1334:
1674:
170:
to be realised, at least at the regional level. Eventually, in June 1983, a report was produced with a draft
European Convention on the Protection of Detainees from Torture and from Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. The report was accepted by the Consultative Assembly in September
122:
At the time of its publishing, the convention was groundbreaking, as it was the first instrument capable of enforcing compliance with the obligations it created. Therefore, the objective was to create a document which would ensure adequate consequences are presented to those who do not abide by it.
370:
Protocol No. 2 was adopted
November 4, 1993 and introduced amendments of a technical nature. The committee is now provisioned to be placed in "one of two groups for election purposes". This is to ensure that at least one half of the committee's members is renewed every two years. The Protocol also
100:, the Convention for the Prevention of Torture is widely regarded as being one of the most important of the Council of Europe's treaties. The Convention marks a fresh and preventive approach in handling human rights violations. It was subsequently amended by two Protocols. Additionally, the
143:(ICRC), who conducted visits to places where prisoners of war were held. He suggested that the conditions of prisoners were improved. However, the ICRC (at the time) had the power to conduct such visits only in case of international armed conflict between states parties to the
1559:
228:
The primary and opening article of the
Convention depicts the need for the establishment for a European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. For the remainder of the document, it is referred to as "the Committee".
304:"This should account for any observations which may have been submitted by the Party concerned. Any recommendations are to be transmitted to the Party. If necessary, the Committee is to suggest improvements in the protection of persons deprived of their liberty"
1569:
244:
Article 2 emphasises that each Member State in accordance with the
Convention shall permit visits to a place within its jurisdiction where people are deprived of their liberty. This is under the condition that the liberty is taken by a public authority.
1654:
108:
As of 2020, the convention has been ratified by all 47 of the
Council of Europe's member states. Furthermore, the ratification of the convention has become a pre-condition for all states who have joined the Council of Europe in the last few years.
1539:
104:
was established to comply with the provisions of the convention. This body is enabled to visit any place within the jurisdiction of the states' parties where people are deprived of their liberty in line with the articles of the convention.
1524:
1421:
1534:
1383:
1644:
1584:
1447:
256:
Article 8 states that if in need of a particular visit, the committee is to notify the
Government of the Member State concerned. Only after that can it visit any place as referred to in Article 2.
801:
Italy declares that paragraph 2(a) of the Annex on
Privileges and Immunities is not to be interpreted as "excluding any police or customs check of the luggage of the members of the Committee"
1453:
1669:
2554:
1549:
362:
may invite any non-member State to accede to it. It is now an inherent characteristic to the convention, despite the fact that only member States are signatories as of May 2020.
1579:
1491:
1470:
1376:
1339:
1274:
248:"Each Party shall permit visits, in accordance with this Convention, to any place within its jurisdiction where persons are deprived of their liberty by a public authority"
183:, who ultimately adopted it on June 26, 1987. It was opened for signature on November 26, 1987. At the time, the convention was signed by all of the 21 member states of the
139:
The origins of the
Conventions date to a proposal by Jean-Jacques Gautier in 1976. Gautier was the founder of the Swiss Committee against Torture. He was inspired by the
1743:
308:"If the Party refuses to co-operate or improve the conditions of those deprived of their liberty, the Committee may decide to make a public statement on the matter".
2539:
1614:
1459:
1369:
359:
342:
180:
1574:
2564:
1718:
1728:
2329:
1723:
1544:
2484:
1480:
1432:
335:
675:
However, Georgia states it will "not be responsible for violations of the provisions of the
Convention and the safety of the members of the Committee"
2256:"Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.126 - European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment"
1529:
1475:
160:
152:
140:
2569:
2544:
2529:
2349:
686:
region, until the territorial integrity of
Georgia is fully restored and control over these territories is carried out by "legitimate authorities"
236:, examine the treatment of persons deprived of their liberty". If deemed necessary, the committee is to strengthen their protection from torture.
101:
468:
However, Azerbaijan declares that it is "unable to guarantee the application of the provisions of the Convention" in territories occupied by the
804:
This is assuming that the check is carried out whilst complying with the rules on confidentiality as established in Article 11 of the Convention
2574:
2374:
1442:
1392:
209:
1554:
1426:
147:. Gautier thus proposed to extend this system of visits to include all other places where individuals are deprived of their liberty, such as
128:
2559:
2514:
2449:
199:
Jean-Jacques Gautier, the person who came forward with the original proposal which would eventually lead to the adoption of the Convention
2255:
2549:
2294:
2279:
1661:
1629:
97:
2414:
1738:
1639:
1344:
2379:
2289:
1465:
2509:
131:, these documents simply could not stop or remedy violations in a rigorous way. The key was thus to prevent torture altogether.
2479:
2444:
2424:
2319:
2419:
2284:
1701:
1512:
187:. As of 2020, it has been signed by all 47 member states of the council. It is also open for accession by non-member States.
176:
1679:
155:
and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. The draft was submitted in April 1980 to be evaluated by the
2494:
2489:
2464:
2334:
334:. It is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. Instruments of any of these actions are to be deposited with the
291:"If necessary, the Committee may immediately communicate observations to the competent authorities of the Party concerned"
2524:
2469:
2434:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2339:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
220:
Hereby is a selection of the most significant Articles of the Convention which outline the core values of the document.
2178:
2519:
2504:
2474:
2459:
2454:
2439:
2409:
2384:
2369:
2344:
316:"The information gathered by the Committee regarding its visits, report and consultations is to remain confidential."
300:"Each visit should be accompanied by a drawn up report by the Committee regarding the facts found during the visit".
2499:
2429:
2404:
156:
1842:
Cassese, Antonio (1989). "A New Approach to Human Rights: The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture".
1335:
Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
17:
1620:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
1525:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
280:"noting that when seeking this information, the Committee must abide by national laws and professional ethics"
2534:
2222:
2199:
1649:
1437:
1328:
358:
The first Protocol was adopted November 4, 1993. The Protocol "opens" the convention by providing that the
497:
124:
1655:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
1304:, which are territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible in regards to international relations
1486:
1297:
1293:
288:"the Committee may communicate freely with any person whom it believed to supply relevant information"
195:
This section serves as an overview of the actors which actively contributed to creating the convention.
35:
The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1564:
1416:
976:
1802:"European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment"
1713:
1680:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
172:
1357:
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
86:
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1867:
1859:
1733:
144:
1319:. It is open for signature to non-member states, however none have done so as of the year 2020.
1560:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
1316:
659:
341:
Non-members states of the Council of Europe may be invited to accede to the convention by the
331:
203:
184:
167:
89:
1851:
319:
Only at the request of the Party concerned is the Committee allowed to publish the report.
1619:
990:
277:"any other relevant information deemed necessary for the Committee to carry out its task"
1361:
171:
1983. Several years of debate followed, including discussions regarding the views of the
1260:
569:
1570:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
971:
The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts said Convention, including with "Annex for the
2273:
1871:
829:
1565:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
259:"The following facilities must be provided to the Committee to carry out the task:"
1675:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
179:. An agreed draft was finally concluded in June 1986, which was transmitted to the
151:. This proposal then formed the basis of a draft which would eventually become the
1535:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1282:
1206:
972:
955:
1356:
322:
No personal data can be published without the consent of the person concerned.
1098:
937:
865:
683:
452:
371:
allows members of the committee to be re-elected twice, instead of only once.
93:
51:
1422:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
1292:
October 30, 2013, the convention was extended to the Sovereign Base Areas of
847:
269:"unlimited access to any place where persons are deprived of their liberty"
266:"full information regarding where those deprived of liberty are being held"
1315:
Currently, the list of signatories includes only the member states of the
1152:
1134:
1044:
679:
515:
272:"this includes the right to move inside such places without restriction"
1863:
1242:
1062:
901:
767:
749:
731:
695:
623:
605:
587:
533:
479:
469:
434:
416:
398:
380:
1301:
1278:
1224:
1188:
1116:
1080:
1026:
1008:
919:
811:
713:
641:
551:
263:"access to its territory and the right to travel without restriction"
149:
prisons, police stations, psychiatric institutions and remand centres
1855:
1540:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1170:
980:
883:
785:
285:"the Committee may interview those deprived of liberty in private"
330:
The convention is open for signature by all member states of the
1801:
1698:
1601:
1509:
1403:
1365:
1585:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1448:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
472:
until those territories are liberated from that occupation
1454:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
123:
Despite the existence of core publications such as the
2179:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 126"
1550:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1466:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
1645:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
1580:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1471:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
1340:
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights
1275:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
74:
66:
58:
47:
39:
34:
30:European Convention for the Prevention of Torture
18:European Convention for the Prevention of Torture
1744:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1460:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1289:Convention entered into force February 1, 1989
1255:Convention entered into force September 1, 1997
1183:Convention entered into force September 1, 1989
1147:Convention entered into force September 1, 1994
1093:Convention entered into force September 1, 1998
968:Convention entered into force February 1, 1989
600:Convention entered into force September 1, 1989
528:Convention entered into force September 1, 1994
360:Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe
343:Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe
1575:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
1237:Convention entered into force February 1, 1989
1219:Convention entered into force February 1, 1989
1201:Convention entered into force February 1, 1989
1075:Convention entered into force February 1, 1995
1039:Convention entered into force February 1, 1995
914:Convention entered into force February 1, 1998
896:Convention entered into force February 1, 1989
780:Convention entered into force February 1, 1989
726:Convention entered into force December 1, 1991
672:Convention entered into force October 1, 2000
546:Convention entered into force February 1, 1998
510:Convention entered into force November 1, 2002
492:Convention entered into force November 1, 1991
429:Convention entered into force October 10, 2002
393:Convention entered into force February 1, 1997
2555:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
1719:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1377:
1003:Convention entered into force October 1, 1997
842:Convention entered into force January 1, 1992
762:Convention entered into force October 1, 1990
582:Convention entered into force January 1, 1996
465:Convention entered into force August 1, 2002
411:Convention entered into force January 5, 1997
8:
1729:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
1615:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1021:Convention entered into force August 1, 1989
878:Convention entered into force February, 1989
798:Convention entered into force April 1, 1989
564:Convention entered into force August 1, 1989
29:
1724:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1545:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
932:Convention entered into force March 1, 2006
860:Convention entered into force March 1, 1999
744:Convention entered into force March 1, 1994
636:Convention entered into force April 1, 1991
618:Convention entered into force March 1, 1997
1695:
1598:
1506:
1481:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
1433:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
1400:
1384:
1370:
1362:
1165:Convention entered into force June 1, 1994
1129:Convention entered into force July 1, 2004
1057:Convention entered into force July 1, 1990
950:Convention entered into force June 6, 2006
824:Convention entered into force June 1, 1998
708:Convention entered into force June 1, 1990
678:This applies solely to the territories of
336:Secretary General of the Council of Europe
28:
1844:The American Journal of International Law
1406:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
1273:Convention is ratified in respect of the
1111:Convention entered into force May 1, 1990
654:Convention entered into force May 1, 1989
447:Convention entered into force May 1, 1989
159:, the body which would come to draft the
1635:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
153:International Convention against Torture
141:International Committee of the Red Cross
88:was adopted by the member states of the
1765:
166:Gautier's ideas were then taken by the
102:Committee for the Prevention of Torture
2540:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
1443:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
1393:International human rights instruments
839:Convention ratified September 12, 1991
210:Member States of the Council of Europe
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1837:
1835:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1555:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1492:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
1427:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1234:Convention ratified February 26, 1988
929:Convention ratified November 30, 2005
875:Convention ratified September 6, 1988
857:Convention ratified November 26, 1998
821:Convention ratified February 10, 1998
795:Convention ratified December 29, 1988
705:Convention ratified February 21, 1990
633:Convention ratified December 20, 1990
579:Convention ratified September 7, 1995
129:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
2565:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2194:
2192:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1162:Convention ratified February 2, 1994
1108:Convention ratified January 31, 1990
1036:Convention ratified October 10, 1994
965:Convention ratified October 12, 1988
854:Convention signed September 14, 1995
818:Convention signed September 11, 1997
741:Convention ratified November 4, 1993
615:Convention ratified November 6, 1996
543:Convention ratified October 11, 1997
522:Convention signed September 30, 1993
405:Convention signed September 10, 1996
1662:American Convention on Human Rights
1267:Convention signed November 26, 1987
1216:Convention ratified October 7, 1988
1213:Convention signed November 26, 1987
1195:Convention signed November 26, 1987
1177:Convention signed November 26, 1987
1141:Convention signed December 23, 1992
1105:Convention signed November 16, 1989
1087:Convention signed February 28, 1996
1072:Convention ratified October 4, 1994
1051:Convention signed November 26, 1987
1015:Convention signed November 26, 1987
962:Convention signed November 26, 1987
926:Convention signed November 30, 2005
911:Convention ratified October 2, 1997
890:Convention signed November 26, 1987
872:Convention signed November 26, 1987
836:Convention signed November 26, 1987
792:Convention signed November 26, 1987
756:Convention signed November 26, 1987
720:Convention signed November 26, 1987
702:Convention signed November 26, 1987
666:Convention signed February 16, 2000
651:Convention ratified January 9, 1989
648:Convention signed November 26, 1987
630:Convention signed November 16, 1989
594:Convention signed November 26, 1987
576:Convention signed December 23, 1992
558:Convention signed November 26, 1987
486:Convention signed November 26, 1987
459:Convention signed December 21, 2001
444:Convention ratified January 6, 1989
441:Convention signed November 26, 1987
408:Convention ratified January 1, 1997
390:Convention ratified October 2, 1996
98:European Convention on Human Rights
2330:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1640:European Convention on Nationality
1345:List of Council of Europe treaties
1270:Convention ratified June 24, 1988
1231:Convention signed January 11, 1988
1159:Convention signed November 4, 1993
1069:Convention signed November 4, 1993
1054:Convention ratified March 29, 1990
1018:Convention ratified April 21, 1989
777:Convention ratified March 14, 1999
738:Convention signed February 9, 1993
723:Convention ratified August 2, 1991
540:Convention signed November 6, 1996
462:Convention ratified April 15, 2002
232:"The Committee shall, by means of
25:
2485:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
1630:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
1198:Convention ratified June 21, 1988
1126:Convention ratified March 3, 2004
947:Convention ratified March 3, 2004
893:Convention ratified March 7, 1998
759:Convention ratified June 19, 1990
669:Convention ratified June 20, 2000
561:Convention ratified April 3, 1989
507:Convention ratified July 12, 2002
489:Convention ratified July 23, 1991
426:Convention ratified June 18, 2002
387:Convention signed October 2, 1996
1806:European Treaty Series - No. 126
1144:Convention ratified May 11, 1994
1000:Convention ratified June 6, 1997
774:Convention signed March 14, 1988
1252:Convention ratified May 5, 1997
1180:Convention ratified May 2, 1989
1123:Convention signed March 3, 2004
1090:Convention ratified May 5, 1998
1033:Convention signed July 11, 1994
997:Convention signed June 14, 1996
944:Convention signed March 3, 2004
612:Convention signed June 28, 1996
597:Convention ratified May 2, 1989
525:Convention ratified May 3, 1994
504:Convention signed July 12, 2002
96:on 26 November 1987. After the
70:Council of Europe Member States
2570:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
2545:Treaties extended to Greenland
2530:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2350:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1702:International humanitarian law
1311:Non-member states participants
423:Convention signed May 11, 2001
1:
2575:Treaties extended to Guernsey
2375:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1670:to Prevent and Punish Torture
1249:Convention signed May 2, 1996
908:Convention signed May 5, 1996
366:Protocol No. 2 (ETS No. 152)
354:Protocol No. 1 (ETS No. 151)
2560:Treaties extended to Jersey
2515:Treaties of North Macedonia
2450:Treaties of the Netherlands
2223:"Details of Treaty No. 152"
2200:"Details of Treaty No. 151"
2591:
2550:Treaties extended to Aruba
2295:Treaties concluded in 1987
2280:Council of Europe treaties
1800:Council of Europe (2002).
1666:Inter-American Convention
1530:Convention against Torture
375:Member states participants
157:Commission on Human Rights
2415:Treaties of Liechtenstein
1709:
1694:
1610:
1597:
1520:
1505:
1412:
1399:
2380:Treaties of West Germany
2290:Human rights instruments
2510:Treaties of Switzerland
1438:Declaration of Montreal
1329:European Social Charter
2480:Treaties of San Marino
2445:Treaties of Montenegro
2425:Treaties of Luxembourg
2320:Treaties of Azerbaijan
498:Bosnia and Herzegovina
181:Committee of Ministers
125:United Nations Charter
2420:Treaties of Lithuania
2285:Anti-torture treaties
1487:Yogyakarta Principles
177:Court of Human Rights
2495:Treaties of Slovenia
2490:Treaties of Slovakia
2465:Treaties of Portugal
2335:Treaties of Bulgaria
1417:Brazilian Resolution
977:Netherlands Antilles
349:Convention Protocols
2525:Treaties of Ukraine
2470:Treaties of Romania
2435:Treaties of Moldova
2400:Treaties of Ireland
2395:Treaties of Iceland
2390:Treaties of Hungary
2365:Treaties of Finland
2360:Treaties of Estonia
2355:Treaties of Denmark
2340:Treaties of Croatia
2325:Treaties of Belgium
2315:Treaties of Austria
2310:Treaties of Armenia
2305:Treaties of Andorra
2300:Treaties of Albania
1714:Genocide Convention
1279:Bailiwick of Jersey
902:Republic of Moldova
470:Republic of Armenia
216:Convention Articles
173:European Commission
31:
2520:Treaties of Turkey
2505:Treaties of Sweden
2475:Treaties of Russia
2460:Treaties of Poland
2455:Treaties of Norway
2440:Treaties of Monaco
2410:Treaties of Latvia
2385:Treaties of Greece
2370:Treaties of France
2345:Treaties of Cyprus
1734:Geneva Conventions
1081:Russian Federation
145:Geneva Conventions
2500:Treaties of Spain
2430:Treaties of Malta
2405:Treaties of Italy
2260:Council of Europe
2227:Council of Europe
2204:Council of Europe
2183:Council of Europe
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1739:Hague Conventions
1690:
1689:
1593:
1592:
1513:International law
1501:
1500:
1317:Council of Europe
973:Kingdom in Europe
332:Council of Europe
204:Council of Europe
185:Council of Europe
168:Council of Europe
90:Council of Europe
82:
81:
43:November 26, 1987
16:(Redirected from
2582:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2175:
1876:
1875:
1839:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1696:
1599:
1507:
1476:Paris Principles
1401:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
62:February 1, 1989
32:
21:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2177:
2176:
1879:
1856:10.2307/2202800
1841:
1840:
1813:
1799:
1798:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1705:
1686:
1606:
1589:
1516:
1497:
1408:
1395:
1390:
1353:
1351:Further reading
1333:United Nations
1325:
1313:
1264:
1246:
1228:
1210:
1192:
1174:
1156:
1138:
1135:Slovak Republic
1120:
1102:
1084:
1066:
1048:
1030:
1012:
994:
991:North Macedonia
959:
941:
923:
905:
887:
869:
851:
833:
815:
789:
771:
753:
735:
717:
699:
663:
645:
627:
609:
591:
573:
555:
537:
519:
501:
483:
456:
438:
420:
402:
384:
377:
368:
356:
351:
328:
314:
298:
254:
242:
226:
218:
193:
137:
120:
115:
78:English, French
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:1987 in France
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2262:. 15 May 2020.
2232:
2209:
2188:
2185:. 15 May 2020.
1877:
1850:(1): 128–153.
1811:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1650:Social Charter
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1268:
1263:
1261:United Kingdom
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
993:
988:
987:
986:
985:
984:
966:
963:
958:
953:
952:
951:
948:
945:
940:
935:
934:
933:
930:
927:
922:
917:
916:
915:
912:
909:
904:
899:
898:
897:
894:
891:
886:
881:
880:
879:
876:
873:
868:
863:
862:
861:
858:
855:
850:
845:
844:
843:
840:
837:
832:
827:
826:
825:
822:
819:
814:
809:
808:
807:
806:
805:
802:
796:
793:
788:
783:
782:
781:
778:
775:
770:
765:
764:
763:
760:
757:
752:
747:
746:
745:
742:
739:
734:
729:
728:
727:
724:
721:
716:
711:
710:
709:
706:
703:
698:
693:
692:
691:
690:
689:
688:
687:
670:
667:
662:
657:
656:
655:
652:
649:
644:
639:
638:
637:
634:
631:
626:
621:
620:
619:
616:
613:
608:
603:
602:
601:
598:
595:
590:
585:
584:
583:
580:
577:
572:
570:Czech Republic
567:
566:
565:
562:
559:
554:
549:
548:
547:
544:
541:
536:
531:
530:
529:
526:
523:
518:
513:
512:
511:
508:
505:
500:
495:
494:
493:
490:
487:
482:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
463:
460:
455:
450:
449:
448:
445:
442:
437:
432:
431:
430:
427:
424:
419:
414:
413:
412:
409:
406:
401:
396:
395:
394:
391:
388:
383:
378:
376:
373:
367:
364:
355:
352:
350:
347:
327:
324:
313:
310:
306:
305:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
281:
275:
274:
273:
267:
264:
253:
250:
241:
238:
225:
222:
217:
214:
213:
212:
206:
200:
192:
189:
136:
133:
119:
116:
114:
111:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
992:
989:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
967:
964:
961:
960:
957:
954:
949:
946:
943:
942:
939:
936:
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
913:
910:
907:
906:
903:
900:
895:
892:
889:
888:
885:
882:
877:
874:
871:
870:
867:
864:
859:
856:
853:
852:
849:
846:
841:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:Liechtenstein
828:
823:
820:
817:
816:
813:
810:
803:
800:
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:
787:
784:
779:
776:
773:
772:
769:
766:
761:
758:
755:
754:
751:
748:
743:
740:
737:
736:
733:
730:
725:
722:
719:
718:
715:
712:
707:
704:
701:
700:
697:
694:
685:
681:
677:
676:
674:
673:
671:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
653:
650:
647:
646:
643:
640:
635:
632:
629:
628:
625:
622:
617:
614:
611:
610:
607:
604:
599:
596:
593:
592:
589:
586:
581:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
563:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
545:
542:
539:
538:
535:
532:
527:
524:
521:
520:
517:
514:
509:
506:
503:
502:
499:
496:
491:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
471:
467:
466:
464:
461:
458:
457:
454:
451:
446:
443:
440:
439:
436:
433:
428:
425:
422:
421:
418:
415:
410:
407:
404:
403:
400:
397:
392:
389:
386:
385:
382:
379:
374:
372:
365:
363:
361:
353:
348:
346:
344:
339:
337:
333:
325:
323:
320:
317:
311:
309:
303:
302:
301:
295:
290:
287:
284:
279:
278:
276:
271:
270:
268:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
251:
249:
246:
239:
237:
235:
230:
223:
221:
215:
211:
207:
205:
201:
198:
197:
196:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
164:
162:
161:UN Convention
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
132:
130:
126:
117:
112:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
92:, meeting at
91:
87:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2259:
2226:
2203:
2182:
1847:
1843:
1805:
1700:
1634:
1604:Regional law
1603:
1511:
1405:
1314:
369:
357:
340:
329:
321:
318:
315:
307:
299:
258:
255:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
219:
194:
165:
148:
138:
121:
107:
85:
83:
26:
2229:. May 2020.
2206:. May 2020.
1283:Isle of Man
1207:Switzerland
956:Netherlands
2274:Categories
1760:References
1099:San Marino
938:Montenegro
866:Luxembourg
453:Azerbaijan
326:Article 18
312:Article 11
296:Article 10
135:Background
94:Strasbourg
52:Strasbourg
1872:144580745
1626:European
848:Lithuania
684:Tskhinval
252:Article 8
240:Article 2
224:Article 1
118:Objective
75:Languages
59:Effective
1494:(UNDROP)
1462:(UNDRIP)
1323:See also
1298:Dhekelia
1294:Akrotiri
1281:and the
1153:Slovenia
1045:Portugal
682:and the
680:Abkhazia
516:Bulgaria
54:, France
48:Location
1864:2202800
1456:(DEVAW)
1450:(DEDAW)
1243:Ukraine
1063:Romania
768:Ireland
750:Iceland
732:Hungary
696:Germany
660:Georgia
624:Finland
606:Estonia
588:Denmark
534:Croatia
480:Belgium
435:Austria
417:Armenia
399:Andorra
381:Albania
127:or the
113:History
67:Parties
1870:
1862:
1483:(VDPA)
1429:(UDHR)
1302:Cyprus
1277:, the
1225:Turkey
1189:Sweden
1117:Serbia
1027:Poland
1009:Norway
975:, the
920:Monaco
812:Latvia
714:Greece
642:France
552:Cyprus
234:visits
191:Actors
40:Signed
1868:S2CID
1860:JSTOR
1171:Spain
981:Aruba
884:Malta
786:Italy
1296:and
979:and
208:the
202:the
175:and
84:The
1852:doi
1300:in
2276::
2258:.
2235:^
2225:.
2212:^
2202:.
2191:^
2181:.
1880:^
1866:.
1858:.
1848:83
1846:.
1814:^
1804:.
1768:^
345:.
338:.
163:.
1874:.
1854::
1808:.
1385:e
1378:t
1371:v
983:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.