42:
806:
of businesses in the
European Union through a process of harmonising the basic laws. The object is that when laws are harmonised, business will not be deterred by different or more onerous laws, but at the same time harmonisation provides a basic level of protection for investors in each member
1631:
First
Company Law Directive 68/151/EEC, on co-ordination of safeguards (...) for the protection of the interests of members and others, repealed by 2009/101/EC. This concerns company registrations, transactional validity, the effect of ultra vires transactions, or transactions by improperly
801:
There have been, since the
European Community was founded in 1957, a series of directives creating minimum standards for business across the European Union. A central aim restated in each Directive is to reduce the barriers to
1315:
3532:
3537:
1339:
1331:
2952:
1737:
Merger Tax
Directive 90/434/EEC, on the common system of taxation applicable to mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States, repealed by
3542:
2351:
1836:
3220:
2947:
1857:
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2460:
1638:
Eleventh
Company Law Directive 89/666/EEC, on disclosure requirements in respect of branches opened in a Member State by certain types of company governed by the law of another State
3259:
3107:
2257:
2937:
2016:
2011:
2006:
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1961:
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1996:
1954:
860:
278:
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3130:
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2043:
1988:
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66:
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1979:
994:
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248:
182:
3328:
3215:
3174:
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2151:
1691:
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2141:
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1459:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
3113:
2651:
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2438:
2051:
1934:
1770:
Eighth
Company Law Directive 84/253/EEC, on the approval of persons responsible for carrying out the statutory
972:
803:
734:
559:
426:
101:
61:
1093:
3576:
3355:
3242:
1641:
Twelfth
Company Law Directive 89/667/EEC, on single-member private limited-liability companies, repealed by
1054:
750:
268:
189:
3465:
3311:
3200:
3169:
3103:
3046:
2477:
2056:
1788:
1751:
Fourth
Company Law Directive 78/660/EEC, on accounting standards, repealed by the EU Accounting Directive
1615:
1598:
1560:
1277:
1126:
1103:
808:
792:
699:
581:
355:
228:
142:
107:
71:
25:
1648:
1552:
3581:
3186:
3006:
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2128:
1765:
1752:
824:
Except for the EEIG which is an unlimited partnership, all of the following types have full EU/EEA-wide
524:
56:
1633:
1071:
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2214:
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1353:
649:
586:
3547:
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3316:
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3026:
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2502:
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378:
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177:
172:
162:
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2775:
2689:
2101:
1821:
1537:
730:
544:
464:
437:
117:
112:
81:
769:
continue to operate separate companies acts, which are amended from time to time to comply with
2328:
880:
779:
604:
474:
362:
237:
199:
194:
3323:
3001:
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1826:
1679:
825:
682:
669:
614:
514:
1929:
3031:
1861:
1670:
654:
609:
332:
157:
1669:, on the structure of public companies, shareholder rights to determine director pay and
3016:
1970:
1919:
P Dyrberg, 'Full Free
Movement of Companies in the European Community at Last' ELR 528
1811:
754:
3596:
3077:
1758:
770:
534:
416:
383:
33:
1721:
Sixth
Company Law Directive 82/891/EEC, on division of public companies, amended by
2564:
1357:
494:
484:
1663:
2007/36/EC, on the exercise of certain rights of shareholders in listed companies
1649:
on cross-border transfer of the registered offices of limited liability companies
1130:
2495:
2388:
1271:
758:
746:
742:
630:
167:
152:
147:
2986:
2587:
738:
687:
453:
403:
3454:
2534:
2465:
762:
1005:
defined already in 2007, but a legal form in its own right only since 2014
983:
defined already in 2003, but a legal form in its own right only since 2014
1939:
3164:
3021:
2906:
659:
2930:
777:. There is, however, also the option of businesses to incorporate as a
137:
1361:
1316:
Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano
2272:
1775:
1771:
1728:
1712:
1611:
1302:
41:
1340:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
783:(SE), which allows a company to operate across all member states.
2911:
1168:
872:
761:
as such, although a host of minimum standards are applicable to
1943:
1365:
1332:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction Company Baumanagement GmbH
1134:
300:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
1774:
of accounting document, repealed by 2006/43/EC, on statutory
1734:
Thirteenth Company Law Directive 2004/25/EC, on takeover bids
1916:
M Andenas, 'Free Movement of Companies' (2003) 119 LQR 221
3089:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
1727:
Tenth Company Law Directive 2005/56/EC, on cross-border
2079:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
1837:
Swiss referendum "against corporate Rip-offs" of 2013
1698:, updated by 2006/68/EC and 2009/109/EC, repealed by
2137:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
1694:
77/91/EEC, on formation of public companies and the
3513:
3440:
3295:
3060:
2974:
2965:
2873:
2774:
2742:
2719:
2703:
2680:
2627:
2598:
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2369:
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2185:
2169:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
2150:
2127:
2084:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
2065:
2042:
2035:
1987:
1978:
1715:of public limited liability companies, repealed by
1632:incorporated businesses. Now replaced by Directive
2160:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
1897:Europäisches Unternehmens- und Kapitalmarktrecht
3533:Largest cities by population within city limits
1181:R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v Treasury
308:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
2142:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
2097:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
1955:
1757:Seventh Company Law Directive 83/349/EEC, on
1377:
1146:
707:
8:
2115:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
1778:of annual accounts and consolidated accounts
1209:Centros Ltd v Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen
931:European grouping of territorial cooperation
1711:Third Company Law Directive 78/855/EEC, on
952:European Research Infrastructure Consortium
3446:
2971:
2879:
2816:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
2384:
2375:
2291:
2071:
2039:
1984:
1962:
1948:
1940:
1935:EU list of company law directives in force
1797:Transparency of Listed Companies Directive
1764:, repealed by the EU Accounting Directive
1574:Transparency of Listed Companies Directive
1384:
1370:
1362:
1324:Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen
1195:Gebhard v Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano
1153:
1139:
1131:
1015:
830:
714:
700:
224:
20:
1223:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH
3270:European Structural and Investment Funds
3192:European System of Financial Supervision
2057:Western European Union (1954–2011)
1647:Draft Fourteenth Company Law Directive,
1847:
445:
370:
289:
227:
32:
2734:European Economic and Social Committee
2543:Court of Justice of the European Union
2067:European Communities (1967–2009)
1930:EU internal market page on company law
1550:Draft Fourteenth Company Law Directive
1236:Kamer van Koophandel v Inspire Art Ltd
409:Limited liability limited partnership
324:Industrial and provident society
3371:Stabilisation and Association Process
3068:Area of freedom, security and justice
1696:maintenance and alteration of capital
807:state, none of which are forced into
506:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
7:
3366:European Union Association Agreement
2102:European Community (1993–2009)
2695:European Data Protection Supervisor
1997:Ideas of European unity before 1948
861:European economic interest grouping
765:throughout the European Union. All
757:. There is no substantive European
3391:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
3131:Common Security and Defence Policy
3126:Common Foreign and Security Policy
14:
3160:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
2757:European Union Military Committee
2729:European Committee of the Regions
1676:Draft Ninth Company Law Directive
1667:Draft Fifth Company Law Directive
1493:Draft Ninth Company Law Directive
1448:Draft Fifth Company Law Directive
1348:Harmonised fields of national law
1248:Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt
3136:Permanent Structured Cooperation
2752:Political and Security Committee
2639:European Atomic Energy Community
551:Société à responsabilité limitée
40:
3538:National parties by affiliation
3381:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
3361:Economic Partnership Agreements
2052:Western Union (1948–1954)
1895:Lutter, M/Bayer, W/Schmidt, J,
1890:Europäisches Gesellschaftsrecht
1855:Societas Europaea registrations
846:Number of registrations (2014)
3543:Presidents of the institutions
3339:European Higher Education Area
2917:International status and usage
2711:Agencies of the European Union
2444:European political foundations
1902:Jung, S/Krebs, P/Stiegler, S,
1731:of limited liability companies
1514:Eleventh Company Law Directive
1161:Freedom of establishment cases
1:
3334:European Common Aviation Area
2789:Charter of Fundamental Rights
2762:European Union Military Staff
2662:European University Institute
2451:Council of the European Union
1526:Twelfth Company Law Directive
1469:Seventh Company Law Directive
995:European political foundation
904:Societas cooperativa Europaea
797:History of the European Union
3603:European Union corporate law
3329:European Political Community
3175:European Banking Supervision
2667:European Stability Mechanism
1904:Gesellschaftsrecht in Europa
1692:Second Company Law Directive
1661:Shareholder Rights Directive
1587:Shareholder Rights Directive
1481:Eighth Company Law Directive
1436:Fourth Company Law Directive
1412:Second Company Law Directive
912:European cooperative society
843:Established as a legal form
433:Massachusetts business trust
3401:Union for the Mediterranean
3180:Single Resolution Mechanism
3119:Vehicle registration plates
3073:Migration and asylum policy
3052:Potential superpower status
1817:European Union shipping law
1502:Tenth Company Law Directive
1457:Sixth Company Law Directive
1424:Third Company Law Directive
1400:First Company Law Directive
727:European organisational law
620:Piercing the corporate veil
316:Community interest company
291:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
279:Economic interest grouping
3619:
3344:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
3042:Differentiated integration
2608:European Court of Auditors
2439:European political parties
1351:
1290:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
1124:
1048:foreseen alternative: SUP
790:
389:Limited liability company
3561:
3461:House of European History
3449:
3083:European Judicial Network
2953:Health expense per person
2882:
2600:Supreme audit institution
2294:
2110:
2092:
2074:
1888:M Habersack and D Verse,
1832:List of company registers
1608:
1596:
1584:
1570:
1558:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1490:
1478:
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1433:
1421:
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1397:
1298:
1286:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1218:
1204:
1190:
1176:
1166:
1035:Societas privata Europaea
600:Internal affairs doctrine
595:and estoppel corporations
2652:European Investment Fund
2647:European Investment Bank
1706:Mergers and acquisitions
1626:Formations and civil law
1043:European private company
973:European political party
804:freedom of establishment
24:This article is part of
3356:European Peace Facility
2583:System of Central Banks
1860:16 October 2018 at the
1094:European mutual society
1055:Societas unius personae
270:Societas unius personae
132:General corporate forms
3466:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
3312:European Economic Area
3170:European banking union
3047:Privileged partnership
2902:Government procurement
1789:Market Abuse Directive
1616:European corporate law
1561:Market Abuse Directive
1343:ECR I-10155 (C-167/01)
1278:ITWF v Viking Line ABP
1127:Regulatory competition
809:regulatory competition
793:History of company law
582:Business judgment rule
3411:Free trade agreements
3253:Health Insurance Card
3187:Capital Markets Union
3037:Democratic legitimacy
3007:Optimum currency area
2828:Legislative procedure
2573:European Central Bank
1327:ECR I-1459 (C-212/97)
826:juridical personality
733:, which concerns the
526:Naamloze vennootschap
516:Kabushiki gaisha
333:Limited company
3523:Books on the subject
3386:EU Gateway Programme
3349:EU/ESA Space Council
3307:Neighbourhood Policy
3265:Regional development
3231:Environmental policy
3221:Educational policies
3148:Neighbourhood Policy
2992:Intergovernmentalism
2982:European integration
2897:Community preference
2848:Enhanced cooperation
2833:Citizens' Initiative
2672:Unified Patent Court
2523:Directorates-General
2314:Environmental issues
1883:European Company Law
1864:seeurope-network.org
1746:Accounting and audit
1655:Corporate governance
1599:Merger Tax Directive
1354:Harmonisation of law
1319:ECR I-4165 (C-55/94)
1260:Commission v Germany
1112:European association
1104:Association Europaea
1046:proposal withdrawn,
1025:English translation
840:English translation
650:Beneficial ownership
587:Corporate governance
423:Delaware corporation
250:Societas cooperativa
3548:Terrorist incidents
3376:Eastern Partnership
3317:EEA Joint Committee
3236:European Green Deal
3206:Agricultural policy
3012:Supranational union
2503:European Commission
2461:General Secretariat
2397:European Parliament
2352:Special territories
2152:Financial stability
1686:Capital maintenance
1392:Company law sources
1080:European foundation
1063:Sole proprietorship
665:Corporate registers
625:Rochdale Principles
379:Benefit corporation
205:Sole proprietorship
3396:Northern Dimension
3143:Enlargement Policy
3085:(criminal matters)
2997:Multi-speed Europe
2690:European Ombudsman
2346:(first-level NUTS)
2329:Larger urban zones
1885:(Intersentia 2006)
1822:German company law
1538:Takeover Directive
741:of public bodies,
731:European Union law
466:Aktiengesellschaft
438:Nevada corporation
3590:
3589:
3509:
3508:
3496:Telephone numbers
3436:
3435:
3211:Cultural policies
2961:
2960:
2948:Unemployment rate
2770:
2769:
2630:international-law
2623:
2622:
2613:Secretary-General
2365:
2364:
2324:Geographic centre
2281:
2280:
2181:
2180:
2123:
2122:
1899:(De Gruyter 2017)
1783:Market regulation
1622:
1621:
1310:
1309:
1263:(2007) C-112/2005
1185:(1988) Case 81/87
1121:European treaties
1118:
1117:
1072:Fundatio Europaea
1009:
1008:
881:Societas Europaea
780:Societas Europaea
724:
723:
605:Limited liability
567:
566:
476:Ansvarlig selskap
363:Unlimited company
200:Shelf corporation
195:Shell corporation
183:Limited liability
3610:
3570:
3447:
3324:Energy Community
3243:Fisheries policy
3002:Neofunctionalism
2972:
2880:
2822:Official Journal
2809:Citizens' Rights
2548:Court of Justice
2486:European Council
2434:Political groups
2385:
2376:
2347:
2292:
2072:
2040:
1985:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1865:
1852:
1827:US corporate law
1680:corporate groups
1575:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1224:
1210:
1196:
1182:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1019:Name (in Latin)
1016:
889:European company
868:several thousand
834:Name (in Latin)
831:
737:, operation and
716:
709:
702:
670:Registered agent
615:Drag-along right
555:
540:
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
429:
412:
392:
336:
327:
319:
311:
303:
292:
282:
274:
264:
260:Societas privata
254:
244:
225:
44:
21:
16:Aspect of EU law
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3505:
3486:Public holidays
3432:
3406:Global Strategy
3298:
3291:
3260:Labour mobility
3153:Global Strategy
3114:Driving licence
3056:
3032:Pro-Europeanism
2957:
2869:
2794:Competition law
2766:
2744:
2738:
2721:
2715:
2699:
2682:
2676:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2594:
2559:
2529:
2513:Vice-Presidents
2472:
2407:Vice-Presidents
2361:
2345:
2339:Protected areas
2309:External border
2277:
2239:
2177:
2146:
2119:
2106:
2088:
2061:
2031:
2022:1993–2004
2017:1973–1993
2012:1958–1972
2007:1948–1957
1974:
1968:
1926:
1873:
1868:
1862:Wayback Machine
1853:
1849:
1845:
1808:
1785:
1748:
1708:
1688:
1671:codetermination
1657:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1554:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
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1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1390:
1360:
1352:Main articles:
1350:
1311:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1281:(2007) C-438/05
1264:
1252:
1251:(2008) C-210/06
1240:
1239:(2003) C-167/01
1228:
1227:(2002) C-208/00
1222:
1214:
1213:(1999) C-212/97
1208:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1162:
1159:
1129:
1123:
1047:
1014:
822:
817:
799:
791:Main articles:
789:
720:
675:
674:
655:Civil procedure
645:
637:
636:
610:Tag-along right
577:
569:
568:
553:
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
478:
468:
458:
427:statutory trust
421:
410:
390:
334:
331:
325:
317:
309:
301:
290:
280:
272:
262:
252:
242:
222:
220:by jurisdiction
219:
218:Corporate forms
210:
209:
190:Private limited
158:Holding company
133:
125:
124:
106:
52:
51:By jurisdiction
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3421:Current agenda
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3017:Euroscepticism
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2319:Extreme points
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2044:Defence policy
2037:
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2019:
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3481:Media freedom
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3216:Customs Union
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3201:Single market
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143:Conglomerate
87:South Africa
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3416:Enlargement
3094:Citizenship
2843:LGBT rights
2681:Independent
2496:Euro summit
2412:Secretariat
2389:Legislature
2245:Withdrawals
1800:2004/109/EC
1740:2009/133/EC
1643:2009/102/EC
1602:2009/133/EC
1578:2004/109/EC
1529:2009/102/EC
1403:2009/101/EC
1272:The Rosella
775:Regulations
759:company law
751:foundations
631:Ultra vires
351:proprietary
168:Partnership
163:Joint-stock
153:Corporation
148:Cooperative
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3426:Statistics
3248:Healthcare
2987:Eurosphere
2892:Currencies
2863:Withdrawal
2838:Regulation
2643:EIB Group
2588:Eurosystem
2456:Presidency
2417:Committees
2357:Statistics
2027:Since 2004
1871:References
1766:2013/34/EU
1753:2013/34/EU
1723:2007/63/EC
1717:2011/35/EU
1700:2012/30/EU
1590:2007/36/EC
1541:2004/25/EC
1517:89/666/EEC
1505:2005/56/EC
1484:2006/43/EC
1472:83/349/EEC
1460:82/891/EEC
1439:78/660/EEC
1427:2011/35/EU
1415:2012/30/EU
1335:(C-208/00)
1171:arts 49-55
739:insolvency
688:Law portal
536:Osakeyhtiö
455:Aktiebolag
404:Series LLC
3476:Languages
3455:Douzelage
3299:relations
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3022:Euromyths
2926:Transport
2804:Directive
2632:EU bodies
2578:President
2535:Judiciary
2508:President
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2466:Eurogroup
2422:Elections
2402:President
2299:Geography
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1792:2003/6/EC
1634:2017/1132
1564:2003/6/EC
1293:ECHR 1345
969:Europarty
763:companies
735:formation
576:Doctrines
346:by shares
62:Australia
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3297:Foreign
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3165:Eurozone
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2975:Concepts
2967:Politics
2907:Eurozone
2858:opt-outs
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2743:Military
2720:Advisory
2704:Agencies
2344:Regions
2002:Founders
1989:Timeline
1911:Articles
1858:Archived
1806:See also
1762:accounts
1028:Comment
1022:Abbrev.
1012:Proposed
849:Comment
837:Abbrev.
820:Existing
660:Contract
593:De facto
425: /
239:Societas
57:Anguilla
26:a series
3568:Outline
3501:Symbols
3442:Culture
2931:TRACECA
2875:Economy
2683:offices
1980:History
1729:mergers
1713:mergers
787:History
560:more...
178:Limited
173:General
138:Company
118:Germany
102:Vietnam
3582:Portal
2887:Budget
2784:Acquis
2745:bodies
2722:bodies
2371:Bodies
1776:audits
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1303:EU law
554:(SARL)
529:(N.V.)
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457:
446:Others
411:(LLLP)
356:public
335:(Ltd.)
310:(SCIO)
281:(EEIG)
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113:France
72:Canada
3515:Lists
2628:Other
1876:Books
1843:Notes
1759:group
1678:, on
871:e.g.
815:Types
489:(A/S)
479:(ANS)
391:(LLC)
326:(IPS)
318:(CIC)
302:(CIO)
273:(SUP)
263:(SPE)
253:(SCE)
82:India
3108:list
2912:Euro
2273:2020
2268:2012
2263:1985
2258:1984
2253:1962
2235:2013
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2225:2004
2220:1995
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2205:1981
2200:1973
2195:1954
2171:2012
2162:2012
1614:and
1610:See
1356:and
1300:See
1169:TFEU
999:2014
977:2014
956:2009
948:ERIC
935:2006
927:EGTC
915:2006
895:2423
892:2004
873:ARTE
865:1985
857:EEIG
795:and
773:and
749:and
545:S.A.
539:(Oy)
499:(AS)
469:(AG)
459:(AB)
243:(SE)
2776:Law
1275:or
1087:N/A
1060:SUP
1040:SPE
988:N/A
966:N/A
945:N/A
924:N/A
909:SCE
854:N/A
67:BVI
3599::
1109:AE
1090:ME
1077:FE
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959:22
938:78
886:SE
828:.
811:.
745:,
92:UK
28:on
3110:)
3106:(
2173:)
2164:)
1963:e
1956:t
1949:v
1385:e
1378:t
1371:v
1154:e
1147:t
1140:v
1002:9
715:e
708:t
701:v
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