159:
the Treaty
Establishing the European Union (Maastricht Treaty): "The Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, as general principles of Community law." Within this framework, the European Court of Justice uses all treaties that the Member States of the European Union have signed or participated in as interpretive tools for the content and scope of "fundamental rights", while holding the European Convention on Human Rights as a document with "special significance."
27:
2678:
184:
162:
As seen in
Article 6(2) of the Maastricht Treaty, quoted above, the European Union is bound to respect fundamental rights principles. This means that the institutions of the European Union must not violate human rights, as defined by European Union law, and also that the Member States of the European
158:
ECJ gives the
European Convention on Human Rights "special significance" as a "guiding principle" in its case law. The European Court of Justice uses a set of general principles of law to guide its decision-making process. One such principle is respect for fundamental rights, seen in Article 6(2) of
191:
Prior to the entry into force on 1 June 2010 of
Protocol No. 14 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the EU could not accede to the convention, and thus the European Court of Human Rights did not have jurisdiction to rule on cases brought against the EU.
174:
case, the Court held that when a child has a right of residence in a Member State according to Union law, this also means that his parent(s) should also have a right of residence due to the principle of respect for family life enshrined in
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
133:. Cases cannot be brought in the ECtHR against EU institutions (as the EU is not a member in its own right), but the ECtHR has ruled that states that are members of both organisations cannot escape their human rights obligations by saying that they were implementing EU law.
4292:
3260:
3270:
109:) the draft agreement to be incompatible with Article 6(2) of the Treaty of European Union, thus bringing the accession process to a halt. In 2020, negotiations resumed for EU accession after a multi-year pause following the ECJ opinion.
70:
163:
Union must not violate
European Union human rights principles when they implement Union legislation or act pursuant to Union law. This obligation is in addition to the Member States' pre-existing obligations to follow the rulings of the
4623:
4500:
91:
On 5 April 2013, negotiators from the
European Union and the Council of Europe finalised a draft agreement for the accession of the EU to the European Convention on Human Rights. As next steps, it is required that the
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2003:
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1998:
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1952:
1421:
1260:
1255:
1250:
4116:
326:"Protocol No. 14 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, amending the control system of the Convention CETS No.: 194"
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3469:
3320:
2471:
2087:
1484:
591:
4018:
3810:
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3999:
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1993:
1967:
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614:
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2347:
2261:
88:
Protocol No. 14 of the ECHR entered into force on 1 June 2010. It allows the
European Union to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights.
4137:
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4762:
4527:
4388:
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367:
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2565:
2536:
2421:
2315:
2118:
1467:
1389:
1359:
1210:
552:
390:
65:, in force since 1 December 2009, requires the EU to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Article 6 of the consolidated
4102:
4023:
4007:
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3968:
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3831:
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2416:
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2531:
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1976:
1849:
1745:
1047:
1005:
697:
4267:
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3927:
3896:
3871:
3846:
3841:
3745:
3730:
3725:
325:
4605:
4513:
4464:
4441:
4368:
4189:
3079:
2441:
2181:
2176:
1913:
1430:
1384:
1354:
1295:
1187:
1094:
1039:
100:
provides two-thirds majority support, and that the agreement is ratified by the parliaments of the
Council of Europe's member states.
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3790:
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288:
4915:
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3715:
3499:
3415:
3219:
3144:
2186:
1942:
1883:
1802:
1689:
1633:
1477:
1165:
687:
170:
In practice, this means that the Court of
Justice weaves the Convention principles throughout its reasoning. For example, in the
4741:
4690:
4383:
4378:
3350:
3179:
3094:
2846:
2812:
2526:
2431:
2411:
2149:
1374:
1349:
1337:
969:
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584:
4956:
3295:
4867:
4722:
4449:
4373:
3275:
3054:
2802:
2754:
2719:
2541:
2456:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2335:
2325:
2303:
2203:
2017:
1908:
1903:
1844:
1761:
1603:
998:
634:
164:
73:. Such accession shall not affect the Union's competences as defined in the Treaties." The EU would thus be subject to its
208:
After this deadlock, some Italian senators have put forward a new proposal, based on the partial merger of the two Courts.
4682:
4454:
4393:
4358:
3534:
3385:
3360:
3249:
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2618:
2551:
2521:
2384:
2357:
2198:
1925:
1859:
1812:
1712:
1501:
1494:
1030:
639:
525:
4338:
3430:
3239:
3199:
3194:
3049:
2379:
2266:
2225:
1937:
1717:
1202:
234:
77:
and external monitoring as its member states currently are. It is further proposed that the EU join as a member of the
5001:
4403:
3445:
3189:
3169:
2824:
2546:
2451:
2298:
2230:
1888:
1192:
1147:
4841:
3605:
3600:
3234:
3074:
2936:
2829:
2256:
2092:
1854:
1658:
577:
263:
4282:
3440:
3435:
3355:
3184:
3164:
3149:
2841:
2702:
2511:
2133:
1947:
1650:
1598:
1407:
1313:
1245:
126:
93:
4209:
3224:
3204:
2164:
1702:
1697:
1489:
1102:
66:
4328:
4772:
4752:
4731:
4648:
4495:
3375:
2981:
2627:
2406:
2293:
447:
338:
289:"Draft treaty modifying the treaty on the European Union and the treaty establishing the European community"
4363:
3579:
3504:
2996:
2946:
2872:
2516:
2362:
2251:
2220:
2154:
2097:
1528:
1107:
707:
4952:
4821:
3623:
3494:
3400:
3290:
3001:
2971:
2966:
2951:
2632:
2237:
2057:
1623:
1179:
979:
4222:†= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.
96:(ECJ) provides an opinion, subsequently that the EU member states provide unanimous support, that the
3345:
3214:
2921:
2909:
2851:
2820:
2436:
2102:
2042:
2032:
1898:
1834:
1722:
1265:
1117:
155:, ECJ noted that to do so would give an external body the power to review the application of EU law.
4943:
4846:
4793:
4343:
3474:
3209:
3039:
2931:
2782:
2772:
2744:
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2426:
2367:
2286:
2077:
2062:
1573:
1553:
1447:
1318:
777:
259:
148:
97:
4921:
4398:
3519:
3330:
3315:
3229:
3121:
3044:
2991:
2976:
2683:
2446:
2047:
1826:
1740:
1152:
408:
240:
Legislative train schedule: Completion of EU accession to the European Convention on Human Rights
118:
4629:
Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability
4931:
3159:
3100:
3059:
2961:
2877:
2777:
1379:
974:
752:
654:
600:
396:
386:
151:, the Court of Justice gave its opinion on the European Union's accession to the ECHR. Among
130:
82:
78:
448:"European Union accession to the European Convention on Human Rights - Questions and Answers"
235:
EU Law Analysis: Negotiations for EU accession to the ECHR relaunched - overview and analysis
4926:
4643:
4348:
3370:
2792:
2374:
2052:
1536:
1303:
129:
rules on EU law while the ECtHR rules on the ECHR, which covers the 46 member states of the
122:
74:
62:
3245:
Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation
4243:
3639:
3174:
3084:
3013:
2986:
2956:
2729:
2082:
832:
345:
193:
3261:
Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
299:
40:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
4609:
3154:
3089:
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1021:
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902:
727:
659:
467:
58:
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4700:
4553:
4503:
3529:
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2767:
2128:
943:
792:
3683:
3549:
3509:
3018:
1615:
197:
152:
142:
105:
264:"Council of Europe – European Union: "A sole ambition for the European continent""
3574:
1546:
1439:
887:
827:
295:
71:
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
3628:
2037:
1638:
857:
822:
802:
383:
The accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights
4677:
Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (
400:
4333:
2505:
1585:
1516:
797:
200:, even when they were just complying with a mandatory provision of EU law.
990:
117:
The relationship between the ECJ and the ECtHR is potentially an issue in
2215:
2072:
1957:
923:
872:
867:
847:
712:
3465:
2914:
1981:
897:
852:
812:
772:
767:
757:
742:
737:
732:
717:
702:
692:
682:
677:
183:
1323:
938:
928:
918:
892:
882:
862:
842:
837:
817:
787:
747:
722:
569:
339:
European Convention on Human Rights: Accession of the European Union
3525:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
933:
877:
807:
782:
182:
4486:
Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development
3271:
Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
3336:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
1962:
4578:
4429:
4241:
3681:
3643:
2647:
994:
573:
20:
3540:
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA
3291:
Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
3406:
European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products
3296:
Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely
513:
Baumbast and R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
470:, The European Union and Its Court of Justice 339-40 (2006)
196:
liable for human rights' violations committed within their
147:
On 18 December 2014 and in response to a reference by the
2140:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
4634:
Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
526:"Legislatura 17 Atto di Sindacato Ispettivo n° 1-00383"
192:
However, the ECHR has been prepared to hold individual
3107:
European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances
1130:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
3266:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
1188:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
4908:
4882:
4860:
4834:
4812:
4791:
4783:
Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management
4750:
4720:
4666:
4657:
4616:
4541:
4473:
4440:
4316:
4255:
4177:
4161:
4130:
3951:
3824:
3759:
3708:
3593:
3454:
3426:
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
3135:
3032:
2896:
2860:
2811:
2753:
2690:
2564:
2491:
2346:
2111:
2025:
2016:
1924:
1825:
1793:
1770:
1754:
1731:
1678:
1649:
1614:
1584:
1527:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1336:
1294:
1236:
1220:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
1201:
1178:
1135:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
1116:
1093:
1086:
1038:
1029:
957:
911:
668:
607:
218:
European Union and the International Criminal Court
4804:Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space
3560:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland
3256:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
1211:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
360:"Breakthrough in EU bid to join Council of Europe"
179:Jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights
4481:Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department
3286:Directive on the energy performance of buildings
3570:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt
2584:Largest cities by population within city limits
103:However, a few months later, the ECJ declared (
4324:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
431:European Court of Justice (18 December 2014).
426:
424:
4590:
3655:
3555:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA
3381:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
2659:
1193:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
1148:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
1006:
585:
553:
8:
3391:Directive on services in the internal market
3341:Directive on the legal protection of designs
1166:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
113:Relationship between the two European courts
4895:Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service
3702:Economic relationships with third countries
3470:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College
3321:Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
3240:Directive 2000/43/EC on Anti-discrimination
3215:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)
4987:Council of Europe–European Union relations
4707:Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
4663:
4597:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4437:
4426:
4354:Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly
4252:
4238:
3692:
3678:
3662:
3648:
3640:
3346:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive
2666:
2652:
2644:
2497:
2022:
1930:
1867:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
1435:
1426:
1342:
1122:
1090:
1035:
1013:
999:
991:
592:
578:
570:
413:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
650:Commission against Racism and Intolerance
4687:Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
4679:Military Planning and Conduct Capability
3326:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
3311:European units of measurement directives
3200:Copyright Duration Directive (93/98/EEC)
3070:Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011
2321:European Structural and Investment Funds
2243:European System of Financial Supervision
1108:Western European Union (1954–2011)
645:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
433:"OPINION 2/13 OF THE COURT (Full Court)"
137:Opinion of the European Court of Justice
4549:Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
4509:Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee
3671:Foreign relations of the European Union
3490:ChacĂłn Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA
2684:Judiciary and law of the European Union
251:
4992:Court of Justice of the European Union
4763:Committee of Permanent Representatives
4389:EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative
3205:Copyright Term Directive (2006/116/EC)
3112:Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006
3065:Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94
2698:Court of Justice of the European Union
1785:European Economic and Social Committee
1594:Court of Justice of the European Union
1118:European Communities (1967–2009)
406:
324:Council of Europe (19 February 2010).
69:states "The Union shall accede to the
4409:Stabilisation and Association Process
4185:Overseas territories of member states
3421:Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
3411:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
3127:Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation
3045:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1348/2000
3040:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001
2422:Stabilisation and Association Process
2119:Area of freedom, security and justice
7:
3611:Accountability in the European Union
2417:European Union Association Agreement
1153:European Community (1993–2009)
3396:Temporary and Agency Work Directive
2883:Commission and Council acting alone
1746:European Data Protection Supervisor
1048:Ideas of European unity before 1948
479:Treaty on European Union, OJ C 191
4639:Chairman of the Military Committee
4606:Common Security and Defence Policy
4514:Foreign Policy Instruments Service
4369:Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
2442:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
2182:Common Security and Defence Policy
2177:Common Foreign and Security Policy
81:now that it has attained a single
14:
4697:Intelligence and Situation Centre
4079:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
3306:European SEA Directive 2001/42/EC
3301:Environmental liability directive
2211:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
1808:European Union Military Committee
1780:European Committee of the Regions
980:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
16:Plan for EU accession to the ECHR
4916:Permanent Structured Cooperation
4768:Political and Security Committee
3220:Dangerous Preparations Directive
3145:Good Clinical Practice Directive
2676:
2187:Permanent Structured Cooperation
1803:Political and Security Committee
1690:European Atomic Energy Community
503:, joined Cases 46/87 and 227/88
358:Gardner, Andrew (5 April 2013).
25:
4691:Joint Support Coordination Cell
4384:Economic Partnership Agreements
3351:Measuring Instruments Directive
3180:Capital Requirements Directives
3095:Regulation on Community designs
2589:National parties by affiliation
2432:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
2412:Economic Partnership Agreements
1103:Western Union (1948–1954)
4997:European Court of Human Rights
4737:Institute for Security Studies
4712:Security & Defence College
4374:Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
3565:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
3276:End of Life Vehicles Directive
2868:Ordinary legislative procedure
2594:Presidents of the institutions
2390:European Higher Education Area
1968:International status and usage
1762:Agencies of the European Union
1495:European political foundations
298:. 24 July 2007. Archived from
165:European Court of Human Rights
1:
4873:Secure Software-defined Radio
4359:European Common Aviation Area
3535:Microsoft Corp. v. Commission
3386:Satellite and Cable Directive
3250:Information Society Directive
3080:Regulation on roaming charges
2798:Charter of Fundamental Rights
2385:European Common Aviation Area
1840:Charter of Fundamental Rights
1813:European Union Military Staff
1713:European University Institute
1502:Council of the European Union
640:Commissioner for Human Rights
3431:Waste Incineration Directive
3366:Pressure Equipment Directive
3195:Conditional Access Directive
3050:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
2987:Principle of legal certainty
2380:European Political Community
2226:European Banking Supervision
1718:European Stability Mechanism
561:, in Mondoperaio, March 2015
4465:Security and Defence Policy
4442:Foreign and Security Policy
4431:Administration and policies
3416:Universal Service Directive
3252:(first Copyright directive)
3190:Computer Programs Directive
3170:Biocidal Products Directive
3055:Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
2452:Union for the Mediterranean
2231:Single Resolution Mechanism
2170:Vehicle registration plates
2124:Migration and asylum policy
2103:Potential superpower status
5018:
3606:European Anti-Fraud Office
3075:Customs Regulation 3295/94
2937:European Enforcement Order
2395:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
2093:Differentiated integration
1659:European Court of Auditors
1490:European political parties
965:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)
204:Ideas to resolve the issue
140:
4868:Galileo navigation system
4574:
4570:
4436:
4425:
4251:
4246:relations and initiatives
4237:
4218:
3695:
3691:
3677:
3619:
3441:Water Framework Directive
3436:Waste framework directive
3356:Medical Devices Directive
3185:Clinical Trials Directive
3165:Best available technology
3150:Data Protection Directive
2703:European Court of Justice
2612:
2512:House of European History
2500:
2134:European Judicial Network
2004:Health expense per person
1933:
1651:Supreme audit institution
1345:
1161:
1143:
1125:
554:
94:European Court of Justice
34:This article needs to be
4210:European Union Sanctions
4195:Largest trading partners
3361:Posted Workers Directive
3225:Data Retention Directive
1703:European Investment Fund
1698:European Investment Bank
230:EU accession to the ECHR
67:Treaty on European Union
4773:Politico-Military Group
4669:External Action Service
4649:Foreign Affairs Council
4533:Special Representatives
4496:Foreign Affairs Council
4491:External Action Service
3376:Resale Rights Directive
2982:Precautionary principle
2888:Commission acting alone
2407:European Peace Facility
1634:System of Central Banks
975:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)
625:Parliamentary Assembly
620:Committee of Ministers
167:in everything they do.
4364:European Economic Area
4200:Association Agreements
4109:Accession negotiations
4095:Accession negotiations
4030:Accession negotiations
4000:Accession negotiations
3984:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3580:Van Duyn v Home Office
3505:Coleman v Attridge Law
3446:Working Time Directive
2997:Principle of conferral
2873:Consultation procedure
2735:Relationship with ECHR
2725:Civil Service Tribunal
2517:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
2363:European Economic Area
2221:European banking union
2098:Privileged partnership
1953:Government procurement
708:Bosnia and Herzegovina
188:
187:The ECHR in Strasbourg
85:in the Lisbon Treaty.
4953:Berlin Plus agreement
4900:Monitor mission medal
4205:Free trade agreements
3624:European Union portal
3401:Trade Marks Directive
2972:Maximum harmonisation
2967:Minimum harmonisation
2952:Home state regulation
2462:Free trade agreements
2304:Health Insurance Card
2238:Capital Markets Union
2088:Democratic legitimacy
2058:Optimum currency area
1879:Legislative procedure
1624:European Central Bank
635:Court of Human Rights
491:, Case 4/73 ECR 491.
186:
4518:Diplomatic missions
4455:Neighbourhood Policy
4394:Neighbourhood Policy
4190:European microstates
2922:Direct applicability
2910:Acquis communautaire
2852:Digital Services Act
2574:Books on the subject
2437:EU Gateway Programme
2400:EU/ESA Space Council
2358:Neighbourhood Policy
2316:Regional development
2282:Environmental policy
2272:Educational policies
2199:Neighbourhood Policy
2043:Intergovernmentalism
2033:European integration
1948:Community preference
1899:Enhanced cooperation
1884:Citizens' Initiative
1723:Unified Patent Court
1574:Directorates-General
1365:Environmental issues
557:Sanzioni ed elusioni
501:Hoescht v Commission
381:Gragl, Paul (2013).
344:16 July 2014 at the
260:Juncker, Jean-Claude
4944:Kortenberg building
4938:Intelligence School
4847:Everything but Arms
4794:European Commission
4755:preparatory bodies
4624:High Representative
4501:High Representative
4404:Mediterranean Union
4344:Eastern Partnership
4329:Asia–Europe Meeting
3475:Apostolides v Orams
3210:Cosmetics Directive
2932:European labour law
2835:Framework Directive
2773:Single European Act
2745:European civil code
2599:Terrorist incidents
2427:Eastern Partnership
2368:EEA Joint Committee
2287:European Green Deal
2257:Agricultural policy
2063:Supranational union
1554:European Commission
1512:General Secretariat
1448:European Parliament
1403:Special territories
1203:Financial stability
555:Giampiero Buonomo,
446:Council of Europe.
348:, Council of Europe
269:. Council of Europe
149:European Commission
98:European Parliament
5002:European Union law
4922:Headline Goal 2010
4778:Military Committee
4399:Northern Dimension
3331:Landfill Directive
3316:Habitats Directive
3230:Database Directive
3122:Rome II Regulation
2977:Preliminary ruling
2447:Northern Dimension
2194:Enlargement Policy
2136:(criminal matters)
2048:Multi-speed Europe
1741:European Ombudsman
1397:(first-level NUTS)
1380:Larger urban zones
970:Russia (1996–2022)
189:
119:European Union law
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4957:Joint Declaration
4932:Military Mobility
4842:Security Strategy
4830:
4829:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4273:Council of Europe
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4111:
4097:
4032:
4002:
3775:
3637:
3636:
3601:Court of Auditors
3160:Battery Directive
3101:Societas Europaea
3060:EU-Eco-regulation
2962:Incidental effect
2878:Consent procedure
2778:Maastricht Treaty
2740:Public Prosecutor
2713:Advocates General
2641:
2640:
2560:
2559:
2547:Telephone numbers
2487:
2486:
2262:Cultural policies
2012:
2011:
1999:Unemployment rate
1821:
1820:
1681:international-law
1674:
1673:
1664:Secretary-General
1416:
1415:
1375:Geographic centre
1332:
1331:
1232:
1231:
1174:
1173:
988:
987:
655:Venice Commission
615:Secretary General
601:Council of Europe
489:Nold v Commission
392:978-1-84946-460-4
370:on 25 April 2013.
131:Council of Europe
83:legal personality
79:Council of Europe
55:
54:
5009:
4927:Military Erasmus
4742:Satellite Centre
4664:
4644:European Council
4599:
4592:
4585:
4576:
4572:
4438:
4427:
4349:Energy Community
4253:
4239:
4153:Papua New Guinea
4107:
4093:
4028:
3998:
3771:
3693:
3679:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3641:
3585:Van Gend en Loos
3371:Rental Directive
2783:Amsterdam Treaty
2682:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2621:
2498:
2375:Energy Community
2294:Fisheries policy
2053:Neofunctionalism
2023:
1931:
1873:Official Journal
1860:Citizens' Rights
1599:Court of Justice
1537:European Council
1485:Political groups
1436:
1427:
1398:
1343:
1123:
1091:
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366:. Archived from
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314:
312:
310:
305:on 8 August 2007
304:
293:
285:
279:
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194:EU member states
123:human rights law
75:human rights law
63:Treaty of Lisbon
50:
47:
41:
29:
28:
21:
5017:
5016:
5012:
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5010:
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4856:
4826:
4808:
4787:
4746:
4716:
4653:
4612:
4603:
4558:
4537:
4469:
4450:Global Strategy
4432:
4413:
4312:
4247:
4225:
4214:
4173:
4157:
4126:
4053:Northern Cyprus
4048:North Macedonia
3947:
3820:
3755:
3704:
3687:
3673:
3668:
3638:
3633:
3615:
3589:
3485:Cassis de Dijon
3450:
3175:Birds Directive
3131:
3085:Brussels Regime
3028:
3014:State liability
3002:Proportionality
2957:Indirect effect
2903:
2901:
2892:
2856:
2807:
2749:
2730:European lawyer
2686:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2642:
2637:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2556:
2537:Public holidays
2483:
2457:Global Strategy
2349:
2342:
2311:Labour mobility
2204:Global Strategy
2165:Driving licence
2107:
2083:Pro-Europeanism
2008:
1920:
1845:Competition law
1817:
1795:
1789:
1772:
1766:
1750:
1733:
1727:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1645:
1610:
1580:
1564:Vice-Presidents
1523:
1458:Vice-Presidents
1412:
1396:
1390:Protected areas
1360:External border
1328:
1290:
1228:
1197:
1170:
1157:
1139:
1112:
1082:
1073:1993–2004
1068:1973–1993
1063:1958–1972
1058:1948–1957
1025:
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989:
984:
953:
907:
833:North Macedonia
664:
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4683:Military Staff
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4474:Administration
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4117:United Kingdom
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3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Database right
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:ATEX directive
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3097:
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3090:CLP Regulation
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
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3027:
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3021:
3016:
3011:
3008:Staatenverbund
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
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2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2847:Recommendation
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
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2780:
2775:
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2765:
2759:
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2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
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2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Laissez-passer
2519:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2472:Current agenda
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:Sport policies
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Federalisation
2075:
2070:
2068:Euroscepticism
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
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1590:
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1509:
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1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:Constituencies
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
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1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Extreme points
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
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1321:
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1199:
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1184:
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1994:Average wage
1989:Minimum wage
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1431:Institutions
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1087:Predecessors
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3918:Philippines
3902:North Korea
3575:Tanja Kreil
3462:ECJ Rulings
3033:Regulations
2788:Nice Treaty
2763:Rome Treaty
2604:Urban areas
2467:Enlargement
2145:Citizenship
1894:LGBT rights
1732:Independent
1547:Euro summit
1463:Secretariat
1440:Legislature
1296:Withdrawals
888:Switzerland
828:Netherlands
296:Open Europe
4981:Categories
4617:Leadership
4169:Yugoslavia
4143:Micronesia
4069:San Marino
4043:Montenegro
3974:Azerbaijan
3882:Kazakhstan
3837:Bangladesh
3721:Cape Verde
3629:Law portal
3520:Francovich
3515:Factortame
3137:Directives
2899:Principles
2861:Procedures
2825:Regulation
2579:Directives
2477:Statistics
2299:Healthcare
2038:Eurosphere
1943:Currencies
1914:Withdrawal
1889:Regulation
1694:EIB Group
1639:Eurosystem
1507:Presidency
1468:Committees
1408:Statistics
1078:Since 2004
858:San Marino
823:Montenegro
803:Luxembourg
698:Azerbaijan
515:ECR I-7091
385:. Oxford.
246:References
4861:Equipment
4659:Structure
4528:to the EU
4520:of the EU
4334:CARIFORUM
4138:Australia
3912:Palestine
3852:Indonesia
3796:Greenland
3767:Argentina
3686:relations
3684:Bilateral
3024:Supremacy
2992:Recasting
2902:and terms
2830:Directive
2691:Judiciary
2527:Languages
2506:Douzelage
2350:relations
2150:passports
2073:Euromyths
1977:Transport
1855:Directive
1683:EU bodies
1629:President
1586:Judiciary
1559:President
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1529:Executive
1517:Eurogroup
1473:Elections
1453:President
1350:Geography
1338:Geography
912:Observers
798:Lithuania
409:cite book
401:825749404
46:June 2021
4835:Policies
4723:Agencies
4379:Euronest
4298:Mercosur
3907:Pakistan
3892:Malaysia
3760:Americas
3698:See also
2842:Decision
2803:Opt-outs
2755:Treaties
2628:Category
2542:Religion
2348:Foreign
2336:VAT Area
2216:Eurozone
2112:Policies
2026:Concepts
2018:Politics
1958:Eurozone
1909:opt-outs
1904:Treaties
1794:Military
1771:Advisory
1755:Agencies
1395:Regions
1053:Founders
1040:Timeline
924:Holy See
873:Slovenia
868:Slovakia
848:Portugal
713:Bulgaria
630:Congress
342:Archived
309:5 August
273:5 August
262:(2006).
212:See also
172:Baumbast
61:'s (EU)
4940:(PESCO)
4934:(PESCO)
4918:(PESCO)
4909:Related
4875:(PESCO)
4814:Funding
4753:Council
4608:of the
4542:Funding
4178:General
4131:Oceania
4103:Ukraine
4024:Moldova
4008:Iceland
3994:Georgia
3979:Belarus
3969:Armenia
3964:Andorra
3959:Albania
3938:Vietnam
3887:Lebanon
3832:Bahrain
3816:Uruguay
3751:Tunisia
3736:Morocco
3716:Algeria
3550:Nordsee
3466:Caselex
2915:EUR-Lex
2708:members
2619:Outline
2552:Symbols
2493:Culture
1982:TRACECA
1926:Economy
1734:offices
1031:History
898:Ukraine
853:Romania
813:Moldova
778:Ireland
773:Iceland
768:Hungary
758:Germany
753:Georgia
743:Finland
738:Estonia
733:Denmark
718:Croatia
703:Belgium
693:Austria
688:Armenia
683:Andorra
678:Albania
670:Members
535:19 June
453:11 June
36:updated
4796:bodies
4162:Former
4089:Turkey
4074:Serbia
4064:Russia
4059:Norway
4038:Monaco
4013:Kosovo
3952:Europe
3933:Taiwan
3877:Jordan
3867:Israel
3801:Mexico
3786:Canada
3781:Brazil
3709:Africa
3545:Metock
3530:Kolpak
3480:Bosman
2821:Acquis
2633:Portal
1938:Budget
1835:Acquis
1796:bodies
1773:bodies
1422:Bodies
939:Mexico
929:Israel
919:Canada
893:Turkey
883:Sweden
863:Serbia
843:Poland
838:Norway
818:Monaco
788:Latvia
763:Greece
748:France
723:Cyprus
399:
389:
125:. The
4268:ASEAN
3943:Yemen
3928:Syria
3897:Nepal
3872:Japan
3847:India
3842:China
3773:trade
3746:Sudan
3731:Libya
3726:Egypt
3594:Fraud
3455:Cases
3117:REACH
2566:Lists
1679:Other
934:Japan
878:Spain
808:Malta
783:Italy
303:(PDF)
292:(PDF)
267:(PDF)
4526:) /
4303:NATO
4278:ECHR
3862:Iraq
3857:Iran
3825:Asia
3806:Peru
3791:Cuba
3495:Chen
2813:Acts
2159:list
1963:Euro
1324:2020
1319:2012
1314:1985
1309:1984
1304:1962
1286:2013
1281:2007
1276:2004
1271:1995
1266:1990
1261:1986
1256:1981
1251:1973
1246:1954
1222:2012
1213:2012
537:2019
455:2021
415:link
397:OCLC
387:ISBN
311:2008
275:2008
121:and
57:The
4293:IOC
4288:ICC
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127:ECJ
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