2515:330–810 gal/acre 2464:727–870 gal/acre 2437: 2234:was 260% higher. 2211:such as ammonia. 2188:unleaded gasoline 2133: 2132: 2115:Sugarcane ethanol 2043:Since the 1970s, 2036: 2035: 1693: 1602:Honda FCX Clarity 1529:energy efficiency 1144:Ethanol plant in 1033:Ethanol plant in 833: 369: 368: 205:Geothermal energy 113: 112: 77: 76: 56:length guidelines 16:(Redirected from 8125: 7905:Hydrogen vehicle 7885:Hydrogen economy 7852:Methanol economy 7705:Electric vehicle 7656:Electric bicycle 7628:Electric battery 7526:Electric bicycle 7485: 7478: 7471: 7462: 7395:Energy recycling 7316:electric vehicle 7290:Renewable energy 7264:alternative fuel 7214:sewage treatment 7198:Waste management 7161: 7052:Energy recycling 7047:Electric vehicle 7017:Clean technology 6991: 6984: 6977: 6968: 6954: 6953: 6798:Pongamia pinnata 6492: 6485: 6478: 6469: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6343: 6337: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6111: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6058:. Archived from 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6000: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5539:. Archived from 5532: 5526: 5521:Kononova, M. M. 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5312:. Archived from 5311: 5303: 5292: 5291: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5190:. Archived from 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5080: 5074: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5005: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4917:. Archived from 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4889: 4874: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4846:. Archived from 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4730: 4724:, archived from 4719: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4553: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4532: 4521: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4329: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4219:Roman M. Balabin 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4174:on 2 August 2012 4173: 4167:. Archived from 4166: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4111: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4037: 4031:. Archived from 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3900:. Archived from 3899: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3822:. Archived from 3821: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3718:10.1039/b822951c 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3566:on 28 March 2016 3565: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3416:. Archived from 3405: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3214: 3208:. Archived from 3203: 3194: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3157: 3149: 3122:Renewable energy 3107:Methanol economy 2998: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2949: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2794:developing world 2786:non-governmental 2757:Stock Car Brasil 2682: 2612:6678-8419 L/ha, 2436: 2424: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2369:carbon footprint 2278: 2260:carbon intensity 2248:carbon intensity 2076: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1691: 1682: 1677: 1674:10 liters; 1.862 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652:imperial gallons 1649: 1641: 1633: 1611: 1607: 1294: 1213:molecular sieves 1135:Burlington, Iowa 1069:saccharification 834: 609:renewable energy 592:of 14.8 million 547: 546: 537: 536: 531:10 liters (15.20 530: 523: 522: 513: 512: 506: 499: 498: 489: 488: 482: 475: 474: 465: 464: 458: 361: 354: 347: 225:Run-of-the-river 220:Hydroelectricity 215:Geothermal power 172: 162:Renewable energy 153: 147: 141: 131: 108: 105: 99: 87: 86: 79: 72: 69: 63: 54:Please read the 40: 39: 32: 21: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8082:Wave power ship 8072:Ram air turbine 8055: 8023: 7962:Bi-fuel vehicle 7950: 7914: 7866: 7790: 7630: 7622: 7599: 7598:Compressed-air 7592: 7535: 7512: 7494: 7489: 7459: 7454: 7415:Green computing 7390:Energy recovery 7326: 7258:Energy recovery 7248:Electrification 7229: 7175:Air pollution ( 7162: 7153: 7000: 6995: 6965: 6960: 6942: 6918:Energy forestry 6886: 6818: 6780:Jatropha curcas 6741: 6734: 6642:Camelina sativa 6632: 6625: 6501: 6496: 6457: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6334:Wayback Machine 6325: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6308:. 26 April 2010 6300: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6056:One Green World 6050: 6049: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5899:Manila Bulletin 5893: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5701: 5699: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5368: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5295: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5072:Wayback Machine 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5047:on 3 March 2008 5038: 5037: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4947:on 8 April 2008 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4921:on 8 April 2008 4908: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4890:on 18 July 2011 4887: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4676:Wayback Machine 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4648:Hindustan Times 4642: 4641: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4499: 4497: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4432:on 7 March 2009 4423: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4279:. AutoblogGreen 4274: 4273: 4269: 4258: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4113: 4112: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4090:on 25 June 2009 4082: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3623:Wayback Machine 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3598:on 18 July 2008 3595: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3513:Youngquist, W. 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3302:. 12 April 2022 3292: 3291: 3287: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2946: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2908: 2894: 2891: 2822: 2779: 2719: 2707:energy security 2703: 2688: 2588: 2587:3100–4000 L/ha, 2563: 2562:2500–7000 L/ha, 2539: 2538:3700–6000 L/ha, 2514: 2513:3100–7600 L/ha, 2490: 2463: 2462:6800–8000 L/ha, 2440:Cold hardiness 2435:vs. petrol 2434: 2410: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2381: 2360: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2314:or electricity. 2277:The calculation 2276: 2274: 2240: 2184: 2146: 2140: 2085:Energy balance 2074:Energy balance 2070: 2065: 2041: 1970: 1968: 1941: 1939: 1912: 1910: 1881: 1879: 1852: 1850: 1821: 1819: 1790: 1788: 1759: 1757: 1728: 1726: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1639: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1609: 1605: 1551: 1511: 1431:gasoline type C 1423: 1417: 1329: 1301: 1288: 1274: 1261: 1237: 1222: 1177: 1127: 1095: 1089: 1027: 874:calcium carbide 823: 810: 804: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 649: 544: 542: 534: 532: 528: 520: 518: 510: 508: 507:10 liters (2.23 504: 496: 494: 486: 484: 480: 472: 470: 462: 460: 456: 365: 149: 145: 143: 139: 137: 129: 109: 103: 100: 97: 88: 84: 73: 67: 64: 53: 50:may be too long 45:This article's 41: 37: 28: 27:Type of biofuel 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8131: 8129: 8121: 8120: 8110: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7992:Plug-in hybrid 7989: 7984: 7982:Hybrid vehicle 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7900:Hydrogen train 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7803: 7801: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7702: 7697: 7695:Electric truck 7692: 7691: 7690: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7321:hybrid vehicle 7318: 7312:Transportation 7309: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7172: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7094: 7092:Sustainability 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7072:Green building 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7037:Eco-innovation 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6769:Chinese tallow 6766: 6759: 6754: 6746: 6744: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6637: 6635: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6616:Water hyacinth 6613: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6441: 6437: 6436:External links 6434: 6431: 6430: 6405: 6383: 6361: 6338: 6319: 6293: 6267: 6245: 6223: 6201: 6179: 6147: 6130: 6098: 6073: 6043: 6021: 5990: 5964: 5938: 5916: 5886: 5860: 5835: 5810: 5785: 5760: 5735: 5710: 5698:on 7 July 2008 5672: 5642: 5631:on 28 May 2008 5606: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5546: 5527: 5514: 5492: 5470: 5440: 5389: 5358: 5330: 5293: 5254: 5231: 5205: 5194:on 16 May 2012 5174: 5149: 5123: 5097: 5086:. Berkeley.edu 5075: 5058: 5024: 5013:on 28 May 2008 4991: 4980:on 28 May 2008 4958: 4932: 4901: 4861: 4830: 4801: 4775: 4741: 4731:on 2 June 2013 4705: 4679: 4661: 4632: 4604: 4576: 4548: 4508: 4469: 4443: 4416: 4389: 4352: 4315: 4290: 4267: 4240: 4210: 4185: 4153: 4131: 4124: 4101: 4075: 4064:on 9 June 2007 4049: 4020: 3998: 3972: 3950: 3918: 3884: 3875: 3840: 3808: 3783: 3758: 3723: 3696: 3674: 3652: 3626: 3609: 3577: 3545: 3519: 3506: 3482: 3456: 3431: 3400: 3362: 3350:on 31 May 2013 3335: 3313: 3285: 3264: 3242: 3230: 3215:on 14 May 2012 3180: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3117:P-series fuels 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3062:Ethanol effect 3059: 3054: 3052:Dimethyl ether 3049: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2996:Ecology portal 2985: 2971: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2931: 2912: 2906: 2890: 2887: 2883:carbon dioxide 2877:, wood chips, 2821: 2818: 2778: 2775: 2730:IndyCar Series 2718: 2715: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2431: 2428: 2409: 2406: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2349: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2239: 2238:Carbon dioxide 2236: 2183: 2180: 2176:greenhouse gas 2172:Carbon dioxide 2151:energy balance 2142:Main article: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2068:Energy balance 2066: 2064: 2061: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703:Country/region 1701: 1695: 1694: 1662:10 liters; 4.7 1624:Main article: 1621: 1618: 1580:In June 2016, 1578: 1577: 1562: 1561: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1416: 1413: 1349:vapor pressure 1345:ethanol blends 1328: 1325: 1300: 1297: 1273: 1270: 1260: 1257: 1236: 1233: 1220: 1176: 1173: 1126: 1123: 1091:Main article: 1088: 1085: 1026: 1023: 932:sweet potatoes 806:Main article: 803: 800: 796: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 741: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 705: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 673:carbon dioxide 648: 645: 459:10 liters (4.5 417:, mainly as a 367: 366: 364: 363: 356: 349: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 330: 322: 321: 320: 319: 311: 310: 309: 308: 303: 298: 297: 296: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 250: 249: 244: 239: 229: 228: 227: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 174: 173: 165: 164: 158: 157: 144: 138: 128: 111: 110: 91: 89: 82: 75: 74: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 18:Ethanol (fuel) 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8130: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087:Windmill ship 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028:Documentaries 8026: 8020: 8019:Electric boat 8017: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7997:Solar vehicle 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955:Multiple-fuel 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7857:Methanol fuel 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7769:Solar vehicle 7767: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Electric boat 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7619: 7618:Tesla turbine 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7588:Electric boat 7586: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7549:Solar vehicle 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7364:New Classical 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7138:refurbishment 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101:Sustainable ( 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7077:Green vehicle 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7042:Ecotechnology 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6957: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928:Food vs. fuel 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6570:vegetable oil 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6481: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6349: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6268: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6190:. Eia.doe.gov 6189: 6183: 6180: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6134: 6131: 6115: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5927: 5920: 5917: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5871: 5864: 5861: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5724: 5723:Garden Guides 5720: 5714: 5711: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5661:on 6 May 2008 5660: 5656: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5255: 5242: 5235: 5232: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5175: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5134: 5127: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4838:F.O. Lichts. 4834: 4831: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4786: 4779: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4706: 4694:on 4 May 2009 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4650:. 6 June 2021 4649: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4470: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4417: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4390: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4141: 4140:"EPA Mileage" 4135: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3987:on 9 May 2008 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3594: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3381: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3112:Methanol fuel 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087:Hydrogen fuel 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077:Food vs. fuel 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2968:Energy portal 2963: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2830:Turner County 2826: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2692: 2689:– Savings of 2686: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2664:277 gal/acre 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2639:410 gal/acre 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2558:Sweet sorghum 2556: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2491:780 gal/acre 2488: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2387: 2385: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:chromatograph 2220: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:Clean Air Act 2193: 2189: 2182:Air pollution 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2128: 2125: 2123:United States 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2090:United States 2089: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1734:United States 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1683: 1680: 1653: 1645: 1637: 1627: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1610:US$ 2 million 1606:US$ 1 million 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1533:Reading Buses 1530: 1526: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1503:Narendra Modi 1500: 1494: 1492: 1491:stochiometric 1488: 1484: 1483:pickup trucks 1480: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1415:Fuel mixtures 1414: 1412: 1410: 1407:launched the 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1333: 1326: 1324: 1322: 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540: 526: 516: 502: 492: 483:10 liters (14 478: 468: 454: 450: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 421:additive for 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:ethyl alcohol 400: 396: 389: 385: 382: 378: 373: 362: 357: 355: 350: 348: 343: 342: 340: 339: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 324: 323: 318: 315: 314: 313: 312: 307: 304: 302: 299: 295: 292: 291: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 269:Osmotic power 267: 265: 264:Ocean thermal 262: 260: 259:Marine energy 257: 255: 252: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 226: 223: 222: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 176: 175: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 155: 154: 135: 125: 117: 107: 95: 90: 81: 80: 71: 61: 57: 51: 49: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 8118:Ethanol fuel 8048: 8041: 8034: 7977:Hybrid train 7842:Ethanol fuel 7841: 7822:Butanol fuel 7807:Alcohol fuel 7742:Hybrid train 7683:Electric car 7671:Electric bus 7440:Permaculture 7359:New Urbanism 7331:Conservation 7123:food systems 7108:architecture 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Retrieved 2917: 2896: 2889:Bibliography 2838: 2834:South Dakota 2782:Project Gaia 2780: 2761: 2755: 2749:Australia's 2748: 2741: 2734: 2720: 2711: 2704: 2684: 2663: 2638: 2613: 2482: 2447: 2441: 2411: 2391: 2382: 2365: 2361: 2342: 2327: 2324: 2317: 2293: 2275: 2264:fossil fuels 2232:Acetaldehyde 2228:Formaldehyde 2221: 2213: 2185: 2170: 2165:corn ethanol 2158: 2150: 2147: 2137: 2134: 2093:Corn ethanol 2042: 1687:(2007–2011) 1636:U.S. gallons 1629: 1614: 1598:Toyota Mirai 1579: 1570:fuel economy 1563: 1542: 1517: 1514:ED95 engines 1495: 1471:light trucks 1467: 1444: 1385: 1342: 1313: 1305:fuel economy 1302: 1299:Fuel economy 1262: 1253: 1238: 1229: 1209: 1201: 1178: 1161:distillation 1154: 1125:Distillation 1112: 1096: 1087:Fermentation 1077:cellulolysis 1057:distillation 1053:fermentation 1046: 1039: 1007:fermentation 996: 984: 982:assessment. 882: 855: 797: 757: 742: 710: 706: 662: 657:single bonds 606: 583: 560: 553: 548: 538: 524: 514: 500: 490: 476: 466: 442: 427: 409:as found in 395:Ethanol fuel 394: 393: 274:Solar energy 101: 93: 65: 48:lead section 46: 29: 7827:Biogasoline 7541:Solar power 7518:Human power 7375:Ecoforestry 7133:procurement 7118:development 7103:agriculture 6913:Energy crop 6860:Pellet fuel 6845:Biorefinery 6809:Switchgrass 6653:Coconut oil 6631:Energy from 6565:Cooking oil 6550:Biogasoline 6525:Babassu oil 6442:‹ The 6423:11 November 6234:. Motor.com 4894:12 February 4879:, cited in 4735:23 November 4198:racq.com.au 3424:10 February 3057:Energy crop 2925:16 February 2879:switchgrass 2864:corn stover 2768:lightweight 2764:rocket fuel 2751:V8 Supercar 2662:2591 L/ha, 2637:3835 L/ha, 2509:Switchgrass 2442:zone limit 2419:switchgrass 2312:cattle feed 2209:fertilizers 2063:Environment 2017:World Total 1525:denaturants 1409:Polo E-Flex 1390:, which is 1337:Honda Civic 1289: [ 1245:miscibility 1241:hygroscopic 1239:Ethanol is 1193:cyclohexane 1175:Dehydration 1061:dehydration 1055:of sugars, 912:switchgrass 884:Bio-ethanol 851:Switchgrass 808:Energy crop 768:double bond 598:motorcycles 401:containing 289:Tidal power 279:Solar power 247:Small hydro 237:Micro hydro 7344:insulation 7337:Building ( 7300:transition 7143:technology 7128:industries 6823:Technology 6804:Salicornia 6787:Miscanthus 6710:Sugar beet 6582:cellulosic 6555:Bioliquids 6535:Biobutanol 6312:20 January 6286:20 January 6281:FOX Sports 6260:20 January 6238:20 January 5957:14 January 5931:14 January 5909:14 January 5879:14 January 5571:20 January 5507:14 January 5485:14 January 5463:14 January 5382:20 January 5307:"Part One" 5247:14 January 5224:14 January 5090:20 January 5051:20 January 5041:"Biofuels" 4877:F.O. Licht 4794:5 December 4698:20 January 4597:14 October 4569:14 October 4229:(3): 323. 4084:"EPA Info" 4042:9 February 4013:20 January 3965:4 November 3943:20 January 3911:14 January 3751:20 January 3712:(4): 343. 3689:14 January 3645:18 October 3570:20 January 3475:21 January 3449:5 February 3389:21 January 3360:pp. 62–63. 3354:22 January 3257:12 October 3173:24 October 3139:References 3010:Biobutanol 2868:rice hulls 2858:genes and 2814:Madagascar 2790:non-profit 2784:is a U.S. 2722:Leon Duray 2717:Motorsport 2608:Sugar beet 2489:7300 L/ha, 2484:Miscanthus 2458:Sugar cane 2352:See also: 2270:See also: 2200:oxygenates 2032:13,101.70 1612:to build. 1557:Increased 1463:model year 1217:adsorption 1181:azeotropic 1146:Piracicaba 1073:hydrolysis 1065:denaturing 1025:Production 904:sugar beet 900:miscanthus 892:sugar cane 817:Sugar cane 613:feedstocks 415:motor fuel 306:Wind power 301:Wave power 242:Pico hydro 232:Hydropower 104:April 2023 68:April 2023 8007:Solar bus 8002:Solar car 7987:Multifuel 7812:Biodiesel 7784:Solar bus 7779:Solar car 7569:Solar car 7564:Solar bus 7500:Fuel cell 7445:Recycling 7168:Pollution 7148:transport 6898:Agflation 6791:giganteus 6720:Sunflower 6715:Sugarcane 6633:foodstock 6540:Biodiesel 6499:Bioenergy 6306:Space.com 6216:27 August 6194:27 August 6172:27 August 6123:27 August 6091:6 October 6066:6 October 6014:6 October 5983:6 October 5853:6 October 5828:6 October 5803:6 October 5778:6 October 5753:6 October 5728:6 October 5435:206510225 5346:eubia.org 5323:27 August 5157:M. Wang. 5116:27 August 4768:27 August 4591:USA Today 4500:5 October 4283:24 August 4178:27 August 4146:27 August 4094:27 August 3870:0887-0624 3767:"Ethanol" 3602:27 August 3538:27 August 3499:27 August 3328:5 October 3021:Biodiesel 2872:sugarcane 2854:with cow 2845:bacterium 2543:51%–100% 2452:Comments 2415:cellulose 2192:aldehydes 2104:Biodiesel 2053:sugarcane 2029:17,335.20 2026:19,534.99 2023:22,946.87 2020:22,356.09 1976:Australia 1780:5,019.20 1749:6,485.00 1743:10,938.00 1740:13,231.00 1737:13,900.00 1399:(59 1375:(10 1363:(52 1265:biodiesel 1249:pipelines 1169:anhydrous 1165:azeotrope 1011:pyrolysis 940:sunflower 910:, grain, 888:feedstock 870:acetylene 764:hydration 748:cellulose 647:Chemistry 625:sugarcane 453:sugarcane 384:flexifuel 58:and help 8112:Category 8077:Vactrain 8060:See also 7872:Hydrogen 7862:Wood gas 7774:aircraft 6956:Category 6891:Concepts 6774:Duckweed 6763:Camelina 6740:Non-food 6688:Rapeseed 6678:Palm oil 6621:Wood gas 6594:Methanol 6587:mixtures 6507:Biofuels 6444:template 6418:ornl.gov 6376:23 April 6330:Archived 6277:"NASCAR" 6086:pfaf.org 6036:5 August 5848:pfaf.org 5702:6 August 5692:Magazine 5427:18258862 5068:Archived 4925:17 April 4854:30 April 4672:Archived 4537:30 April 4462:12 March 4436:12 March 4203:23 March 4068:29 April 3667:5 August 3640:cnet.com 3619:Archived 3219:18 March 2954:See also 2898:ethanol) 2820:Research 2798:Ethiopia 2668:No data 2643:No data 2618:No data 2592:10%–20% 2567:No data 2518:37%–73% 2494:37%–73% 2467:87%–96% 2079:Country 1947:Colombia 1858:Thailand 1805:1,039.52 1802:1,176.88 1799:1,199.31 1777:6,472.20 1774:6,577.89 1771:6,921.54 1768:5,573.24 1746:9,235.00 1590:hydrogen 1475:minivans 974:, other 948:molasses 928:potatoes 866:ethylene 862:catalyst 760:ethylene 739:O + heat 727:OH + 3 O 699:OH+ 2 CO 619:such as 445:Fiat 147 438:gasoline 428:Several 423:gasoline 377:Saab 9-3 136:) (left) 7946:Propane 7926:Autogas 7796:Biofuel 7661:Pedelec 7531:Pedelec 7349:natural 7269:biofuel 7202:Water ( 7177:control 7005:General 6705:Soybean 6699:Sorghum 6648:Cassava 6577:Ethanol 6560:Biomass 6530:Bagasse 6515:Alcohol 6446:below ( 6398:26 June 6354:15 June 5407:Bibcode 5399:Science 5276:Bibcode 4823:16 June 4654:13 June 4625:13 June 3833:10 July 3801:10 July 3776:10 July 3026:Biomass 2875:bagasse 2860:enzymes 2802:Nigeria 2633:Cassava 2101:Germany 2057:bagasse 2049:ethanol 1902:211.30 1842:486.00 1811:570.30 1543:A 2004 1392:hydrous 1272:Engines 1189:benzene 1015:bio-oil 1000:enzymes 987:Algenol 976:biomass 936:cassava 908:sorghum 896:bagasse 872:, from 860:as the 842:harvest 840:biomass 819:harvest 802:Sources 766:of the 669:glucose 663:During 633:cassava 419:biofuel 407:alcohol 190:Biomass 180:Biofuel 134:bushels 94:updated 8067:Maglev 7919:Others 7817:Biogas 7600:engine 7262:Fuel ( 7113:design 6751:Arundo 6683:Potato 6599:Stover 6545:Biogas 6463:Curlie 6449:Curlie 5525:, 1961 5433: 5425: 5198:7 July 5167:7 July 5142:7 July 4122: 3868: 3398:pp. 4. 3306:2 July 2942: 2904: 2848:E.coli 2812:, and 2806:Brazil 2744:NASCAR 2685:Nature 2534:Poplar 2402: 2398: 2394: 2194:. The 2112:Brazil 2006:247.27 1991:26.40 1974: 1960:74.90 1945: 1931:52.80 1916: 1899:237.70 1896:290.59 1893:356.63 1890:462.30 1887:Canada 1885: 1871:79.20 1865:435.20 1856: 1839:501.90 1836:541.55 1833:541.55 1830:554.76 1825: 1808:733.60 1794: 1765:Brazil 1763: 1732: 1698:World 1646:; 1.16 1644:liters 1600:, and 1582:Nissan 1521:Scania 1497:June ( 1263:While 1150:Brazil 1107:starch 1103:sugars 1019:syngas 972:cotton 956:stover 916:barley 744:Starch 731:→ 2 CO 713:oxygen 703:+ heat 629:potato 565:, the 563:Brazil 185:Biogas 146: 140: 130: 7633:motor 7559:boats 7339:green 6870:stove 6725:Wheat 6668:Maize 6658:Grape 6611:Straw 6520:Algae 6166:(PDF) 6159:(PDF) 6117:(PDF) 6110:(PDF) 6008:Grist 5873:(PDF) 5690:Época 5665:3 May 5635:3 May 5629:(PDF) 5622:(PDF) 5565:(PDF) 5558:(PDF) 5431:S2CID 5353:(PDF) 5342:(PDF) 5317:(PDF) 5310:(PDF) 5162:(PDF) 5136:(PDF) 5017:3 May 5011:(PDF) 5004:(PDF) 4984:9 May 4978:(PDF) 4971:(PDF) 4951:2 May 4888:(PDF) 4873:(PDF) 4788:(PDF) 4729:(PDF) 4718:(PDF) 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