567:
254:
51:
369:
95:
237:
70:
377:
360:. Its glossy green prickly leaves and bright red berries (produced only by the female plant) are represented in wreaths, garlands and cards wherever Christmas is celebrated. It is a subject of music and folklore, especially in the British tradition. It is also a popular ornamental shrub or hedge, with numerous cultivars in a range of colours.
454:
Along the west coast of the United States and Canada, from
California to British Columbia, non-native English Holly has proved very invasive, quickly spreading into native forest habitat, where it thrives in shade and crowds out native species. It has been placed on the Washington State Noxious Weed
391:
are 5–12 cm long and 2–6 cm broad; they are evergreen, lasting about five years, and are dark green on the upper surface and lighter on the underside, oval, leathery, shiny, and about 5 to 9 cm long. In the young and in the lower limbs of mature trees, the leaves have three to five
525:
take refuge, while smaller birds are protected among their spiny leaves. After the first frost of the season, holly fruits become soft and fall to the ground serving as important food in its native regions for winter birds at a time of scarce resources.
566:
407:, meaning that there are male plants and female plants. The sex cannot be determined until the plants begin flowering, usually between 4 and 12 years of age. In male specimens, the flowers are yellowish and appear in
336:. In the British Isles it is one of very few native hardwood evergreen trees. It has a great capacity to adapt to different conditions and is a pioneer species that repopulates the margins of forests or clearcuts.
450:
forest in particular, although at times it can form a dense thicket as the dominant species. It requires moist, shady environments, found within forests or in shady slopes, cliffs, and mountain gorges.
753:
for cattle and sheep. Less spiny varieties of holly were preferred, and in practice the leaves growing near the top of the tree have far fewer spines, making them more suitable for fodder.
529:
The flowers are attractive as nectar sources for insects such as bees, wasps, flies, and small butterflies. The commonly-encountered pale patches on leaves are due to the leaf-mine insect
1109:
840:
1183:
411:
groups. In the female, flowers are isolated or in groups of three and are small and white or slightly pink, and consist of four petals and four sepals partially fused at the base.
1052:
494:
resulted from this change. Most of the last remaining laurel forests around the
Mediterranean are believed to have died out approximately 10,000 years ago at the end of the
905:
949:
422:(stone fruit), about 6–10 mm in diameter, a bright red or bright yellow, which matures around October or November; at this time they are very bitter due to the
1930:
387:
grows to 10–25 m (33–82 ft) tall with a woody stem as wide as 40–80 cm (16–31 in), rarely 100 cm (39 in) or more, in diameter. The
2008:
558:
have smooth leaf edges, or both smooth and prickly leaf edges on the same plant. In response to stress these cultivars can produce leaves with more prickles.
2232:
350:, branching from the base. It grows slowly and does not usually fully mature due to cutting or fire. It can live 500 years, but usually does not reach 100.
1642:
1142:
1080:
1868:
2257:
1943:
1881:
1143:"#bioPGH blog – to Prickle or Not to Prickle: Holly Leaves and Epigenetics | Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens | Pittsburgh PA"
506:
Holly is a rugged pioneer species that prefers relatively moist areas, and tolerates frost as well as summer drought. The plant is common in the
2129:
2044:
1602:
Dellacassa, Cesio et al. Departamento de
Farmacognosia, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, Noviembre: 2007, pages 1–15
1121:
342:
can exceed 10 m in height, but is often found at much smaller heights, typically 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) tall and broad, with a straight
1587:
1553:
2302:
1808:
2272:
2262:
1842:
1803:
1164:
2026:
392:
sharp spines on each side, pointing alternately upward and downward, while leaves of the upper branches in mature trees lack spines.
2297:
2267:
1207:
933:
884:
1056:
2287:
1917:
900:
2282:
2191:
1974:
1180:
2108:
1948:
430:
has made them softer and more palatable. They are eaten by rodents, birds and larger herbivores. Each fruit contains 3 to 4
1995:
1350:
253:
1455:
1287:
2155:
1711:
594:
404:
1497:
1476:
721:
to humans. Accidental consumption may occur by children or pets attracted to the bright red berries. The berries are
1518:
2196:
2142:
1579:
1308:
2292:
2277:
2013:
1969:
1434:
1392:
1329:
1187:
475:
2252:
2242:
2049:
1013:
1413:
1371:
2147:
1117:
94:
2247:
1759:
1739:
1654:
1088:
760:
462:, the Mediterranean region, Europe, and northwest Africa had a wetter climate and were largely covered by
1266:
857:
598:
211:
1886:
1726:
2036:
1816:
1692:
1053:"English Holly | Invasive Species Council of British Columbia | ISCBC Plants & Animals"
976:
815:
2093:
1220:
59:
2134:
1987:
1769:
1573:
2204:
1860:
1855:
1795:
992:
943:
414:
The fruit only appears on female plants, which require male plants nearby to fertilise them. The
89:
585:; the spiny leaves make them difficult to penetrate, and they take well to pruning and shaping.
50:
1935:
368:
2070:
1777:
1583:
1549:
1203:
1160:
929:
880:
772:
2098:
1245:
356:
is the species of holly long associated with
Christmas, and previously the Roman festival of
2075:
1961:
984:
810:
660:
539:
531:
511:
423:
304:
to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia. It is regarded as the
1909:
2057:
1613:
909:
582:
380:
European holly flowers; male above, female below (leaves cut to show flowers more clearly)
297:
293:
132:
2121:
980:
2116:
347:
343:
119:
1351:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Handsworth New Silver' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
792:
236:
2237:
2226:
1956:
801:
578:
518:
463:
227:
79:
74:
2209:
1782:
1636:
1456:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex × altaclerensis 'Belgica Aurea' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
1288:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Argentea Marginata' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
710:
459:
408:
305:
301:
168:
31:
1703:
1716:
1543:
1498:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex × altaclerensis 'Golden King' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
1477:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex × altaclerensis 'Camelliifolia' (f) AGM / RHS Gardening"
2183:
2160:
2000:
1982:
1894:
1686:
1519:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex × altaclerensis 'Lawsoniana' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
702:
669:
551:
495:
487:
1309:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Ferox Argentea' (m/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
726:
593:
Numerous cultivars have been selected, of which the following have gained the
357:
17:
2085:
1847:
1677:
1435:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Silver Queen' (m/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
1393:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Madame Briot' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
1330:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Golden Queen' (m/v) AGM / RHS Gardening"
1038:
1829:
764:
741:
Between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, before the introduction of
555:
315:
1372:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'J.C. van Tol' (f) AGM / RHS Gardening"
455:
Control Board's monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in
Portland.
2173:
1414:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Pyramidalis' (f) AGM / RHS Gardening"
376:
2168:
2021:
1749:
1671:
1018:
Invasive
Species Council of British Columbia | ISCBC Plants & Animals
1014:"Ring in the holiday season and reduce the spread of invasive species! -"
733:, are used to make a caffeinated beverage called mate or Paraguayan tea.
718:
706:
698:
507:
479:
158:
145:
2062:
542:
on the West Coast of Canada and the United States as well as in Hawaii.
1873:
1790:
996:
714:
483:
442:
Today, holly is found in western Asia and Europe in the undergrowth of
289:
1899:
1734:
750:
742:
722:
396:
1648:
1267:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Amber' (f) AGM / RHS Gardening"
988:
517:
Pure stands of hollies can grow into a labyrinth of vaults in which
1834:
768:
565:
467:
447:
427:
419:
415:
375:
367:
333:
330:
322:
310:
252:
188:
178:
106:
1922:
1641:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
1575:
The North
American Guide to Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms
522:
431:
388:
318:
1821:
1652:
763:
before tastes turned to imported dense tropical woods such as
443:
400:
326:
30:"Common holly" redirects here. For the Canadian musician, see
482:, the laurel forests gradually retreated, replaced by more
1159:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
434:
which do not germinate until the second or third spring.
1246:"RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium AGM / RHS Gardening"
426:
content and so are rarely eaten until late winter after
314:, which by association is also called "holly". It is an
514:
and is also found in deciduous forest and oak forest.
27:
725:, possibly due to the compound ilicin. The leaves of
466:. Holly was a typical representative species of this
1226:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 43
717:, ilixanthin. The berries are generally regarded as
1661:
1087:. California Invasive Plant Council. Archived from
673:. The following cultivars have gained the RHS AGM:
1545:Poisoning & Toxicology Handbook, Third Edition
1542:Leikin, Jerrold Blair; Frank P. Paloucek (2002).
325:found, for example, in shady areas of forests of
1008:
1006:
963:Peterken, G. F.; Lloyd, P. S. (November 1967). "
663:in Hampshire, England, in 1835, a cross between
1548:. Hudson, Ohio USA: Lexi-Comp Inc. p. 80.
816:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T202963A68067360.en
1039:"Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board"
8:
948:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1643:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1537:
1535:
871:
869:
867:
1649:
1075:
1073:
470:, where many current species of the genus
235:
68:
49:
38:
1572:Turner, Nancy J.; P. von Aderkas (2009).
814:
759:was once among the traditional woods for
399:are white, four-lobed, and pollinated by
1567:
1565:
577:is widely grown in parks and gardens in
919:
917:
783:
941:
895:
893:
1157:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
7:
2197:bff1a3c9-594a-443c-8a0c-e1732b8abd5c
2037:4779479a-d6af-43ff-9118-5c1c0320d0d0
852:
850:
835:
833:
581:regions. Hollies are often used for
2233:IUCN Red List least concern species
802:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
570:One of several variegated cultivars
1181:Security starts at the Garden Gate
25:
749:was cultivated for use as winter
476:drying of the Mediterranean Basin
93:
2148:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:83051-1
1200:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
791:Barstow, M.; Khela, S. (2018).
2258:Trees of mild maritime climate
490:plant communities. The modern
1:
693:Chemistry, toxicity, and uses
2303:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
877:Trees of Britain and Europe
595:Royal Horticultural Society
372:Frosted foliage and berries
2319:
2273:Medicinal plants of Europe
2263:Medicinal plants of Africa
29:
1221:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1188:UK Government Web Archive
924:Hoppe, Heinz, A. (1975).
243:
234:
217:
210:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
48:
41:
2298:Plants described in 1753
2268:Medicinal plants of Asia
1198:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
2288:Garden plants of Europe
1118:King County, Washington
761:Great Highland bagpipes
667:and the tender species
623:'Handsworth New Silver'
550:Holly is well known in
474:were present. With the
875:Rushforth, K. (1999).
809:: e.T202963A68067360.
697:Holly berries contain
571:
381:
373:
260:
2283:Garden plants of Asia
599:Award of Garden Merit
569:
379:
371:
256:
1179:Northumbria Police:
899:Flora of NW Europe:
729:, also in the genus
614:'Argentea Marginata'
244:Distribution map of
981:1967JEcol..55..841P
60:Conservation status
1186:2008-11-08 at the
969:Journal of Ecology
908:2009-06-09 at the
572:
382:
374:
284:, or occasionally
261:
203:I. aquifolium
2220:
2219:
2071:Open Tree of Life
1655:Taxon identifiers
1589:978-0-88192-929-4
1555:978-1-930598-77-5
1521:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1500:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1479:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1458:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1437:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1416:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1395:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1374:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1353:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1332:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1311:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1290:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1269:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1248:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1110:"English Holly -
928:. W. de Gruyter.
773:African blackwood
659:was developed at
251:
250:
83:
16:(Redirected from
2310:
2293:Ornamental trees
2278:Bird food plants
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2001:NBNSYS0000003194
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1190:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1120:. Archived from
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1085:(English holly)"
1077:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1055:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1042:
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953:
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854:
845:
839:Flora Europaea:
837:
828:
827:
825:
823:
818:
788:
661:Highclere Castle
617:'Ferox Argentea'
611:'Amber' (female)
540:invasive species
532:Phytomyza ilicis
239:
223:
98:
97:
77:
72:
71:
53:
39:
21:
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2253:Trees of Europe
2243:Trees of Africa
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2182:
2180:
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2167:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2099:Ilex aquifolium
2097:
2092:
2086:Ilex_aquifolium
2084:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2058:Observation.org
2056:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2027:Ilex~aquifolium
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2020:
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2007:
1999:
1994:
1986:
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1942:
1934:
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1916:
1908:
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1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1861:Ilex aquifolium
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1809:Ilex_aquifolium
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1770:ilex-aquifolium
1768:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1740:ilex-aquifolium
1738:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1693:Ilex aquifolium
1691:
1690:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1663:Ilex aquifolium
1657:
1638:Ilex aquifolium
1633:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1616:. Botanical.com
1611:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:. p. 210.
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1178:
1174:
1167:
1155:
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1150:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1112:Ilex aquifolium
1108:
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1103:
1094:
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1083:Ilex aquifolium
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1071:
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1046:
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1021:
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1004:
989:10.2307/2258429
965:Ilex aquifolium
962:
961:
957:
940:
936:
923:
922:
915:
910:Wayback Machine
902:Ilex aquifolium
898:
891:
874:
865:
859:Ilex aquifolium
856:Med-Checklist:
855:
848:
842:Ilex aquifolium
838:
831:
821:
819:
795:Ilex aquifolium
790:
789:
785:
781:
757:Ilex aquifolium
747:Ilex aquifolium
739:
713:, and a yellow
695:
690:
681:'Camelliifolia'
678:'Belgica Aurea'
649:
638:
591:
575:Ilex aquifolium
564:
548:
504:
492:Ilex aquifolium
440:
385:Ilex aquifolium
366:
354:Ilex aquifolium
300:Aquifoliaceae,
294:flowering plant
286:Christmas holly
265:Ilex aquifolium
258:Ilex aquifolium
246:Ilex aquifolium
230:
225:
221:Ilex aquifolium
219:
206:
92:
84:
73:
69:
62:
43:Ilex aquifolium
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
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2224:
2218:
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2214:
2210:wfo-0000729203
2201:
2188:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2103:
2090:
2080:
2067:
2054:
2041:
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2018:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1966:
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711:caffeic acid
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438:Distribution
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274:common holly
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169:Aquifoliales
152:
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113:
42:
36:
32:Common Holly
2122:kew-2860379
1983:NatureServe
1895:iNaturalist
1687:Wikispecies
1612:Grieve, M.
1580:Timberpress
926:Drogenkunde
822:19 November
703:theobromine
651:The hybrid
562:Cultivation
552:epigenetics
546:Epigenetics
496:Pleistocene
488:sclerophyll
478:during the
458:During the
446:forest and
403:. Holly is
364:Description
133:Angiosperms
2227:Categories
2117:Plant List
1757:Calflora:
1645:(EUFORGEN)
1620:2014-02-26
1525:2020-09-16
1504:2020-09-16
1483:2020-09-16
1462:2020-09-16
1441:2020-09-16
1420:2020-09-16
1399:2020-09-16
1378:2020-09-16
1357:2020-09-16
1336:2020-09-16
1315:2020-09-10
1294:2020-07-04
1273:2020-07-04
1252:2020-07-04
1128:2011-01-30
1095:2016-10-02
1063:2015-08-14
1024:2020-12-27
879:. Collins
779:References
737:Other uses
727:yerba mate
486:-tolerant
358:Saturnalia
1767:Cal-IPC:
944:cite book
765:cocuswood
699:alkaloids
670:I. perado
579:temperate
556:cultivars
538:It is an
405:dioecious
316:evergreen
197:Species:
103:Kingdom:
2192:VicFlora
2181:VASCAN:
2169:Tropicos
2083:PalDat:
2022:NSWFlora
1988:2.131239
1936:10197425
1804:eFloraSA
1747:BioLib:
1727:159-1-14
1672:Wikidata
1184:Archived
906:Archived
707:saponins
519:thrushes
508:garrigue
480:Pliocene
409:axillary
228:Linnaeus
175:Family:
159:Asterids
146:Eudicots
80:IUCN 3.1
2174:2000383
1970:MoBotPF
1923:83051-1
1874:5414222
1791:Ecocrop
1678:Q192190
1614:"Holly"
1230:3 March
997:2258429
977:Bibcode
743:turnips
715:pigment
554:. Some
502:Ecology
484:drought
397:flowers
329:and in
296:in the
290:species
288:, is a
185:Genus:
165:Order:
107:Plantae
78: (
2135:ILAQ80
2130:PLANTS
2076:670988
2034:NZOR:
1975:276162
1962:202963
1949:503154
1848:152439
1822:486842
1735:ARKive
1724:APSA:
1704:132004
1701:APDB:
1586:
1552:
1206:
1163:
995:
932:
883:
771:, and
751:fodder
723:emetic
583:hedges
512:maquis
424:ilicin
389:leaves
334:hedges
302:native
298:family
268:, the
2106:PFI:
2045:NZPCN
1931:IRMNG
1907:IPA:
1900:53856
1887:19666
1856:FoAO2
1843:EUNIS
1835:ILEAQ
1783:6N77K
1750:40385
1717:56830
1224:(PDF)
993:JSTOR
967:L.".
769:ebony
719:toxic
468:biome
448:beech
432:seeds
428:frost
420:drupe
418:is a
416:fruit
348:crown
344:trunk
331:beech
323:shrub
270:holly
153:Clade
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
2238:Ilex
2184:2666
2161:9087
2143:POWO
2109:3052
2094:PfaF
2063:6894
2050:4099
2014:4298
2009:NCBI
1957:IUCN
1944:ITIS
1918:IPNI
1910:5744
1882:GRIN
1869:GBIF
1830:EPPO
1796:6860
1760:4317
1712:APNI
1584:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1232:2018
1204:ISBN
1161:ISBN
950:link
930:ISBN
881:ISBN
824:2021
807:2018
731:Ilex
653:Ilex
642:Ilex
523:deer
521:and
510:and
472:Ilex
401:bees
395:The
319:tree
311:Ilex
190:Ilex
2205:WFO
2156:RHS
1996:NBN
1817:EoL
1778:CoL
985:doi
811:doi
601::
597:'s
444:oak
327:oak
321:or
292:of
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1578:.
1564:^
1534:^
1116:.
1072:^
1016:.
1005:^
991:.
983:.
973:55
971:.
946:}}
942:{{
916:^
892:^
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832:^
805:.
799:.
775:.
767:,
745:,
709:,
705:,
701:,
655:×
644:×
535:.
498:.
280:,
276:,
272:,
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999:.
987::
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952:)
938:.
887:.
826:.
813::
797:"
793:"
82:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
