881:, farmers must plant an area of refuge corn. A refuge area is an area of crops that do not contain the insecticidal genes. This refuge area is necessary is to prevent the European corn borer and other pests from developing resistance to the Bt gene. Insects who feed on the non-Bt crops will not develop resistance, but will continue to mate with any moths that survive after eating the genetically-modified corn. It is rare for an insect to survive after eating Bt corn, but when these resistant individuals mate with moths from the refuge area, the offspring they produce will still be susceptible to the toxin. Studies on the dispersal of European corn borers found that planting refuge corn within a half-mile of Bt crops prevents resistance.
458:
788:
987:
975:
939:
740:. The cost of producing a spermatophore is relatively low compared to the female investment in oviposition. Males mate an average of 3.8 times during their life. The average refractory period between mating cycles for the male is 1.6 days. With each successive mating, the volume of the spermatophore decreases. This decreased spermatophore volume is associated with a decrease in female fecundity and fertility. Females who mate with males that have already mated are less likely to deposit all of their eggs.
927:
963:
951:
55:
724:. Around 90% of the eggs are laid on the leaf just below the primary ear leaf, and an equal number of eggs are laid above and below this leaf, with a slight bias towards the lower leaves. The egg masses are all laid within five leaves of the central ear leaf. Brood sizes range from 15 to 30 eggs and egg masses are about 6 mm in diameter. The period of egg laying is about 14 days with an average of 20 to 50 eggs per day.
42:
500:
760:, and seed corn. The first generation of corn borers which develops during the late spring feeds on the leaves and stalks of corn plants. In addition, the second generation feeds on the ear of corn, the leaf sheath, and the ear shank. If a third generation is produced, it will feed on the ear, the leaf sheath, and the ear shank.
915:, it is predicted that the habitable region of the European corn borer will expand. Additionally, an increase in the number of generations is expected. The CLIMEX model, which models organisms' response to climate change, predicts that the area of arable land affected by the European corn borer in Europe will increase by 61%.
710:
Males also produce sex pheromones that are structurally similar to those released by females. Composition of male pheromones is essential to female acceptance. The composition of male pheromones varies with age. Females prefer the pheromones of older males. Divergence of the pheromone composition can
512:
The fully grown larva is 0.75 to 1 inch (1.9–2.5 cm) in length. Larvae vary in color from light brown to pinkish gray and have conspicuous small, round, brown spots on each segment along the body. As they grow they reach between 2 and 20 mm. The larvae feed on the corn whorl and burrow into
530:
Female corn borer moths lay clusters of eggs on corn leaves, usually on the undersides. The egg masses, or clusters, are laid in an overlapping configuration and are whitish yellow. As the larvae develop inside their eggs, the eggs become more and more transparent and the black heads of the immature
495:
The
European corn borer is about 1 inch (2.5 cm) long with a 0.75- to 1-inch (1.9–2.5 cm) wingspan. The female is light yellowish brown with dark, irregular, wavy bands across the wings. The male is slightly smaller and darker. The tip of its abdomen protrudes beyond its closed wings. They
453:
populations of
European corn borers undergo the pupal stage twice, first in April, May, and June and then again in July and August. During the winter, the European corn borer stays in its larval stage. Temperatures exceeding 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 °C) induce the other developmental stages.
697:
males. Males heterozygous for this autosomal factor exhibited similar neurological responses to both isomers of pheromone. Finally, response to the pheromone is controlled by two factors, a sex-linked gene on the Z chromosome and another on an autosome. In species of
Lepidoptea, sex is determined
585:
from males. Furthermore, mating with multiple males ensures that the female receives enough sperm to completely fertilize her eggs. Additionally, it increases the reproductive fitness of females, because it increases the genetic diversity of the female's offspring – thus increasing the likelihood
521:
Diapause, also known as hibernation, is induced in
European corn borers by changes in temperature and daylight length. At higher temperatures, shorter photoperiods are sufficient to induce diapause. At 13.5 hours of light followed by 10.5 hours of dark, 100% of European corn borer larvae entered
802:. Damage to the corn stalk decreases the amount of water and nutrients the plant can transport to the ear. European corn borers also eat the ear – which reduces crop yield – and the ear shank, which often results in the ear falling to the ground, making it unharvestable.
445:
in a suspended chrysalis. Following this intense period of development, an adult moth emerges from the pupa. The length of the pupal stage is determined by environmental factors such as temperature, number of hours of light, and larval nutrition, in addition to genetics.
466:
401:
The adult
European corn borer is about 25 millimetres (0.98 in) long with a 26–30 millimetres (1.0–1.2 in) wingspan. The female is light yellowish brown with dark, irregular, wavy bands across the wings. The male is slightly smaller and darker.
2006:
Kocmánková, E.; Trnka, M.; Eitzinger, J.; Dubrovský, M.; Štěpánek, P.; Semerádová, D.; Balek, J.; Skalák, P.; Farda, A. (2011). "Estimating the impact of climate change on the occurrence of selected pests at a high spatial resolution: a novel approach".
534:
A female moth can lay two egg masses per night over 10 nights. The number of eggs per egg mass decreases each day. The female lays white eggs which become pale yellow and finally translucent before hatching. The eggs hatch within three to seven days of
681:. The response to these pheromones in the olfactory cells of male European corn borers is also controlled by a single autosomal factor with two alleles. Analysis of the electrophysiological signaling of olfactory cells showed that those with two
552:
The original
European corn borers introduced to North America in the early 20th century established a population in New York. This population produced one brood per year. A second population was introduced in Massachusetts and spread to
602:
and tends to occur at night. Higher humidity also induces the calling behavior, while desiccation, or drying out, decreases the calling behavior. Both male and female
European corn borers produce sex pheromones.
719:
During her adult life of 18 to 24 days, a female can lay a total of 400 to 600 eggs. The female
European corn borer moth first lays eggs in June. The eggs are laid on the underside of corn plant leaves near the
513:
the stalk and ear. They have high mortality directly after emergence, but as soon as a feeding site is established, they have better survival rates. Total development before pupation lasts 50 days on average.
433:, and adult. The insect is referred to as a borer in its larval stage and as a moth in its adult stage. The adult moths lay their eggs on corn plants. Larvae hatch from the eggs. Larvae have five
470:
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394:, but was probably introduced from Europe several years earlier. Since its initial discovery in the Americas, the insect has spread into Canada and westwards across the United States to the
2404:
496:
are most active before dawn. The adults spend most of their time feeding and mating. Males and females of different strains have been found to produce differing sex pheromones.
471:
413:
The
European corn borer is native to Europe and was introduced to North America in the early 20th century. This moth plagues corn crops in France, Spain, Italy, and
711:
result in reproductive isolation and eventual speciation. This evolution is thought to take place in a concerted way between males and females within a population.
522:
diapause regardless of temperature with the range of 18 to 29 °C (64 to 84 °F). At high temperatures and long photoperiods, fewer larvae enter diapause.
869:, that serves as a natural defense against a wide range of pests and is also responsible for the relative resistance of immature corn to the European corn borer.
2363:
1384:
Glover, T. J.; Tang, X.-H.; Roelofs, W. L. (January 2, 1987). "Sex pheromone blend discrimination by male moths from E and Z strains of
European corn borer".
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2291:
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The presence of European corn borers on corn crops and the damage caused by them increases the likelihood of stalk rot caused by the pathogen
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If presented with the opportunity, female European corn borers, like most moths, mate with multiple males in a reproductive strategy known as
405:
European corn borer caterpillars damage corn by chewing tunnels through many parts of the plant, leading to a decrease in agricultural yield.
1701:
Sexual Development: Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution, Endocrinology, Embryology, and Pathology of Sex Determination and Differentiation
1632:
Roelofs, W.; Glover, T.; Tang, X. H.; Sreng, I.; Robbins, P.; Eckenrode, C.; Löfstedt, C.; Hansson, B. S.; Bengtsson, B. O. (November 1987).
798:
The European corn borer gets its name from its habit of boring holes into all components of the corn plant. The damage to the leaves reduces
467:
1752:"Oviposition of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Impact of Natural Enemy Populations in Transgenic Versus Isogenic Corn"
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Production of the specific pheromone blend in females is controlled by a single autosomal factor. Heterozygous females produce more
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2457:
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926:
2437:
854:
962:
2296:
1028:
950:
1634:"Sex pheromone production and perception in European corn borer moths is determined by both autosomal and sex-linked genes"
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1477:
Royer, L.; McNeil, J. N. (November 2, 1991). "Changes in calling behaviour and mating success in the European corn borer (
417:. In North America, the European corn borer is found in eastern Canada and every U.S. state east of the Rocky Mountains.
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974:
2278:
2148:
721:
699:
2231:
1971:
Chiang, H. C.; Wilcoxson, R. D. (October 1, 1961). "Interactions of the European Corn Borer and Stalk Rot in Corn".
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isomer pheromone. A mixture of isomers is much more efficient in attracting the moth than a single component. The
2244:
849:
54:
2432:
1924:"Aggregation and Dispersal Behavior of Marked and Released European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Adults"
1922:
Showers, William B.; Hellmich, Richard L.; Derrick-Robinson, M. Ellison; Hendrix, William H. (August 1, 2001).
1340:
Phelan, P. L.; Norris, K. H.; Mason, J. F. (December 1, 1996). "Soil-Management History and Host Preference by
837:
2083:
1112:"Host-plant-associated genetic differentiation in Northern French populations of the European corn borer"
454:
The North American corn crop grows during these warmer months and provides a food source for the borers.
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2062:
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variant of pheromone has a trans- configuration of hydrogen molecules around its double bond, while the
149:
2427:
2187:
2115:
1645:
891:
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of European corn borers that are defined by their sex pheromone communication variant. These are the
573:. Polyandry confers several benefits to the females. For example, multiple matings increase female
570:
558:
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2058:
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When corn is not abundant or near the end of the harvest season, European corn borers will infest
2130:
2032:
1953:
1848:
1732:
1699:
Traut, W.; Sahara, K.; Marec, F. (2007). "Sex chromosomes and sex determination in Lepidoptera".
1506:
1438:; Baker, Thomas C (1999). "Reproductive performance and longevity of female European corn borer,
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ejaculate that contains spermatozoa to fertilize the female and protein to nourish the female, a
479:
175:
49:
1590:
Klun, J. A. (December 1, 1975). "Insect Sex Pheromones: Intraspecific Pheromonal Variability of
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852:, has had its genome modified to include a synthetic version of an insecticidal gene from the
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caterpillars become visible. The caterpillars hatch by chewing their way out of the eggs.
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to infect corn stalks and increases the amount of necrotic stalk tissue. The presence of
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gland and release of sex pheromones. This calling behavior is influenced by the moth's
1676:
1633:
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2421:
1326:
733:
582:
483:
442:
391:
2036:
1957:
1831:(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Impact on Female Longevity and Reproductive Performance".
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1159:
41:
2179:
1736:
1529:"Concerted evolution of male and female display traits in the European corn borer,
1421:
822:
737:
611:
578:
17:
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in corn infested by European corn borers also speeds the development of larvae.
859:
814:
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106:
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1940:
1638:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2020:
1827:
Royer, L.; McNeil, J. N. (1993). "Male Investment in the European Corn Borer,
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Female calling behavior in European corn borers involves the extrusion of the
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1992:
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Martel, C.; Réjasse, A.; Rousset, F.; Bethenod, M.-T.; Bourguet, D. (2003).
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Details – A progress report on the investigations of the European corn borer
1003:
858:. As a result, the corn variety produces a protein that kills the larvae of
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of the predominant isomer of 11-tetradecenyl acetate that they produce. The
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or sub-stages of development, which are followed by a period of diapause or
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1874:. Chicago: Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. pp. 147–149.
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1344:: Evidence for Plant Mineral Balance Mediating Insect–Plant Interactions".
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425:
The European corn borer progresses through four developmental stages—egg,
2161:
2140:
2100:
1923:
1607:
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772:
768:
390:. The European corn borer was first reported in North America in 1917 in
126:
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2257:
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1852:
1397:
878:
845:
776:
757:
499:
2270:
1712:
866:
434:
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383:
382:). The insect is native to Europe, originally infesting varieties of
96:
76:
2077:
1844:
1309:
Beck, S.D.; Hanec, W. (1960). "Diapause in the European corn borer,
2205:
1442:: effects of multiple mating, delay in mating, and adult feeding".
786:
498:
464:
456:
426:
895:. The tunneling done by European corn borers makes it easier for
865:
Immature corn shoots accumulate a powerful antibiotic substance,
430:
364:
2192:
2081:
1207:
Life Cycle and Generational Ecotypes of the European Corn Borer
702:
where males are homozygous ZZ and females are heterozygous ZW.
441:
in a pupa. During the pupal stage, the borers progress through
862:, the taxonomic order which includes the European corn borer.
1527:
Lassance, Jean-Marc; Löfstedt, Christer (March 3, 2009).
1283:
Missouri Pest Monitoring Network (September 29, 2015).
561:. This second population produces two broods per year.
748:
The European corn borer lives and feeds primarily on
1872:
Hübner: A Recently Established Pest in Massachusetts
1750:
Orr, David B.; Landis, Douglas A. (August 1, 1997).
693:
isomer. The opposite effect was found in homozygous
665:
strains can mate and produce intermediate variants.
2090:
1290:. University of Missouri Division of Plant Sciences
911:With the increase in temperature associated with
775:. Rarely, these moths will live on other grains,
577:and longevity, because female moths receive both
8:
586:that they will mate and pass on her genes.
2078:
40:
31:
1939:
1884:University of Kentucky Extension Service
1767:
1675:
1657:
1566:
1548:
1127:
1083:"European Corn-borer Ostrinia nubilalis"
1057:Caffrey, D. J.; Worthley, L. H. (1927).
732:The male European corn borer produces a
1483:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1037:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1020:
922:
188:
1230:
1220:
1184:
1174:
633:variant has a cis- configuration. The
1886:Bt Corn – What it is and how it works
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1625:
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2245:48b05f6f-cff6-4a06-af75-afc6b11e8a8d
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1105:
1103:
2009:The Journal of Agricultural Science
1807:Plant & Soil Sciences eLibrary
1495:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb02405.x
813:agents of corn borers include the
685:alleles responded strongly to the
25:
1866:Vinal, Stuart Cunningham (1917).
1481:), caused by relative humidity".
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
649:strain produces a 4:96 ratio of
637:strain produces a 97:3 ratio of
53:
855:Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
2054:European corn-borer at UKMoths
1973:Journal of Economic Entomology
1756:Journal of Economic Entomology
1594:in North America and Europe".
378:of grain, particularly maize (
218:Ostrinia nubilalis mauretanica
1:
1456:10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00137-1
1444:Journal of Insect Physiology
1327:10.1016/0022-1910(60)90056-1
1315:Journal of Insect Physiology
2069:Featured Creatures Web site
1386:Journal of Chemical Ecology
873:Refuge corn recommendations
791:Corn destruction caused by
700:ZW sex-determination system
645:isomer pheromone while the
2474:
2453:Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
1941:10.1603/0046-225x-30.4.700
1288:Integrated Pest Management
1285:"European Corn Borer I.D."
478:European corn borer (
229:Mutuura & Munroe, 1970
226:Ostrinia nubilalis persica
221:Mutuura & Munroe, 1970
2443:Agricultural pest insects
2021:10.1017/s0021859610001140
1868:The European Corn Borer,
1799:"European Corn Borer and
850:genetically modified corn
689:isomer and weakly to the
181:
174:
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
1928:Environmental Entomology
1596:Environmental Entomology
1346:Environmental Entomology
1069:10.5962/bhl.title.108390
2458:Insect pests of millets
2448:Moths described in 1796
1659:10.1073/pnas.84.21.7585
1264:. University of Florida
1161:The European Corn Borer
2438:Moths of North America
1801:Bacillus thuringiensis
1550:10.1186/1741-7007-7-10
1129:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800186
795:
504:
487:
462:
1254:"European corn borer
790:
579:nutritional resources
502:
477:
460:
355:), also known as the
2240:Fauna Europaea (new)
1985:10.1093/jee/54.5.850
1769:10.1093/jee/90.4.905
1358:10.1093/ee/25.6.1329
944:Female, ventral view
892:Fusarium graminearum
35:European corn borer
2059:European corn borer
1650:1987PNAS...84.7585R
932:Female, dorsal view
783:Pest of crop plants
559:Hudson River Valley
361:European high-flyer
347:European corn borer
18:European Corn Borer
2405:ostrinia-nubilalis
2131:Ostrinia-nubilalis
2121:Ostrinia_nubilalis
2092:Ostrinia nubilalis
1898:"Crop Refuge Area"
1870:Pyrausta nubilalis
1833:Functional Ecology
1829:Ostrinia nubilalis
1608:10.1093/ee/4.6.891
1592:Ostrinia nubilalis
1531:Ostrinia nubilalis
1479:Ostrinia nubilalis
1440:Ostrinia nubilalis
1398:10.1007/BF01020358
1342:Ostrinia nubilalis
1311:Pyrausta nubilalis
1262:Featured Creatures
1256:Ostrinia nubilalis
1031:Ostrinia nubilalis
968:Male, ventral view
829:Beauveria bassiana
811:Biological control
806:Biological control
796:
793:Ostrinia nubilalis
621:, named after the
505:
488:
480:Ostrinia nubilalis
463:
357:European corn worm
352:Ostrinia nubilalis
326:Pyrausta nubilalis
314:Pyrausta nubilalis
302:Pyrausta nubilalis
290:Pyrausta nubilalis
278:Pyrausta nubilalis
266:Pyrausta nubilalis
258:Pyrausta rubescens
242:Pyralis silacealis
201:Pyrausta nubilalis
159:Ostrinia nubilalis
2415:
2414:
2390:Open Tree of Life
2084:Taxon identifiers
1713:10.1159/000111765
1644:(21): 7585–7589.
1436:Fadamiro, Henry Y
956:Male, dorsal view
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261:Krulikovsky, 1928
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250:Botys appositalis
246:
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234:Pyralis glabralis
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193:Pyralis nubilalis
141:O. nubilalis
16:(Redirected from
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1352:(6): 1329–1336.
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771:, potatoes, and
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600:circadian rhythm
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409:Geographic range
333:Costantini, 1923
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285:Romaniszyn, 1933
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2433:Moths of Europe
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2377:Observation.org
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592:
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396:Rocky Mountains
339:
206:Botis nubilalis
187:
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144:
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28:
27:Species of moth
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2048:External links
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2015:(2): 185–195.
1998:
1979:(5): 850–852.
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1934:(4): 700–710.
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913:climate change
908:
907:Climate change
905:
901:F. graminearum
897:F. graminearum
886:
883:
877:When planting
874:
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807:
804:
800:photosynthesis
784:
781:
779:, or flowers.
745:
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606:There are two
591:
590:Sex pheromones
588:
583:spermatophores
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820:of the genus
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581:and multiple
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392:Massachusetts
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321:Dufrane, 1930
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150:Binomial name
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30:
19:
2091:
2073:Lepiforum.de
2012:
2008:
2001:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1800:
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1310:
1304:
1294:November 30,
1292:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1261:
1255:
1211:. Retrieved
1206:
1165:. Retrieved
1160:
1154:
1119:
1115:
1092:September 8,
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1077:
1059:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1030:
1023:
980:Lateral view
910:
900:
896:
890:
888:
876:
864:
853:
844:
836:
827:
823:Trichogramma
821:
815:hymenopteran
809:
797:
792:
762:
747:
738:nuptial gift
731:
718:
709:
698:through the
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:isomer than
674:
672:
662:
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386:, including
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317:
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305:
301:
293:
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245:Hübner, 1796
241:
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225:
217:
209:
205:
200:
196:Hübner, 1796
192:
158:
156:
140:
139:
127:
29:
2428:Pyraustinae
2338:NatureServe
2266:iNaturalist
1907:December 1,
1812:October 25,
1537:BMC Biology
1268:October 30,
1213:October 25,
1167:October 25,
992:Dorsal view
860:Lepidoptera
744:Host plants
555:Long Island
503:Caterpillar
439:hibernation
309:Skala, 1928
297:Skala, 1928
213:Fuchs, 1900
107:Lepidoptera
2422:Categories
2330:OstriNubil
1313:(Hübn.)".
818:parasitoid
765:lima beans
754:sweet corn
750:field corn
715:Egg laying
461:Adult moth
421:Life cycle
388:broom corn
374:. It is a
87:Arthropoda
2029:1469-5146
1993:0022-0493
1950:0046-225X
1778:0022-0493
1721:1661-5433
1668:0027-8424
1616:0046-225X
1559:1741-7007
1503:1570-7458
1406:0098-0331
1366:0046-225X
1258:(Hübner)"
1233:ignored (
1223:cite book
1187:ignored (
1177:cite book
1138:0018-067X
1004:Pyralidae
885:Mutualism
773:snap peas
596:pheromone
575:fecundity
571:polyandry
565:Polyandry
484:nectaring
451:bivoltine
372:Crambidae
306:margarita
135:Species:
117:Crambidae
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
2343:2.119999
2327:MaBENA:
2305:LepIndex
2162:BugGuide
2138:BioLib:
2128:BAMONA:
2107:Q1049481
2101:Wikidata
2037:85787181
1958:30095323
1729:18391545
1686:16593886
1577:19257880
1511:86229678
1464:12770364
1414:24301366
1146:12634820
1116:Heredity
1087:UK Moths
1009:Mealworm
998:See also
840:pyrausta
834:protozoa
832:and the
777:soybeans
669:Genetics
557:and the
517:Diapause
380:Zea mays
294:insignis
282:fuscalis
210:paulalis
176:Synonyms
128:Ostrinia
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
2395:1058331
2258:1886305
2061:on the
1853:2389889
1737:6885122
1646:Bibcode
1568:2671483
1422:2332417
1042:July 6,
919:Gallery
879:Bt corn
846:Bt corn
769:peppers
758:popcorn
722:midvein
619:strains
608:strains
435:instars
367:of the
363:, is a
330:fanalis
169:, 1796)
123:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
2297:117738
2271:142981
2232:442796
2219:306188
2206:PYRUNU
2193:464566
2035:
2027:
1991:
1956:
1948:
1851:
1776:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1684:
1677:299344
1674:
1666:
1614:
1575:
1565:
1557:
1543:: 10.
1509:
1501:
1462:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1364:
1144:
1136:
867:DIMBOA
838:Nosema
543:Mating
537:laying
415:Poland
384:millet
369:family
167:Hübner
2402:PPE:
2369:29057
2317:LoB:
2310:25625
2284:46129
2214:EUNIS
2180:75D96
2167:44831
2154:20158
2141:51002
2033:S2CID
1954:S2CID
1849:JSTOR
1733:S2CID
1507:S2CID
1418:S2CID
1015:Notes
508:Larva
491:Adult
427:larva
318:minor
270:flava
208:var.
2382:9395
2364:NCBI
2320:4323
2292:ITIS
2253:GBIF
2201:EPPO
2149:BOLD
2067:IFAS
2025:ISSN
1989:ISSN
1946:ISSN
1909:2017
1814:2017
1774:ISSN
1725:PMID
1717:ISSN
1682:PMID
1664:ISSN
1612:ISSN
1573:PMID
1555:ISSN
1499:ISSN
1460:PMID
1410:PMID
1402:ISSN
1362:ISSN
1296:2017
1270:2017
1235:help
1215:2017
1189:help
1169:2017
1142:PMID
1134:ISSN
1094:2019
1044:2007
661:and
615:and
526:Eggs
449:The
431:pupa
376:pest
365:moth
345:The
316:ab.
304:ab.
292:ab.
280:ab.
268:ab.
185:List
2351:NBN
2279:ISC
2188:EoL
2175:CoL
2116:ADW
2017:doi
2013:149
1981:doi
1936:doi
1841:doi
1764:doi
1709:doi
1672:PMC
1654:doi
1604:doi
1563:PMC
1545:doi
1491:doi
1452:doi
1394:doi
1354:doi
1323:doi
1124:doi
1065:doi
653:to
641:to
359:or
328:f.
2424::
2392::
2379::
2366::
2353::
2340::
2307::
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2281::
2268::
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2242::
2229::
2216::
2203::
2190::
2177::
2164::
2151::
2118::
2103::
2065:/
2063:UF
2031:.
2023:.
2011:.
1987:.
1977:54
1975:.
1952:.
1944:.
1932:30
1930:.
1926:.
1900:.
1847:.
1835:.
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1786:^
1772:.
1760:90
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1487:61
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1390:13
1388:.
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1360:.
1350:25
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1227::
1225:}}
1221:{{
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1995:.
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1960:.
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