Julius and Ethel Rosenberg - Knowledge (XXG)

621: 1100: 923:, a Tennessee lawyer whose efforts had been scorned by Bloch. The execution was scheduled for 11 p.m. the evening of June 19, during the Sabbath, which begins and ends around sunset. Bloch asked for more time, filing a complaint that execution on the Sabbath offended the defendants' Jewish heritage. Rhoda Laks, another attorney on the Rosenbergs' defense team, also made this argument before Judge Kaufman. The defense's strategy backfired. Kaufman, who stated his concerns about executing the Rosenbergs on the Sabbath, rescheduled the execution for 8 p.m.—before sunset and the Sabbath—the regular time for executions at 574: 349: 44: 1063: 1176: 685: 954:

Rosenbergs as martyred heroes and more than 500 mourners attended to-day's services, while a crowd estimated at 10,000 stood outside in burning heat. Mr. Bloch , who delivered one of the main orations, bitterly exclaimed that America was "living under the heel of a military dictator garbed in civilian attire": the Rosenbergs were "Sweet. Tender. And Intelligent" and the course they took was one of "courage and heroism."

934:. Ethel's execution did not go smoothly. After she was given the normal course of three electric shocks, attendants removed the strapping and other equipment only to have doctors determine that her heart was still beating. Two more electric shocks were applied, and at the conclusion eyewitnesses reported that smoke rose from her head. The Rosenbergs were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the 593:, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. On June 15, 1950, Greenglass was arrested by the FBI for espionage and soon confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold. He also claimed that Julius Rosenberg had convinced David's wife Ruth to recruit him while visiting him in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1944. He said Julius had passed secrets and thus linked him to the Soviet contact agent 1187: 4600: 1091:, who had been part of the prosecution of the Rosenbergs, discussed their strategy at the time in relation to seeking the death sentence for Ethel. He said they had urged the death sentence for Ethel in an effort to extract a full confession from Julius. He reportedly said "she called our bluff" as she made no effort to push her husband to any action. 1004:, the plutonium production reactor and extraction facility that the Soviet Union used to create its first bomb material, alleged that Khrushchev was a "silly fool". He said the Soviets had developed their own bomb by trial and error. "You sat the Rosenbergs in the electric chair for nothing," he said. "We got nothing from the Rosenbergs." 1251:'s administration to acknowledge that Ethel Rosenberg's conviction and execution was wrongful and to issue a proclamation exonerating her, though her innocence is still not proven. In March 2016, Michael and Robert (via the Rosenberg Fund for Children) launched a petition campaign calling on President Obama and U.S. Attorney General 1075:

important to me than my sister. Or my mother or my father, OK? And she was the mother of my children." He refused to express remorse for his decision to betray his sister, saying only that he did not realize that the prosecution would push for the death penalty. He stated, "I would not sacrifice my wife and my children for my sister."

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would have pushed the executions well into the Jewish Sabbath, which begins at sundown. The federal judge in Manhattan who sentenced them to death, Irving R. Kaufman, said that the very idea of a Sabbath execution gave him 'considerable concern'. The Justice Department agreed. So the time was pushed forward.

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street corner. After being interviewed this second time, he said that he had given this information to Julius in the living room of the Rosenbergs' New York apartment. Ethel, at Julius's request, had taken his notes and "typed them up." In her second interview, Ruth expanded on her husband's version:

336:(code-name Venona), which detailed Julius's role as a courier and recruiter for the Soviets, and information about Ethel's role as an accessory who helped recruit her brother David into the spy ring and did clerical tasks such as typing up documents that Julius then passed to the Soviets. In 2008, the 3316:

Today, students of the case all agree that her involvement was only peripheral, and that her execution was unwarranted. Nonetheless, various Soviet archives do show that she urged her sister-in-law Ruth to recruit her husband, David Greenglass, into Julius's circle and that she also provided names to

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Their sons' current position is that Julius was legally guilty of the conspiracy charge, though not of atomic spying, while Ethel was only generally aware of his activities. The children say that their father did not deserve the death penalty and that their mother was wrongly convicted. They continue

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In 1995, the U.S. government made public many documents decoded by the Venona project, showing Julius Rosenberg's role as part of a productive ring of spies. For example, a 1944 cable (which gives the name of Ruth Greenglass in clear text) says that Ruth's husband David is being recruited as a spy by

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Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this information immediately ... Ethel then sat down at the typewriter which she placed on a bridge table in the living room and proceeded to type the information that David

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No, he replied, the goal wasn't to kill the couple. The strategy was to use the death sentence imposed on Ethel to wring a full confession from Julius – in hopes that Ethel's motherly instincts would trump unconditional loyalty to a noble but discredited cause. What went wrong? Rogers's explanation

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Ruth Greenglass told Julius Rosenberg about her husband's work. By then, Julius ("Liberal" in this cable) was heading up a sizeable group of spies working for the Soviets. As the cable suggests, Julius set about recruiting Ruth to join his group, with an eye to eventually pulling in her husband ...

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He said that he thought the hand-drawn diagrams and other atomic-bomb details acquired by Greenglass and passed to Julius were of "little value" to the Soviet Union and were used only to corroborate what they had learned from the other atomic spies. He also said that he believed Ethel Rosenberg was

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The U.S. Army's Signal Intelligence Service, the precursor to the National Security Agency, began a secret program in February 1943 later codenamed VENONA. The mission of this small program was to examine and exploit Soviet diplomatic communications but after the program began, the message traffic

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Rosenberg. One more name out of thousands, representing all those souls on their journey through forever at Wellwood Cemetery, along the border between Nassau and Suffolk Counties...Usually at Sing Sing, the death penalty was carried out at 11 pm. But that June 19 was a Friday, and 11 pm

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In 2001, David Greenglass recanted his testimony about his sister having typed the notes. He said "I frankly think my wife did the typing, but I don't remember." He said he gave false testimony to protect himself and his wife and that he was encouraged by the prosecution to do so. "My wife is more

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The notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was directly used in the Soviet atomic bomb project. According to Julius's contact Feklisov, the Rosenbergs did not provide the Soviet Union with any useful material about the atomic bomb: "He didn't understand anything about the

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I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions

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After Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father had been involved in espionage but that in their view the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, that their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and that neither deserved the

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Farmer, working at no charge against the opposition of not only the government but also the Rosenbergs' legal team, showed up at Douglas's chambers without an appointment on the day after the high court adjourned for the term. Farmer convinced Douglas that the Rosenbergs had been tried under an

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Their case against Ethel was resolved 10 days before the start of the trial, when David and Ruth Greenglass were interviewed a second time. They were persuaded to change their original stories. David originally had said that he had passed the atomic data he had collected to Julius on a New York

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Information from the Venona decryptions underlay the policies of U.S. government officials in their approach to the issue of domestic communism. The investigations and prosecutions of American Communists undertaken by the federal government in the late 1940s and early 1950s were premised on an

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her in his custody over the weekend so that she could make arrangements for her two young children. The request was denied. Julius and Ethel were put under pressure to incriminate others involved in the spy ring. Neither offered any further information. On August 17, the grand jury returned an

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The bodies had been brought from Sing Sing prison by the national "Rosenberg committee" which undertook the funeral arrangements, and an all-night vigil was held in one of the largest mortuary chapels in Brooklyn. Many hundreds of people filed past the biers. Most of them clearly regarded the

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The U.S. government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the names of other spies and they admitted their guilt. The Rosenbergs made a public statement: "By asking us to repudiate the truth of our innocence, the government admits its own doubts concerning our

1205:, spent years trying to prove the innocence of their parents. They were orphaned by the executions and were not adopted by their many aunts or uncles, although they initially spent time under the care of their grandmothers and in a children's home. They were adopted by the communist activist 1122:

after the revelations from grand jury testimony. He admitted that he had given documents to the Soviet contact but said these had to do with defensive radar and weaponry. He confirmed that Julius Rosenberg was "in a conspiracy that delivered to the Soviets classified military and industrial

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and were also described as being the ones who recruited Greenglass and McNutt for the Manhattan Project spy mission. Though the public release of Vassiliev's notebooks did not occur until 2009, the notebooks had in fact been originally intercepted during the Venona decryptions.

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when it was considered an enemy. The Venona messages did not feature in the Rosenbergs' trial, which relied instead on testimony from their collaborators, but they heavily informed the U.S. government's overall approach to investigating and prosecuting domestic communists.

607:, fled with his family to Mexico City after Greenglass was arrested. They took assumed names, and he tried to figure out a way to reach Europe without a passport. Abandoning that effort, he returned to Mexico City. He claimed that he was kidnapped by members of the Mexican 790:, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had received too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. A campaign was started to try to prevent the couple's execution. Between the trial and the executions, there were widespread protests and claims of 559:

to know about the espionage efforts, and the development was indigenous. Considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium that it could procure, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how much time was saved, if any.

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Nearly four decades after Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for conspiring to pass America's atomic bomb secrets to the Soviet Union, the case that has haunted scholars, historians and partisans of the left and the right has found a new witness: Nikita S.

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At the grand jury, Ruth Greenglass was asked, "Didn't you write down on a piece of paper?" She replied, "Yes, I wrote down on a piece of paper and took it with him." But at the trial, she testified that Ethel Rosenberg typed notes about the atomic bomb.

1134:, one week after the first interview was published, Sobell denied that he knew anything about Julius Rosenberg's alleged atomic espionage activities, and that the only thing he knew for sure was what he himself did in association with Julius Rosenberg. 611:

and driven to the U.S. border, where he was arrested by U.S. forces. The U.S. government claimed Sobell was arrested by the Mexican police for bank robbery on August 16, 1950, and he was extradited the next day to the United States in Laredo, Texas.

5717: 399:. She originally was an aspiring actress and singer but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. She became involved in labor disputes and joined the Young Communist League, where she met Julius in 1936. They married in 1939. 1042:

his sister (that is, Ethel Rosenberg) and her husband. The cable also makes clear that the sister's husband is involved enough in espionage to have his own codename ("Antenna" and later "Liberal"). Ethel did not have a codename; however,

4530:, éd. Payot & Rivage. Intéressant, traite de toute la période de l'avant seconde guerre mondiale et après (MacCarthysme, etc.) aux États-Unis. Nombreux témoignages. Plusieurs passages sur les Rosenberg notamment pp. 349 à 359 3358:

In Vassiliev's notebooks, an entry from the KGB says about Julius that 'His wife knows about her husband's work and personally knows 'Twain' and 'Callistratus.' She could be used independently, but she should not be overworked. Poor

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later claimed that his influence led to both Kaufman and Saypol being appointed to the Rosenberg case and that Kaufman imposed the death penalty based on Cohn's personal recommendation. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator

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The notebooks make clear that the KGB considered Julius Rosenberg an effective agent and Ethel a supporter of his work. According to Vassiliev, Julius and Ethel worked personally with KGB agents who were given the codenames

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included espionage efforts as well...The VENONA files are most famous for exposing Julius (code named LIBERAL) and Ethel Rosenberg and help give indisputable evidence of their involvement with the Soviet spy ring

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Now, confronted with the surprising confession last week of Morton Sobell, Julius Rosenberg's City College classmate and co-defendant, the brothers have admitted to a painful conclusion: that their father was a

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Across the world, especially in Western European capitals, there were numerous protests with picketing and demonstrations in favor of the Rosenbergs, along with editorials in otherwise pro-American newspapers.

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David Greenglass, serving 15 years as a confessed atom spy, denied to members of his family recently that he had been coached by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the drawing of segments of the atom

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invalid law. If they could be charged with any crime, he asserted, it would have to be a violation of the Atomic Energy Act, which did not carry a death penalty, rather than the Espionage Act of 1917.

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wrote a poem titled "The Rosenbergs", which began "Crucify us, Vengeance of God, as we crucify two more Jews" and ended "Who has been crowned on yonder stair? Red Resurrection? Or Black Despair?"

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The U.S. did not share information with, nor seek assistance from, the Soviet Union regarding the Manhattan Project. The West was shocked by the speed with which the Soviets were able to stage "

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representing the Rosenbergs. The prosecution's primary witness, David Greenglass, said that he turned over to Julius a sketch of the cross-section of an implosion-type atom bomb. This was the "

2706: 640:, a member of the prosecution team, said that the case against Ethel was "not too strong", but that it was "very important that she be convicted too, and given a stiff sentence." FBI director 1050:

files, and which were not made public until 2009, revealed that both Ethel and Julius had regular contact with at least two KGB agents and were active in recruiting both David Greenglass and

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Exoneration: The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Morton Sobell – Prosecutorial deceptions, suborned perjuries, anti-Semitism, and precedent for today's unconstitutional trials

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On July 17, 1950, Julius was arrested on suspicion of espionage based on Greenglass's confession. On August 11, 1950, Ethel was arrested after testifying before a grand jury.

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talks about "pardon", but all the petitioners mean "exoneration", in that "The government's prosecution and execution of my mother was wrongful and unjust" (Robert Meeropol)

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sent Obama a letter requesting consideration of the exoneration request. In 2021, Ethel's sons restarted the campaign to pardon Ethel as they are optimistic that President

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more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country.

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from 1953 to 1964, wrote in his posthumously published memoir that he "cannot specifically say what kind of help the Rosenbergs provided us" but that he learned from

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that they "had provided very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb." Boris V. Brokhovich, the engineer who later became director of

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working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, had given key documents to the Soviets throughout the war. Fuchs identified his courier as American

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appealed to the United States Government for clemency in the Rosenberg atomic spy case, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano revealed today.

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estimated that the Soviets would build its bomb within five years. "Thanks to information provided by their agents," Moynihan wrote in his book

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed early this morning at Sing Sing Prison for conspiring to pass atomic secrets to Russia in World War II

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in 2011. Proponents of clemency argued that the Rosenbergs were actually "innocent Jewish peace activists". According to American historian

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In imposing the death penalty, Kaufman noted that he held the Rosenbergs responsible not only for espionage but for American deaths in the

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Sobell, who served nearly 19 years in Alcatraz and other federal prisons, admitted for the first time that he had been a Soviet spy.

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appealed to Eisenhower to spare the couple, but Eisenhower refused on February 11, 1953. All other appeals were also unsuccessful.

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Clune, Lori (2011). "Great Importance World-Wide: Presidential Decision-Making and the Executions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg".

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a comprehensive report on nuclear weaponry, including implosion research, based chiefly on intelligence from Hall and Greenglass.

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The Brother: The Untold Story of Atomic Spy David Greenglass and How He Sent His Sister, Ethel Rosenberg, to the Electric Chair

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On March 29, 1951, the Rosenbergs were convicted of espionage. They were sentenced to death on April 5 under Section 2 of the

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On August 11, Ethel testified before a grand jury. For all questions, she asserted her right to not answer as provided by the

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Clune, Lori. "Great Importance World-Wide: Presidential Decision-Making and the Executions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg."

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was published by Orion Books in 2021. As of June 2023 Michael and Robert are requesting Director of National Intelligence

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indictment alleging 11 overt acts. Both Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were indicted, as were David Greenglass and Yakovlev.

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In 2015, following the most recent grand jury transcript release, Michael and Robert Meeropol called on U.S. President

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Images of the Rosenbergs are engraved on a memorial in Havana, Cuba. The accompanying caption says they were murdered.

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Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the Rosenberg case. Deputy Attorney General of the United States

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In 2009, extensive notes collected from KGB archives were made public in a book published by Yale University Press:

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in June 1941, the Soviet Union had become an ally of the Western powers, which included the United States after the

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the Russians of those she thought were potential recruits. She was, then, guilty of being part of the conspiracy.

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of the Soviet Union. Initiated when the Soviet Union was an ally of the U.S., the program continued during the

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In February 1944, Rosenberg succeeded in recruiting a second source of Manhattan Project information, engineer

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Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,"

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Radosh, Ronald; Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl; Hornblum, Allen M.; Usdin, Steven (October 17, 2014).

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Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz dedicated a poem to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Its title in Urdu is "

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The execution was delayed from the scheduled date of June 18 because Supreme Court Associate Justice

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by the time Julius was 11. His parents worked in the shops of the Lower East Side as Julius attended

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Documents relating to the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

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The Rosenberg Letters: A Complete Edition of the Prison Correspondence of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

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to formally exonerate Ethel Rosenberg. In October 2016, both Michael and Robert Meeropol spoke with

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information... the atomic bomb," and "He never told me about anything else that he was engaged in."

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Twenty senior government officials met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg case.

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The trial of the Rosenbergs and Sobell on federal espionage charges began on March 6, 1951, in the

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The great physicists Albert Einstein and Harold Urey asked President Truman to pardon the couple.

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Harry Gold, who served fifteen years in Federal prison as a confessed atomic spy courier, for

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Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

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Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

4253: 2569: 1266: 1198: 1179: 1147: 1067: 835: 803: 594: 511: 396: 385: 317: 290: 257:; September 28, 1915 – June 19, 1953) were an American married couple who were convicted of 197: 161: 116: 2787: 2468: 2462: 2375: 864: 846:, protested the position of the American government in what the French termed the American 445:, Rosenberg was originally recruited to spy for the interior ministry of the Soviet Union, 5546: 5536: 5488: 5459: 5444: 5396: 5351: 5275: 5206: 5190: 5047: 5007: 4759: 4729: 4717: 4637: 3870: 3253: 2595: 1877: 1853: 1256: 1202: 1190: 1111: 1107: 1062: 851: 831: 747: 641: 552: 504: 457: 369: 353: 321: 202: 17: 5498: 4334:. National Security Archive, Gelman Library, George Washington University. August 7, 1950 340:

published most of the grand jury testimony related to the prosecution of the Rosenbergs.

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Defense of the Rosenbergs surged in November and December 1952 and was organized by the

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The WSWS speaks to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg’s son – An interview with Robert Meeropol

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The funeral services were held in Brooklyn on June 21. The Rosenbergs were buried at

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70 Years After Their Executions, Rosenberg Sons Still Looking to Clear Mother’s Name

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wrote that "proceeding against the wife will serve as a lever" to make Julius talk.

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to release the records related to their mother’s case, per a 2009 executive order.

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Rosenberg Son: "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act"

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guilt...we will not be coerced, even under pain of death, to bear false witness".

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paranoia. When the U.S. government declassified information about them after the

5576: 5561: 5416: 5356: 5346: 5270: 5090: 5065: 5037: 5012: 4987: 4917: 4887: 4857: 4640:. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. 4523: 1532: 920: 839: 819: 582: 306: 3978: 5303: 5285: 5160: 5155: 4897: 4882: 4867: 4185: 3048:

Khrushchev, Nikita (1990). Jerrold L. Schecter; Vyacheslav V. Luchkov (eds.).

1278: 1261: 975: 873: 754: 724: 637: 590: 298: 217: 4061: 2326: 5313: 4957: 4842: 4692:– An HBO documentary by Ivy Meeropol, the granddaughter of Ethel and Julius. 4681: 4638:

Guide to the Playscript about the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Espionage Trial

2816: 1827: 1295: 1270: 924: 728: 484: 454: 392: 310: 282: 73: 4785: 360:

Julius Rosenberg was born on May 12, 1918, in New York City to a family of

4608:

was created from a revision of this article dated 29 August 2019

1555: 657:

As a result of this new testimony, all charges against Ruth were dropped.

5439: 4837: 4687: 4489: 4288:. Chapter 15 is a detailed refutation of Radosh and Milton's scholarship. 1216:

Michael and Robert co-wrote a book about their and their parents' lives,

1034: 935: 919:

on the previous day. This stay resulted from intervention in the case by

742: 720: 325: 172: 5718:

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York cases

4378:"Secret Grand Jury Testimony From Ethel Rosenberg's Brother Is Released" 4069: 1971:

Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics

3296:"In This True-Life Spy Story, It's America vs. Russia, the Early Years" 2110:"Plot to Have G.I. Give Bomb Data to Soviet Is Laid to His Sister Here" 872:

Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest. Cinema artists such as

716: 428: 391:

Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, to a Jewish family in

4663:(excerpts as HTML, and the entire 2,563-page transcript as a PDF file) 4048:(2012). "A Tale of Two Trials: Soviet Propaganda at Home and Abroad". 3408:"David Greenglass, the Brother Who Doomed Ethel Rosenberg, Dies at 92" 5431: 672: 4236:

The Invisible Harry Gold: The Man Who Gave the Soviets the Atom Bomb

3512:"For First Time, Figure in Rosenberg Case Admits Spying for Soviets" 3009:. National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case. 1953. 332:, the declassified information appeared to have included a trove of 4696:

A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration

3647:"My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act" 3254:"The September 21, 1944 cable: The Rosenbergs and the Greenglasses" 1812:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 220–224. 1473:"Greenglass, in Prison, Vows to Kin He Told Truth about Rosenbergs" 1070:, brother of Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg and key prosecution witness 5480: 1810:

Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956

1185: 1174: 1098: 1061: 683: 624:

Mugshot of Ethel Rosenberg, arrested during grand jury proceedings

619: 572: 544: 424: 347: 266: 262: 4705: 4439:

Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations.

2530:"Unions throughout U.S. joining in plea to save the Rosenbergs". 949:

reported that 500 people attended and some 10,000 stood outside:

503:, including a complete set of design and production drawings for 388:. In 1939, he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering. 3860:"Warren, Neal ask Obama to consider pardoning Ethel Rosenberg" ( 446: 361: 4789: 3949:"Flashback: Hear Bob Dylan's Lost 1983 Song 'Julius and Ethel'" 3937:

Executive Order 13526- Classified National Security Information

1329:

List of people executed by the United States federal government

3738:"The Meeropol brothers: Exonerate our mother, Ethel Rosenberg" 3708:"The Meeropol Brothers: Exonerate Our Mother, Ethel Rosenberg" 2311:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 278. 1554:. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from 1043: 892: 1244:

to campaign for Ethel to be posthumously legally exonerated.

4651:

An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive

4586: 2341:"Judge Kaufman's Sentencing Statement in the Rosenberg Case" 261:, including providing top-secret information about American 4278:

We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

3835:"Sen. Warren joins call for Ethel Rosenberg's exoneration" 1324:

Capital punishment by the United States federal government

1218:

We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

788:

National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case

316:

For decades, many people, including the Rosenbergs' sons (

4425:

Final Verdict: What Really Happened in the Rosenberg Case

3793:

Brit McCandless, 60 Minutes Overtime (October 16, 2016).

798:

did not find any civil liberties violations in the case.

698:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York

5683:

American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union

4750:

History on Trial: The Rosenberg Case in E.L. Doctorow's

4538:

Les Rosenberg. La chaise électrique pour délit d'opinion

3795:"The Rosenberg boys: The Cold War's most famous orphans" 3338:"Grasping at Straws to Try to Exonerate Ethel Rosenberg" 3213:

assumption that the CPUSA had assisted Soviet espionage.

891:—confirmation of which occurred with the publication of 780:

After the publication of an investigative series in the

475:

Rosenberg provided thousands of classified reports from

3767: 3706:

Meeropol, Michael; Meeropol, Robert (August 10, 2015).

2688: 2686: 2487:

that touched the deepest chords in the national psyche.

1605:

Encyclopedia of Media and Propaganda in Wartime America

1127:

aware of her husband's deeds but took no part in them.

1046:

messages which were contained in the Venona project's

806:, an existentialist philosopher and writer who won the 279:

executed by the federal government of the United States

4411:

Invitation to an Inquest: Reopening the Rosenberg Case

5698:

People executed by New York (state) by electric chair

4307:

Ethel: The Fictional Autobiography of Ethel Rosenberg

4223:

Harris, Brian. "Injustice", Sutton Publishing. 2006.

4184:

Deborah Friedell, "How Utterly Depraved!" (review of

4155:

Framing history: the Rosenberg story and the Cold War

3439:"Witness Changed Her Story During Rosenberg Spy Case" 2974:"Funeral Tributes To Rosenbergs: Execution Denounced" 423:. Important research on electronics, communications, 4701:

An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption

2911:"50 years later, Rosenberg execution is still fresh" 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 1232:

directed a 2004 documentary about her grandparents,

1209:

and his wife Anne and assumed the Meeropol surname.

1118:

In September 2008, Morton Sobell was interviewed by

711:

leading the prosecution and criminal defense lawyer

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Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial.

4363:

The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case

4078:

The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case

3131:"K.G.B. Agent Plays Down Atomic Role Of Rosenbergs" 3101:

The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case

3007:"Never Losing Faith for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg" 2818:

The Brother: the untold story of the Rosenberg case

2483:But it was the apparent parallel with France's own 2236:

The Brother: the Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case

1548:"National Archives of the United States of America" 229: 215: 190: 168: 153: 143: 99: 53: 34: 4735:The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) 4329:"David Greenglass grand jury testimony transcript" 3546: 3510: 3371: 3369: 3367: 2815: 2779: 2367: 1845: 1742: 1381:"What the K.G.B. Files Show About Ethel Rosenberg" 3401: 3399: 3052:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 194. 2149:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from 1993: 1991: 5693:People convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 4206:, vol. 43, no. 13 (July 1, 2021), pp. 11–13 3491:still haunts me. 'She called our bluff' he said. 2707:"Nashville now and then: A lawyer's last gamble" 1911:"Rosenberg Atomic Espionage Spy Case Chronology" 1607:, Volume 1 (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 753. 431:controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during 5703:People executed for spying for the Soviet Union 4706:National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case 4211:The Unquiet Death of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1029:program to decrypt messages transmitted by the 951: 688:David Greenglass's sketch of an implosion-type 224:Conspiracy to commit espionage (50 U.S.C. § 32) 4599: 3770:. Rosenberg Fund for Children. March 1, 2016. 3581:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 3378:"Why Ethel Rosenberg Should Not Be Exonerated" 3192:"Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America" 3065:"Khrushchev on Rosenbergs: Stoking Old Embers" 2881:"False testimony clinched Rosenberg spy trial" 2856:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 351–352. 2549:. Monthly Review Press. p. 132. 56-10953. 1886:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 65–66. 1745:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 1603:Martin J. Manning and Clarence R. Wyatt, eds. 1144:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 1138:2009 Vassiliev notebooks based on KGB archives 814:..." Others, including non-communists such as 4801: 4293:An Execution in the Family: One Son's Journey 3837:. Daily Hampshire Gazette. January 13, 2017. 3613:"Father Was a Spy, Sons Conclude With Regret" 2427:Feklisov, Aleksandr; Kostine, Sergei (2001). 1781:Ziegler, Charles A.; Jacobson, David (1995). 1222:An Execution in the Family: One Son's Journey 930:On June 19, 1953, Julius died from the first 27:American spies for the Soviet Union (d. 1953) 8: 5708:United States Army personnel of World War II 4770:Julius Rosenberg at court sentenced to death 4764:The Grove: Working Papers on English Studies 4667:Ethel's brother says he trumped up evidence. 3228:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America 3038:(New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1999), 143–44. 2255:On February 28, 1945, the NKVD submitted to 525:; he directed Julius to recruit Greenglass. 277:. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were 4108:Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America 3819:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3606: 3604: 3275:In this cable, Ruth's name is in clear text 2601:Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America 2547:Was Justice Done? The Rosenberg-Sobell Case 2001:The Press, the Rosenbergs, and the Cold War 1974:. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. 1787:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 220. 1679:Feklisov, Aleksandr; Sergei Kostin (2001). 1644: 1642: 1640: 945:, a Jewish cemetery in Pinelawn, New York. 850:. Einstein and Urey pleaded with President 501:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 5253: 4827: 4808: 4794: 4786: 4453:The Judgment of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 4348:The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 2738: 2736: 2287:The law relating to trading with the enemy 2004:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 25. 1905: 1903: 1583:. Author's Choice Publishing. p. 45. 1412:"The New York Times Gets Greenglass Wrong" 581:In January 1950, the U.S. discovered that 532:, who worked on designs for the plants at 460:. By this time, following the invasion by 419:discovered his previous membership in the 136:Sing Sing Prison, Ossining, New York, U.S. 42: 31: 5713:United States Army Signal Corps personnel 4437:Trahair, Richard C.S. and Robert Miller. 4030:Feklisov, Aleksandr, and Kostin, Sergei. 3890:Ethel Rosenberg : a Cold War tragedy 3501: 3499: 3225:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2000). 3190:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (1999). 2501:"The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg" 1968:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2006). 862:wrote for the communist French newspaper 352:Corner of Orchard and Rivington streets, 5673:Military personnel from New York (state) 4616:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 4157:, (University of Minnesota Press, 1993) 3050:Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes 2875: 2873: 2290:. Baker, Voorhis & Company. p. 2086:. Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd. 1883:The FBI: a comprehensive reference guide 870:International Longshoremen's Association 4481:A People's History of the United States 4276:Meeropol, Robert and Michael Meeropol. 4174:. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2007. 3768:"Exonerate our mother, Ethel Rosenberg" 3406:Robert D. McFadden (October 14, 2014). 3063:McFadden, Robert (September 25, 2008). 1345: 1298:in 1983 is based on the Rosenberg case. 1294:The song "Julius and Ethel" written by 438:According to a 2001 book by his former 313:, was convicted in the United Kingdom. 4280:. University of Illinois Press, 1986. 4266:. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. 3812: 3748:from the original on November 26, 2015 3623:from the original on November 29, 2015 3348:from the original on December 10, 2020 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3264:from the original on November 17, 2020 3129:Stanley, Alessandra (March 16, 1997). 3075:from the original on February 17, 2024 3016:from the original on February 23, 2023 2755:from the original on February 17, 2024 2692: 2677: 2665: 2461:Radosh, Ronald; Milton, Joyce (1997). 2366:Radosh, Ronald; Milton, Joyce (1997). 2305:Radosh, Ronald; Milton, Joyce (1997). 2123:from the original on February 17, 2024 1949:from the original on February 14, 2020 1448:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2020. 1442:"Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg" 1008:atomic bomb and he couldn't help us." 338:National Archives of the United States 5688:Executed people from New York (state) 5668:Military personnel from New York City 4409:Walter Schneir & Miriam Schneir, 4091:Schneir, Walter, and Scheir, Miriam. 3989:from the original on November 8, 2020 3589:from the original on January 15, 2021 3559:from the original on October 21, 2017 3523:from the original on February 5, 2017 3449:from the original on October 25, 2017 3306:from the original on November 9, 2020 3231:. Yale University Press. p. 15. 3202:from the original on January 26, 2021 3141:from the original on October 23, 2016 2641:from the original on January 29, 2012 2629:Cortes, Arnaldo (February 14, 1953). 2604:. Little, Brown and Company. p. 1620:American Science in An Age of Anxiety 1483:from the original on February 5, 2017 1452:from the original on October 19, 2020 1391:from the original on November 7, 2016 810:, described the trial as "...a legal 7: 3718:from the original on October 7, 2016 3657:from the original on January 6, 2011 3545:Morton Sobell (September 19, 2008). 3418:from the original on October 4, 2023 2921:from the original on August 21, 2011 2778:Ronald Radosh; Joyce Milton (1997). 2631:"Pope Made Appeal to Aid Rosenbergs" 2499:Schulte, Elizabeth (May–June 2003). 2184:from the original on October 4, 2011 1923:from the original on August 24, 2017 1722:from the original on October 9, 2016 1079:2008 release of grand jury testimony 876:registered their protest. President 4737:for Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks 4190:Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy 4132:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2021). 4130:Ethel Rosenberg, A Cold War Tragedy 4110:. Little, Brown and Company, 1998. 3774:from the original on April 11, 2016 3611:Roberts, Sam (September 16, 2008). 2951:from the original on April 27, 2019 2917:. Associated Press. June 17, 2003. 2891:from the original on April 20, 2019 2745:"Executed at Sundown, 50 Years Ago" 2119:. August 12, 1950. pp. 1, 30. 1710:Radosh, Ronald (December 6, 2010). 1577:Denison, Charles and Chuck (2004). 1511:"1972 Death of Harry Gold Revealed" 1275:Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy 889:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 249:(May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and 5653:Jewish American military personnel 3907:from the original on June 24, 2021 3841:from the original on June 24, 2021 3480:from the original on June 27, 2008 3437:Watt, Holly (September 12, 2008). 2984:from the original on July 12, 2021 2210:. February 8, 1954. Archived from 2090:from the original on June 30, 2014 2063:from the original on June 19, 2021 1852:. Yale University Press. pp. 48:Ethel and Julius Rosenberg in 1951 25: 4346:Radosh, Ronald and Joyce Milton. 3955:. August 25, 2016. Archived from 3687:from the original on May 23, 2011 3294:Radosh, Ronald (April 10, 2018). 2853:Ethel Rosenberg: Beyond the Myths 2786:. Yale University Press. p. 2743:Haberman, Clyde (June 20, 2003). 2705:Wood, E. Thomas (June 17, 2007). 2467:. Yale University Press. p. 2374:. Yale University Press. p. 2051:Freeman, Hadley (June 19, 2021). 1749:. Yale University Press. p. 1521:from the original on May 28, 2023 1471:Ranzal, Edward (March 19, 1953). 4598: 3801:from the original on May 2, 2022 3384:from the original on May 2, 2022 3376:Kramer, Mark (January 5, 2017). 3336:Radosh, Ronald (July 19, 2015). 2284:Huberich, Charles Henry (1918). 1353:Radosh, Ronald (June 10, 2016). 1306:Hum Jo Tareek Raho May Mary Gaye 1224:(2003). In 1990, he founded the 1220:(1975). Robert wrote the memoir 1058:2001 David Greenglass statements 376:. Julius became a leader in the 309:, a German scientist working at 4548:Lettres de la maison de la mort 4238:, Yale University Press. 2010. 2406:. Pantheon Books. p. 254. 1259:in an interview which aired on 1095:2008 Morton Sobell's statements 551:, on August 29, 1949. However, 4762:by Santiago Juan-Navarro from 4561:On condamne bien les innocents 4376:Roberts, Sam (July 15, 2015). 4358:. a standard scholarly history 3683:. CBS News. January 20, 2004. 3468:Roberts, Sam (June 26, 2008). 2505:International Socialist Review 2343:. July 2, 2008. Archived from 2204:"Milestones, February 8, 1954" 1273:will consider this favorably. 1114:, Franz Loeser, April 19, 1976 796:American Civil Liberties Union 704:presided over the trial, with 523:Los Alamos National Laboratory 1: 4258:10.1080/14743892.2018.1467702 4231:(An examination of the trial) 4032:The Man Behind the Rosenbergs 2941:"Execution of the Rosenbergs" 2430:The Man behind the Rosenbergs 2024:Sol Stern and Ronald Radosh, 1682:The Man Behind the Rosenbergs 1655:The Man Behind the Rosenbergs 958:In 1953, socialist historian 534:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 510:, the first U.S. operational 5643:20th-century American trials 5552:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov 4546:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 4467:The Murder of the Rosenbergs 4295:. St. Martin's Press, 2003. 3548:"Letter: The Rosenberg Case" 2574:10.1080/14743892.2011.631822 1236:, which was featured at the 927:where they were being held. 858:the Rosenbergs. In May 1951 411:Engineering Laboratories at 407:Julius Rosenberg joined the 4465:Yalkowsky, Stanley (1990). 4135:Alman, Emily A. and David. 3583:(Benjamin L. Landis, 2010)" 2274:§ 32 (now 18 U.S.C. § 794). 1580:The Great American Songbook 1265:. In January 2017, Senator 1226:Rosenberg Fund for Children 577:Mugshot of Julius Rosenberg 259:spying for the Soviet Union 5739: 5723:Trials in New York (state) 5638:20th-century American Jews 5618:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 4978:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 4661:Rosenberg trial transcript 4455:. Ballantine Books, 1977. 4250:American Communist History 4162:American Communist History 4008:Muhammad, Ishaque (2008). 2562:American Communist History 2545:Sharp, Malcolm P. (1956). 2147:Famous Cases and Criminals 1943:"Atom Spy Case/Rosenbergs" 1741:Haynes, John Earl (2009). 1623:. UNC Press. p. 262. 1334:Soviet atomic bomb project 1197:The Rosenbergs' two sons, 1094: 982:, "they did it in four." 808:Nobel Prize for Literature 378:Young Communist League USA 368:. The family moved to the 148:Execution by electrocution 36:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 18:Ethel and Julius Rosenberg 5527:Alexander Gregory Barmine 5332: 4515:La Trahison des Rosenberg 4493:, Lyle Stuart Inc, 1988. 4469:. Crucible Publications. 3163:. NSA.gov. Archived from 3104:. Random House. pp. 3034:Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 2980:. London. June 21, 1953. 2947:. London. June 20, 1953. 2850:Philipson, Ilene (1993). 2239:. Random House. pp. 1998:Neville, John F. (1995). 1685:. Enigma Books. pp. 1552:National Archives Catalog 1130:In a follow-up letter to 786:and the formation of the 344:Early lives and education 240: 211: 92:Manhattan, New York, U.S. 41: 5086:Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh 4816:Soviet and Russian spies 4728:August 28, 2006, at the 4716:August 28, 2006, at the 4677:Project Venona messages. 4517:, JC Lattès, Paris, 2003 4427:, Melville House, 2010. 4095:. Pantheon Books, 1983. 4093:Invitation to an Inquest 2822:. Random House. p. 2433:. Enigma Books. p. 2404:Invitation to an Inquest 1844:; Milton, Joyce (1997). 1808:Holloway, David (1994). 1652:; Sergei Kostin (2001). 1289:Artistic representations 634:Atomic Energy Commission 382:City College of New York 330:fall of the Soviet Union 4317:and by Syracuse, 2002, 4262:Meeropol, Michael, ed. 4014:Hasan Nasar's Martyrdom 4010:Hasan Nasar Ki Shahadat 3342:The Wall Street Journal 2995:(subscription required) 1446:Encyclopædia Britannica 1017:1995 Venona decryptions 972:Daniel Patrick Moynihan 706:Assistant U.S. Attorney 585:, a German refugee and 479:, including a complete 374:Seward Park High School 5402:John Alexander Symonds 5227:Harold James Nicholson 5081:Christopher John Boyce 4758:March 4, 2016, at the 4594: 4574:Listen to this article 4563:, Hier et demain, 1974 4399:, Random House, 2001. 4365:, Random House, 2003, 4203:London Review of Books 4164:10.3 (2011): 263–284. 4153:Carmichael, Virginia . 4080:. Random House, 2001. 4034:. Enigma Books, 2003. 3509:(September 12, 2008). 2172:Jenkins, John Philip. 1617:Wang, Jessica (1999). 1238:Sundance Film Festival 1194: 1183: 1115: 1071: 966:Soviet nuclear program 956: 895:documents obtained by 764: 693: 655: 632:, the chairman of the 625: 578: 466:attack on Pearl Harbor 357: 275:nuclear weapon designs 177:; 71 years ago 5465:Stephen Joseph Ratkai 4593: 4488:The autobiography of 4350:. Henry Holt (1983). 3869:July 9, 2021, at the 3653:. December 30, 2010. 3252:Tyson, Peter (2002). 3098:Roberts, Sam (2001). 2814:Roberts, Sam (2003). 2717:on September 30, 2007 2233:Roberts, Sam (2003). 1509:(February 14, 1974). 1189: 1178: 1102: 1065: 1031:intelligence agencies 776:Campaign for clemency 759: 736:Espionage Act of 1917 690:nuclear weapon design 687: 650: 623: 603:Another conspirator, 587:theoretical physicist 576: 538:weapons-grade uranium 395:. She had a brother, 351: 334:decoded Soviet cables 311:Los Alamos Laboratory 5003:Nadezhda Ulanovskaya 4689:Heir to an Execution 4632:Archival collections 4625:More spoken articles 4441:Enigma Books, 2009. 4209:Goldstein, Alvin H. 4192:, Weidenfeld, 2021, 3979:"Rosenberg Memorial" 3887:Sebba, Anne (2021). 3679:Heir To An Execution 2887:. December 6, 2001. 1784:Spying without spies 1234:Heir to an Execution 1025:was a United States 878:Dwight D. Eisenhower 680:Trial and conviction 653:had given to Julius. 364:immigrants from the 5186:John Anthony Walker 5136:Clayton J. Lonetree 5076:David Sheldon Boone 4998:Alexander Ulanovsky 4963:William Ward Pigman 4682:Rosenberg FBI files 4309:. Delacourt, 1990. 4291:Meeropol, Robert. 4234:Hornblum, Allen M. 3864:, January 12, 2017) 3744:. August 10, 2015. 3470:"Spies and Secrecy" 3443:The Washington Post 2534:. January 15, 1953. 2511:on October 28, 2008 2214:on January 14, 2009 2143:"The Atom Spy Case" 1878:Theoharis, Athan G. 1650:Feklisov, Aleksandr 1558:on December 3, 2022 1387:. August 13, 2015. 1048:Alexander Vassiliev 1027:counterintelligence 897:Alexander Vassiliev 662:U.S. Constitution's 421:Communist Party USA 175:(June 19, 1953 144:Cause of death 5557:Fyodor Raskolnikov 5392:Michael John Smith 5126:Andrew Daulton Lee 5116:Robert Lee Johnson 5028:Harry Dexter White 4863:Whittaker Chambers 4752:The Book of Daniel 4743:– video report by 4595: 4536:Gérard A. Jaeger, 4528:Mémoire d'un Rouge 4382:The New York Times 4172:The Book of Daniel 4106:Schrecker, Ellen. 3983:MLTranslations.org 3959:on August 26, 2016 3742:The New York Times 3712:The New York Times 3617:The New York Times 3553:The New York Times 3517:The New York Times 3474:The New York Times 3412:The New York Times 3300:The New York Times 3196:The New York Times 3135:The New York Times 3069:The New York Times 2782:The Rosenberg File 2749:The New York Times 2635:The New York Times 2464:The Rosenberg File 2370:The Rosenberg File 2308:The Rosenberg File 2117:The New York Times 1848:The Rosenberg file 1712:"Rosenbergs Redux" 1515:The New York Times 1477:The New York Times 1385:The New York Times 1355:"Rosenbergs Redux" 1195: 1184: 1171:Rosenberg children 1132:The New York Times 1120:The New York Times 1116: 1072: 1012:Later developments 998:Vyacheslav Molotov 913:William O. Douglas 727:" bomb dropped on 719:" bomb dropped on 694: 669:self-incrimination 626: 579: 508:P-80 Shooting Star 443:Alexander Feklisov 358: 287:Ossining, New York 90:September 28, 1915 5605: 5604: 5425: 5424: 5296:Portland spy ring 5242: 5241: 5111:Edward Lee Howard 4848:Elizabeth Bentley 4591: 4550:, Gallimard, 1953 4513:Florin Aftalion, 4475:978-0-9620984-2-0 4447:978-1-929631-75-9 4423:Schneir, Walter. 4419:978-0-14-003333-5 4405:978-0-375-50013-8 4219:978-0-88208-052-9 4180:978-0-8129-7817-9 4170:Doctorow, E. L. 4149:978-0-9779058-3-6 4040:978-1-929631-24-7 3893:. London: Orion. 3238:978-0-300-08462-7 3115:978-0-375-76124-9 2863:978-0-8135-1917-3 2833:978-0-375-76124-9 2797:978-0-300-07205-1 2615:978-0-316-77470-3 2478:978-0-300-07205-1 2444:978-1-929631-08-7 2413:978-0-394-71496-7 2385:978-0-300-07205-1 2318:978-0-300-07205-1 2250:978-0-375-76124-9 2084:"Ethel Rosenberg" 2011:978-0-275-94995-2 1981:978-1-139-46024-8 1893:978-0-89774-991-6 1863:978-0-300-07205-1 1794:978-0-275-95049-1 1760:978-0-300-15572-3 1696:978-1-929631-08-7 1665:978-1-929631-08-7 1630:978-0-8078-4749-7 1590:978-1-931741-42-2 1089:William P. Rogers 986:Nikita Khrushchev 943:Wellwood Cemetery 917:stay of execution 783:National Guardian 519:Manhattan Project 453:1942 by a former 409:Army Signal Corps 244: 243: 158:Wellwood Cemetery 16:(Redirected from 5730: 5648:Criminal couples 5633:1953 in politics 5597:Stig Wennerström 5542:Walter Krivitsky 5407:Edith Tudor-Hart 5337:Michael Bettaney 5254: 5233:Illegals Program 5181:George Trofimoff 5151:Earl Edwin Pitts 4928:William Malisoff 4903:David Greenglass 4831:1940s and before 4828: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4787: 4615: 4613: 4602: 4601: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4575: 4555: 4545: 4540:, Le Félin, 2003 4535: 4522: 4512: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4333: 4141:Green Elms Press 4073: 4018: 4017: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3945: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3884: 3878: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3550: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3514: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3373: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3291: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3167:on July 29, 2021 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3045: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2821: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2722: 2713:. Archived from 2702: 2696: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2648: 2646: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2596:Schrecker, Ellen 2592: 2586: 2585: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2507:. Archived from 2496: 2490: 2489: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2373: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2114: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2048: 2029: 2026:The New Republic 2022: 2016: 2015: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1851: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1748: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1658:. Enigma Books. 1646: 1635: 1634: 1614: 1608: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1528: 1526: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1422:on June 12, 2018 1418:. Archived from 1407: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1357:. Archived from 1350: 1267:Elizabeth Warren 1180:Michael Meeropol 1148:John Earl Haynes 1068:David Greenglass 988:, leader of the 836:Dashiell Hammett 804:Jean-Paul Sartre 771:After conviction 595:Anatoli Yakovlev 397:David Greenglass 386:Great Depression 293:(who had made a 291:David Greenglass 247:Julius Rosenberg 236:by electrocution 230:Criminal penalty 220: 185: 183: 178: 133: 123:, New York, U.S. 117:Sing Sing Prison 113: 89: 87: 80:Ethel Greenglass 76:, New York, U.S. 70: 68: 61:Julius Rosenberg 46: 32: 21: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5678:Nuclear secrecy 5658:Married couples 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5547:Kerttu Nuorteva 5537:Dieter Gerhardt 5519: 5513: 5489:Hirohide Ishida 5474: 5460:Gerda Munsinger 5445:Jeffrey Delisle 5421: 5397:Dave Springhall 5352:Litzi Friedmann 5328: 5290: 5276:John Cairncross 5238: 5207:Evgeny Buryakov 5195: 5191:Jerry Whitworth 5176:Robert Thompson 5052: 5048:Anatoli Yatskov 5008:Julian Wadleigh 4817: 4814: 4780:Ethel Rosenberg 4760:Wayback Machine 4730:Wayback Machine 4718:Wayback Machine 4647: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4606:This audio file 4603: 4596: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4553: 4543: 4533: 4520: 4510: 4507: 4505:Other languages 4486:Zion, Sidney. 4386: 4384: 4375: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4125: 4123:Further reading 4044: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3901: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871:Wayback Machine 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3626: 3624: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3526: 3524: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3483: 3481: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3375: 3374: 3365: 3351: 3349: 3335: 3334: 3323: 3309: 3307: 3293: 3292: 3281: 3267: 3265: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3205: 3203: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3078: 3076: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2954: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2758: 2756: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2720: 2718: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2644: 2642: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2479: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2400:Schneir, Walter 2398: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2347:on July 2, 2008 2339: 2338: 2334: 2319: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2251: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2153:on May 14, 2011 2141: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2050: 2049: 2032: 2028:(June 23, 1979) 2023: 2019: 2012: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1820: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1648: 1647: 1638: 1631: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1524: 1522: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1486: 1484: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1416:Weekly Standard 1409: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1361:on July 3, 2016 1352: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1315: 1291: 1257:Anderson Cooper 1213:death penalty. 1191:Robert Meeropol 1173: 1140: 1112:Robert Meeropol 1108:Marshall Perlin 1097: 1081: 1060: 1019: 1014: 968: 909: 852:Harry S. Truman 832:Albert Einstein 778: 773: 748:Joseph McCarthy 682: 665:Fifth Amendment 642:J. Edgar Hoover 618: 571: 566: 553:Lavrentiy Beria 458:Semyon Semyonov 405: 370:Lower East Side 354:Lower East Side 346: 322:Robert Meeropol 251:Ethel Rosenberg 216: 207: 181: 179: 176: 169:Criminal status 139: 135: 131: 129: 115: 111: 109: 95: 91: 85: 83: 82: 72: 66: 64: 63: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5736: 5734: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5572:Vitaly Shlykov 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5520:in combination 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5382:Geoffrey Prime 5379: 5374: 5369: 5367:Melita Norwood 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5319:Harry Houghton 5316: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5281:Donald Maclean 5278: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5258:Cambridge Five 5251: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5222:Robert Hanssen 5219: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5141:Richard Miller 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5106:Reino Häyhänen 5103: 5101:Robert Hanssen 5098: 5096:James Hall III 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5043:Flora Wovschin 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5023:Nathaniel Weyl 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4893:Harold Glasser 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4766:, Vol 6, 1999. 4747: 4745:Democracy Now! 4738: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4685: 4684:(summary only) 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4630: 4618: 4604: 4597: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568:External links 4566: 4565: 4564: 4551: 4541: 4531: 4518: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4484: 4483:. p. 434 4479:Zinn, Howard. 4477: 4463: 4451:Wexley, John. 4449: 4435: 4421: 4407: 4393: 4373: 4361:Roberts, Sam. 4359: 4344: 4325: 4303: 4289: 4274: 4260: 4246: 4232: 4221: 4207: 4198:978-0297871002 4182: 4168: 4158: 4151: 4133: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4104: 4089: 4076:Roberts, Sam. 4074: 4046:Radosh, Ronald 4042: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4000: 3970: 3940: 3929: 3918: 3899: 3879: 3852: 3826: 3785: 3759: 3729: 3698: 3668: 3651:Democracy Now! 3638: 3600: 3570: 3537: 3495: 3460: 3429: 3395: 3363: 3321: 3279: 3244: 3237: 3217: 3182: 3152: 3121: 3114: 3090: 3055: 3040: 3027: 2998: 2965: 2932: 2902: 2869: 2862: 2842: 2832: 2806: 2796: 2770: 2732: 2711:Nashville Post 2697: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2621: 2614: 2587: 2568:(3): 263–284. 2552: 2537: 2522: 2491: 2477: 2453: 2443: 2419: 2412: 2391: 2384: 2358: 2332: 2317: 2297: 2276: 2263: 2257:Lavrenti Beria 2249: 2225: 2195: 2178:Britannica.com 2164: 2134: 2101: 2074: 2030: 2017: 2010: 1987: 1980: 1960: 1934: 1899: 1892: 1869: 1862: 1842:Radosh, Ronald 1833: 1818: 1800: 1793: 1773: 1759: 1733: 1702: 1695: 1671: 1664: 1636: 1629: 1609: 1596: 1589: 1569: 1539: 1507:Whitman, Alden 1498: 1463: 1433: 1402: 1372: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1290: 1287: 1172: 1169: 1139: 1136: 1096: 1093: 1080: 1077: 1059: 1056: 1052:Russell McNutt 1023:Venona project 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1002:Chelyabinsk-40 967: 964: 960:W.E.B. Du Bois 932:electric shock 915:had granted a 908: 905: 848:Dreyfus affair 828:Bertolt Brecht 777: 774: 772: 769: 713:Emmanuel Bloch 702:Irving Kaufman 681: 678: 617: 614: 570: 567: 565: 564:Rosenberg case 562: 530:Russell McNutt 481:proximity fuse 429:guided missile 404: 401: 366:Russian Empire 345: 342: 295:plea agreement 271:jet propulsion 242: 241: 238: 237: 231: 227: 226: 221: 213: 212: 209: 208: 206: 205: 200: 194: 192: 188: 187: 170: 166: 165: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 138: 137: 134:(aged 37) 124: 114:(aged 35) 103: 101: 97: 96: 94: 93: 77: 57: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5735: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Richard Sorge 5585: 5583: 5582:Siddiq Ghouse 5580: 5578: 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