400:
126:
1897:
1831:
1815:
1672:
150:
1933:
6548:
1913:
1865:
1849:
1881:
752:
1359:
They are an extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the autumn and early winter the fruits are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the fruits soften, and become milder in taste. During winter
547:), which is grown commercially, is quickly spreading into native forest habitat, where it thrives in shade and crowds out native species. It has been placed on the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board's monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in Portland.
3232:) has tremendous religious significance at Christmas. Its prickly leave are evocative of the crown of thorns that was placed on Jesus Christ's head at His crucifixion, and its scarlet berries are synonymous with drops of His blood.
518:, such as the cultivar 'Nellie R. Stevens'. The fruits ripen in winter and thus provide winter colour contrast between the bright red of the fruits and the glossy green evergreen leaves. Hence the cut branches, especially of
1472:
Holly berries can cause vomiting and diarrhea. They are especially dangerous in cases involving accidental consumption by children attracted to the bright red berries. Ingestion of over 20 berries may be fatal to children.
2543:
Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions : proceedings of an international symposium held at the Royal Danish
Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen, Denmark, 25–28 May
2761:
534:
when ingested. However, they are a food source for certain birds and other animals, which help disperse the seeds. Unfortunately this can have negative impacts as well. Along the west coast of North
America, from
761:) are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing ovary and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.
487:
described by
Linnaeus. Plants in this genus have simple, alternate glossy leaves, frequently with a spiny leaf margin. The inconspicuous flower is greenish white, with four petals. They are generally
890:. Many of the then-existing species with the strictest ecological requirements became extinct because they could not cross the barriers imposed by the geography, but others found refuge as a species
582:, specifically stems with berries used in Christmas decoration. By extension, "holly" is also applied to the whole genus. The origin of the word "holly" is considered a reduced form of
2992:
1739:; and the shape of the leaves, which resemble flames, can serve to reveal God's burning love for His people. Combined with the fact that holly maintains its bright colors during the
1803:
mean 'son of holly'. Common anglicized forms of this arose; last names such as McCullen, McCullion, McQuillan, and MacCullion, which are quite common surnames in some areas.
2240:
461:
regions of the world. It includes species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, with evergreen or deciduous foliage and inconspicuous flowers. Its range was more extended in the
2143:
Renner, Susanne S.; Müller, Niels A. (29 March 2021). "Plant sex chromosomes defy evolutionary models of expanding recombination suppression and genetic degeneration".
3138:
In
Germany and Scandinavia the holly, or holy tree, is called "Christ's thorn," from its use in church decorations, and because it bears berries at Christmas-tide.
6820:
3323:
2848:
576:
was still being applied to the oak as well as the holly – possibly due to the superficial similarity of the leaves. The name "holly" in common speech refers to
3059:
886:
million years ago. Most of the last remaining temperate broadleaf evergreen forests are believed to have disappeared about 10,000 years ago at the end of the
1830:
789:
million years ago, resulting in a physical separation of the groups and beginning a process of change to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism is called
894:
in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains sufficiently far from areas of extreme cold and aridity and protected by the oceanic influence.
2262:
6742:
3371:
6794:
6755:
2637:
2628:
399:
6869:
3253:
2551:
2415:
1896:
6651:
2973:
2318:
3316:
3221:
3193:
3168:
3016:
2534:
2391:
2284:
2248:
6944:
2200:
469:
habitats. It occurs from sea level to more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft) with high mountain species. It is a genus of small,
2870:
6781:
6656:
6918:
2989:
6799:
6807:
3350:
2633:
1776:
1528:) are bitter and emetic. In general little is known about inter-species variation in constituents or toxicity of hollies.
3029:
6551:
3376:
3366:
3309:
2218:
238:
1814:
6625:
1932:
1648:
2910:
1049:– mochi tree, Nepal holly (Korea; Taiwan; the mid-southern regions of China; and Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu in Japan)
6982:
6923:
6882:
2701:
943:– European holly, English holly, Christ's thorn (western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia)
125:
6992:
6987:
6977:
6825:
2996:
1582:; the spiny leaves make them difficult to penetrate, and they take well to pruning and shaping. Many hundreds of
6887:
3361:
3285:
2938:
1772:
1736:
959:– dahoon holly, cassena (Virginia to southeast Texas of US, Veracruz of Mexico, Bahamas, Cuba, and Puerto Rico)
1727:
Christians have identified a wealth of symbolism in its form. The sharpness of the leaves help to recall the
6729:
2723:
510:. They range in color from red to brown to black, and rarely green or yellow. The "bones" contain up to ten
149:
1426:
6703:
6568:
2270:
1332:
to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare.
794:
20:
3292:
2782:
Kellie P. Burris; Federico M. Harte; P. Michael
Davidson; C. Neal Stewart Jr; Svetlana Zivanovic (2012).
2508:
1961:
1912:
1864:
1762:
held that "leaves of holly offered protection against evil spirits" and thus "wore holly in their hair".
1434:
6856:
6734:
6708:
2619:
2025:
1716:
1652:
1314:. A species which stands out for its economic importance in Spanish-speaking countries and in Brazil is
1219:
The genus is distributed throughout the world's different climates. Most species make their home in the
1103:
867:
798:
790:
27:
1918:
1903:
860:
million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to now extinct branches.
477:. The plants are generally slow-growing with some species growing to 25 m (82 ft) tall. The
6949:
6835:
6760:
6664:
2073:
1848:
1700:
1476:
Holly leaves, if eaten, might cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach and intestinal problems.
1397:
1181:
903:
793:. Over time, survivor species of the holly genus adapted to different ecological niches. This led to
583:
426:
3088:
2674:
1712:
1345:
1316:
1129:
992:
6931:
6716:
6391:
5609:
5501:
5125:
3612:
3356:
2943:
2915:
2744:
2728:
2695:
Alexandra M. Gottlieb; Gustavo C. Giberti; Lidia Poggio (2005). "Molecular analyses of the genus
2670:
2601:
2494:
2182:
2064:
1381:
669:
614:
144:
6874:
6861:
2546:. Biologiske skrifter. Vol. 55. Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab. pp. 507–517.
1880:
1671:
773:
mechanisms at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining
6843:
6638:
6348:
6147:
5699:
5559:
5488:
5411:
5292:
5178:
5095:
4460:
3451:
3387:
3249:
3217:
3189:
3164:
3012:
2969:
2736:
2547:
2450:
2411:
2405:
2387:
2367:
2314:
2174:
2166:
2099:
1787:
1696:
1570:
1187:
713:
2473:
2343:
2054:
Yao, Xin; Tan, Yun-Hong; Liu, Ying-Ying; Song, Yu; Yang, Jun-Bo; Corlett, Richard T. (2016).
6848:
6232:
6222:
6182:
6162:
5938:
5868:
5843:
5790:
5564:
5554:
5317:
5254:
5198:
5173:
4919:
4824:
4791:
4581:
4495:
4490:
4465:
4366:
4328:
4236:
3900:
3763:
3738:
3733:
3526:
3443:
3296:
2822:
2799:
2718:
2710:
2591:
2158:
2154:
2089:
2081:
1871:
1786:, the Holly King is one of the faces of the Sun God. He is born at midsummer and rules from
1591:
1583:
1546:
1492:
Leaves of some holly species are used by some cultures to make daily tea. These species are
1466:
1430:
1349:
1306:
1288:
1263:
1153:
1137:
1014:
947:
923:
891:
733:
673:
540:
352:
317:
6513:
6300:
6167:
6152:
5732:
5619:
5599:
5594:
5584:
5549:
5365:
5360:
5160:
5130:
5100:
4984:
4949:
4909:
4884:
4874:
4834:
4586:
4475:
4358:
4333:
4228:
4200:
4190:
3983:
3953:
3895:
3880:
3743:
3569:
3476:
3333:
1838:
1732:
1728:
1579:
1554:
1272:
939:
849:
809:
diversified the landscape and provided new opportunities for speciation within the genus.
757:
688:
630:
602:
578:
515:
483:
383:
277:
244:
187:
135:
2488:
6695:
3301:
2288:
2077:
6505:
6495:
6477:
6449:
6411:
6401:
6353:
6320:
6310:
6305:
6227:
6177:
6124:
6109:
5994:
5908:
5848:
5838:
5742:
5644:
5579:
5569:
5529:
5511:
5312:
5239:
5027:
4989:
4944:
4879:
4854:
4829:
4773:
4687:
4455:
4402:
4338:
4195:
4087:
4064:
4026:
4003:
3993:
3796:
3658:
3597:
3461:
2094:
2055:
1855:
1708:
1235:
1228:
1205:
1172:– Tsuru Holly (mountains of Japan, Sakhalin, Khabarovsk Krai and Kuril Islands Siberia)
1110:
1069:
845:
766:
699:
677:
649:
174:
2699:(Aquifoliaceae) in southern South America, evidence from AFLP and ITS sequence data".
2204:
6972:
6966:
6487:
6416:
6386:
6363:
6358:
6343:
6295:
6262:
6257:
6192:
5986:
5971:
5918:
5898:
5858:
5853:
5833:
5795:
5747:
5694:
5684:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5604:
5519:
5496:
5478:
5446:
5431:
5393:
5297:
5277:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5115:
5110:
5090:
5075:
5037:
5032:
4979:
4969:
4964:
4914:
4894:
4869:
4859:
4760:
4682:
4662:
4601:
4596:
4576:
4510:
4480:
4440:
4348:
4343:
4290:
4160:
4122:
4097:
4069:
4054:
3998:
3978:
3973:
3890:
3857:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3748:
3718:
3650:
3617:
3607:
3574:
3564:
3554:
3423:
3405:
3337:
2893:
2605:
2336:
2186:
2145:
1740:
1402:
1254:
1193:
1061:
976:
963:
871:
841:
813:
565:
466:
282:
262:
83:
6721:
3273:
2804:
2467:
1270:
In Europe the genus is represented by a single species, the classically named holly
1231:. The greatest diversity of species is found in the Americas and in Southeast Asia.
6936:
6643:
6426:
6421:
6406:
6396:
6335:
6217:
6202:
6172:
6129:
6119:
6073:
6050:
6040:
6012:
5913:
5893:
5863:
5805:
5752:
5674:
5629:
5589:
5544:
5534:
5524:
5416:
5385:
5350:
5335:
5249:
5244:
5150:
4904:
4899:
4864:
4844:
4819:
4806:
4796:
4768:
4725:
4720:
4677:
4644:
4629:
4591:
4568:
4505:
4500:
4485:
4450:
4432:
4384:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4185:
4145:
4079:
4059:
4049:
4041:
4008:
3968:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3847:
3842:
3806:
3723:
3602:
3559:
3456:
3433:
3397:
2748:
2117:
1887:
1821:
1767:
1723:. Angie Mostellar discusses the Christian use of holly at Christmas, stating that:
1562:
1512:
1502:
1418:
1246:
1176:
1161:
1089:
1053:
1045:
1037:
999:
983:
971:
955:
931:
915:
560:
478:
378:
270:
223:
6617:
6630:
852:, the common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared during the
6910:
6812:
6768:
6600:
6381:
6277:
6237:
6212:
6207:
6197:
6065:
6055:
6045:
6027:
5976:
5928:
5923:
5903:
5883:
5810:
5737:
5679:
5634:
5574:
5539:
5436:
5426:
5370:
5282:
5221:
5216:
5168:
5140:
5120:
5080:
5062:
5022:
5017:
5012:
4929:
4924:
4889:
4783:
4740:
4715:
4639:
4611:
4606:
4445:
4422:
4407:
4376:
4295:
4170:
4150:
4112:
3963:
3958:
3935:
3920:
3862:
3852:
3758:
3753:
3705:
3622:
3546:
3531:
3508:
3503:
3428:
3415:
3281:
1939:
1720:
1624:
1462:
1442:
1392:
1293:
1241:
1168:
1145:
1094:
1026:
887:
862:
833:
458:
58:
6606:
2162:
6464:
6454:
6431:
6315:
6252:
6187:
6114:
6091:
6017:
5963:
5873:
5727:
5714:
5689:
5669:
5421:
5403:
5375:
5345:
5340:
5272:
5231:
5208:
5145:
5135:
5085:
5070:
4999:
4954:
4939:
4849:
4750:
4730:
4692:
4672:
4394:
4300:
4180:
4165:
4155:
3885:
3834:
3773:
3728:
3579:
3536:
3495:
3486:
1533:
1493:
1446:
1301:
1282:
1121:
1081:
878:, when the genus was more prosperous. This type of forest extended during the
821:
770:
645:
536:
366:
103:
68:
6591:
2574:
Yao, Xin; Song, Yu; Yang, Jun‐Bo; Tan, Yun‐Hong; Corlett, Richard T. (2021).
2226:
2170:
522:, are widely used in Christmas decoration. The fruits are generally slightly
6690:
6677:
6472:
6441:
6373:
6242:
6101:
6083:
6035:
6004:
5933:
5878:
5815:
5800:
5785:
5722:
5704:
5639:
5614:
5451:
5355:
5307:
5287:
4934:
4839:
4814:
4285:
4277:
4175:
4140:
4117:
4107:
4092:
4031:
3988:
3948:
3925:
3695:
3627:
3518:
1688:
1676:
1438:
1325:
1224:
875:
837:
488:
474:
470:
454:
388:
374:
370:
108:
6900:
2740:
2178:
2103:
1033:– evergreen winterberry, bitter gallberry, inkberry (eastern North America)
377:
trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide. The
751:
6895:
6585:
6325:
6247:
6157:
6139:
5888:
5825:
5777:
5767:
5624:
5441:
5327:
5302:
5264:
5105:
4974:
4959:
4745:
4735:
4710:
4667:
4634:
4543:
4470:
4267:
4250:
4102:
4018:
3872:
3687:
3677:
3589:
2714:
1748:
1587:
1458:
1422:
1369:
1341:
1329:
1311:
1197:
1098:
829:
802:
782:
778:
531:
527:
462:
213:
200:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
51:
2783:
2287:. City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. Archived from
6747:
6287:
5953:
5052:
5007:
4702:
4654:
4621:
4535:
4259:
4205:
3713:
3200:
Holly is still a popular
Christmas decoration among Christian cultures.
3188:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 13.
2732:
1220:
1019:
879:
806:
503:
291:
113:
88:
2596:
2575:
2431:
2085:
6773:
4558:
4525:
4132:
3943:
1791:
1759:
1704:
1517:
1507:
1450:
1368:
often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from
1277:
1007:
853:
523:
507:
363:
6786:
6562:
2762:
International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1356:
have become extinct recently, and many others are barely surviving.
634:
1731:
worn by Jesus; the red berries serve as a reminder of the drops of
6682:
1783:
1752:
1751:, holly is used to symbolize truth. The Norwegian municipality of
1719:", in which the holly represents Jesus and the ivy represents the
1670:
1454:
1377:
1361:
1304:
of the
Mediterranean. Australia, isolated at an early period, has
1253:
was treated as a separate genus with eight species. of the family
750:
624:
495:
398:
348:
161:
2533:
Loizeau, P.-A.; Barriera G.; Manen J.-F.; Broennimann O. (2005).
2219:"Noxious Weed Control Board (NWCB) – WA State – Weed Detail Page"
1590:
have been developed for garden use, among them the very popular "
1743:, it naturally came to be associated with the Christian holiday.
1384:
1373:
1365:
587:
511:
34:
6566:
3305:
3113:
Bailes, Christopher (December 2022). "Plant profile: Hollies".
2313:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804.
6669:
2677:, Manen, J. F., & Andrews, S. (2000). The mountain holly (
3248:(1. American ed., . 1999 ed.). New York: Levine Books.
1989:
2658:
2035:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021
1077:(Japanese) (southern Japan and eastern and southern China )
572:
as holly, as late as the 19th century in
Britain, the term
329:
323:
3186:
Non-wood Forest
Products from Temperate Broad-leaved Trees
2968:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
1524:) and others. Leaves of other species, such as gallberry (
824:
period; the earliest records of the distinctive pollen of
2407:
A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
737:
1531:
Holly berries are fermented and distilled to produce an
2124:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden
820:
lineage was already widespread prior to the end of the
3246:
Harry Potter. 1: Harry Potter and the sorcerer's stone
2784:"Composition and bioactive properties of yerba mate (
995:) (eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Sakhalin)
335:
332:
3094:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 52
840:. The earliest fossil holly fruit is known from the
491:, with male and female flowers on different plants.
326:
6575:
6504:
6486:
6463:
6440:
6372:
6334:
6286:
6275:
6138:
6100:
6082:
6064:
6026:
6003:
5985:
5962:
5951:
5824:
5776:
5765:
5713:
5510:
5487:
5476:
5402:
5384:
5326:
5263:
5230:
5207:
5159:
5061:
5050:
4998:
4805:
4782:
4759:
4701:
4653:
4620:
4567:
4556:
4534:
4523:
4431:
4420:
4393:
4375:
4357:
4309:
4276:
4258:
4249:
4227:
4218:
4131:
4078:
4040:
4017:
3934:
3871:
3833:
3805:
3787:
3704:
3686:
3671:
3649:
3640:
3588:
3545:
3517:
3494:
3485:
3474:
3442:
3414:
3396:
3385:
1715:, as expressed in the traditional Christmas carol "
1479:Holly plants might be toxic to pets and livestock.
1310:. Of 204 species growing in China, 149 species are
320:
2469:An etymological dictionary of the English language
2335:
1549:in temperate/European gardens and parks, notably:
1117:– mountain holly, catberry (Eastern North America)
2452:An etymological dictionary of the French language
1006:– possumhaw (eastern United States, northeastern
672:words appear to be related to words for holly in
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
2724:20.500.12110/paper_00029122_v92_n2_p352_Gottlieb
2681:: Aquifoliaceae) revisited with molecular data.
1755:has a yellow twig of holly in its Coat-of-arms.
967:– gallberry (Virginia to Texas of United States)
662:
654:
1725:
1711:. Since medieval times the plant has carried a
617:
351:of over 570 species of flowering plants in the
1683:Holly – more specifically the European holly,
558:in Latin means the holm-oak or evergreen oak (
3317:
2372:. London, U.K.: Clarendon Press. p. 371.
1545:Many of the holly species are widely used as
726:
8:
2576:"Phylogeny and biogeography of the hollies (
1261:on molecular data; it is closely related to
1201:American winterberry (Eastern North America)
874:covered great areas of the Earth during the
692:
607:
358:, and the only living genus in that family.
1798:
1691:time, and is often referred to by the name
1209:– yaupon holly (southeastern United States)
769:of this group provides examples of various
703:
681:
26:"Ilex" redirects here. For other uses, see
16:Genus of plants in the family Aquifoliaceae
6563:
6283:
5959:
5948:
5773:
5762:
5484:
5058:
4564:
4553:
4531:
4520:
4428:
4417:
4255:
4224:
3683:
3646:
3491:
3482:
3393:
3324:
3310:
3302:
1675:Traditional Christmas card with holly and
1401:, which feeds exclusively on hollies, and
473:trees with smooth, glabrous, or pubescent
124:
41:
2803:
2722:
2595:
2539:L. (Aquifoliaceae) on a World-wide scale"
2369:Principles of English etymology, Volume 1
2311:Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed
2093:
1376:. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the
3136:. School Education Company. p. 24.
2843:
2841:
2839:
2817:
2815:
2792:Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
1125:– American holly (Eastern United States)
979:, horned holly (eastern China and Korea)
3244:Rowling, J. K.; Rowling, J. K. (1999).
2638:United States Department of Agriculture
2629:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1953:
1810:
465:period and many species are adapted to
453:The genus is widespread throughout the
1115:(L.) M.Powell, Savol., & S.Andrews
720:, literally "sharp leaf" (turned into
3297:BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
2966:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
1984:
1982:
1771:novels, holly is used as the wood in
1663:, with the cultivar 'Chestnut Leaf'.
1344:species are especially threatened by
300:
7:
6924:b7066b20-4764-480e-aed3-c8d1694987ce
6836:e00c9572-f549-44a4-aa47-82a2015abc23
3163:. Itasca Books. pp. 86–87, 89.
2909:Prial, Frank J. (18 February 1979).
2584:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
2342:. Cornell University Press. p.
1300:arose from a common ancestor in the
987:– Japanese holly, box-leaved holly,
777:when the Earth mass broke away into
387:, the common European holly used in
2937:Virbila, S. Irene (22 April 1990).
2766:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2490:Contributions to Latin lexicography
1707:and illustrations, for instance on
1395:whose larvae feed on holly include
1227:, with a worldwide distribution in
6888:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60437220-2
3212:Struthers, Jane (4 October 2010).
2990:Security starts at the Garden Gate
2939:"Eau-de-Vie, the Spirit of Alsace"
2541:. In Friis I.; Balslev H. (eds.).
514:each. Some species produce fruits
362:has the most species of any woody
14:
3216:. Ebury Publishing. p. 218.
2386:, Oxford University Press, 1993 (
2056:"Chloroplast genome structure in
1797:In the Irish language, the words
1699:cultures, holly is a traditional
805:, around five million years ago,
413:is divided into three subgenera:
6547:
6546:
2432:"HOUX : Etymologie de HOUX"
1931:
1911:
1895:
1879:
1863:
1847:
1829:
1813:
502:, although often referred to as
316:
148:
3272:Eichhorn, Markus (March 2011).
3009:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
2911:"Fruits of the Distiller's Art"
2805:10.4067/S0718-58392012000200016
2338:The plants of Virgil's Georgics
2203:. 11 April 2012. Archived from
1992:. Smithsonian Institution. 2013
1239:, formerly the type species of
724:in modern time), hence Italian
2466:Skeat, Walter William (1882).
2404:Skeat, Walter William (2005).
2366:Skeat, Walter William (1887).
2334:Abbe, Elfriede Martha (1965).
1133:– yerba mate (mate, erva-mate)
449:, with the rest of the species
1:
3134:Christmas History and Customs
2634:Agricultural Research Service
2535:"Towards an understanding of
2410:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 244.
1687:– is commonly referenced at
1647:= 'Conapri' have gained the
3184:Ciesla, William M. (2002).
3132:Sanford Niles, ed. (1895).
2493:. Clarendon Press. p.
2472:. Clarendon Press. p.
1990:"Index Nominum Genericorum"
1836:A contorted hedgehog holly
1649:Royal Horticultural Society
1578:Hollies are often used for
1372:(by the spiny leaves), and
7011:
3228:The British native holly (
3038:Blue Princess = 'Conapri'"
2892:Austin, Daniel F. (2004).
2702:American Journal of Botany
2487:Nettleship, Henry (1889).
2263:"Cal-IPC: Ilex aquifolium"
2163:10.1038/s41477-021-00884-3
2033:Plants of the World Online
2012:Sunset Western Garden Book
1352:. At least two species of
1328:numerous species that are
1249:to eastern North America.
901:
32:
25:
18:
6542:
4552:
3345:
3159:Mosteller, Angie (2008).
3089:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
2997:UK Government Web Archive
2898:. CRC Press. p. 363.
526:to humans, and can cause
297:
290:
276:
269:
145:Scientific classification
143:
132:
123:
44:
3286:University of Nottingham
3068:Blue Prince = 'Conablu'"
3007:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
2014:. 1995. pp. 606–07.
1610:) and the "blue holly",
1389:Gymnoscelis rufifasciata
1102:– mountain winterberry (
1022:: 20th century?) (India)
424:, with the type species
33:Not to be confused with
2995:8 November 2008 at the
2788:A. St.-Hil.): A review"
1558:(common European holly)
663:
655:
635:
629:). Both are related to
625:
619:
588:
391:decorations and cards.
369:genus. The species are
2679:Nemopanthus mucronatus
2455:. Murray. p. 106.
2201:"Kew Plants and Fungi"
1799:
1782:In some traditions of
1745:
1680:
1407:Ectropis crepuscularia
1157:(Mexico and Guatemala)
951:(Macaronesian islands)
795:reproductive isolation
762:
738:
727:
704:
693:
682:
608:
481:is the European holly
406:
21:Holly (disambiguation)
6857:Paleobiology Database
3214:The Book of Christmas
2449:Pick, Edward (1869).
2285:"Portland Plant List"
2245:Invasive Species Week
1717:The Holly and the Ivy
1703:, used especially in
1674:
1653:Award of Garden Merit
1427:caffeoylshikimic acid
1276:, and in continental
1257:, now transferred to
1104:Eastern United States
866:seems to be the most
799:ecological speciation
791:allopatric speciation
754:
402:
28:Ilex (disambiguation)
2988:Northumbria Police:
2764:(IUCN) (2007): 2007
2715:10.3732/ajb.92.2.352
2251:on 6 September 2015.
1701:Christmas decoration
1655:. Another hybrid is
1398:Bucculatrix ilecella
1280:by this species and
1182:Japanese winterberry
1149:– Macaronesian holly
870:extant species. The
19:For other uses, see
3060:"RHS Plantfinder –
2895:Florida Ethnobotany
2823:"Toxicity of Holly"
2786:Ilex paraguariensis
2580:L., Aquifoliaceae)"
2078:2016NatSR...628559Y
1735:that were shed for
1713:Christian symbolism
1435:feruloylquinic acid
1346:habitat destruction
1317:Ilex paraguariensis
1141:– longstalked holly
1130:Ilex paraguariensis
1041:(Amazon rainforest)
816:indicates that the
716:use the Latin word
613:, derives from the
516:parthenogenetically
404:Ilex paraguariensis
139:) leaves and fruit
6392:Pentaphragmataceae
5610:Stegnospermataceae
5502:Berberidopsidaceae
5126:Pentadiplandraceae
3613:Atherospermataceae
2944:The New York Times
2916:The New York Times
2065:Scientific Reports
1681:
1566:(box-leaved holly)
1417:Holly can contain
1382:double-striped pug
927:- Southeastern USA
919:- Southeastern USA
807:mountain formation
763:
615:Old Low Franconian
568:classification of
506:, are technically
407:
6983:Winter traditions
6960:
6959:
6844:Open Tree of Life
6569:Taxon identifiers
6560:
6559:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6349:Cardiopteridaceae
6271:
6270:
6148:Plocospermataceae
5947:
5946:
5761:
5760:
5700:Anacampserotaceae
5560:Ancistrocladaceae
5489:Berberidopsidales
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5412:Biebersteiniaceae
5293:Sphaerosepalaceae
5179:Strasburgeriaceae
5096:Setchellanthaceae
5046:
5045:
4519:
4518:
4461:Cercidiphyllaceae
4416:
4415:
4245:
4244:
4214:
4213:
3667:
3666:
3636:
3635:
3470:
3469:
3452:Austrobaileyaceae
3255:978-0-590-35340-3
2597:10.1111/jse.12567
2553:978-87-7304-304-2
2417:978-1-59605-092-1
2384:English Etymology
2291:on 29 August 2015
2118:"The Plant List:
2086:10.1038/srep28559
1697:Western Christian
1628:). The cultivars
1547:ornamental plants
1498:I. paraguariensis
1200:
1188:Ilex verticillata
1116:
1101:
1085:(southern Africa)
1032:
1005:
714:Romance languages
593:, Middle English
543:, English holly (
439:, with 12 species
307:
306:
265:
247:
7000:
6993:Dioecious plants
6988:Christmas plants
6978:Medicinal plants
6953:
6952:
6940:
6939:
6927:
6926:
6914:
6913:
6904:
6903:
6891:
6890:
6878:
6877:
6865:
6864:
6852:
6851:
6839:
6838:
6829:
6828:
6816:
6815:
6813:NHMSYS0000459874
6803:
6802:
6790:
6789:
6777:
6776:
6764:
6763:
6751:
6750:
6738:
6737:
6725:
6724:
6712:
6711:
6699:
6698:
6686:
6685:
6673:
6672:
6660:
6659:
6647:
6646:
6634:
6633:
6621:
6620:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6564:
6550:
6549:
6284:
6233:Thomandersiaceae
6223:Lentibulariaceae
6183:Scrophulariaceae
6163:Tetrachondraceae
5960:
5949:
5939:Mitrastemonaceae
5869:Pentaphylacaceae
5844:Tetrameristaceae
5791:Hydrostachyaceae
5774:
5763:
5565:Rhabdodendraceae
5555:Dioncophyllaceae
5485:
5318:Dipterocarpaceae
5255:Dipentodontaceae
5199:Crossosomataceae
5174:Geissolomataceae
5059:
4920:Chrysobalanaceae
4825:Ctenolophonaceae
4792:Lepidobotryaceae
4582:Anisophylleaceae
4565:
4554:
4532:
4521:
4496:Tetracarpaeaceae
4491:Aphanopetalaceae
4466:Daphniphyllaceae
4429:
4418:
4367:Trochodendraceae
4329:Circaeasteraceae
4256:
4237:Ceratophyllaceae
4225:
3901:Alstroemeriaceae
3764:Potamogetonaceae
3739:Scheuchzeriaceae
3734:Hydrocharitaceae
3684:
3647:
3527:Aristolochiaceae
3492:
3483:
3444:Austrobaileyales
3394:
3390:
3388:Basalangiosperms
3372:Acrogymnospermae
3334:flowering plants
3326:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3289:
3274:"The Holly Tree"
3260:
3259:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3156:
3141:
3140:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3026:
3020:
3005:
2999:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2871:"American Holly"
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2779:
2773:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2726:
2692:
2686:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2401:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2269:. Archived from
2259:
2253:
2252:
2247:. Archived from
2237:
2231:
2230:
2229:on 26 July 2015.
2225:. Archived from
2215:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2155:Nature Portfolio
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2060:(Aquifoliaceae)"
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1958:
1935:
1915:
1904:Ilex yunnanensis
1899:
1883:
1872:Ilex pedunculosa
1867:
1851:
1833:
1817:
1802:
1741:Christmas season
1646:
1641:= 'Conablu' and
1640:
1431:chlorogenic acid
1350:overexploitation
1307:Ilex arnhemensis
1289:Ilex canariensis
1264:Ilex amelanchier
1191:
1154:Ilex quercetorum
1138:Ilex pedunculosa
1114:
1093:
1073:– tarajo holly,
1030:
1015:Ilex gardneriana
1003:
948:Ilex canariensis
924:Ilex amelanchier
898:Selected species
885:
859:
797:, an example of
788:
741:
730:
707:
696:
685:
674:Celtic languages
666:
658:
638:
628:
622:
611:
605:word for holly,
591:
541:British Columbia
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
261:
237:
153:
152:
133:European holly (
128:
118:
55:
48:Temporal range:
42:
7010:
7009:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6948:
6943:
6935:
6930:
6922:
6917:
6909:
6907:
6899:
6894:
6886:
6881:
6873:
6868:
6860:
6855:
6847:
6842:
6834:
6832:
6824:
6819:
6811:
6806:
6798:
6793:
6785:
6780:
6772:
6767:
6759:
6754:
6746:
6741:
6733:
6728:
6720:
6715:
6707:
6702:
6694:
6689:
6681:
6676:
6668:
6663:
6655:
6650:
6642:
6637:
6629:
6624:
6616:
6614:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6571:
6561:
6556:
6518:
6514:Paracryphiaceae
6500:
6482:
6459:
6436:
6368:
6330:
6301:Torricelliaceae
6280:
6267:
6168:Calceolariaceae
6153:Carlemanniaceae
6134:
6096:
6078:
6060:
6022:
5999:
5981:
5956:
5943:
5820:
5770:
5757:
5733:Balanophoraceae
5709:
5620:Lophiocarpaceae
5600:Achatocarpaceae
5595:Caryophyllaceae
5585:Macarthuriaceae
5550:Drosophyllaceae
5506:
5481:
5456:
5398:
5380:
5366:Crypteroniaceae
5361:Melastomataceae
5322:
5259:
5226:
5203:
5161:Crossosomatales
5155:
5131:Gyrostemonaceae
5101:Koeberliniaceae
5055:
5042:
4994:
4985:Picrodendraceae
4950:Lacistemataceae
4910:Dichapetalaceae
4885:Centroplacaceae
4875:Lophopyxidaceae
4835:Erythroxylaceae
4801:
4778:
4755:
4697:
4649:
4616:
4587:Corynocarpaceae
4561:
4548:
4528:
4515:
4476:Grossulariaceae
4425:
4412:
4389:
4371:
4359:Trochodendrales
4353:
4334:Lardizabalaceae
4305:
4272:
4241:
4229:Ceratophyllales
4220:Ceratophyllidae
4210:
4201:Ecdeiocoleaceae
4191:Flagellariaceae
4127:
4074:
4036:
4013:
3984:Tecophilaeaceae
3954:Blandfordiaceae
3930:
3896:Petermanniaceae
3881:Campynemataceae
3867:
3829:
3801:
3783:
3744:Aponogetonaceae
3700:
3675:
3663:
3632:
3584:
3570:Himantandraceae
3541:
3513:
3479:
3477:Mesangiospermae
3466:
3438:
3410:
3386:
3381:
3362:Marchantiophyta
3341:
3330:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3006:
3002:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2760:
2756:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2381:
2377:
2365:
2356:Middle English
2355:
2351:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2273:on 5 June 2008.
2261:
2260:
2256:
2241:"English Holly"
2239:
2238:
2234:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1943:from west China
1936:
1927:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1839:Ilex aquifolium
1834:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1729:crown of thorns
1709:Christmas cards
1685:Ilex aquifolium
1669:
1642:
1636:
1571:I. verticillata
1543:
1490:
1485:
1415:
1338:
1298:Ilex aquifolium
1273:Ilex aquifolium
1229:temperate zones
1217:
1212:
940:Ilex aquifolium
910:
900:
883:
857:
850:molecular clock
848:. Based on the
786:
758:Ilex aquifolium
755:Hollies (here,
749:
631:Old High German
579:Ilex aquifolium
564:). Despite the
553:
545:Ilex aquifolium
484:Ilex aquifolium
427:Ilex polypyrena
397:
384:Ilex aquifolium
319:
315:
286:
280:
278:Ilex aquifolium
260:
236:
147:
136:Ilex aquifolium
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
46:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7008:
7007:
7004:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6965:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6941:
6937:wfo-4000018994
6928:
6915:
6905:
6892:
6879:
6866:
6853:
6840:
6830:
6817:
6804:
6791:
6778:
6765:
6752:
6739:
6726:
6713:
6700:
6687:
6674:
6661:
6648:
6635:
6622:
6612:
6597:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6506:Paracryphiales
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6496:Escalloniaceae
6492:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6478:Caprifoliaceae
6475:
6469:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6450:Columelliaceae
6446:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6412:Argophyllaceae
6409:
6404:
6402:Alseuosmiaceae
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6354:Phyllonomaceae
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6321:Myodocarpaceae
6318:
6313:
6311:Pittosporaceae
6308:
6306:Griseliniaceae
6303:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6281:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6228:Schlegeliaceae
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6178:Plantaginaceae
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6125:Sphenocleaceae
6122:
6117:
6112:
6110:Convolvulaceae
6106:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5995:Metteniusaceae
5991:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5957:
5952:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5909:Sarraceniaceae
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5849:Fouquieriaceae
5846:
5841:
5839:Marcgraviaceae
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5771:
5766:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5743:Misodendraceae
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5645:Phytolaccaceae
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5580:Asteropeiaceae
5577:
5572:
5570:Simmondsiaceae
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5530:Plumbaginaceae
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5512:Caryophyllales
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5482:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5313:Sarcolaenaceae
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5240:Gerrardinaceae
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5028:Elaeocarpaceae
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4990:Phyllanthaceae
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4945:Passifloraceae
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4880:Putranjivaceae
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4855:Calophyllaceae
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4830:Rhizophoraceae
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4774:Zygophyllaceae
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4688:Ticodendraceae
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4557:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:Hamamelidaceae
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4421:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:Myrothamnaceae
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:Menispermaceae
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Joinvilleaceae
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Strelitziaceae
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4065:Pontederiaceae
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4027:Dasypogonaceae
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4004:Amaryllidaceae
4001:
3996:
3994:Xeronemataceae
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3797:Petrosaviaceae
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3659:Chloranthaceae
3655:
3653:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Calycanthaceae
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3462:Schisandraceae
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Polypodiophyta
3364:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3267:
3266:External links
3264:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3236:
3230:Ilex aquifolim
3222:
3204:
3194:
3176:
3169:
3142:
3124:
3105:
3080:
3051:
3021:
3000:
2981:
2975:978-1405332965
2974:
2957:
2929:
2901:
2884:
2862:
2835:
2811:
2798:(2): 268–274.
2774:
2754:
2709:(2): 352–369.
2687:
2671:Savolainen, V.
2662:
2650:
2622:Ilex mucronata
2611:
2566:
2552:
2525:
2509:"Aquifoliales"
2500:
2479:
2458:
2441:
2423:
2416:
2396:
2375:
2349:
2326:
2320:978-0199206872
2319:
2302:
2276:
2254:
2232:
2210:
2207:on 3 May 2012.
2192:
2135:
2109:
2046:
2017:
2003:
1978:
1962:"Aquifoliales"
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1856:Ilex chinensis
1853:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1693:Christ's thorn
1668:
1665:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1542:
1541:Ornamental use
1539:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1414:
1411:
1337:
1334:
1302:laurel forests
1236:Ilex mucronata
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:Ilex vomitoria
1202:
1184:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1111:Ilex mucronata
1107:
1086:
1078:
1070:Ilex latifolia
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1023:
1011:
996:
980:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
928:
920:
911:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
882:, more than 20
846:central Europe
767:phylogeography
748:
745:
650:Low Franconian
623:(Middle Dutch
552:
549:
451:
450:
440:
430:
396:
393:
305:
304:
295:
294:
288:
287:
281:
274:
273:
267:
266:
253:
249:
248:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
204:
203:
198:
191:
190:
185:
178:
177:
172:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
130:
129:
121:
120:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7006:
7005:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6951:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6598:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6553:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6488:Escalloniales
6485:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Menyanthaceae
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:Campanulaceae
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6364:Aquifoliaceae
6362:
6360:
6359:Helwingiaceae
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6344:Stemonuraceae
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:Pennantiaceae
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6274:
6264:
6263:Orobanchaceae
6261:
6259:
6258:Paulowniaceae
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6193:Linderniaceae
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5987:Metteniusales
5984:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5972:Oncothecaceae
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5919:Actinidiaceae
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:Diapensiaceae
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:Lecythidaceae
5857:
5855:
5854:Polemoniaceae
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5834:Balsaminaceae
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:Hydrangeaceae
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:Schoepfiaceae
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:Portulacaceae
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:Halophytaceae
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:Molluginaceae
5663:
5661:
5660:Nyctaginaceae
5658:
5656:
5655:Sarcobataceae
5653:
5651:
5650:Petiveriaceae
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:Amaranthaceae
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Frankeniaceae
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Aextoxicaceae
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5479:Superasterids
5475:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Simaroubaceae
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Anacardiaceae
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5394:Picramniaceae
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:Thymelaeaceae
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:Muntingiaceae
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Stachyuraceae
5192:
5190:
5189:Guamatelaceae
5187:
5185:
5184:Staphyleaceae
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Emblingiaceae
5114:
5112:
5111:Salvadoraceae
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Limnanthaceae
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:Tropaeolaceae
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5039:
5038:Brunelliaceae
5036:
5034:
5033:Cephalotaceae
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Ixonanthaceae
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Euphorbiaceae
4968:
4966:
4965:Rafflesiaceae
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Euphroniaceae
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:Malpighiaceae
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:Caryocaraceae
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Podostemaceae
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4761:Zygophyllales
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Casuarinaceae
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Nothofagaceae
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Tetramelaceae
4600:
4598:
4597:Cucurbitaceae
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Apodanthaceae
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4522:
4512:
4511:Cynomoriaceae
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Saxifragaceae
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Peridiscaceae
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4349:Ranunculaceae
4347:
4345:
4344:Berberidaceae
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Nelumbonaceae
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Eriocaulaceae
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4123:Zingiberaceae
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Heliconiaceae
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4070:Haemodoraceae
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Commelinaceae
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Asphodelaceae
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Ixioliriaceae
3977:
3975:
3974:Doryanthaceae
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:Melanthiaceae
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Cyclanthaceae
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3825:Dioscoreaceae
3823:
3821:
3820:Burmanniaceae
3818:
3816:
3815:Nartheciaceae
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3789:Petrosaviales
3786:
3780:
3779:Cymodoceaceae
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Posidoniaceae
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Juncaginaceae
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Tofieldiaceae
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3651:Chloranthales
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Chloranthidae
3639:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Hernandiaceae
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:Gomortegaceae
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Eupomatiaceae
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Degeneriaceae
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Myristicaceae
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Hydatellaceae
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3406:Amborellaceae
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3293:Aquifoliaceae
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3223:9781448148936
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3195:9789251048559
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3170:9781607910084
3166:
3162:
3155:
3153:
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3135:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:0-333-47494-5
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2998:
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2598:
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2570:
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2555:
2549:
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2513:www.mobot.org
2510:
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2392:0-19-283098-8
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2255:
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2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2146:Nature Plants
2139:
2136:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2031:
2030:Tourn. ex L."
2029:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1966:www.mobot.org
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1929:
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1925:
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1909:
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1889:
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1877:
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1873:
1866:
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1858:
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1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:
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1827:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1806:
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1801:
1795:
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1774:
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1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:. Circa 1880s
1678:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1644:Blue Princess
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:I. aquifolium
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:I. aquifolium
1601:
1600:altaclerensis
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:(winterberry)
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:I. aquifolium
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:derivatives,
1424:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:the engrailed
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:Aquifoliaceae
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:Ilex khasiana
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
986:
985:
981:
978:
977:Chinese holly
974:
973:
969:
966:
965:
964:Ilex coriacea
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
909:
907:
897:
895:
893:
889:
881:
877:
873:
872:laurel forest
869:
865:
864:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:Maastrichtian
839:
835:
831:
828:are from the
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:fossil record
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
760:
759:
753:
746:
744:
742:
740:
735:
731:
729:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
706:
701:
697:
695:
690:
686:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
665:
659:
657:
651:
647:
643:
639:
637:
632:
627:
621:
616:
612:
610:
604:
600:
596:
592:
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585:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
557:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:I. aquifolium
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:laurel forest
464:
460:
456:
448:
444:
441:
438:
434:
431:
429:
428:
423:
419:
416:
415:
414:
412:
405:
401:
394:
392:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
356:Aquifoliaceae
354:
350:
346:
340:
313:
312:
303:
302:
296:
293:
289:
284:
279:
275:
272:
268:
264:
259:
258:
254:
251:
250:
246:
243:
240:
235:
234:Aquifoliaceae
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:Tracheophytes
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
137:
131:
127:
122:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
53:
43:
40:
36:
29:
22:
6576:
6427:Calyceraceae
6422:Goodeniaceae
6407:Phellinaceae
6397:Stylidiaceae
6336:Aquifoliales
6218:Bignoniaceae
6203:Martyniaceae
6173:Gesneriaceae
6130:Hydroleaceae
6120:Montiniaceae
6074:Boraginaceae
6051:Gelsemiaceae
6041:Gentianaceae
6013:Eucommiaceae
5914:Roridulaceae
5894:Symplocaceae
5864:Sladeniaceae
5806:Curtisiaceae
5753:Loranthaceae
5675:Didiereaceae
5630:Barbeuiaceae
5590:Microteaceae
5545:Nepenthaceae
5535:Polygonaceae
5525:Tamaricaceae
5417:Nitrariaceae
5386:Picramniales
5351:Vochysiaceae
5336:Combretaceae
5250:Tapisciaceae
5245:Petenaeaceae
5151:Brassicaceae
4905:Trigoniaceae
4900:Balanopaceae
4865:Hypericaceae
4845:Bonnetiaceae
4820:Irvingiaceae
4807:Malpighiales
4797:Celastraceae
4769:Krameriaceae
4726:Elaeagnaceae
4721:Dirachmaceae
4678:Juglandaceae
4645:Polygalaceae
4630:Quillajaceae
4592:Coriariaceae
4569:Cucurbitales
4506:Haloragaceae
4501:Penthoraceae
4486:Crassulaceae
4451:Altingiaceae
4433:Saxifragales
4385:Dilleniaceae
4324:Papaveraceae
4319:Eupteleaceae
4311:Ranunculales
4219:
4186:Restionaceae
4146:Bromeliaceae
4080:Zingiberales
4060:Philydraceae
4050:Hanguanaceae
4042:Commelinales
4009:Asparagaceae
3969:Hypoxidaceae
3916:Ripogonaceae
3911:Philesiaceae
3906:Colchicaceae
3848:Velloziaceae
3843:Triuridaceae
3807:Dioscoreales
3724:Alismataceae
3672:
3641:
3603:Siparunaceae
3560:Magnoliaceae
3457:Trimeniaceae
3434:Nymphaeaceae
3398:Amborellales
3377:Angiospermae
3332:Families of
3277:
3245:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3185:
3179:
3160:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3121:(12): 40–45.
3118:
3114:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3065:
3061:
3054:
3044:17 September
3042:. Retrieved
3035:
3031:
3024:
3011:. Macmillan
3008:
3003:
2984:
2965:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2942:
2932:
2920:. Retrieved
2914:
2904:
2894:
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2826:. Retrieved
2795:
2791:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2685:55: 341–347.
2683:Kew Bulletin
2682:
2678:
2669:Powell, M.,
2665:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2627:
2621:
2614:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2542:
2536:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2489:
2482:
2468:
2461:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2406:
2399:
2383:
2382:T. F. Hoad,
2378:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2337:
2329:
2310:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2279:
2271:the original
2266:
2257:
2249:the original
2244:
2235:
2227:the original
2222:
2213:
2205:the original
2195:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2119:
2112:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2032:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1969:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1902:
1888:Ilex rotunda
1886:
1870:
1854:
1837:
1822:Ilex anomala
1820:
1796:
1781:
1768:Harry Potter
1766:
1764:
1757:
1746:
1726:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1660:
1656:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1522:I. vomitoria
1521:
1513:Ilex kaushue
1511:
1503:Ilex guayusa
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:Culinary use
1478:
1475:
1471:
1419:caffeic acid
1416:
1406:
1396:
1388:
1358:
1353:
1339:
1321:
1315:
1305:
1297:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1218:
1204:
1186:
1177:Ilex serrata
1175:
1167:
1162:Ilex rotunda
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1109:
1090:Ilex montana
1088:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1054:Ilex kaushue
1052:
1046:Ilex integra
1044:
1038:Ilex guayusa
1036:
1025:
1013:
1000:Ilex decidua
998:
988:
984:Ilex crenata
982:
972:Ilex cornuta
970:
962:
956:Ilex cassine
954:
946:
938:
932:Ilex anomala
930:
922:
916:Ilex ambigua
914:
905:
861:
825:
817:
811:
774:
764:
756:
736:
725:
721:
717:
711:
702:
691:
680:
661:
653:
641:
633:
606:
598:
594:
586:
577:
573:
569:
561:Quercus ilex
559:
555:
554:
544:
519:
499:
493:
482:
479:type species
452:
446:
442:
436:
432:
425:
421:
417:
410:
408:
403:
382:
379:type species
359:
355:
344:
310:
309:
308:
298:
271:Type species
256:
255:
241:
233:
224:Aquifoliales
207:
194:
181:
168:
134:
39:
6769:iNaturalist
6601:Wikispecies
6382:Rousseaceae
6278:Campanulids
6238:Verbenaceae
6213:Acanthaceae
6208:Pedaliaceae
6198:Byblidaceae
6066:Boraginales
6056:Apocynaceae
6046:Loganiaceae
6028:Gentianales
5977:Icacinaceae
5929:Cyrillaceae
5924:Clethraceae
5904:Styracaceae
5884:Primulaceae
5811:Grubbiaceae
5738:Santalaceae
5680:Basellaceae
5635:Gisekiaceae
5575:Physenaceae
5540:Droseraceae
5437:Sapindaceae
5427:Burseraceae
5371:Alzateaceae
5283:Neuradaceae
5222:Francoaceae
5217:Geraniaceae
5169:Aphloiaceae
5141:Capparaceae
5121:Tovariaceae
5081:Moringaceae
5063:Brassicales
5023:Cunoniaceae
5018:Oxalidaceae
5013:Connaraceae
4930:Achariaceae
4925:Humiriaceae
4890:Elatinaceae
4784:Celastrales
4741:Cannabaceae
4716:Barbeyaceae
4640:Surianaceae
4612:Begoniaceae
4607:Datiscaceae
4446:Paeoniaceae
4423:Superrosids
4408:Gunneraceae
4377:Dilleniales
4296:Platanaceae
4171:Thurniaceae
4151:Rapateaceae
4113:Marantaceae
3964:Lanariaceae
3959:Asteliaceae
3944:Orchidaceae
3936:Asparagales
3921:Smilacaceae
3863:Pandanaceae
3853:Stemonaceae
3759:Zosteraceae
3754:Maundiaceae
3706:Alismatales
3623:Monimiaceae
3547:Magnoliales
3532:Saururaceae
3509:Winteraceae
3504:Canellaceae
3487:Magnoliidae
3429:Cabombaceae
3416:Nymphaeales
3349:Supergroup
3282:Brady Haran
2950:21 November
2922:21 November
2851:. webmd.com
2675:Cuénoud, P.
2643:11 December
2518:25 December
2394:), p. 218b.
2267:cal-ipc.org
2157:: 392–402.
2128:27 November
2039:5 September
1996:19 February
1971:25 December
1940:Ilex pernyi
1800:mac cuilinn
1721:Virgin Mary
1638:Blue Prince
1463:theobromine
1443:quinic acid
1393:Lepidoptera
1294:Macaronesia
1251:Nemopanthus
1242:Nemopanthus
1169:Ilex rugosa
1146:Ilex perado
1027:Ilex glabra
888:Pleistocene
863:Ilex sinica
834:Otway Basin
652:terms like
584:Old English
459:subtropical
395:Description
299:About 570,
188:Angiosperms
6967:Categories
6787:60437220-2
6465:Dipsacales
6455:Bruniaceae
6432:Asteraceae
6316:Araliaceae
6253:Phrymaceae
6188:Stilbaceae
6115:Solanaceae
6092:Vahliaceae
6018:Garryaceae
5964:Icacinales
5874:Sapotaceae
5728:Opiliaceae
5715:Santalales
5690:Talinaceae
5670:Montiaceae
5422:Kirkiaceae
5404:Sapindales
5376:Penaeaceae
5346:Onagraceae
5341:Lythraceae
5273:Cytinaceae
5232:Huerteales
5209:Geraniales
5146:Cleomaceae
5136:Resedaceae
5086:Caricaceae
5071:Akaniaceae
5000:Oxalidales
4955:Salicaceae
4940:Goupiaceae
4850:Clusiaceae
4751:Urticaceae
4731:Rhamnaceae
4693:Betulaceae
4673:Myricaceae
4395:Gunnerales
4301:Proteaceae
4181:Cyperaceae
4166:Mayacaceae
4156:Xyridaceae
3886:Corsiaceae
3835:Pandanales
3774:Ruppiaceae
3729:Butomaceae
3580:Annonaceae
3537:Piperaceae
3496:Canellales
3115:The Garden
1949:References
1695:. In many
1563:I. crenata
1534:eau de vie
1494:Yerba mate
1447:kaempferol
1340:Often the
1322:Yerba mate
1283:Ilex mitis
1225:subtropics
1122:Ilex opaca
1082:Ilex mitis
856:, about 50
822:Cretaceous
771:speciation
728:agrifoglio
722:aquifolium
718:acrifolium
676:, such as
646:Low German
537:California
494:The small
475:branchlets
409:The genus
367:angiosperm
6691:FloraBase
6473:Adoxaceae
6442:Bruniales
6374:Asterales
6243:Lamiaceae
6102:Solanales
6084:Vahliales
6036:Rubiaceae
6005:Garryales
5934:Ericaceae
5879:Ebenaceae
5816:Cornaceae
5801:Loasaceae
5786:Nyssaceae
5723:Olacaceae
5705:Cactaceae
5640:Aizoaceae
5615:Limeaceae
5452:Meliaceae
5356:Myrtaceae
5308:Cistaceae
5288:Malvaceae
4935:Violaceae
4840:Ochnaceae
4815:Pandaceae
4286:Sabiaceae
4278:Proteales
4176:Juncaceae
4141:Typhaceae
4118:Costaceae
4108:Cannaceae
4093:Lowiaceae
4032:Arecaceae
3989:Iridaceae
3949:Boryaceae
3926:Liliaceae
3696:Acoraceae
3628:Lauraceae
3519:Piperales
3357:Bryophyta
3278:Test Tube
3161:Christmas
3066:meserveae
3036:meserveae
2659:PPP-index
2606:213027259
2590:: 73–82.
2295:14 August
2187:232421827
2171:2055-0278
2072:: 28559.
1924:meserveae
1737:salvation
1689:Christmas
1677:mistletoe
1661:koehneana
1634:meserveae
1625:I. rugosa
1616:meserveae
1608:I. perado
1592:Highclere
1588:cultivars
1526:I. glabra
1439:quercetin
1391:). Other
1370:predators
1324:. Having
1031:L. A.Gray
876:Paleogene
838:Australia
801:. In the
644:, as are
551:Etymology
489:dioecious
471:evergreen
455:temperate
389:Christmas
375:deciduous
371:evergreen
364:dioecious
158:Kingdom:
6919:VicFlora
6908:VASCAN:
6901:40030671
6896:Tropicos
6652:eFloraSA
6586:Wikidata
6552:Category
6326:Apiaceae
6248:Mazaceae
6158:Oleaceae
6140:Lamiales
5889:Theaceae
5826:Ericales
5778:Cornales
5768:Asterids
5625:Kewaceae
5442:Rutaceae
5328:Myrtales
5303:Bixaceae
5265:Malvales
5106:Bataceae
4975:Linaceae
4960:Peraceae
4746:Moraceae
4736:Ulmaceae
4711:Rosaceae
4668:Fagaceae
4635:Fabaceae
4544:Vitaceae
4471:Iteaceae
4268:Buxaceae
4251:Eudicots
4103:Musaceae
4019:Arecales
3873:Liliales
3688:Acorales
3678:Monocots
3590:Laurales
3284:for the
2993:Archived
2741:21652411
2657:Species
2436:cnrtl.fr
2360:, later
2179:33782581
2104:27378489
1749:heraldry
1594:holly",
1459:caffeine
1423:caffeoyl
1413:Toxicity
1342:tropical
993:Japanese
989:inutsuge
935:(Hawaii)
904:List of
830:Turonian
803:Pliocene
785:about 82
783:Laurasia
779:Gondwana
739:grefuèlh
712:Several
705:cuileann
694:kelen(n)
670:Germanic
668:. These
597:, later
589:hole(ġ)n
566:Linnaean
532:diarrhea
528:vomiting
463:Tertiary
301:see text
230:Family:
214:Asterids
201:Eudicots
52:Turonian
6748:3169013
6592:Q117085
6288:Apiales
5954:Lamiids
5053:Malvids
5008:Huaceae
4703:Rosales
4655:Fagales
4622:Fabales
4536:Vitales
4260:Buxales
4206:Poaceae
3714:Araceae
3673:Lilidae
3098:2 March
3073:9 March
2877:3 March
2873:. aspca
2855:3 March
2849:"Holly"
2828:3 March
2749:6484345
2733:4123880
2559:9 April
2095:4932625
2074:Bibcode
1842:'Ferox'
1807:Gallery
1765:In the
1705:wreaths
1667:Culture
1584:hybrids
1451:tannins
1380:of the
1336:Ecology
1330:endemic
1326:evolved
1312:endemic
1292:, from
1221:tropics
1065:(India)
1057:(China)
1020:extinct
908:species
880:Neogene
832:of the
747:History
743:, etc.
734:Occitan
504:berries
422:Byronia
292:Species
252:Genus:
245:A.Rich.
220:Order:
162:Plantae
54:–recent
6950:415505
6870:PLANTS
6862:319957
6849:727571
6833:NZOR:
6735:116366
6709:116366
6618:191632
6615:APDB:
4559:Fabids
4526:Rosids
4133:Poales
3338:APG IV
3252:
3220:
3192:
3167:
3015:
2972:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2604:
2550:
2414:
2390:
2362:Hollen
2317:
2223:wa.gov
2185:
2177:
2169:
2102:
2092:
1792:Ostara
1760:Druids
1580:hedges
1518:Yaupon
1508:Kuding
1467:ilicin
1465:, and
1362:storms
1296:, and
1278:Africa
1247:native
1198:A.Gray
1099:A.Gray
1097:&
1095:Torrey
1075:tarayō
1008:Mexico
1004:Walter
892:relict
884:
858:
854:Eocene
787:
689:Breton
603:French
601:. The
599:Hollen
508:drupes
496:fruits
445:subg.
437:Prinos
435:subg.
420:subg.
353:family
285:
6945:WoRMS
6800:27980
6774:53854
6717:FoAO2
6696:22454
6683:1ILEG
6670:40226
6644:62WJ5
6631:56768
3351:Plant
3092:(PDF)
3040:. RHS
2745:S2CID
2729:JSTOR
2602:S2CID
2358:Holin
2183:S2CID
2153:(4).
1788:Mabon
1784:Wicca
1773:Harry
1753:Stord
1733:blood
1455:rutin
1378:larva
1366:birds
1245:, is
1215:Range
868:basal
700:Irish
683:celyn
678:Welsh
664:hulst
656:Hülse
636:hulis
620:hulis
618:*
595:Holin
524:toxic
512:seeds
349:genus
347:is a
345:holly
343:) or
208:Clade
195:Clade
182:Clade
169:Clade
45:Holly
6973:Ilex
6911:1282
6883:POWO
6875:ILEX
6826:4295
6821:NCBI
6795:ITIS
6782:IPNI
6761:6018
6756:GRIN
6743:GBIF
6722:Ilex
6678:EPPO
6657:Ilex
6626:APNI
6607:Ilex
6577:Ilex
3250:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3165:ISBN
3100:2018
3075:2018
3062:Ilex
3046:2020
3032:Ilex
3013:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2952:2021
2924:2021
2879:2014
2857:2014
2830:2014
2770:Ilex
2737:PMID
2697:Ilex
2645:2017
2578:Ilex
2561:2012
2548:ISBN
2544:2003
2537:Ilex
2520:2023
2412:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2297:2015
2175:PMID
2167:ISSN
2130:2018
2120:Ilex
2100:PMID
2058:Ilex
2041:2021
2028:Ilex
1998:2017
1973:2023
1920:Ilex
1777:wand
1758:The
1657:Ilex
1612:Ilex
1596:Ilex
1586:and
1483:Uses
1385:moth
1374:food
1354:Ilex
1348:and
1259:Ilex
1223:and
906:Ilex
826:Ilex
818:Ilex
812:The
781:and
775:Ilex
765:The
698:and
642:huls
626:huls
609:houx
574:Ilex
570:Ilex
556:Ilex
530:and
500:Ilex
457:and
447:Ilex
443:Ilex
433:Ilex
418:Ilex
411:Ilex
360:Ilex
311:Ilex
257:Ilex
59:PreꞒ
35:Holy
6932:WFO
6808:NBN
6730:FoC
6704:FNA
6665:EoL
6639:CoL
3295:in
3119:147
2800:doi
2719:hdl
2711:doi
2592:doi
2474:269
2159:doi
2090:PMC
2082:doi
1790:to
1775:'s
1747:In
1651:'s
1516:),
1500:),
1409:).
1320:or
844:of
836:of
660:or
539:to
498:of
381:is
373:or
239:DC.
6969::
6947::
6934::
6921::
6898::
6885::
6872::
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