507:
2012:
63:
608:
724:
message in which he vowed that he would "soon be among you so we can unite our efforts to win". Observers noted that the opposition leader seemed "frail" and had trouble speaking. He finally returned to Congo on 27 July 2016 and was greeted by a massive crowd of supporters upon arrival at the airport in
Kinshasa. At a massive rally in Kinshasa on 31 July, Tshisekedi demanded that elections proceed on schedule before the end of 2016, contrary to suggestions from the authorities that a delay might be necessary, allowing Kabila to remain in office.
547:, Mobutu bowed to pressure and promised a transition to multiparty democracy. Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's most determined and popular rival, became Prime Minister on three separate occasions. The first lasted only one month (29 September 1991 – 1 November 1991) before Mobutu sacked him, and the second only seven months (15 August 1992 – 18 March 1993). Both times, Tshisekedi asserted that he was prevented from functioning properly by Mobutu. The third term, while
525:(UDPS), to counter the ruling MPR. Tshisekedi thus became the main voice for opponents of the dictatorship, in the country that was then called Zaire. That status enabled him to mobilize public opinion and the international community, and he continued advocating for change during Mobutu's tenure. In 1980, Tshisekedi was thrown in prison for criticism of Mobutu's repressive regime; he was imprisoned numerous times by Mobutu's government.
656:, said the election was marred with serious irregularities and lacked credibility and transparency. Tshisekedi rejected the results announced by the CENI, the body responsible for the organization of elections, saying that they did not reflect the will of the people, and declared himself the "elected president" of Congo. Tshisekedi held a private inauguration ceremony after police used tear gas to disperse a public inauguration.
1876:
673:
claimed that the results announced by the CENI did not reflect the will of the people. These and other observations compromised the integrity of the presidential election, according to the Carter Center. MONUSCO, the peacekeeping mission of the United
Nations, also voiced concern about the results.
723:
Amidst rumors of serious health problems, Tshisekedi was flown to
Belgium for treatment on 16 August 2014. Responding to the rumors about his condition, his party said that he was not seriously ill. On 9 January 2016, Tshisekedi, who was still in Brussels and apparently still ill, released a video
494:
in 1967. After the second coup of Mobutu, in 1965, Tshisekedi held ministerial positions. As such, Tshisekedi was instrumental in managing the country, allegedly based on the misappropriation of public funds and neutralization of all opposition. Tshisekedi remained in the
Central Committee of the
562:
Laurent Kabila ruled by decree and banned party politics until general elections planned for 1999. In 1998, a constitutional committee drew up a list of 250 people who would not be allowed to run for president, including
Tshisekedi. He was sent into internal exile in February 1998, after he was
539:
According to
Kapinga (vice-president of the MPR), Mobutu kept a number of Congolese tribes happy through the "sharing of money" with the tribes' power brokers. Under Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary General of the MPR) tried delivering money to Tshisekedi in the middle of the night, but
535:
On 15 February 1982, Tshisekedi co-founded the Union for
Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS). The party remains popular in Congo's capital Kinshasa, the two Kasai and Bas-Congo provinces as well as other provinces, with its main goal being a non-violent change to democratic rule.
2000:
2442:
1993:
662:, a former ally of President Kabila, rejected the results announced by the CENI and said that Tshisekedi had actually won the election. Several other opposition candidates recognized Tshisekedi as the victor, and called for the election to be annulled.
1269:
1978:
482:
In
November 1965, Tshisekedi took part in the second Mobutu coup which led to the dismissal of President Kasavubu and his prime minister Kimba. Tshisekedi approved the execution of Kimba and his companions on the day of Pentecost, 2 June 1966.
2111:
1986:
619:. This is Tshisekedi's first bid for the presidency since forming the country's first opposition party in 1982. Candidates campaigned relatively freely, and Tshisekedi held large rallies. But neither candidate was prepared to admit defeat."
1576:
382:, Tshisekedi nevertheless declared himself the "elected president" of Congo. Policemen and Kabila's presidential guards were subsequently stationed at every corner that gives entrance to Tshisekedi's residence, placing him under unofficial
604:, and asked that Tshisekedi be their presidential candidate. He officially confirmed his candidacy in December 2010 at a congress of his party in Kinshasa, which was the first official party congress since the party formed in 1982.
522:
338:
287:
2417:
677:
The election result was confirmed by the
Supreme Court of the Democratic Republic of Congo. A day after holding a hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs on governance in the DRC, Senators
587:
Joseph Kabila won the presidential election. Tshisekedi considered the elections of 2006 to be a "masquerade" and claimed that Kabila's election was decided in advance by influential people outside Congo. Kabila defeated
2104:
1259:
1393:
1337:
1523:
2437:
2124:
2097:
2422:
1572:
1370:
1819:
622:
Tshisekedi pointed not only to lack of democracy, but also lack of water and electricity, as reasons to elect him. He said that a vote for him would be a vote for a 30-year fight to uphold the
1707:
849:
2447:
1175:
2120:
2017:
1960:
1933:
1904:
1789:
601:
584:
In the run-up to the 2006 national elections, Tshisekedi decided to boycott the electoral process and the constitutional referendum because he believed they were rigged in advance.
579:
346:
77:
491:
555:, lasted only a week (2 April 1997 – 9 April 1997) and was again ended by Mobutu's lack of cooperation. A month later Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, in connection with the
794:
1492:
521:
Relations with Mobutu ruptured around 1980, and
Tshisekedi was removed from Mobutu's government. At that time, Tshisekedi formed the country's first opposition party, the
1750:
1237:
354:
1035:
1113:
1327:
1629:
1515:
371:
Tshisekedi and his UDPS party boycotted the 2006 elections organized in Congo on claims that elections were fraudulent and were systematically rigged in advance.
1727:
686:(R-Ga.) of the United States Senate expressed deep concern about the ruling of the Congolese Supreme Court. Then, on 20 December 2011, U.S. Secretary of State
1360:
506:
1811:
1655:
732:
On 24 January 2017, Tshisekedi left the DRC to travel to Belgium for medical treatment. The 84-year-old died a week later on 1 February in Brussels.
1704:
1682:
693:
Tshisekedi urged the armed forces to disobey Kabila, and added that he would offer a "great prize" to anyone who captured President Joseph Kabila.
2133:
1391:
1304:
1850:
1165:
529:
1770:
845:
626:
and good governance in Congo. Tshisekedi was supported by about 80 political parties, but he had adversaries within the opposition, such as
1786:
1139:
820:
2457:
2452:
1045:(in French). Vol. 2, no. 5. Léopoldville: Government of the Republic of the Congo. 9 February 1961. p. 28. Archived from
716:
in November 2012, listed the release of Tshisekedi as one of their demands and claimed to be willing to leave the provincial capital of
496:
570:. Tshisekedi refused to enter the government of Joseph Kabila, or the previous government of his father, and likened them to Mobutu.
1019:
986:
930:
784:
1598:
1550:
2301:
2011:
1484:
342:
255:
1747:
1206:
955:
2043:
1880:
1229:
900:
1435:
374:
He was a candidate for President of Congo in the 2011 elections that many national and international observers, notably the
755:
368:
in various positions, he also led the campaign against Mobutu, and was one of few politicians who challenged the dictator.
1332:
1046:
511:
1109:
2432:
1036:"Ordonnance du 3 janvier 1961 portant nomination du directeur général de l'Ecole Nationale de Droit et d'administration"
642:
456:
1625:
1599:"Supreme Court Decision Confirming Results of the Presidential Election in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)"
615:
In August 2011, Tshisekedi sought to negotiate with other opposition parties to form a joint effort against incumbent
548:
1573:"Senators Coons, Isakson react to Congolese Supreme Court decision, call for transparent review of election results"
2368:
2211:
1007:
438:
Tshisekedi's career was intertwined with the political history of his country; Congo won independence in 1960 from
543:
With the country in economic turmoil in the early 1990s, partly due to Mobutu's loss of Western support after the
670:
2089:
1724:
607:
62:
2321:
1410:
540:
Tshisekedi refused it. Mobutu tried and failed on several occasions to persuade Tshisekedi to take the money.
1260:"Congrès de l'UDPS: Tshisekedi appelle à l'unité de son parti et de l'opposition pour la conquête du pouvoir"
993:
Per this source, Tshisekedi is sometimes known as the "Zairian Moise", Moïse being the French translation of
2281:
2266:
2261:
2241:
2226:
2216:
2058:
1926:
1915:
1651:
212:
155:
110:
1678:
364:
Tshisekedi was the main Congolese opposition leader for decades. Although he served in the government of
2236:
701:
Tshisekedi's party headquarters was burglarized after his inauguration. Tshisekedi was said to be under
2073:
1461:
1294:
2427:
2412:
2407:
1842:
465:
423:
387:
322:
309:
251:
1767:
2326:
1170:
1078:
874:
789:
2187:
566:
President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001, and was succeeded ten days later by his son,
528:
In 1989, during Mobutu's rule, several cases of his detention were described as unlawful by the
353:) on three brief occasions: in 1991, 1992–1993, and 1997. He was also the father of the current
2182:
1135:
1015:
982:
926:
816:
709:
589:
399:
2341:
2276:
2221:
2177:
1943:
1812:"DRC historic opposition leader Etienne Tshishkedi leaves for Belgium for medical treatment"
487:
476:
419:
411:
365:
358:
188:
167:
143:
98:
638:. Tshisekedi said that none of them had been in the opposition long enough to be credible.
2311:
2291:
2162:
2142:
1970:
1793:
1774:
1754:
1731:
1711:
1397:
904:
687:
556:
451:
398:
In 1932, Étienne Tshisekedi, son of Alexis Mulumba and his wife Agnès Kabena, was born in
122:
2033:
641:
This time around, Bemba (the 2006 presidential candidate) was sidelined, on trial at the
1602:
479:
appointed Tshisekedi Director General of the National School of Law and Administration.
2351:
2336:
2331:
2316:
2251:
2206:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2147:
1897:
1365:
683:
666:
635:
461:
200:
33:
2443:
Union for Democracy and Social Progress (Democratic Republic of the Congo) politicians
1546:
600:
At a UDPS meeting in April 2009, the party indicated that it would participate in the
337:(14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a Congolese politician and the leader of the
2401:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2038:
1953:
1202:
1074:
Tshisekedi et Mobutu justifiant la pendaison publique de 3 ministres et d'un sénateur
951:
659:
653:
631:
627:
616:
567:
403:
379:
378:, have said lacked credibility and transparency. Having officially lost to incumbent
375:
245:
1198:
947:
2376:
2346:
2246:
2231:
2152:
1431:
897:
702:
515:
383:
17:
2028:
1264:
751:
679:
649:
for alleged war crimes in 2002–2003. The election was held on 28 November 2011.
623:
469:
415:
1843:"Congo's main opposition leader, Etienne Tshisekedi, dies: diplomatic sources"
1072:
717:
317:
2372:
1299:
690:
expressed serious disappointment with the Congolese supreme court decision.
646:
1361:"Congo Electoral Commission Says Presidential Elections to Be Held Nov. 28"
486:
He was a high-ranking member of the various governments formed by dictator
1875:
1787:"Massive rally in Congo demanding resignation of President Joseph Kabila"
908:
552:
544:
427:
273:
414:, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Ethnically, he was a member of the
439:
407:
277:
37:
430:); he was the first Congolese to ever get a doctorate diploma in law.
669:
noted lack of transparency, and the archbishop of Kinshasa, Cardinal
1328:"Congo election season in full swing, along with electoral problems"
1547:"Carter Center: DRC Presidential Election Results Lack Credibility"
490:, who was president from 1965 to 1997. Tshisekedi helped amend the
2197:
994:
606:
510:
Tshisekedi with founding members of the UDPS, from left to right:
505:
350:
1768:"Congo opposition leader Tshisekedi returns to rapturous welcome"
1485:"DR Congo opposition candidate calls for election to be annulled"
468:, acting as Minister of Justice in the newly autonomous State of
2418:
Candidates for President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1457:
1230:"Congo-Kinshasa: E. Tshisekedi plébiscité par les congressistes"
1199:"Congo-Kinshasa: E. Tshisekedi plébiscité par les congressistes"
713:
2093:
1982:
1748:"DR Congo veteran opposition leader appears frail in new video"
1705:"Etienne Tshisekedi evacuated to Belgium for medical treatment"
665:
In addition to the Carter Center, an observer mission from the
1400:, Joseph Kabila déclaré élu, Tshisekedi se proclame président
341:(UDPS), formerly the main opposition political party in the
2018:
2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo presidential election
720:
if he was granted freedom of movement, among other things.
948:"Clément Lumbala repose désormais au cimetière de Kinkole"
1516:"Congo President Kabila Denies Reports of Election Fraud"
1432:"DR Congo police block entry to Tshisekedi inauguration"
2438:
Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
652:
Many national and international observers, notably the
2121:
Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
580:
2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election
923:
Political risk yearbook: Sub-Saharan Africa: Volume 4
898:"DR Congo's Tshisekedi under unofficial house arrest"
785:"Congo Readies A Presidency; Dissidents Disqualified"
779:
777:
775:
773:
2423:
Democratic Republic of the Congo democracy activists
418:. Tshisekedi attended primary school at Kabaluanda (
2300:
2196:
2132:
1725:"UDPS : Étienne Tshisekedi évacué à Bruxelles"
846:"Election results 'lack credibility' say observers"
634:(son of the former dictator), and Senate president
422:) and obtained a licentiate diploma in 1961 at the
345:(DRC). A long-time opposition leader, he served as
316:
305:
293:
283:
263:
227:
222:
206:
194:
184:
161:
149:
139:
116:
104:
94:
76:
53:
1110:"Etienne Tshisekedi, la dernière lutte du sphinx"
869:
867:
875:"Congo opposition leader holds own inauguration"
563:accused of violating the ban on party politics.
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
2448:United Nations Human Rights Committee case law
1679:"DR Congo rebels set conditions for Goma exit"
1652:"RDC: Le siège de l'UDPS à Kinshasa cambriolé"
1136:"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library"
840:
838:
2105:
1994:
8:
180:29 September 1991 – 1 November 1991
1626:"Tshisekedi urges armed forces to obey him"
1159:
1157:
977:Williame, Jean-Claude; et al. (1997).
893:
891:
2112:
2098:
2090:
2001:
1987:
1979:
1886:
1289:
1287:
746:
744:
61:
50:
460:(MNC), Tshisekedi left the MNC to follow
1757:, Agence France-Presse, 9 January 2016.
1166:"An Anatomy of Autocracy: Mobutu's Era"
740:
523:Union for Democracy and Social Progress
339:Union for Democracy and Social Progress
288:Union for Democracy and Social Progress
135:15 August 1992 – 18 March 1993
1411:"Congo's Tshisekedi swears himself in"
1295:"Fears of violence in Congo elections"
1240:from the original on 28 September 2015
1116:from the original on 25 September 2011
1438:from the original on 24 December 2011
1228:Kambale, Juakali (15 December 2010).
1081:from the original on 12 December 2021
852:from the original on 9 September 2023
758:from the original on 22 February 2022
530:United Nations Human Rights Committee
7:
1853:from the original on 1 February 2017
1579:from the original on 10 January 2012
1553:from the original on 1 December 2017
1373:from the original on 5 November 2012
1359:Kavanaugh, Michael (30 April 2011).
1303:. Associated Press. 15 August 2011.
823:from the original on 8 December 2015
592:, with Tshisekedi on the sidelines.
514:, Tshisekedi, Vincent Mbwakiem, and
501:Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution
90:2 April 1997 – 9 April 1997
1632:from the original on 7 January 2012
1464:from the original on 3 January 2012
1458:"Vital Kamerhe soutient Tshisekedi"
1340:from the original on 9 October 2011
1307:from the original on 16 August 2011
1014:. De Boeck Supérieur. p. 508.
426:School of Law in Leopoldville (now
1822:from the original on 16 March 2017
1810:Buchanan, Elsa (24 January 2017).
1514:Adam Nossiter (12 December 2011).
1209:from the original on 19 April 2012
958:from the original on 19 April 2012
817:"Weekly briefing on DRC elections"
497:Popular Movement of the Revolution
25:
1658:from the original on 7 April 2012
1483:Smith, David (29 November 2011).
1272:from the original on 11 July 2011
1178:from the original on 7 March 2016
1142:from the original on 4 March 2016
1108:Mbog, Raoul (20 September 2011).
752:"DR Congo rebels cement alliance"
551:'s rebel forces were marching on
464:on his secessionist adventure in
2302:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2010:
1874:
1685:from the original on 6 June 2017
1495:from the original on 21 May 2024
1326:Stearns, Jason (3 August 2011).
1071:Mike Kabamba (1 November 2011),
979:Zaire: Predicament and Prospects
925:. IBC Publications. p. 30.
921:Political Risk Services (2001).
797:from the original on 27 May 2015
611:Étienne Tshisekedi campaign sign
343:Democratic Republic of the Congo
27:Congolese politician (1932–2017)
1841:Ross, Aaron (1 February 2017).
1714:, Congo Planet, 16 August 2014.
1526:from the original on 1 May 2018
1268:(in French). 11 December 2010.
1112:(in French). SlateAfrique.com.
981:. DIANE Publishing. p. 3.
946:La Prospérité (26 April 2010).
848:. France 24. 11 December 2011.
2222:N'singa Udjuu Ongwabeki Untubu
1434:. BBC News. 23 December 2011.
1164:French, Howard (17 May 1997).
503:, MPR) until the early 1980s.
1:
1333:The Christian Science Monitor
712:, which captured the city of
335:Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba
232:Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba
44: and the post-surname is
1816:International Business Times
643:International Criminal Court
475:On 3 January 1961 President
457:Mouvement National Congolais
349:of the country (then called
2474:
2458:People of the Congo Crisis
2453:Lovanium University alumni
2369:Free Republic of the Congo
1197:Le Phare (16 April 2009).
1012:Histoire générale du Congo
754:. BBC News. 27 June 2002.
577:
390:became president in 2019.
31:
2360:
2212:Bo-Boliko Lokonga Mihambo
2044:François Nicéphore Kakese
2024:
1967:
1958:
1950:
1940:
1931:
1923:
1911:
1902:
1894:
1889:
671:Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya
328:
297:Marthe Jibikila (?–2017;
218:
173:
128:
83:
72:
60:
2322:Louis Alphonse Koyagialo
1777:, Reuters, 27 July 2016.
1734:, ADIAC, 17 August 2014
394:Early life and education
1961:Prime Minister of Zaire
1934:Prime Minister of Zaire
1905:Prime Minister of Zaire
1753:31 January 2016 at the
903:12 October 2018 at the
512:Frédéric Kibassa Maliba
78:Prime Minister of Zaire
2385:Acting Prime Minister.
2367:Prime minister of the
2267:Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond
2262:Bernardin Mungul Diaka
2217:Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond
1927:Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond
1916:Bernardin Mungul Diaka
1730:29 August 2014 at the
1710:27 August 2014 at the
612:
518:
492:Congolese Constitution
312:, Christian Tshisekedi
213:Bernardin Mungul Diaka
156:Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond
2134:Republic of the Congo
1792:1 August 2016 at the
610:
549:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
509:
1883:at Wikimedia Commons
2433:People from Kananga
2282:Léon Kengo wa Dondo
2242:Léon Kengo wa Dondo
2227:Léon Kengo wa Dondo
1773:27 May 2017 at the
1396:21 May 2024 at the
1052:on 22 February 2018
574:2005–2006 elections
424:Lovanium University
323:Lovanium University
111:Léon Kengo wa Dondo
2371:, in rebellion at
2327:Matata Ponyo Mapon
2287:Étienne Tshisekedi
2272:Étienne Tshisekedi
2257:Étienne Tshisekedi
2237:Sambwa Pida Nbagui
2079:Étienne Tshisekedi
2074:Josué Alex Mukendi
2016:Candidates in the
1890:Political offices
1881:Étienne Tshisekedi
1723:Lucien Dianzenza,
1520:The New York Times
1171:The New York Times
1043:Moniteur Congolais
1010:, Isidore (1998).
911:(26 January 2012).
790:The New York Times
697:Post-2011 election
613:
519:
67:Tshisekedi in 2011
55:Étienne Tshisekedi
18:Etienne Tshisekedi
2392:
2391:
2198:Republic of Zaire
2087:
2086:
1977:
1976:
1968:Succeeded by
1941:Succeeded by
1912:Succeeded by
1879:Media related to
1605:on 8 January 2012
1549:. Carter Center.
710:March 23 Movement
590:Jean-Pierre Bemba
332:
331:
259:
16:(Redirected from
2465:
2384:
2366:
2342:Sylvestre Ilunga
2277:Faustin Birindwa
2114:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1951:Preceded by
1944:Faustin Birindwa
1924:Preceded by
1918:
1895:Preceded by
1887:
1878:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1807:
1801:
1784:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1721:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1601:. Archived from
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1407:
1401:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1105:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1004:
998:
992:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
943:
937:
936:
918:
912:
895:
886:
885:
883:
881:
871:
862:
861:
859:
857:
842:
833:
832:
830:
828:
813:
807:
806:
804:
802:
793:. 1 April 1998.
781:
768:
767:
765:
763:
748:
488:Mobutu Sese Seko
477:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
434:Political career
412:Kasai-Occidental
366:Mobutu Sese Seko
359:Felix Tshisekedi
310:Félix Tshisekedi
270:
252:Kasaï-Occidental
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242:14 December 1932
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223:Personal details
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2163:Antoine Gizenga
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1234:Africa Review
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1203:allAfrica.com
1201:(in French).
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950:(in French).
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682:(D-Del.) and
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654:Carter Center
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632:Nzanga Mobutu
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628:Vital Kamerhe
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602:2011 election
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404:Belgian Congo
401:
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380:Joseph Kabila
377:
376:Carter Center
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19:
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2377:Congo Crisis
2373:Stanleyville
2347:Sama Lukonde
2286:
2271:
2256:
2247:Lunda Bululu
2232:Mabi Mulumba
2153:Albert Ndele
2078:
2034:Adam Bombolé
1959:
1932:
1903:
1855:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1815:
1805:
1797:
1782:
1766:Aaron Ross,
1762:
1743:
1719:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1677:Essa, Azad.
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1624:Jonny Hogg.
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1545:Kara, Baya.
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1519:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1489:The Guardian
1488:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1405:
1387:
1377:25 September
1375:. Retrieved
1364:
1354:
1344:25 September
1342:. Retrieved
1331:
1321:
1311:25 September
1309:. Retrieved
1298:
1276:25 September
1274:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1244:28 September
1242:. Retrieved
1233:
1223:
1213:25 September
1211:. Retrieved
1192:
1182:25 September
1180:. Retrieved
1169:
1144:. Retrieved
1130:
1120:25 September
1118:. Retrieved
1083:, retrieved
1073:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1047:the original
1042:
1030:
1011:
1002:
978:
972:
962:25 September
960:. Retrieved
941:
922:
916:
878:. Retrieved
854:. Retrieved
825:. Retrieved
811:
801:25 September
799:. Retrieved
788:
762:25 September
760:. Retrieved
731:
722:
707:
703:house arrest
700:
692:
676:
664:
658:
651:
640:
621:
614:
599:
586:
583:
565:
561:
542:
538:
534:
527:
520:
516:Marcel Lihau
500:
485:
481:
474:
455:
449:
446:1960 to 2001
437:
406:(now called
397:
384:house arrest
373:
370:
363:
334:
333:
298:
269:(2017-02-01)
244:Luluabourg,
208:Succeeded by
175:
163:Succeeded by
130:
118:Succeeded by
85:
45:
41:
29:
2428:Luba people
2413:2017 deaths
2408:1932 births
2200:(1971–1997)
2168:Joseph Iléo
2148:Joseph Iléo
2136:(1960–1971)
2029:Jean Andeka
1849:. Reuters.
1736:(in French)
1662:27 December
1636:27 December
1628:. Reuters.
1609:27 December
1583:27 December
1557:27 December
1530:12 December
1499:27 December
1468:27 December
1442:27 December
1416:27 December
1265:Radio Okapi
1085:21 November
1056:21 February
880:27 December
856:27 December
827:27 December
680:Chris Coons
624:rule of law
470:South Kasai
450:Advisor to
416:Luba people
196:Preceded by
151:Preceded by
106:Preceded by
2402:Categories
2059:Léon Kengo
1954:Léon Kengo
1938:1992–1993
1857:1 February
1826:1 February
1689:2 February
1146:2 February
736:References
718:North Kivu
708:The rebel
578:See also:
420:West Kasai
400:Luluabourg
386:. His son
318:Alma mater
238:1932-12-14
46:wa Mulumba
42:Tshisekedi
1300:USA Today
647:The Hague
355:President
299:his death
185:President
176:In office
140:President
131:In office
95:President
86:In office
1851:Archived
1820:Archived
1790:Archived
1771:Archived
1751:Archived
1728:Archived
1708:Archived
1683:Archived
1656:Archived
1630:Archived
1577:Archived
1551:Archived
1524:Archived
1493:Archived
1462:Archived
1436:Archived
1394:Archived
1371:Archived
1338:Archived
1305:Archived
1270:Archived
1238:Archived
1207:Archived
1176:Archived
1140:Archived
1114:Archived
1079:archived
956:Archived
909:BBC News
901:Archived
850:Archived
821:Archived
795:Archived
756:Archived
553:Kinshasa
545:Cold War
428:Kinshasa
306:Children
274:Brussels
32:In this
2365:‡
1847:Reuters
454:of the
440:Belgium
408:Kananga
278:Belgium
38:surname
1018:
985:
929:
294:Spouse
36:, the
1965:1997
1909:1991
1050:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
995:Moses
728:Death
466:Kasai
388:Félix
351:Zaire
2125:list
1859:2017
1828:2017
1691:2017
1664:2011
1638:2011
1611:2011
1585:2011
1559:2011
1532:2011
1501:2011
1470:2011
1444:2011
1418:2011
1379:2011
1346:2011
1313:2011
1278:2011
1246:2011
1215:2011
1184:2011
1148:2017
1122:2011
1087:2017
1058:2018
1016:ISBN
983:ISBN
964:2011
927:ISBN
882:2011
858:2011
829:2011
803:2011
764:2011
714:Goma
264:Died
228:Born
645:in
40:is
2404::
1845:.
1818:.
1814:.
1796:,
1681:.
1654:.
1575:.
1522:.
1518:.
1491:.
1487:.
1460:.
1369:.
1363:.
1336:.
1330:.
1297:.
1286:^
1262:.
1236:.
1232:.
1205:.
1174:.
1168:.
1156:^
1138:.
1094:^
1077:,
1041:.
954:.
907:,
890:^
866:^
837:^
819:.
787:.
772:^
743:^
705:.
630:,
559:.
532:.
472:.
442:.
410:,
402:,
361:.
357:,
276:,
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