36:
232:
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385:). Measurements to date indicate that Europa has an ocean approximately twice the volume of Earth's oceans. This water layer below the ice may be in contact with the moon's interior allowing ready access to hydrothermal energy and chemistry. A surface mission can take advantage of the relatively young, active surface of Europa as this activity may allow deep subsurface materials to regularly relocate to the surface.
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and to discuss this lander as a possible follow up. The president's 2018 and 2019 federal budget proposals do not fund the Europa Lander, but they did assign US$ 195 million for concept studies and research on the required science instruments. The 2022 omnibus spending bill allocates $ 14.2 million
467:
In preparation to its landing, the
Carrier Stage would be discarded, leaving the spacecraft stack in a configuration called Deorbit Vehicle (DOV) that would decelerate and initiate the descent. The engine module for this phase, called Deorbit Stage (DOS) would be discarded after the burn, leaving
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NASA selected 14 potential instruments for maturation under
Instrument Concepts for Europa Exploration 2 (ICEE-2) awarding approximately US$ 2 million each for two years. The ICEE-2 project would allow the maturation of novel instrument approaches to meet the science goals and objectives of the
455:
The key phases of the flight are: launch, cruise, de-orbit, descent and landing. The spacecraft would consist of several modules that would be discarded at different phases of its deorbiting and landing sequence. The complete stack would be propelled by the
Carrier Stage, that also features the
305:
NASA had previously evaluated a Europa Lander concept in 2005 with the Europa Lander
Mission concept. Also, a lander was evaluated in 2012. There was continued support for Europa missions, including in 2014, when the U.S. Congress House Appropriations Committee announced a bipartisan bill that
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guidelines require that inadvertent contamination of a
Europan ocean by terrestrial organisms must be avoided, to a probability level of less than 1 in 10,000. The lander, and landing system components, must be assembled and tested in a clean room where all parts would have to be cleaned or
617:
The mission concept would require funding and further development to be launched. One of the key requirements is to operate in the radiation environment at the moon's surface. The radiation environment at Europa is extreme, so the lander may need as much additional protection as the
551:
At Europa, it would have to land on the surface, matching its velocity, but with essentially no atmosphere there is no "entry", it is just a descent and landing. The
Planetary Society noted that NASA called this DDL — de-orbit, descent, and landing. In 1995, astronomers using the
870:
is a separately launched spacecraft that would lay a foundation for the Europa Lander mission. Previously, NASA had evaluated launching the orbiter and lander together, but the strong congressional support led to an additional proposal in 2016 for a separate lander mission. The
491:(RTG) or solar power. The 2019 concept proposes four batteries, which would provide three times the needed energy for safety margin during its ≈22-day surface operations. The baseline is 7 days to complete its surface mission, the additional 15 days are for contingencies.
530:
in 2027, and
Jupiter/Europa arrival in 2030. It would spend some time orbiting around Jupiter over the next year to maneuver for its landing on Europa. The landing would be performed two years after orbit insertion around Jupiter.
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is recommended to fly away into
Jupiter for disposal. At the end of the mission, the lander might self-destruct using an incendiary device. That system can also be triggered if the spacecraft loses contact with the
1640:
Cynthia B. Phillips, Kevin P. Hand, Morgan L. Cable, Amy E. Hofmann, Kate L. Craft and Europa
Project Science and Engineering Teams. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132)
321:
delivered its report in early
February 2017. This was a six-month-long study by a Science Definition Team. The study assesses the science value and engineering design of a potential Europa lander mission.
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does not have the resolution needed to confirm this, radar and thermal data are consistent with this interpretation. This supports the need to first perform high-definition reconnaissance with the ESA's
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at the subsurface ≈10 cm, to characterize the composition of non-ice near-subsurface material, and determine the proximity of liquid water and recently erupted material near the lander's location.
522:(SLS), with a suggested launch in 2025. The SLS is proposed given the spacecraft's mass of 16.6 metric tons, including the solid propellant to place the spacecraft into orbit around Jupiter, and the
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581:, if still operational, could function as an additional communications relay for the lander. To ensure communication, there is a suggestion to include a telecomm orbiter with the lander mission.
2016:
W. B. Brinckerhoff; A. Grubisic; S. A. Getty; R. M. Danell, ASCE Library, 16th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments
325:
NASA's 2021 fiscal year budget in Congress's Omnibus Spending Bill did not include any language mandating or funding the Europa Lander as previous bills, making the mission's future uncertain.
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Regardless of the power source, one of the limiting factors for the lifetime of the mission may be surviving radiation; a human on the surface of Europa is estimated to experience 540
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issued a congressional directive on a Europa Lander, and NASA initiated a study in 2016, assessing and evaluating the concept. The mission concept is being supported by the
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On Earth, life can be found in essentially all locations where water is present. It follows that Europa is an excellent candidate in the search for life elsewhere in the
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NASA announced in May 2017 to the scientific community to think on possible Europa Lander instruments. The concept study reports were made available in June 2019.
479:, that would enable it to dig out several shallow sub-surface samples at a maximum depth of 10 cm (3.9 in) and deliver them to its onboard laboratory.
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and probe mission in the 1990s, for which a major result was the discovery of a large sub-surface ocean that may offer habitable aquatic conditions.
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Hall, D. T.; Strobel, D. F.; Feldman, P. D.; McGrath, M. A.; Weaver, H. A. (1995). "Detection of an oxygen atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Europa".
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2049:. Kim R. Fowler, Stephen A. Dyer. Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), 2017 IEEE International Workshop on 21–23 June 2017, Italy,
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to Icy Satellites Surface Technology for a future Ocean Worlds lander mission (NASA had requested $ 5 million for the Europa Lander).
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A study published in October 2018 suggests that most of Europa's surface may be covered with closely spaced ice spikes, called
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orbiter will provide reconnaissance data to characterize the radiation environment and help determine a landing location.
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Jupiter orbiter. The vault helped reduce radiation exposure to vulnerable systems, especially electronics on the orbiter.
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2025:"Seismometer to Investigate Ice and Ocean Structure (SIIOS)" H Bailey, R Weber, D Dellagiustina, V Bray, B Avenson. 2019
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472:. The sky crane system would lower the lander with a tether to a soft landing with a 100 m (330 ft) accuracy.
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Characterize the surface and subsurface properties at the scale of the lander to support future exploration of Europa.
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McGrath (2009). "Atmosphere of Europa". In Pappalardo, Robert T.; McKinnon, William B.; Khurana, Krishan K. (eds.).
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464:, the spacecraft would spend about two years adjusting its orbit and velocity before attempting to land on Europa.
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The Europa Lander was considered by the Planetary Science Decadal Report of 2023─2032 but rejected in favor of the
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Landing on Europa, part 3: Proposed configuration with provisions for radiation shielding and planetary protection
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA Joel Krajewski, Payload Manager, Europa Lander PreProject 26 June 2019
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Once landed, the lander would operate for up to 22 days by using chemical battery power, rather than a
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surface dose is about 0.14 rem/year. The probe is designed for a total ionizing dose of 2.3
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The primary mission goal is detection of organic indicators of past or present life, called
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sterilized before they are installed in the spacecraft. After delivering the lander, the
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1793:
1352:"NASA receives US$ 23.3 billion for 2021 fiscal year in Congress' omnibus spending bill"
1237:
921: – Proposed Russian spacecraft to study the Jovian moon system and land on Ganymede
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View of Europa's surface from 560 km (335 miles) altitude, as seen during the closest
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landing system. One calculated trajectory would see a launch aboard SLS in 2025, Earth
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251:, but come out at this location in Antarctica. The red color comes from dissolved iron.
248:
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what is called the Powered Descent Vehicle (PDV) - which comprises the lander and the
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2001:
1979:
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1625:"NASA to Get $ 24 Billion for FY2022, More Than Last Year But Less Than Biden Wanted"
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Home Page at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) NASA Accessed on 22 September 2019
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included US$ 80 million in funding to continue the Europa mission concept studies.
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Formation of metre-scale bladed roughness on Europa's surface by ablation of ice
1141:"Europa Lander Study: Louise Prockter for Brian Cooke and the Europa study team"
827:: Collaborative Acceptance and Distribution for Measuring Europan Samples System
457:
244:
1957:"NASA Asks Scientific Community to Think on Possible Europa Lander Instruments"
1863:
1367:"Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions"
3983:
3741:
3692:
3215:
2902:
2348:
2341:
1906:
882:
1897:
Daniel E. J. Hobley, Jeffrey M. Moore, Alan D. Howard, and Orkan M. Umurhan,
1255:
609:, launching in 2023 and 2024 respectively, before planning a lander mission.
593:, as tall as 15 meters (50 ft). Although the imaging available from the
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1220:
Hendrix, Amanda R.; Hurford, Terry A.; Barge, Laura M.; et al. (2019).
927: – NASA program for the exploration of water worlds in the Solar System
918:
557:
20:
2120:
1858:. Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2017 IEEE MTT-S International, 4–9 June 2017,
1273:
1078:"JPL moves ahead with Mars and Europa missions despite funding uncertainty"
983:
Grace Tan-Wang, Steve Sell, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, AbSciCon2019,
1809:
1558:"Space Launch System, planetary exploration get big boosts in NASA budget"
1246:
699:: MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration-ORganic Composition Analyzer
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3266:
3092:
2613:
2321:
2267:
461:
427:
276:
177:
3572:
1741:"Final fiscal year 2019 budget bill secures US$ 21.5 billion for NASA"
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4239:
4178:
4013:
3968:
3930:
3920:
3698:
3509:
3082:
3052:
3042:
3002:
1801:
1184:"NASA gets some funding for Mars 2020 rover in federal spending bill"
561:
247:
survive in cold darkness without oxygen, living in brine water below
1452:"NASA's concept Europa lander belongs on the cover of a sci-fi pulp"
1093:"NASA to receive US$ 22.6 billion in Fiscal Year 2020 spending bill"
393:
In 18 July 2017, the House Space Subcommittee held hearings on the
4202:
3638:
3425:
3297:
851:
565:
538:
506:
over the 30 day mission. Radiation damaged the electronics of the
499:
442:
238:
230:
162:
2126:
2000:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1978:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1725:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1609:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1514:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1168:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1126:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1062:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
993:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3925:
3885:
3372:
1659:"NASA's audacious Europa missions are getting closer to reality"
1529:"Balance of NASA Planetary Science Missions Explored at Hearing"
283:, it would be launched in 2027 to complement the studies by the
264:
67:
3576:
2730:
2726:
2290:
2130:
1576:"Europa lander concept redesigned to lower cost and complexity"
1009:"Without a champion, Europa lander falls to NASA's back burner"
377:
or other sources of chemicals suitable to energy production by
4298:
2091:"Attempt no landing there? Yeah right — we're going to Europa"
448:
1918:
Jagged ice spikes cover Jupiter's moon Europa, study suggests
915: – Second NASA orbiter mission to Jupiter (2011–Present)
410:
The lander mission would have three main science objectives:
2068:"NASA weighing dual launches of Europa orbiter and lander"
3468:
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
2014:
EMILI: Europan Molecular Indicators of Life Investigation
1759:"Europa lander work continues despite budget uncertainty"
348:. The lander was described as a logical follow-up to the
685:: Characterization of Ocean Residues and Life Signatures
575:
The lander would communicate directly to Earth, but the
369:
Various ecosystems exist on Earth without any access to
1856:
Telecommunications systems for the NASA Europa missions
1589:
1587:
1585:
1045:"NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept"
1684:. California State University, Fresno. Archived from
1474:"Deep sea ecology: hydrothermal vents and cold seeps"
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
1877:"Europa may have towering ice spikes on its surface"
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
769:: Seismometer to Investigate Ice and Ocean Structure
727:: Europan Molecular Indicators of Life Investigation
4350:
4297:
4124:
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4004:
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2764:
2644:
2535:
2502:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2411:
2328:
2241:
2166:
1203:"JPL's Mars 2020 rover benefits from spending bill"
676:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
200:
192:
184:
176:
168:
160:
141:
133:
128:
112:
104:
99:
83:
73:
63:
53:
1935:"Here's what NASA's Europa lander could look like"
1430:"NASA Report Sheds Light On Europa Lander Mission"
671:: Europa Lander Stereo Spectral Imaging Experiment
431:techniques uniquely available to a landed mission.
2988:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2978:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
1752:
1750:
1295:
1293:
1291:
830:Charles A. Malespin, Goddard Space Flight Center
713:: Microfluidic Organic Analyzer for Biosignatures
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1407:"Report lays out science case for Europa lander"
1337:"Report lays out science case for Europa lander"
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
903: – Cancelled NASA orbiter mission to Europa
292:The objectives of the mission are to search for
2913:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
1569:
1567:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1545:. American Institute of Physics. 20 June 2018.
1531:. American Institute of Physics. 21 July 2017.
1388:
1386:
1384:
819:Robert E. Grimm, Southwest Research Institute
475:The lander would feature a robotic arm with 5
289:orbiter mission and perform analyses on site.
243:On Earth, subglacial microbial communities at
3588:
2742:
2302:
2142:
8:
2893:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
1112:. NASA–JPL. 13 February 2005. Archived from
28:
1682:"SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences)"
1680:Ringwald, Frederick A. (29 February 2000).
1638:Update on the Europa Lander Mission Concept
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
791:: Microfluidic Icy-World Chemistry Analyzer
783:Mark P. Panning, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3771:
3614:
3595:
3581:
3573:
3318:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
3022:
2749:
2735:
2727:
2309:
2295:
2287:
2149:
2135:
2127:
556:discovered that Europa has a very tenuous
27:
3505:European Astrobiology Network Association
1300:Schulze-Makuch, Dirk (13 February 2017).
1263:
1245:
1107:"Small RPS-Enabled Europa Lander Mission"
2998:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1875:Anderson, Paul Scott (20 October 2018).
772:Samuel H. Bailey, University of Arizona
637:
3416:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
1350:Howell, Elizabeth. (22 December 2020).
937:
794:Antonio J. Ricco, Ames Research Center
741:: Compact Integrated Raman Spectrometer
2716:Colonization of the outer Solar System
1201:Girardot, Frank C. (14 January 2014).
974:Europa Lander Mission Concept Overview
4386:List of proposed missions to the Moon
3406:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2552:Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
909: – Four largest moons of Jupiter
657:: Cold-Lightweight Imagers for Europa
489:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
44:with Jupiter and Io in the background
7:
4427:Proposed astrobiology space missions
4391:List of proposed space observatories
3754:Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission
3555:
2983:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
2968:Habitability of neutron star systems
1428:Pandey, Avaneesh (9 February 2017).
2958:Habitability of binary star systems
2055:10.1109/MetroAeroSpace.2017.7999561
1959:. NASA. 17 May 2017. Archived from
1708:"Galileo Millennium Mission Status"
1450:Coldewey, Devin (9 February 2017).
3520:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2963:Habitability of natural satellites
2888:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
1222:"The NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds"
14:
4052:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3500:Center for Life Detection Science
3421:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
2973:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2089:Berger, Eric (17 November 2015).
1657:Davis, Jason (21 February 2017).
1543:"FY19 Appropriations Bills: NASA"
1302:"A New Lander Concept for Europa"
807:University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
802:: Radiation Tolerant Magnetometer
718:University of California Berkeley
572:, or 10 times that of the Earth.
19:For the project from Russia, see
3554:
3543:
3542:
3525:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
3358:Life Investigation For Enceladus
2878:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2584:Innovative Interstellar Explorer
2402:
2232:
1995:
1973:
1933:Fecht, Sarah (9 February 2017).
1739:Foust, Jeff (17 February 2019).
1720:
1604:
1556:Clark, Stephen (23 March 2018).
1509:
1405:Foust, Jeff (14 February 2017).
1335:Foust, Jeff (14 February 2017).
1163:
1121:
1091:Foust, Jeff (16 December 2019).
1057:
988:
925:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
885:
816:: Europa Magnetotelluric Sounder
755:: Europa Luminescence Microscope
315:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
216:Large Strategic Science Missions
34:
3463:Astrobiology Society of Britain
3338:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
2993:Habitable zone for complex life
2066:Foust, Jeff (1 February 2016).
1835:. University of Arizona Press.
1623:Smith, Marcia (10 March 2022).
1393:Europa Lander Study 2016 Report
1182:Khan, Amina (15 January 2014).
460:. After orbit injection around
399:large strategic science mission
281:large strategic science mission
279:. If funded and developed as a
16:Proposed NASA lander for Europa
3348:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
2567:Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
2123:– Acquisition homepage at NASA
1:
3396:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2948:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1757:Foust, Jeff (31 March 2017).
1574:Foust, Jeff (29 March 2018).
1365:Foust, Jeff (19 April 2022).
116:50 kWh (from batteries only)
3530:Spanish Astrobiology Center
2938:Circumstellar habitable zone
2093:. Ars Technica. pp. 1–3
1076:Foust, Jeff (18 July 2017).
1007:Voosen, Paul (29 May 2019).
704:Southwest Research Institute
510:orbiter during its mission.
451:of the Europa Lander modules
3515:NASA Astrobiology Institute
2121:Europa Lander Investigation
1306:Air & Space/Smithsonian
732:Goddard Space Flight Center
498:per day, whereas a typical
4453:
4412:Proposed NASA space probes
4230:ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
3363:Mars sample return mission
2465:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
1864:10.1109/MWSYM.2017.8058576
1495:Loff, Sarah (1 May 2015).
603:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
518:The launcher would be the
319:Planetary Science Division
222:Planetary Science Division
18:
4381:
3538:
3441:Terrestrial Planet Finder
2863:Earliest known life forms
2711:Missions to outer planets
2599:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
2400:
2230:
1907:10.1038/s41561-018-0235-0
1497:"Reddish Bands on Europa"
979:23 September 2019 at the
746:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
212:
208:
156:
152:
124:
120:
95:
91:
87:≤ 22 days on the surface
49:
33:
4338:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
3473:Breakthrough Initiatives
2662:Magnetosphere of Jupiter
2562:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
2249:Deep Space Network (DSN)
1627:. spacepolicyonline.com.
780:: Europa Seismic Package
330:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
40:Artist's concept of the
3134:Mars Science Laboratory
2953:Galactic habitable zone
1661:. The Planetary Society
1599:19 October 2020 at the
3313:Enceladus Life Finder
3293:Breakthrough Enceladus
2817:Planetary oceanography
2652:Exploration of Jupiter
2557:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
702:Christopher R. Glein,
690:University of Maryland
648:Principal investigator
554:Hubble Space Telescope
548:
452:
423:habitability of Europa
311:United States Congress
252:
236:
148:or a commercial rocket
4197:Venus Orbiter Mission
3488:Breakthrough Starshot
3088:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
3008:Superhabitable planet
2873:Extraterrestrial life
2657:Atmosphere of Jupiter
2594:Jovian Europa Orbiter
1247:10.1089/ast.2018.1955
662:University of Arizona
542:
514:Launch and trajectory
446:
242:
234:
100:Spacecraft properties
4437:2020s in spaceflight
4422:Landers (spacecraft)
3495:Carl Sagan Institute
3483:Breakthrough Message
3323:Enceladus Orbilander
3058:Biosatellite program
2908:Planetary protection
2792:Evolutionary biology
2782:Atmospheric sciences
2257:(Independent launch)
985:Bellevue, Washington
842:Planetary protection
837:Planetary protection
760:Ames Research Center
730:W. B. Brinckerhoff,
716:Richard A. Mathies,
688:Ricardo D. Arevalo,
620:Juno Radiation Vault
334:Enceladus Orbilander
137:2025–2030 (proposed)
3603:Future spaceflights
3478:Breakthrough Listen
2636:Tsiolkovsky mission
2589:Io Volcano Observer
2318:Spacecraft missions
1963:on 19 February 2021
1921:The Washington Post
1794:1995Natur.373..677H
1238:2019AsBio..19....1H
640:
520:Space Launch System
373:relying instead on
263:mission concept by
146:Space Launch System
30:
3681:Boeing Starliner-1
3308:Enceladus Explorer
2706:Deep Space Network
2525:Interstellar Probe
2438:Atmospheric probes
2266:Proposed rockets:
2035:Europa Clipper FAQ
1560:. Spaceflight Now.
1207:Pasadena Star-News
1153:on 26 January 2017
1119:on 6 October 2006.
893:Spaceflight portal
744:James L. Lambert,
674:Scott L. Murchie,
638:
549:
477:degrees of freedom
453:
375:hydrothermal vents
253:
237:
4399:
4398:
4346:
4345:
4207:Comet Interceptor
4171:Rosalind Franklin
3890:Lunar Trailblazer
3763:
3762:
3570:
3569:
3449:
3448:
3273:Rosalind Franklin
3186:Trace Gas Orbiter
2843:Allan Hills 84001
2822:Planetary science
2724:
2723:
2503:Proposed missions
2284:
2283:
2258:
2225:
2116:EL docs from NASA
1937:. Popular Science
1923:, 23 October 2018
1899:Nature Geoscience
1842:978-0-8165-2844-8
1788:(6516): 677–681.
1188:Los Angeles Times
913:Juno (spacecraft)
834:
833:
805:Mark B. Moldwin,
364:organic compounds
275:, an icy moon of
229:
228:
224:
185:Orbital insertion
108:16.6 metric tons
4444:
3772:
3615:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3558:
3557:
3546:
3545:
3023:
2918:Yamato meteorite
2751:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2701:Rings of Jupiter
2667:Moons of Jupiter
2476:Planned missions
2406:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2256:
2236:
2223:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2063:
2057:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1879:. Earth and Sky.
1872:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1802:10.1038/373677a0
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
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1670:
1668:
1666:
1654:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1594:ICEE-2 Overview.
1591:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1525:
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1198:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1146:. Archived from
1145:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1082:
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1004:
998:
992:
991:
987:- June 26, 2019
971:
895:
890:
889:
888:
641:
639:ICEE-2 awardees
470:sky crane system
447:2019 concept by
220:
169:Closest approach
129:Start of mission
84:Mission duration
38:
31:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4377:
4352:
4342:
4293:
4120:
4077:
4000:
3862:
3759:
3713:
3675:Axiom Mission 4
3644:
3604:
3601:
3571:
3566:
3534:
3455:
3445:
3388:
3382:
3343:Icebreaker Life
3281:
3243:
3227:
3201:
3195:
3112:
3018:
3012:
2929:
2922:
2826:
2802:Geomicrobiology
2760:
2755:
2725:
2720:
2640:
2537:
2531:
2498:
2471:
2452:
2433:
2407:
2398:
2386:Cassini–Huygens
2357:Voyager program
2336:Pioneer program
2324:
2315:
2285:
2280:
2237:
2228:
2162:
2155:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1901:8 October 2018
1893:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1830:
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1825:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1688:on 25 July 2008
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1601:Wayback Machine
1592:
1583:
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1116:
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1027:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
989:
981:Wayback Machine
972:
939:
934:
891:
886:
884:
881:
862:
839:
758:Richard Quinn,
615:
613:Science payload
585:Surface texture
537:
516:
485:
441:
408:
397:as a scheduled
391:
342:
303:
225:
219:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4450:
4448:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4432:Europa Clipper
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:(11 September)
4369:
4368:(10 September)
4363:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
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4294:
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4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
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4243:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4222:
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4128:
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4119:
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4055:
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4020:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3981:
3971:
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3893:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3806:Europa Clipper
3803:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3658:SpaceX Crew-10
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3606:
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3585:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Northern Light
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3387:Cancelled and
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3264:
3262:Europa Clipper
3259:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
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3055:
3050:
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3027:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
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2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Drake equation
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Exoplanetology
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:Astrochemistry
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2645:Related topics
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:New Horizons 2
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Europa Orbiter
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2484:Europa Clipper
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:(JUICE) (2023)
2460:
2458:
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2159:Europa Clipper
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2110:External links
2108:
2105:
2104:
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2027:
2018:
2006:
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1948:
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1013:Science | AAAS
999:
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907:Galilean moons
904:
901:Europa Orbiter
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867:Europa Clipper
861:
859:Europa Clipper
856:
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607:Europa Clipper
587:
586:
578:Europa Clipper
564:. Compared to
536:
533:
528:gravity assist
515:
512:
484:
481:
440:
437:
436:
435:
432:
419:
407:
404:
395:Europa Clipper
390:
387:
383:chemosynthesis
341:
338:
302:
299:
286:Europa Clipper
259:is a proposed
249:Taylor Glacier
227:
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2019:
2015:
2010:
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2002:public domain
1993:
1992:Europa Lander
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:public domain
1962:
1958:
1952:
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995:public domain
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541:
535:Landing sites
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482:
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429:
424:
420:
417:
416:biosignatures
413:
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411:
405:
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400:
396:
388:
386:
384:
380:
379:extremophiles
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
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354:
352:
347:
346:biosignatures
339:
337:
335:
331:
326:
323:
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307:
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298:
295:
294:biosignatures
290:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Europa Lander
250:
246:
241:
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223:
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107:
103:
98:
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90:
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79:
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72:
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66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
42:Europa Lander
37:
32:
29:Europa Lander
26:
22:
4366:Polaris Dawn
4322:Nano-JASMINE
4170:
4158:MBR Explorer
4101:NEO Surveyor
3727:(March 2026)
3559:
3547:
3456:and programs
3454:Institutions
3272:
3254:
3232:Heliocentric
3220:
3208:
3176:
3163:
3155:Perseverance
3154:
3139:
2943:Earth analog
2930:habitability
2898:Ocean planet
2868:Earth analog
2853:Biosignature
2812:Paleontology
2807:Microbiology
2787:Biochemistry
2777:Astrophysics
2758:Astrobiology
2628:
2544:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2490:
2482:
2463:
2445:
2426:
2419:
2393:New Horizons
2391:
2384:
2378:
2368:
2361:
2347:
2340:
2276:Falcon Heavy
2157:
2095:. Retrieved
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2061:
2042:
2030:
2021:
2009:
1987:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1928:
1920:
1913:
1898:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1826:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1743:. SpaceNews.
1734:
1712:. Retrieved
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:the original
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1633:
1618:
1578:. SpaceNews.
1551:
1537:
1523:
1501:. Retrieved
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1454:. TechCrunch
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1400:
1395:, NASA, 2016
1371:. Retrieved
1360:
1354:. Space.com.
1345:
1339:. SpaceNews.
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1229:
1226:Astrobiology
1225:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1187:
1177:
1155:. Retrieved
1148:the original
1135:
1114:the original
1101:
1095:. SpaceNews.
1086:
1080:. SpaceNews.
1071:
1049:. Retrieved
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
872:
865:
863:
858:
840:
824:
813:
799:
788:
777:
766:
752:
738:
724:
710:
696:
682:
668:
654:
633:
630:
624:
616:
606:
605:(JUICE) and
595:
588:
576:
574:
560:composed of
550:
544:
517:
507:
493:
486:
474:
466:
458:solar panels
454:
426:
409:
394:
392:
368:
360:Solar System
357:
350:
343:
327:
324:
308:
304:
291:
284:
261:astrobiology
256:
254:
221:
214:
201:Landing date
78:jpl.nasa.gov
58:Astrobiology
54:Mission type
41:
25:
4372:Soyuz MS-26
4334:(mid 2020s)
4272:(2031–2032)
4227:(2029–2031)
4116:Superbird-9
4103:(September)
4054:(2026–2027)
3964:Space Rider
3911:Gaganyaan-3
3906:Gaganyaan-2
3853:(September)
3827:Hakuto-R M2
3812:Gaganyaan-1
3791:(September)
3789:Bion-M No.2
3737:Gaganyaan-5
3731:Artemis III
3725:Soyuz MS-29
3709:Gaganyaan-4
3704:Shenzhou 21
3695:(September)
3689:(September)
3687:Soyuz MS-28
3670:Shenzhou 20
3664:Soyuz MS-27
3641:(late 2024)
3633:Shenzhou 19
3629:(September)
3389:undeveloped
3239:BioSentinel
3129:Fobos-Grunt
3026:Earth orbit
2848:Biomolecule
2838:Abiogenesis
2831:Main topics
2765:Disciplines
2677:Exploration
2224:(cancelled)
2168:Instruments
2074:18 February
2070:. SpaceNews
1967:9 September
1941:15 February
1761:. SpaceNews
1714:9 September
1665:22 February
1503:17 February
1480:18 February
1458:9 September
1435:15 February
1413:18 February
1409:. SpaceNews
1369:. SpaceNews
1311:15 February
1232:(1): 1–27.
1157:9 September
1051:15 February
697:MASPEX-ORCA
421:Assess the
414:Search for
245:Blood Falls
134:Launch date
105:Launch mass
4406:Categories
4360:Türksat 6A
3984:SSC Demo-1
3980:(February)
3933:(February)
3859:(November)
3795:Blue Ghost
3742:Artemis IV
3693:Artemis II
3660:(February)
3635:(November)
3436:Red Dragon
3216:OSIRIS-REx
3200:Comets and
2903:Panspermia
2536:Cancelled,
2342:Pioneer 10
2191:Europa-UVS
1710:. NASA/JPL
1047:. NASA/JPL
932:References
644:Instrument
439:Spacecraft
406:Objectives
267:to send a
4246:Spektr-UV
4240:SAOCOM-2B
4219:Tianwen-4
4191:Tianwen-3
4179:SAOCOM-2A
4140:Dragonfly
4134:Chang'e 8
4037:ispace M3
4023:Chang'e 7
3989:Tianwen-2
3916:Garatéa-L
3892:(January)
3847:(October)
3808:(October)
3748:Artemis V
3353:Laplace-P
3256:Dragonfly
3210:Hayabusa2
3202:asteroids
3171:Tianwen-1
3149:Mars 2020
3140:Curiosity
3073:Eu:CROPIS
2928:Planetary
2619:Pioneer H
2604:Laplace-P
2492:Tianwen-4
2363:Voyager 1
2097:5 January
2037:NASA 2017
1692:5 January
1256:1531-1074
1018:26 August
919:Laplace-P
847:sky crane
635:mission.
591:penitents
558:exosphere
524:sky crane
317:. NASA's
204:2032–2037
188:2030–2035
172:2027–2032
161:Flyby of
21:Laplace-P
4362:(8 July)
4353:launched
4351:Recently
4276:LiteBIRD
4258:EnVision
4252:Spektr-M
4225:Venera-D
4068:ULTRASAT
4027:Rashid 2
3945:Series B
3943:MetOp-SG
3939:Series A
3937:MetOp-SG
3881:ESCAPADE
3845:Juventas
3817:GOSAT-GW
3768:Uncrewed
3683:(August)
3677:(Spring)
3549:Category
3411:Kazachok
3401:Beagle 3
3333:ExoLance
3286:Proposed
3124:Beagle 2
3098:OREOcube
3078:EXOSTACK
3019:missions
2694:Callisto
2689:Ganymede
2538:concepts
2457:En route
2430:(active)
2412:Orbiters
2181:E-THEMIS
1765:31 March
1597:Archived
1373:19 April
1282:53043052
1274:30346215
977:Archived
879:See also
371:sunlight
340:Overview
64:Operator
4332:TEREX-1
4270:DAVINCI
4264:VERITAS
4254:(2030+)
4234:Luna 28
4213:Harmony
4152:Luna 27
4146:JASMINE
4096:Luna 26
4058:Xuntian
3997:(April)
3995:TRACERS
3974:SPHEREx
3931:LOXSAT1
3902:(April)
3900:SWFO-L1
3876:DESTINY
3851:PROBA-3
3822:GSAT-20
3784:Biomass
3756:(~2030)
3666:(March)
3561:Commons
3378:Trident
3368:Oceanus
3267:ExoMars
3248:Planned
3222:Rosetta
3177:Zhurong
3165:Phoenix
3103:Tanpopo
3093:O/OREOS
3038:BIOCORE
2630:Trident
2614:OKEANOS
2514:(2020s)
2511:Shensuo
2446:Galileo
2420:Galileo
2379:Ulysses
2322:Jupiter
2268:Atlas V
2242:Related
1818:4258306
1810:7854447
1790:Bibcode
1265:6338575
1234:Bibcode
873:Clipper
622:in the
598:orbiter
596:Galileo
545:Galileo
508:Galileo
462:Jupiter
428:in situ
353:orbiter
351:Galileo
301:History
277:Jupiter
180:orbiter
178:Jupiter
74:Website
4327:PETREL
4290:(2035)
4284:(2035)
4282:Athena
4278:(2032)
4266:(2031)
4260:(2031)
4248:(2030)
4242:(2030)
4236:(2030)
4221:(2029)
4215:(2029)
4209:(2029)
4199:(2028)
4193:(2028)
4187:(2028)
4181:(2028)
4175:(2028)
4166:(2028)
4160:(2028)
4154:(2028)
4148:(2028)
4142:(2028)
4136:(2028)
4014:ALTIUS
3969:SPARCS
3921:HTV-X1
3841:Milani
3750:(2030)
3744:(2028)
3733:(2026)
3699:Vast-1
3610:Crewed
3510:MERMOZ
3303:CAESAR
3191:Viking
3108:VEGGIE
3083:EXPOSE
3063:E-MIST
3053:BIOPAN
3043:Biolab
3003:Tholin
2684:Europa
2528:(2036)
2520:(2025)
2495:(2029)
2487:(2024)
2329:Flybys
2221:ICEMAG
2211:REASON
2196:MASPEX
1839:
1833:Europa
1816:
1808:
1782:Nature
1499:. NASA
1280:
1272:
1262:
1254:
825:CADMES
800:MAGNET
683:CORALS
669:ELSSIE
655:C-LIFE
562:oxygen
389:Status
273:Europa
269:lander
235:Europa
196:lander
194:Europa
142:Rocket
4317:MOM 2
4312:Janus
4203:ARIEL
4173:rover
4126:2028+
4091:FORUM
4073:VOICE
4063:PLATO
4042:LUPEX
4032:IHP-2
3991:(May)
3978:PUNCH
3959:SMILE
3954:NISAR
3832:IHP-1
3801:DISHA
3718:2026+
3639:Fram2
3426:MELOS
3298:BRUIE
3275:rover
3179:rover
3157:rover
3142:rover
3017:Space
2624:SMARA
2448:Probe
1814:S2CID
1476:. WWF
1278:S2CID
1151:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1117:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
852:Earth
767:SIIOS
725:EMILI
566:Earth
547:flyby
500:Earth
483:Power
381:(see
163:Earth
113:Power
4288:LISA
4111:HALO
4083:2027
4018:FLEX
4006:2026
3949:MULA
3926:IM-3
3896:IMAP
3886:IM-2
3868:2025
3837:Hera
3776:2024
3650:2025
3619:2024
3373:THEO
3117:Mars
3048:Bion
2579:FIRE
2546:Argo
2427:Juno
2216:SUDA
2206:PIMS
2201:MISE
2099:2016
2076:2017
1969:2017
1943:2017
1837:ISBN
1806:PMID
1767:2017
1716:2017
1694:2014
1667:2017
1505:2017
1482:2017
1460:2017
1437:2017
1415:2017
1375:2022
1313:2017
1270:PMID
1252:ISSN
1159:2017
1053:2017
1020:2021
864:The
789:MICA
739:CIRS
711:MOAB
625:Juno
504:Mrad
425:via
332:and
309:The
265:NASA
255:The
68:NASA
4299:TBA
4164:MSR
4107:PPE
4047:MMX
3068:ERA
3033:BIO
2320:to
2272:SLS
2262:JPL
2186:EIS
2176:ECM
2051:doi
1903:doi
1860:doi
1798:doi
1786:373
1260:PMC
1242:doi
814:EMS
778:ESP
753:ELM
570:μPa
496:rem
449:JPL
271:to
4408::
4205:/
4109:/
4025:/
4016:/
3976:/
3898:/
3888:/
3843:/
3839:/
3797:M1
2672:Io
2349:11
2274:,
2270:,
1885:^
1812:.
1804:.
1796:.
1784:.
1749:^
1645:^
1584:^
1566:^
1383:^
1321:^
1304:.
1290:^
1276:.
1268:.
1258:.
1250:.
1240:.
1230:19
1228:.
1224:.
1205:.
1186:.
1028:^
1011:.
940:^
854:.
366:.
336:.
3596:e
3589:t
3582:v
2750:e
2743:t
2736:v
2370:2
2310:e
2303:t
2296:v
2150:e
2143:t
2136:v
2101:.
2078:.
2053::
2004:.
1982:.
1971:.
1945:.
1905::
1862::
1845:.
1820:.
1800::
1792::
1769:.
1729:.
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