951:. Unitary effect can be registered for a European patent upon grant, replacing validation of the European patent in the individual countries concerned. The unitary effect means a single renewal fee, a single (group of) owner(s), a single object of property, and uniform protection, which means that revocation as well as infringement proceedings are to be decided for the unitary patent as a whole rather than for each country individually. Licensing is however to remain possible for individual countries.
735:, extraterritorial infringement, infringement outside the term of the patent with economic effect during the term of the patent, infringement of product claims by processes for making or using, exports, assembly of parts into an infringing whole, etc.), the effect of prosecution history on interpretation of the claims, what remedies are available for infringement or bad faith enforcement (injunction, damages, attorney fees, other civil penalties for willful infringement, etc.),
795:, revocation, assignment. UK law is in many ways similar to the European Patent Convention (EPC) (although the EPC deals with very few post-grant activities). UK patents law also applies in the Isle of Man, while in certain dependent territories and crown dependencies, European patents can be registered. In Europe this is the case for Gibraltar (within 5 years of grant), Guernsey (at any time during the patent lifetime) and Jersey (within 3 years of grant).
648:(PCT) and later nationalised in the desired countries or at the EPO. However, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, and Slovenia have "closed their national route" meaning that it is no longer possible to nationalise an international application in those countries directly and protection can only be obtained via the EPO.
591:
563:, but rather to a bundle of essentially independent national European patents enforceable before national courts according to different national legislations and procedures. Similarly, Eurasian patents are granted by the Eurasian Patent Office and become after grant independent national Eurasian patents enforceable before national courts.
799:
Eurasian Patent
Convention), Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina are extension states to the European Patent Convention, which means that European patents granted are deemed to take effect also in these states, if extension is correctly requested; and provided certain translation and publication requirements are met.
705:
provides that, in each member country, the national part of the
European patent has the identical effect as a national patent with the identical claims would have. The European Patent Convention expressly adopts national law for all substantive attributes of a national part of a European patent, with
798:
National patents may be the only available patents in
European states that are neither party to the European Patent Convention nor the Eurasian Patent Convention. This is the case for Andorra and Ukraine (which signed but did not ratify the Eurasian Patent Convention). Moldova (a former party to the
622:
A characteristic of
European patent law as it stands today is that European patents granted by the European Patent Office (EPO), and patents granted by national patent offices are available, and may possibly –if permitted by national law and, if so, to the extent permitted by national law– co-exist
775:
National patents are available in all
European countries, except the Holy See. In some European countries, national patents are substantively examined, while in other countries there is no provision for such examination and patents are thus granted if formal requirements are met, while novelty and
877:
Substantive patent law has been harmonized to a certain extent across national laws in Europe, notably upon signature of the
Strasbourg Convention of 1963 and the European Patent Convention (EPC) of 1973, and upon entry into force of the TRIPs Agreement. In practice however, the interpretation of
2037:
919:
The German patent system is, however, "particularly appealing for a large number of users", notably because it is regarded as relatively quick and affordable. The bifurcation character of the
Germany system "is considered as both a shortcoming in some respects, and as an advantage in others."
693:
before the EPO are available however. The opposition procedure allows any person except for the patent proprietor to oppose a granted
European patent in an attempt to have the EPO revoke or amend the patent. The opposition procedure may only be initiated within nine months of the grant of the
697:
After the unitary
European examination and opposition phase ends, nearly all "unitary" nature of the European patent dissolves, and what remains is a collection of essentially-independent national patents, and ownership, validity and infringement of each being determined independently under
1345:
It can be cheaper to acquire national patent protection in a few selected partial markets in Europe, and may even offer a number of tactical advantages to the patent holder (deferment of examination, variability of patent claims for registration patents, or incontestability by means of
1046:
All EU member states except Italy and Spain, which abstained due to the exclusive use of
English, French, and German languages, and Croatia, which subsequently acceded to the EU, joined the unitary patent regulation. States will only participate in the unitary patent if they ratify the
2022:
517:
938:
system, which would lead to a single unitary patent in the European Union (or its predecessor the European Community), has been debated since the 1970s. In 2012 agreement was reached between all European Union Member States except Italy and Spain on a
1245:- EPC Art. 2(2) "The European patent shall, in each of the Contracting States for which it is granted, have the effect of and be subject to the same conditions as a national patent granted by that State, unless this Convention provides otherwise.";
915:"When validity is challenged, the patentee says his patent is very small: the cat with its fur smoothed down, cuddly and sleepy. But when the patentee goes on the attack, the fur bristles, the cat is twice the size with teeth bared and eyes ablaze."
717:(subject matter, enabling disclosure, and claims beyond the content of the application as filed, protection has been extended or improper proprietor) - though each state is free to interpret the five grounds of Art. 138 under its own national law
886:
validity and infringement of patents are examined by different courts in different procedures (in a so-called "bifurcation system"), in the United Kingdom the same court is in charge of examining validity and infringement actions. According to
762:
Countries may create unitary protection with regards to patents, which means that the effect (including revocation) is equal in all countries concerned. Such unitary protection was effected (both for "national" and European patents) by
753:
Eurasian patents are granted under the Eurasian Patent Convention in a system which is similar to the European Patent Convention: after a unitary grant procedure the patent becomes a national patent in each of the 8 member states.
1963:
1935:
1648:
690:
677:
of the state if the text of the European patent as granted is not in one of their official languages. If the translation is not filed, the European patent is deemed to have no effect from the outset in that state. The
881:
Regarding procedural law, and especially regarding the procedures to examine infringement and validity of patents before national courts, significant differences exist across national laws. For instance, while in
739:, coexistence of an EP national part and a national patent for identical subject matter, ownership and assignment, extensions to patent term for regulatory approval, etc., are expressly remitted to national law.
571:
1901:
895:"... it is desirable to try infringement and validity issues together, where at all possible. If they are tried separately it is all too easy for the patentee to argue for a narrow interpretation of his
1868:
1539:
1641:
62:
2032:
1634:
2073:
1511:"Proposal for a Council regulation: implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the creation of unitary patent protection with regard to the applicable translation arrangements"
686:
776:
inventive step is not evaluated. It can be cheaper and tactically advantageous to apply for a few national patents rather than for a European patent at the European Patent Office.
1741:
1759:
958:
on 11 December 2012. The provisions, i.e. the Unitary Patent Regulation and the Translation Regulation, apply since June 1, 2023, the date of entry into force of the related
663:
1115:
EPO boards of appeal and key decisions: The future of the boards in the light of the possible introduction of the unitary patent and Unified Patent Court (Part 3 of 3)
670:(EPC). Before grant, a European patent application is a unitary legal entity. However, after grant, a "European patent" essentially ceases to have unitary character.
1927:
1027:
764:
1569:
Katrin Cremers; Max Ernicke; Fabian Gaessler; Dietmar Harhoff; Christian Helmers; Luke McDonagh; Paula Schliessler & Nicolas van Zeebroeck (September 2013).
176:
1547:
1994:
1941:
1022:
694:
European patent. The limitation and revocation procedures allow the patentee to centrally request the limitation or revocation of their own European patent.
644:
Patent applications can be filed at the relevant national patent office or at the EPO. Alternatively, an international application may be filed under the
2052:
954:
Agreement on the two EU regulations which make the unitary patent possible was reached during the European Council of 28–29 June 2012, and by the
710:
standards for revocation - national law is expressly preempted, and grounds for revoking a national part are limited to five grounds specified in
311:
1612:
2000:
1621:
1601:
990:
1284:"Treaty between the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on Patent Protection (Patent Treaty) of 22 December 1978]"
1841:
978:
492:
147:
67:
682:, which entered into force on May 1, 2008, significantly reduces the number of required translations in the states that are party to it.
1827:
1670:
1048:
959:
948:
306:
1473:"Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Unified and Integrated European Patent Litigation System. Final Report to the European Commission"
673:
Some of the 39 EPC contracting states require the patentee to file a full translation of the granted European patent with the national
1723:
296:
1976:
728:
169:
1320:
543:
Patents having effect in most European states may be obtained either nationally, via national patent offices, or via a centralised
1896:
1878:
1802:
1283:
1017:
53:
869:). The term of a utility model is usually shorter than the term of a patent and has less stringent patentability requirements.
551:(EPO). The EPO is a public international organisation established by the European Patent Convention (EPC). The EPO is neither a
1971:
1947:
1002:
767:
in 1980 with the Treaty between the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on Patent Protection of 1978.
1472:
1891:
1852:
1729:
1699:
389:
1986:
1358:
2078:
1765:
1717:
1705:
466:
162:
102:
86:
28:
1687:
732:
1679:
1510:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1228:
1214:
1200:
1186:
1139:
748:
727:
All other substantive attributes of each national part of an EP patent, such as what acts constitute infringement (
714:
702:
667:
657:
537:
521:
97:
39:
1857:
1359:"Registration of European patents (UK) in crown dependencies, UK overseas territories and Commonwealth countries"
1099:
1012:
645:
559:
institution. A patent granted by the EPO does not lead to a single European patent enforceable before one single
529:
353:
332:
281:
1812:
1792:
1787:
1753:
567:
525:
485:
394:
301:
1822:
1807:
1782:
1735:
1607:
1007:
974:
903:
In other words, the German bifurcation system is often regarded as favouring the patentee. In this respect,
679:
579:
130:
125:
965:
Other legal agreements have been proposed outside the European Union legal framework to reduce the cost of
1817:
1797:
548:
415:
44:
1427:
2047:
2038:
Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations
1862:
1747:
1657:
1626:
359:
250:
219:
214:
784:
1912:
878:
common substantive provisions have led to different interpretations in different European countries.
224:
77:
1151:
955:
792:
478:
461:
384:
369:
364:
265:
1259:(EP patent conveys "same rights" as national patent, and infringement determined by national law;
1711:
1452:
1408:
1165:
904:
888:
544:
337:
245:
240:
907:
referred to a comparison reportedly made by Professor Mario Franzosi between a patentee and an
1886:
1617:
883:
736:
575:
556:
410:
379:
286:
1071:
2017:
1953:
1693:
1412:
993:(ZEW) found that German courts handle by far the largest number of patent litigation cases.
935:
788:
425:
291:
255:
2042:
836:
817:
629:
451:
430:
420:
120:
1456:
1332:
1113:
1917:
1661:
1171:
929:
896:
780:
552:
533:
72:
1294:
2067:
2027:
808:
674:
624:
456:
209:
1136:
711:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1225:
1211:
1197:
1183:
699:
1597:
1570:
1239:
966:
509:
1387:
899:
when defending it but an expansive interpretation when asserting infringement."
1102:, Opinion 1/09, Court of Justice of the European Union, July 2, 2010, point 4.
908:
513:
435:
791:
establish the law relating to patents including filing, examination, grant,
316:
566:
European patent law is also shaped by international agreements such as the
590:
970:
846:
830:
812:
638:
634:
260:
1290:
989:
Based on data from Germany, France, the Netherlands, and the UK, the
947:, a proposed new type of patent that would be valid in participating
822:
204:
1100:"Prise de position des Avocats Généraux présentée le 2 juillet 2010"
1390:. National Board of Patents and Registration of Finland. 2012-05-24
1118:. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 0:20 to 2:55 minutes in
862:
589:
572:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
560:
1613:
Lost property: The European patent system and why it doesn't work
1902:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
1630:
1458:
European Central Bank v Document Security Systems Incorporated
1156:, Information from the European Patent Office, January 2, 2007
2033:
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
1571:"Patent Litigation in Europe, Discussion Paper No. 13-072"
1321:"The Return of European Patent Law in the European Union"
720:
infringement by the direct product of a patented process
605: Extension states by the European Patent Convention
1252:(patent term extension determined under national law);
1869:
Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited
1414:
European Central Bank v Document Security Systems Inc.
1616:, Bruegel Blueprint Series, Volume IX, 29 June 2009,
1742:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
2010:
1985:
1962:
1926:
1877:
1840:
1775:
1760:
Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market
1678:
1669:
1072:"Member states of the European Patent Organisation"
666:before the EPO under procedures established by the
873:Differences and similarities between national laws
1167:Latvia: Closing of the National Route via the PCT
1266:(EP filing has same effect as national filing);
2074:Intellectual property law of the European Union
611: Parties to the Eurasian Patent Convention
599: Parties to the European Patent Convention
594:Regional patent convention membership in Europe
274:Patentability requirements and related concepts
1028:Unitary patent (Switzerland and Liechtenstein)
2001:German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets
1642:
1576:. Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW)
1540:"Parliament approves EU unitary patent rules"
486:
170:
8:
1995:Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets
1942:Directive on the legal protection of designs
1023:Patent infringement under United Kingdom law
977:(which entered into force in 2008) and the
1675:
1649:
1635:
1627:
723:patent term, 20 years from the filing date
493:
479:
188:
177:
163:
17:
1273:(ownership determined under national law)
981:(EPLA) (which never entered into force).
524:of 1973, and a number of European Union
2053:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
1063:
1039:
969:(of European patents when granted) and
443:
402:
345:
324:
273:
232:
196:
191:
138:
110:
85:
52:
27:
20:
1500:EU Regulations 1257/2012 and 1260/2012
662:A European patent is the product of a
1602:Centre for European Economic Research
1600:, Discussion Paper No. 13-072 by the
991:Centre for European Economic Research
924:Unitary patents in the European Union
7:
1112:Ingo Beckedorf (8–9 November 2012).
979:European Patent Litigation Agreement
691:limitation and revocation procedures
586:Types of patent protection in Europe
68:Supplementary protection certificate
1428:"How to develop a winning strategy"
1417:EWHC 600 (Pat) (26 March 2007), 88.
1293:. 1980. p. 407. Archived from
960:Agreement on a Unified Patent Court
949:member states of the European Union
941:European patent with unitary effect
641:, are available in some countries.
1724:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000
1546:. 11 December 2012. Archived from
1153:Accession to the PCT by Malta (MT)
1150:"European Patent Office web site,
297:Inventive step and non-obviousness
14:
1977:Traditional speciality guaranteed
729:indirect and divided infringement
1461:EWCA Civ 192 (19 March 2008), 5.
1018:Intellectual property in Romania
1972:Protected designation of origin
1948:Regulation on Community designs
1003:Enforcement of European patents
1:
1730:Information Society Directive
1700:Satellite and Cable Directive
943:, more commonly known as the
765:Switzerland and Liechtenstein
623:within a given jurisdiction.
1766:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
1718:Conditional Access Directive
1706:Copyright Duration Directive
346:By region / country
103:Eurasian Patent Organization
1688:Computer Programs Directive
1598:Patent Litigation in Europe
934:The creation of a European
733:infringement by equivalents
617: Other European States
2095:
1658:Intellectual property laws
927:
749:Eurasian Patent Convention
746:
706:the following exceptions:
668:European Patent Convention
658:European Patent Convention
655:
538:Eurasian Patent Convention
522:European Patent Convention
403:By specific subject matter
148:European Patent Litigation
98:Eurasian Patent Convention
40:European Patent Convention
1858:European Union trade mark
1013:European Union patent law
698:respective national law.
646:Patent Cooperation Treaty
354:Patent Cooperation Treaty
333:Sufficiency of disclosure
312:Person skilled in the art
282:Patentable subject matter
1964:Geographical indications
1754:Copyright Term Directive
1331:(3/1996). Archived from
1078:. European Patent Office
568:World Trade Organization
325:Other legal requirements
302:Industrial applicability
1736:Resale Rights Directive
1608:Bruno van Pottelsberghe
1008:European trade mark law
685:A central time-limited
664:unified grant procedure
574:(TRIPs Agreement), the
126:Cross-border injunction
865:(this list is however
619:
549:European Patent Office
45:European Patent Office
2048:WIPO Copyright Treaty
1863:Trade Marks Directive
1748:Enforcement Directive
1254:Article 64(1) and (3)
593:
532:. For some states in
518:Strasbourg Convention
1913:Unified Patent Court
1471:Harhoff, D. (2009).
1366:Official Journal EPO
891:, a British judge,
827:certificat d'utilité
687:opposition procedure
139:Historical proposals
78:Unified Patent Court
2079:European patent law
1908:European patent law
1550:on 16 December 2012
1544:European Parliament
1518:European Commission
956:European Parliament
783:, for example, the
512:including national
506:European patent law
233:Procedural concepts
22:European patent law
1712:Database Directive
1453:Lord Justice Jacob
1409:Mr Justice Kitchin
905:Lord Justice Jacob
889:Mr Justice Kitchin
843:modello di utilità
737:equitable defenses
627:, referred to as "
620:
545:patent prosecution
508:covers a range of
338:Unity of invention
2061:
2060:
1836:
1835:
1622:978-90-78910-12-1
1432:worldipreview.com
851:hyödyllisyysmalli
811:are available in
576:Patent Law Treaty
557:Council of Europe
503:
502:
187:
186:
113:and harmonization
63:Biotech directive
2086:
2023:Lisbon Agreement
2018:Berne Convention
1954:Community design
1694:Rental Directive
1676:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1388:"Utility models"
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1368:(A97): 1–2. 2018
1363:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1335:on March 4, 2012
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1300:on 28 March 2014
1299:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1068:
1052:
1044:
975:London Agreement
936:community patent
789:Patents Act 2004
785:Patents Act 1977
771:National patents
743:Eurasian patents
680:London Agreement
652:European patents
616:
610:
604:
598:
580:London Agreement
495:
488:
481:
189:
179:
172:
165:
150:Agreement (EPLA)
131:London Agreement
18:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2043:TRIPS Agreement
2006:
1981:
1958:
1936:Hague Agreement
1922:
1892:The Netherlands
1873:
1832:
1771:
1665:
1655:
1594:
1592:Further reading
1589:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1520:. 13 April 2011
1513:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1434:. 1 August 2012
1426:
1425:
1421:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1338:
1336:
1319:Bossung, Otto.
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1036:
999:
987:
932:
926:
875:
859:Полезная модель
837:Gebrauchsmuster
818:Gebrauchsmuster
805:
773:
760:
758:Unitary patents
751:
745:
660:
654:
630:Gebrauchsmuster
618:
614:
612:
608:
606:
602:
600:
596:
588:
547:process at the
499:
452:Patent analysis
416:Business method
183:
152:
149:
121:Brussels Regime
112:
88:
87:Eurasian Patent
30:
29:European Patent
12:
11:
5:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1918:Unitary patent
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1853:United Kingdom
1850:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1828:United Kingdom
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1662:European Union
1656:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1605:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1561:
1531:
1502:
1493:
1463:
1445:
1419:
1401:
1379:
1350:
1311:
1275:
1232:
1218:
1204:
1190:
1176:
1174:of April 2007.
1172:PCT Newsletter
1158:
1143:
1137:Article 139(3)
1129:
1104:
1089:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1038:
1037:
1035:
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266:Infringement
210:Patent claim
89:Organization
31:Organisation
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1803:Netherlands
1554:11 December
1097:(in French)
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1076:www.epo.org
967:translation
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807:In Europe,
530:regulations
514:patent laws
390:Netherlands
246:Prosecution
241:Application
2068:Categories
1842:Trade mark
1680:Directives
1580:October 2,
1268:Article 74
1261:Article 66
1198:Article 99
1059:References
985:Statistics
971:litigation
909:Angora cat
855:brugsmodel
526:directives
411:Biological
251:Opposition
192:Patent law
1671:Copyright
1486:April 19,
1438:April 19,
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540:applies.
426:Insurance
360:Australia
317:Prior art
261:Licensing
256:Valuation
225:Criticism
220:Economics
197:Overviews
2011:Treaties
1394:June 30,
1372:3 August
1339:June 30,
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997:See also
787:and the
467:Glossary
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431:Software
421:Chemical
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1897:Romania
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1660:in the
1524:29 June
884:Germany
861:") and
847:Finland
831:Germany
813:Austria
779:In the
639:Austria
635:Germany
380:Germany
307:Utility
292:Novelty
215:History
2003:(2019)
1997:(2016)
1950:(2001)
1944:(1998)
1938:(1999)
1904:(1998)
1879:Patent
1865:(1988)
1823:Sweden
1808:Poland
1783:France
1768:(2003)
1762:(2019)
1756:(2006)
1750:(2004)
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1034:Notes
897:claim
863:Spain
633:" in
561:court
385:Japan
370:China
356:(PCT)
1664:(EU)
1618:ISBN
1582:2013
1556:2012
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1488:2014
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637:and
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