Eurasian sparrowhawk - Knowledge (XXG)

42: 711: 1831: 981: 1770:"An austringer undertaking to train a sparrowhawk should be in no doubt that he is taking on one of the most difficult hawks available." A female Eurasian sparrowhawk is considered a bad choice for a novice and the male is very difficult and demanding, even for an experienced handler. They have been described as "hysterical little hawks" but are also praised as courageous and providing "sport of the highest quality". Philip Glasier describes Eurasian sparrowhawks as "in many ways superior to hunting with a larger short-wing " and "extremely hard to tame". They are best suited for small quarry such as 1265: 1490: 1681: 989: 56: 1363: 1149:) may not die immediately but succumb during feather plucking and eating. Victims which struggle are "kneaded" by the hawk, using its talons to squeeze and stab. When dealing with large prey species which peck and flap, the hawk's long legs help in restraining the prey. It stands on top of its prey to pluck and pull it apart. The feathers are plucked and usually the breast muscles are eaten first. The bones are left, but can be broken using the notch in the bill. Like other birds of prey, Eurasian sparrowhawks produce 722: 849:

especially for young males, during this time. A study in southern Scotland suggested that the greater mortality in young male birds may be due to their smaller size and the smaller size of their prey, which means that they can "last less long between meals". Their size also means that their range of prey is restricted. It has been estimated that a female Eurasian sparrowhawk of average weight could survive for seven days without feeding – three days longer than a male of average weight.

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non-breeding blue tits in the population. In woodland, Eurasian sparrowhawks account for the deaths of a third of all young great tits; the two alarm calls given by great tits when mobbing a predator, and when fleeing from a nearby hawk, are within the optimum hearing range of both prey and predator; however, the high-pitched alarm call given when a distant flying Eurasian sparrowhawk is seen "can only be heard well by the tit". In

1313: 1005: 80: 865: 1652:. The trial, which cost £25,000, was supported by the Scottish Homing Union, representing the country's 3,500 pigeon fanciers. The experiment was originally scheduled for early in 2008 but was postponed because it would have impinged on the birds' breeding season. It was criticised by the government's own ecological adviser, Dr Ian Bainbridge, the government body 1585:

1960s are unlikely to have been caused by increased predation by Eurasian sparrowhawks and magpies. The results of the study indicated that patterns of year-to-year songbird population change were the same at different sites, whether the predators were present or not. Another study, which examined the effects of predators – including the Eurasian sparrowhawk and

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observational data collected meant that it was impossible to draw any firm conclusions" and the government stated that "no further research involving the trapping or translocation of raptors" would take place, while the SHU maintained that it was "very optimistic that licensed trapping and translocation could at last provide some protection."

1592:– on UK passerine populations, found that "whilst a small number of associations may suggest significant negative effects between predator and prey species, for the majority of the songbird species examined there is no evidence that increases in common avian predators or grey squirrels are associated with large-scale population declines." 1337:. After hatching, the female cares for and feeds the chicks for the first 8–14 days of life, and also during bad weather after that. The male provides food, up to six kills per day in the first week increasing to eight per day in the third and 10 per day in the last week in the nest, by which time the female is also hunting. 766:, which helps to break up the bird's outline. Countershading is exhibited by birds of prey that hunt birds and other fast-moving animals. The horizontal barring seen on adult Eurasian sparrowhawks is typical of woodland-dwelling predatory birds and the adult male's bluish colour is also seen in other bird-eating raptors, including the 353:. Adult male Eurasian sparrowhawks have bluish grey upperparts and orange-barred underparts; females and juveniles are brown above with brown barring below. The female is up to 25% larger than the male – one of the greatest size differences between the sexes in any bird species. Though it is a predator which specialises in catching 876:, the Eurasian sparrowhawk is resident or breeds in an estimated global range of 23,600,000 km (9,100,000 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1.5 million birds in 2009. Although global population trends have not been analysed, numbers seem to be stable, so it has been classified as being of 1341:

to their parents can often be heard a considerable distance away. The young hawks disperse after their parents stop provisioning them. Though they receive the same amount of food, male chicks (roughly half the size of females) mature more quickly and seem to be ready to leave the nest sooner. In a study in the

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By 24–28 days after hatching, the young birds start to perch on branches near the nest and take their first flight. They are fed by their parents for a further 28–30 days, staying close to the nest while growing and practicing flying. At this stage they are extremely vocal, and their cries

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The eggs are pale blue with brown spots and each measure 35–46 mm (1.4–1.8 in) x 28–35 mm (1.1–1.4 in), and weigh about 22.5 g (0.79 oz) of which 8% is shell in a healthy egg. Usually a clutch of four or five eggs is laid. The eggs are generally laid in the morning with

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During hunting, this species can fly 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per day. It rises above tree level mostly to display, soar above territory and to make longer journeys. A study in a forested area of Norway found that the mean size of the home ranges was 9.2 km (3.6 sq mi) for males,

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containing indigestible parts of their prey. These range from 25 to 35 mm (0.98 to 1.38 in) long and 10–18 mm (0.39–0.71 in) wide and are round at one end and more narrow and pointed at the other. They are usually composed of small feathers, as the larger ones are plucked and not

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were recovered in greater proportion than birds which came from "low grade" territories. This suggested that the high grade territories produced young which survived better. The recovery rate also declined with increased elevation of the ground. After the post-fledging period, female birds dispersed

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shows that the proportion of juveniles surviving their first year of life is 34%; adult survival from one year to the next is 69%. Birds in their first year of life weigh less than adults, and are especially light in the first two months after reaching independence. There is probably high mortality,

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Male Eurasian sparrowhawks regularly kill birds weighing up to 40 g (1.4 oz) and sometimes up to 120 g (4.2 oz) or more; females can tackle prey up to 500 g (18 oz) or more. A recent study found that on average, female sparrowhawk prey were two and a half times heavier

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The sparrowhawk bears numerous adaptations that allow it to fly at speed low to the ground and hunt in confined spaces; these include its blunted wings, which allow it to fly through narrow gaps in hedges and fences, and its long, square-edged tail, which the bird uses to aid itself in carrying out

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populations are declining and, in many parts of Europe, Eurasian sparrowhawks are still shot. However, this low-level persecution has not affected the populations badly. In the UK, the population increased by 108% between 1970 and 2005, but saw a 1% decline over 1994–2006. In Ireland it is the most

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In Great Britain, Eurasian sparrowhawks living further north are bigger than their more southerly counterparts, with wing length (the most reliable indicator of body size) increasing by an average of 0.86 mm (0.034 in) in males, and 0.75 mm (0.030 in) in females, for each degree

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The Eurasian sparrowhawk's small bill is used for plucking feathers and pulling prey apart rather than killing or cutting. Its long legs and toes are an adaptation for catching and eating birds. The outer toe is fairly long and slender; the inner toe and back toe are relatively short and thick. The

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Many studies, mostly short-term, failed to find an effect on songbird populations caused by predatory birds such as Eurasian sparrowhawks. But analysis of long-term, large-scale national data from the UK's Common Bird Census demonstrated that the declines in farmland songbird populations since the

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is reached at between 1–3 years. Most Eurasian sparrowhawks stay on the same territory for one breeding season, though others keep the same one for up to eight years. A change of mate usually triggers the change in territory. Older birds tend to stay in the same territory; failed breeding attempts

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This species is prevalent in most woodland types in its range, and also in more open country with scattered trees. Eurasian sparrowhawks prefer to hunt the edges of wooded areas, but migrant birds can be seen in any habitat. The increased proportion of medium-aged stands of trees created by modern

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The probability of a juvenile surviving its first year is 34%, with 69% of adults surviving from one year to the next. Mortality in young males is greater than that of young females and the typical lifespan is four years. This species is now one of the most common birds of prey in Europe, although

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south for winter, their southern counterparts remain resident or make dispersive movements. Eurasian sparrowhawks breed in suitable woodland of any type, with the nest, measuring up to 60 cm (24 in) across, built using twigs in a tree. Four or five pale blue, brown-spotted eggs are laid;

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The Eurasian sparrowhawk's adaptation for feeding on birds has brought it into conflict with humans; in the 19th century it was described as "the great enemy of small quadrupeds and birds, and often very destructive to young chicks in poultry-yards in the breeding season" and "very destructive to

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are orange-yellow or orange-red. The female is much larger at 35–41 cm (14–16 in) long, with a wingspan of 67–80 cm (26–31 in), and a mass of 185–342 g (6.5–12.1 oz). She has dark brown or greyish-brown upperparts, brown-barred underparts and bright yellow to orange

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was banned in 1975 and the levels of the chemicals present in the bird population began to fall. The population has largely recovered to pre-decline levels, with an increase seen in many areas, for example northern Europe. In Sweden, the population also decreased drastically from the 1950s, but

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During the breeding season, the adult male Eurasian sparrowhawk loses a small amount of weight while feeding his mate before she lays eggs, and also when the young are large and require more food. The weight of the adult female is highest in May, when laying eggs, and lowest in August after the

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used to treat seeds before sowing built up in the bird population, and the concentrations in Eurasian sparrowhawks were enough to kill some outright and incapacitate others; affected birds laid eggs with fragile shells, which broke during incubation. However its population recovered after the

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The findings, released in January 2010, showed that only seven Eurasian sparrowhawks had been removed from the area from five pigeon lofts. One hawk returned twice to the area of the loft, while new birds began to visit two other lofts. The report found that "The quantity and quality of the

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The population was able to quickly replace lost birds – there is a high proportion of non-breeding, non-territorial birds able to fill vacant territories. The habitat conserved with gamebirds in mind also suited this species and its prey; gamekeepers' more successful efforts to wipe out the

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in an area where a pair of Eurasian sparrowhawks began to breed in 1990. It found that the annual adult survival rate for the tits in that area dropped from 0.485 to 0.376 (the rate in adjacent plots did not change). The size of the breeding population was not changed, but there were fewer

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Gibbons, D.M.; Amar, A.; Anderson, G.Q.A.; Bolton, M.; Bradbury, R.B.; Eaton, M.A.; Evans, A.D.; Grant, M.C.; Gregory, R.D.; Hilton, G.M.; Hirons, G.J.M.; Hughes, J.; Johnstone, I.; Newbery, P.; Peach, W.J.; Ratcliffe, N.; Smith, K.W.; Summers, R.W.; Walton, P.; Wilson, J.D. (2007).

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The Eurasian sparrowhawk is a small bird of prey with short, broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees. Females can be up to 25% larger than males and weigh up to twice as much. Marked size difference in this direction is unusual in higher

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In the United Kingdom, research into the effect of predators on bird populations has been "a contentious issue", with "perceived conflict between the interests of nature conservationists and those involved in game shooting". Declines in the populations of some British

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and Japan, and south to northern China. This subspecies is wholly migratory, wintering from Pakistan and India eastwards through Southeast Asia and southern China to Korea and Japan; some even reach Africa. It is very similar to, but slightly larger than, the nominate

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It was written in 1870 that "The sparrowhawk is perhaps only the true enemy of the game-preserver; though at the same time it is probable that if the good and evil it does were justly weighed, the balance would be in favour of the hawk, its favourite quarry being the

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It waits, hidden, for birds to come near, then breaks cover and flies out fast and low. A chase may follow, with the hawk even flipping upside-down to grab the victim from below or following it on foot through vegetation. It can "stoop" onto prey from a great height.

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Not long before the Death of King Charles II a sparrow-hawk escaped from the Perch, and pitched on one of the Iron Crowns of the White Tower, and entangling its string in the Crown, hung by the heels and died. T'was considered very ominous, and so it

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they predated according to the waders' size or condition, probably because of the hawks' surprise-attack hunting technique. In Britain, the increase in population of the Eurasian sparrowhawk coincides with the decline of the house sparrow population.

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than that of the male. The weight of food consumed by adult birds daily is estimated to be 40–50 g (1.4–1.8 oz) for males and 50–70 g (1.8–2.5 oz) for females. During one year, a pair of Eurasian sparrowhawks could take 2,200

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In the UK, the failure rate at the egg stage had decreased from 17% to 6% by the year 2000, and the population had stabilised after reaching a peak in the 1990s. A study of the eggs of Dutch Eurasian sparrowhawks found that contamination with

1850:, is a sacred bird in Old Bohemian songs and lives in a grove of the gods. Holy sparrowhawks perch on the branches of an oak tree that grows from the grave of a murdered man, and "publish the foul deed". The South Slavic name for this bird, 1573:. When the Eurasian sparrowhawk population declined because of organochlorine use, there was no great increase in the populations of songbirds. In a 1949–1979 study of 13 passerine species breeding in a 40-acre (16-hectare) oakwood at 1671:

Eurasian sparrowhawks are an effective urban adapter species in the UK and are thus non-threatened, however, recent search has suggested that they are prone to colliding with man-made structures such as buildings when hunting.

947:(some as far as equatorial east Africa) and India; members of the southern populations are resident or disperse. Juveniles begin their migration earlier than adults and juvenile females move before juvenile males. Analysis of 753:

of 59–64 cm (23–25 in) and a mass of 110–196 g (3.9–6.9 oz). He has slate-grey upperparts (sometimes tending to bluish), with finely red-barred underparts, which can look plain orange from a distance; his

1405:: the shells of eggs they laid were too thin, causing them to break during incubation; and birds were poisoned by lethal concentrations of the insecticides. Sub-lethal effects of these substances include irritability, 1304:

make a move more likely. The birds which kept the same territories had higher nest success, though it did not increase between years; females which moved experienced more success the year after changing territory.

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irides. The juvenile is warm brown above, with rusty fringes to the upperparts, and coarsely barred or spotted brown below, with pale yellow eyes; its throat has dark streaks and lacks a mesial (midline) stripe.

5600: 959:, Russia, the average distance moved before recovery (when the ring is read and the bird's whereabouts reported subsequently) was 1,328 km (825 mi) for males and 927 km (576 mi) for females. 1161: 1272:

The Eurasian sparrowhawk breeds in well-grown, extensive areas of woodland, often coniferous or mixed, preferring forest with a structure neither too dense nor too open, to allow a choice of flight paths. The

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and 12.3 km (4.7 sq mi) for females, which was larger than studies in Great Britain had found, "probably due to lower land productivity and associated lower densities of prey species in the ".

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were lost each year but that the proportion taken by Eurasian sparrowhawks – "often blamed for major losses" – was less than 1%, with at least 2% taken by peregrine falcons. The study was carried out by the

1110:. More than 120 bird species have been recorded as prey and individual Eurasian sparrowhawks may specialise in certain prey. The birds taken are usually adults or fledglings, though chicks in the nest and 432:

have utilised the Eurasian sparrowhawk since at least the 16th century; although the species has a reputation for being difficult to train, it is also praised for its courage. The species features in

820:, but lacks the bulk of that species. Eurasian sparrowhawks are smaller, more slender and have shorter wings, a square-ended tail and fly with faster wingbeats. A confusion species in China is the 4131:

Baillie, S. R.; Crick, H. Q. P.; Balmer, D. E.; Bashford, R. I.; Beaven, L.P .; Freeman, S. N.; Marchant, J. H.; Noble, D. G.; Raven, M.J.; Siriwardena, G. M.; Thewlis, R.; Wernham, C. V. (2000).

1473:(PCBs) in Eurasian sparrowhawks were lower in birds that died in 2005 compared to those that died in 2004, there was not a significant or consistent decline in residues between 2000 and 2005. 1162: 1345:, south-west Scotland, it was found that 21% of nestlings over two days old died, with the causes of death being starvation, wet weather, predation and desertion by the parents. The parasite 805:

middle toe is very long and can be used to grasp objects, and a protuberance on the underside of the toe means that the digit can be closed without leaving a gap, which helps with gripping.

1755:, they were favoured by ladies of noble and royal status because of their small size. The falconer's name for a male Eurasian sparrowhawk is a "musket"; this is derived from the Latin word 1277:

can be located in the fork of a tree, often near the trunk and where two or three branches begin, on a horizontal branch in the lower canopy, or near the top of a tall shrub. If available,

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breeding cycle is complete. A study suggested that the number of eggs and subsequent breeding success are dependent on the female maintaining a high weight while the male is feeding her.

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and other cover near woodland areas; its choice of habitat is dictated by these requirements. It also makes use of gardens in built-up areas, taking advantage of the prey found there.

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the success of the breeding attempt is dependent on the female maintaining a high weight while the male brings her food. The chicks hatch after 33 days and fledge after 24 to 28 days.

4490: 1289:) nest as a base; the male does most of the work. The structure, made of loose twigs up to 60 cm (2.0 ft) long, has an average diameter of 60 cm (24 in). When the 4558: 3732: 2981: 852:

A study of female Eurasian sparrowhawks found "strong evidence" that their rate of survival increased for the first three years of life, and declined for the last five to six years.

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noted that "... she will serve in the winter as well as in the summer, and will fly at all kind of game more than the falcon. If a winter sparrowhawk prove good, she will kill the

1661: 4589: 3140: 3370:"Sex and age differences in the diet of the Eurasian Sparrowhawk ( Accipiter nisus ) using web-sourced photographs: exploring the feasibility of a new citizen science approach" 816:(the calls are however different); the male is only slightly larger than the merlin. Because of the overlap in sizes, the female can be confused with the similarly sized male 3740: 465:, which consists of small to medium-sized woodland hawks. Most of the Old World members of the genus are called sparrowhawks or goshawks. The species' name dates back to the 1616:

and the Scottish Homing Union (SHU), found there was "no evidence that birds of prey cause major losses of racing pigeons at lofts or during races." It reported that 56% of

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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and house sparrows are vulnerable to attack. Eurasian sparrowhawks may account for more than 50% of deaths in certain species, but the extent varies from area to area.

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Whitfield, D. P.; Cresswell, W.; Ashmore, N.P.; Clark, N.A.; Evans, A.D. (1999). "No evidence for Sparrowhawks selecting Redshanks according to size or condition".

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in 1851, T. B. Johnson recommended that: "The nest of this bird should be diligently sought ... and destroyed, shooting the parent birds first, if possible."

1605:"cause serious and escalating losses" of pigeons and some have called for these birds of prey to be killed or removed from areas surrounding homing pigeon lofts. 1529:

The species suffered heavy persecution by 18th-century European landowners and gamekeepers, but withstood attempts to eradicate it. For example, on the estate at

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breaks down – continued into the 1980s, though a decline in the number of clutches with broken eggs during the 1970s suggested decreasing levels of the chemical.

1079:. Species that feed in the open, far from cover, or are conspicuous by their behaviour or coloration, are taken more often by Eurasian sparrowhawks. For example, 1016:

The Eurasian sparrowhawk is a major predator of smaller woodland birds, though only 10% of its hunting attacks are successful. It hunts by surprise attack, using

4429: 5769: 5955: 1160: 4114: 1420:, where the chemicals were most widely used; in western and northern parts of the country, where the pesticides were not used, there were no declines. The 2895: 1553:– predators of the Eurasian sparrowhawk – may have benefited it. The population increased markedly when this pressure was relaxed, for example during the 357:

birds, the Eurasian sparrowhawk can be found in any habitat and often hunts garden birds in towns and cities. Males tend to take smaller birds, including

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since the 1960s have coincided with considerable changes in agricultural practices and also large increases in the numbers of Eurasian sparrowhawks and

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Mikula, Peter; Morelli, Federico; Lučan, Radek K.; Jones, Darryl N.; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: A global perspective".

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The oldest known wild Eurasian sparrowhawk lived more than two decades; it was found dead in Denmark 20 years and 3 months after having been

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The Gamekeeper's Directory: Containing Instructions for the Preservation of Game, Destruction of Vermin and the Prevention of Poaching, etc., etc

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and disorientation. In west Germany, around 80% of nests before the 1950s produced young, but only 54% were successful in the 1960s and '70s.

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can be passed from parent to nestling at the nest, possibly because of the number of birds sharing a small space, thus allowing transmission.

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The Eurasian sparrowhawk population in Europe crashed in the second half of the 20th century. The decline coincided with the introduction of

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Small birds are killed on impact or when squeezed by the Eurasian sparrowhawk's foot, especially the two long claws. Larger quarry (such as

5990: 5980: 4550: 4174: 3744: 2965: 1625:; researchers worked with SHU members who provided data, information on pigeon rings found at peregrine falcon nests and pigeon carcasses. 1522:, show that payments were made for 106 Eurasian sparrowhawks' heads, at the same time as efforts were being made to control the numbers of 1321:

an interval of 2–3 days between each egg. If a clutch is lost, up to two further eggs may be laid that are smaller than the earlier eggs.

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are preferred. A new nest is built every year, generally close to the nest of the previous year, and sometimes using an old wood pigeon (

4720: 4237: 1943: 1466: 4744:"Causes, temporal trends, and the effects of urbanization on admissions of wild raptors to rehabilitation centers in England and Wales" 4709:"A Review of an Exploratory Trial of Two Management Practices Designed to Reduce Sparrowhawk Attacks on Racing Pigeons at Pigeon Lofts" 319: 5691: 5367: 4581: 3128: 2846: 808:

The flight is a characteristic flap-flap-glide, with the glide creating an undulating pattern. This species is similar in size to the

3909: 3532: 3431: 3083: 2925: 2802: 1786:, pheasants and partridges. A 19th century author remarked that this species was "the best of all hawks for landrails", now known as 587:, with birds becoming larger and paler in the eastern part of the range compared to the western part. Within the species itself, six 5995: 5012: 2268: 1187:

was highest when the partridge density was lowest. A 10-year study in Scotland showed that Eurasian sparrowhawks did not select the

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Body tissue samples from Eurasian sparrowhawks are still analysed as part of the Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme conducted by the

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Walker, L. A.; Lister, L.J.; Long, S.M.; Pereira, M.G.; Turk, A.; Townsend, T.; Wienburg, C.L.; Wright, J.A.; Shore, R.F. (2007).

5985: 5860: 2428: 1452: 5639: 3816: 936:, it can be seen in gardens and in urban areas and will even breed in city parks if they have a certain density of tall trees. 520: 220: 5279: 1830: 4889: 5735: 4611: 4152: 2072: 4512: 980: 5756: 5574: 5008: 4425: 4138: 3136: 2364: 2264: 845: 412:

The Eurasian sparrowhawk's hunting behaviour has brought it into conflict with humans for hundreds of years, particularly

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Burgers, J.; Opdam, P.; Müskens, G.; de Ruiter, E. (1986). "Residue levels of DDE in eggs of Dutch Eurasian Sparrowhawks

1748:. Although they were formerly released at the end of the season, many are now kept because of the scarcity of migrants. 665:. It is the smallest of all the subspecies, darker on the upperparts and more barred below than the nominate subspecies. 4841: 988: 5551: 4837: 4421: 1961: 1537:, 1,645 'hawks' were killed between 1938 and 1950, with 1,115 taken between 1919 and 1926 at Langwell and Sandside in 1425: 317: 5852: 5207: 2216:

Ornithologie; ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, espèces & leurs variétés

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In 17th century England, the Eurasian sparrowhawk was used by priests, reflecting their lowly status; whereas in the

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The predation of wild birds in the UK: a review of its conservation impact and management. RSPB Research Report no 2

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Ornithology; or a Method containing the division of birds into orders, sections, genera, species and their varieties

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Illustration of an egg. The background colour of the eggs changes from light blue to white on storage in collections

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A study of Eurasian sparrowhawks in southern Scotland found that ringed birds which had been raised on "high grade"

5774: 5657: 3317: 3244:"Attacks of songbirds in mixed-species flocks by Eurasian Sparrowhawks: strategies of predators and potential prey" 1926: 1878: 1622: 1581:, England, none was present in significantly greater numbers when Eurasian sparrowhawks were absent from the wood. 797:

were found to be more aggressive to cuckoos which looked less hawk-like, meaning that the resemblance to the hawk (

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populations. Studies of racing- pigeon deaths found that Eurasian sparrowhawks were responsible for less than 1%.

104: 1264: 5975: 5670: 4615: 4520: 4382:"The widespread declines of songbirds in rural Britain do not correlate with the spread of their avian predators" 4095: 1653: 1613: 4742:

Panter, Connor T.; Allen, Simon; Backhouse, Nikki; Mullineaux, Elizabeth; Rose, Carole-Ann; Amar, Arjun (2022).

5696: 5435: 4807: 3168: 2872: 1910: 1470: 733:) to the Eurasian sparrowhawk helps it avoid aggression from the small birds whose nest it seeks to parasitise. 531: 5932: 598:, the nominate subspecies, was described by Linnaeus in 1758. It breeds from Europe and West Asia to western 5152: 4353: 2765: 5538: 5455: 5235:

The Birds of Shakespeare, or the Ornithology of Shakespeare Critically Examined, Explained and Illustrated

3207:: relative predation risk for breeding passerine birds in relation to their size, ecology and behaviour". 2298: 1966: 1680: 672: 580: 406: 5821: 5808: 5556: 3576:

Klump, G. M.; Kretzschmar, E.; Curio, E. (1986). "The hearing of an avian predator and its avian prey".

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A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times

4642:"Sparrowhawks and Racing Pigeons: RSPB Scotland response to the licensed translocation of sparrowhawks" 4641: 4451: 2302: 2057: 3626: 3162:

Newton, I.; Rothery, P. (2000). "Post-fledging recovery and dispersal of ringed Eurasian Sparrowhawks

5865: 5520: 5502: 5493: 4755: 3960: 3216: 2627: 2618:

Wheeler, P.; Greenwood, P.J. (1983). "The evolution of reversed sexual dimorphism in birds of prey".

1150: 5965: 5416: 4716: 4486: 2977: 1921: 1914: 1629: 1362: 955:, Germany, found that males move further and more often than females; of migrating birds ringed at 901: 628: 437: 69: 5035: 4285: 4019: 3992: 3008: 55: 5970: 3879:"Parental investment, size sexual dimorphism, and sex ratio in the rifleman Acanthisitta chloris" 3841: 3714: 3665: 3593: 3436: 3400: 3369: 3185: 2643: 2009: 1586: 1503: 1076: 993: 963: 809: 690: 433: 294: 99: 5813: 5156: 5146: 4863: 4070: 3929: 3562: 3453: 3109: 2951: 2828: 2143: 2137: 1195:

Another study found that the risk of predation for a bird targeted by a Eurasian sparrowhawk or

606:; northern populations winter south to the Mediterranean, Northeast Africa, Arabia and Pakistan. 5826: 5722: 4916: 721: 5960: 5795: 5748: 5587: 5377: 5352: 5308: 5255: 5187: 5181: 5160: 5125: 5119: 5094: 5058: 5052: 4980: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4922: 4789: 4771: 4357: 4347: 4306: 4262: 4142: 4074: 4025: 3998: 3878: 3845: 3774: 3511: 3392: 3285: 3279: 3059: 2744: 2716: 2583: 2545: 2515: 2460: 2368: 2336: 2172: 2147: 2111: 1807: 1799: 1717: 1689: 1530: 1523: 1397:

in 1956. The chemicals accumulated in the bodies of grain-eating birds and had two effects on

1095: 654: 561: 366: 254: 5249: 4708: 4327: 4300: 1869:. It also features in Teutonic mythology. In some areas of England, it was believed that the 492:

who encountered falconry in England. English folk names for the Eurasian sparrowhawk include

5800: 4779: 4763: 4401: 4393: 4329:

Report of the Thirty-ninth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

4209: 3968: 3921: 3890: 3704: 3657: 3585: 3554: 3476: 3445: 3384: 3255: 3224: 3177: 3101: 2943: 2887: 2820: 2691: 2635: 2052: 1839: 1815: 1775: 1632:

conducted a trial translocation of Eurasian sparrowhawks from around racing pigeon lofts in

1602: 1558: 1546: 1519: 1436: 1402: 1334: 1233: 1229: 1196: 1072: 933: 817: 767: 647:, it has dark slate-coloured upperparts, and more distinct rufous barring on the underparts. 5847: 5543: 2842: 1493:

The Eurasian sparrowhawk's natural hunting behaviour can conflict with gamekeepers rearing

5782: 5423: 5397: 4810:. International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey. Archived from 3807: 3242:

Krams, I. A.; Krama, T.; Freeberg, T. M.; Krams, R. & Sieving, K. E. (December 2020).

1795: 1783: 1771: 1701: 1574: 1570: 1554: 1494: 1300: 1188: 1009: 904: 868:

Deciduous woodland is a typical breeding and hunting habitat for the Eurasian sparrowhawk.

584: 550: 156: 2201:

F. cera viridi, pedibus flavis, pectore albo fusco undularo, cauda fasciis nigricantibus.

2034: 643:

to western China, and winters in the plains of South Asia. Larger and longer-tailed than

5507: 4759: 4279: 3964: 3220: 2631: 380:

The Eurasian sparrowhawk is found throughout the temperate and subtropical parts of the

5665: 5652: 4784: 4743: 4406: 4381: 3925: 3683:

Bell, C. P.; Baker, S. W.; Parkes, N. G.; Brooke, M. De L.; Chamberlain, D. E. (2010).

3558: 3545: 3449: 3105: 3092: 2947: 2934: 2824: 2811: 1935: 1598: 1507: 1428: 1413: 1390: 1184: 1099: 940: 912: 908: 897: 893: 790: 763: 755: 680: 613: 466: 394: 385: 5406:

Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.8 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze

4893: 3181: 2420: 5949: 5743: 5373: 4682: 4585: 4554: 4213: 3404: 2224: 2192: 2043: 1950: 1870: 1705: 1617: 1595: 1432: 1290: 1209: 1204: 1103: 1068: 877: 786: 771: 743: 726: 516: 413: 402: 370: 216: 89: 84: 5579: 5000: 3718: 2743:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–246. 2252: 1312: 1004: 17: 5905: 5275: 3894: 3597: 1866: 1803: 1745: 1709: 1398: 1342: 1249: 1237: 948: 944: 841: 762:

The Eurasian sparrowhawk's pale underparts and darker upperparts are an example of

572: 350: 346: 166: 5592: 5566: 1877:, later Sparhawk, Sparrowhawk was in use as a personal name in England before the 456:

Within the family Accipitridae, the Eurasian sparrowhawk is a member of the large

5878: 5644: 5605: 5302: 4619: 4132: 3508:

Tracks & Signs of the Birds of Britain & Europe – an Identification Guide

2680:"A parasite in wolf's clothing: hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts" 1909:, was named after the male Eurasian sparrowhawk because of its size. The British 5839: 5761: 5704: 5487: 4524: 3038: 1779: 1752: 1550: 1417: 1394: 1374: 1286: 1253: 956: 632: 474: 397: 4166: 401:

chemicals were banned, and it is now relatively common, classified as being of

5873: 4228: 3972: 3733:"Parasites may help put songbirds on this European sparrowhawk's dinner plate" 1946: 1787: 1760: 1641: 1483: 1406: 1386: 1371: 1087: 1033: 952: 853: 739: 588: 564:, cut off his purple lock of hair to present to her lover (and Nisus' enemy), 445: 358: 4833: 4775: 3795: 3396: 2580:

The Raptors of Europe and The Middle East: a Handbook of Field Identification

2214: 1744:, thousands are captured each year by falconers and used for hunting migrant 5626: 2891: 2696: 2679: 1819: 1637: 1566: 1538: 1515: 1330: 1274: 1241: 1225: 1080: 873: 782: 636: 617: 481: 461: 425: 421: 381: 176: 116: 5478: 4793: 4397: 3709: 3684: 3228: 2711:

Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).

872:

A widespread species throughout the temperate and subtropical parts of the

864: 377:

but are capable of killing birds weighing 500 g (18 oz) or more.

5211: 4264:

The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

3432:"The impact of predation by birds on bat populations in the British Isles" 5899: 5472: 1931: 1902: 1697: 1685: 1649: 1645: 1609: 1601:

in Great Britain have said for many years that Eurasian sparrowhawks and

1511: 1382: 1221: 1200: 1175: 1127: 1107: 750: 658: 429: 374: 354: 136: 5530: 2459:. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 99. 1063:

tight turns, such as those required to negotiate close stands of trees.

5927: 5919: 5787: 5683: 5515: 4134:

Breeding Birds in the Wider Countryside: their conservation status 2000

3669: 3589: 3260: 3243: 3189: 2647: 1737: 1733: 1713: 1708:. There is a tradition of using migrant Eurasian sparrowhawks to catch 1633: 1534: 1435:

because it was the only Eurasian sparrowhawk breeding site left in the

1278: 1245: 1111: 1025: 916: 907:. It is one of the most common birds of prey in Europe, along with the 889: 798: 676: 662: 599: 489: 417: 4767: 3480: 3388: 939:

Eurasian sparrowhawks from colder regions of northern Europe and Asia

5410: 4453:

RSPB Scotland Parliamentary Briefing: Sparrowhawks and Racing Pigeons

1955: 1949:

wrote a poem entitled "A Sparrow-Hawk" which refers to this species.

1906: 1898: 1811: 1741: 1578: 1443: 1378: 1180: 1146: 1135: 921: 813: 694: 557: 126: 5709: 5618: 5449: 4811: 3661: 2639: 1442:

In the UK, the use of cyclodienes as seed dressings for autumn-sown

5631: 5834: 5613: 4380:

Thomson, D. L.; Green, R.E.; Gregory, R.D.; Baillie, S.R. (1998).

4230:

JNCC Report No. 399. Wildlife and pollution: 2005/06 Annual report

3796:"Causes and consequences of breeding dispersal in the Sparrowhawk 3084:"Ranging behaviour and foraging habitats of breeding Sparrowhawks 1829: 1679: 1506:, which is now increasing to an extent injurious to agriculture." 1488: 1361: 1311: 1263: 1156: 1131: 1091: 1021: 1017: 1003: 987: 979: 863: 821: 720: 709: 640: 565: 553: 539: 457: 362: 315: 5037:

The Sportsman's Dictionary: or, The country gentleman's companion

4679:"Experts scoff at plans to save pigeons by removing sparrowhawks" 932:, according to a Norwegian study. Unlike its larger relative the 856:(ageing) was the cause of the decline as the birds became older. 5366:

del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi, eds. (1994).

4018:

Walker, C. H.; Hopkin, S.P.; Sibly, R.M.; Peakall, D.B. (2001).

1729: 1142: 1123: 1115: 1036:

describes seven modes of hunting used by Eurasian sparrowhawks:

881: 714: 603: 146: 5453: 3203:

Post, P.; Götmark, F. (1996). "Prey selection by Sparrowhawks,

2261:

BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland

2199:(in Latin). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 92. 1447:

recovered again once organochlorines were banned in the 1970s.

1138:, are sometimes caught but insects are eaten only very rarely. 793:), which have barred underparts like the Eurasian sparrowhawk. 785:

bird models found that small birds are less likely to approach

4582:"Bid to save pigeons from sparrowhawks provokes legal warning" 1456: 1119: 3771:

The Historical Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland

2514:. London: BirdGuides Ltd. and Oxford University Press. 2004. 2361:

Identification Guide to European Non-Passerines. BTO Guide 24

1942:

meaning a lively young man (an eyas is a hawk nestling). The

1293:

are laid, a lining of fine twigs or bark chippings is added.

1268:

The chicks stay on the nest until they are 24 to 28 days old.

749:

The adult male is 29–34 cm (11–13 in) long, with a

5372:. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: 4173:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1366:

In flight as seen from below, showing barring on underparts.

616:

in 1833. It breeds from central and eastern Siberia east to

4267:. Vol. 10. London: Charles Knight and Co. p. 179. 920:

common bird of prey, breeding even near the city centre of

844:. The typical lifespan is four years. Data analysis by the 801:) helps the cuckoo to access the nests of potential hosts. 746:, and most marked in birds of prey which hunt other birds. 5040:. Vol. II. London: Printed for C. Hitch and C. Davis. 2873:"Weights, breeding, and survival in European Sparrowhawks" 1873:

turned into a Eurasian sparrowhawk in winter. The surname

1220:

Natural predators of the Eurasian sparrowhawk include the

1199:

increased 25-fold if the prey was infected with the blood

2974:

Environment – Nature & Biodiversity: Threatened Birds

4100:) affected by modern forest management in Fennoscandia?" 3506:

Brown, R.; Ferguson, J.; Lawrence, M.; Lees, D. (1999).

2803:"Latitudinal variation in the body-size of sparrowhawks 1732:. Eurasian sparrowhawks are also popular in Ireland. At 496:, referring to the adult male's colouration, as well as 4483:"Pigeon lovers pin hopes on sequins to repel predators" 4386:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4202:

Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical

4047: 2605: 2406: 4349:

Silent fields: the long decline of a nation's wildlife

4261:

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1838).

3773:. London: T. & A.D. Poyser Ltd. pp. 116–117. 2110:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles plc. p. 132. 693:

in 1897, is resident in Northwest Africa north of the

4918:

Origins: An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English

4332:. British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1662:

Scottish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

900:

and illegal hunting, and is listed on Annex I of the

530:, but moved to its present genus by French zoologist 5328:

Tennyson, Alfred (2004). "The Marriage of Geraint".

5080:

Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika

2924:

Newton, I.; Rothery, P.; Wyllie, I. (January 1997).

2871:

Newton, I.; Marquiss, M.; Village, A. (April 1983).

2291:"Philosophical Dictionary by Voltaire (chapter 454)" 1612:, a two-year study published in 2004, and funded by 560:, was turned into a sparrowhawk after his daughter, 384:; whilst birds from the northern parts of the range 5889: 5462: 3994:

Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective

3741:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

3531:Dhondt, A. A.; Kempenaers, B.; Clobert, J. (1998). 1455:(DDE) – a "very persistent compound" produced when 393:the population crashed after the Second World War. 4943: 4305:. London: Piper Brothers, and Co. pp. 65–66. 2083:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2058:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695624A199751254.en 1183:, the impact of Eurasian sparrowhawk predation on 1174:A study looked at the effect on the population of 5417:Global Raptor Information Network species account 5304:One Thousand and One Arabian Nights, Vol. 3 of 16 3623:British Association for Shooting and Conservation 2331:Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). 1166:Video of a Eurasian sparrowhawk subduing a pigeon 579:of eastern and southern Africa, and possibly the 3037:"Death in the garden- when sparrowhawks attack" 1975:Quail as birds quailed when Nisus o'er them flew 5099:. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. p. 673 4612:"About SNH: What is Scottish Natural Heritage?" 4481:Lusher, Adam; Welbourn, Peter (11 March 2001). 4422:"Are predators to blame for songbird declines?" 4341: 4339: 4167:"Public Health Statement for DDT, DDE, and DDD" 3943:Ashford, R.W.; Wyllie, I.; Newton, I. (1990). " 3209:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 1973:Good sooth my bones, wheneas they hear thy name 1469:. Although the average liver concentrations of 436:and is mentioned in works by writers including 4892:. British Falconers Club. 2005. Archived from 3951:: observations on the dynamics of infection". 2582:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 244–255. 2335:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 578–581. 2136:Addison, Josephine; Hillhouse, Cherry (1998). 1980:The Eurasian sparrowhawk was written about by 1822:, and divers other birds of the like nature." 1114:are sometimes eaten. Small mammals, including 924:, where it frequents parks and large gardens. 4513:"Report shows birds of prey take few pigeons" 3764: 3762: 2966:"Sparrowhawk (Canarian-Madeirian subspecies) 2926:"Age-related survival in female Sparrowhawks 1996:And in my song I'll praise no bird but thee.' 8: 3001: 2999: 1994:To whom with sighs she said: 'O set me free, 1938:, with the words "How now, my eyas musket", 5208:"Royal Air Force Museum Aircraft Thesaurus" 5186:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 461. 4375: 4373: 3831: 3829: 2741:Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan 2661: 2659: 2657: 1333:, downy chicks hatch after 33 days of 424:. It has also been blamed for decreases in 5450: 5251:Ted Hughes: Routledge guides to literature 4868:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009 4544: 4542: 3343:"Wing Tips: Identifying our birds of prey" 3318:"Sparrowhawk Bird Facts | Accipiter Nisus" 3049: 3047: 2866: 2864: 2845:. EURING: The European Union for Ringing. 2766:"A high altitude breeding record of Besra 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2142:. London: Andre Deutsch Limited. pp. 2002:To let a thousand such enjoy their quiet.' 1998:The Hawk replied: 'I will not lose my diet 1700:for centuries and was favoured by Emperor 1696:The Eurasian sparrowhawk has been used in 515:The Eurasian sparrowhawk was described by 253: 78: 54: 40: 31: 5082:. Vol. 2. JAZU, Zagreb. p. 116. 4834:"Falcons and Man – A History of Falconry" 4783: 4649:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 4461:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 4405: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3708: 3259: 3077: 3075: 3018:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 2715:. London: HarperCollins. pp. 92–93. 2695: 2453:Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005). 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2171:. Book Club Association. pp. 84–85. 2056: 1913:named one of their Mars series craft the 1684:The Eurasian sparrowhawk is popular with 1658:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 1422:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 5237:. Chicago: Argonaut Inc. pp. 74–75. 4979:. London: BT Batsford Ltd. p. 206. 4256: 4254: 4043: 4041: 3088:in a continuous forested area in Norway" 2601: 2599: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2354: 2352: 1992:Music's sweet chorister, the Nightingale 1988:A sparhawk proud did hold in wicked jail 1212:were 16 times more likely to be killed. 5411:RSPB webpage with sound and video files 4890:"Falcons and hawks in British Falconry" 4551:"Government in flap over birds of prey" 4060: 4058: 4056: 3689:) in the Decline of the House Sparrow ( 3685:"The role of the Eurasian Sparrowhawk ( 3609: 3607: 3368:Panter, Connor T.; Amar, Arjun (2021). 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2022: 1416:, the species almost became extinct in 4281:A manual of British vertebrate animals 4141:Research Report No. 252. p. 206. 3864: 3493: 3417: 3304: 3273: 3271: 3123: 3121: 3119: 2911: 2734: 2732: 2665: 2448: 2446: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2028: 2026: 5276:"Demian: Themes, Motifs, and Symbols" 5145:Reaney, P. H.; Wilson, R. M. (1997). 5121:Minor Traditions of British Mythology 5093:Grimm, J.; Stallybrass, J.S. (1883). 5057:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 675. 4493:from the original on 12 November 2012 4177:from the original on 26 November 2009 4065:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). 4048:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994 4024:. Taylor & Francis. p. 211. 3027:from the original on 15 October 2012. 2790:from the original on 18 October 2015. 2606:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994 2456:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide 2419:Karasyov, Vladilen; Isabekov, Askar. 2407:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 631:in 1869. It breeds in mountains from 488:, was thought to have been coined by 7: 5933:CD5032F7-A961-433C-B071-9D1279133A7C 5697:eurasian-sparrowhawk-accipiter-nisus 5671:74d3e490-7000-4149-a7b1-585dbb3fe64f 5332:. Mineola, NY: Dover. pp. 59ff. 5254:. Taylor & Francis. p. 61. 5180:Stone, G. C.; LaRocca, D.J. (1999). 4432:from the original on 18 January 2012 4120:from the original on 23 August 2014. 2984:from the original on 15 January 2009 2678:Welbergen, J.; Davies, N.B. (2011). 1959:and the bird is also referred to in 896:, is threatened by loss of habitat, 5956:IUCN Red List least concern species 5351:. Calton: T & A.D. Poyser Ltd. 4689:from the original on 10 August 2011 4592:from the original on 10 August 2011 4561:from the original on 11 August 2011 4238:Joint Nature Conservation Committee 3578:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3143:from the original on 22 August 2012 2510:The Birds of the Western Palearctic 2271:from the original on 11 August 2011 2044:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1901:, or musquet, originally a kind of 1724:(sparrowhawkers) and a monument to 1467:Joint Nature Conservation Committee 928:forestry techniques have benefited 484:name for the Eurasian sparrowhawk, 480:, a hawk which hunts sparrows. The 5444:Eurasian sparrowhawk photo gallery 5369:Handbook of the Birds of the World 5282:from the original on 24 April 2009 4155:from the original on 26 July 2011. 3926:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03371.x 3822:from the original on 16 July 2015. 3559:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04702.x 3450:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00114.x 3106:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07549.x 3058:. London: Helm. pp. 134–135. 2948:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04500.x 2825:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01118.x 2739:Ali, Salim; Ripley, S. D. (1978). 2213:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). 2108:Birds of prey of the British Isles 2087:from the original on 18 April 2008 1884:In 1695, John Aubrey wrote in his 1401:like the Eurasian sparrowhawk and 967:greater distances than did males. 25: 5015:from the original on 29 July 2011 4470:from the original on 6 June 2011. 4247:from the original on 5 July 2009. 3910:"Growth of nestling sparrowhawks" 3838:Eyewitness Handbooks: Birds' Eggs 3510:. London: Helm. pp. 76, 89. 3182:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310214.x 2901:from the original on 25 May 2014. 2431:from the original on 7 April 2015 1720:, where there are 500 registered 1285:frequently uses the old nests of 992:A juvenile with the carcass of a 571:The Eurasian sparrowhawk forms a 5148:A Dictionary of English Surnames 5124:. Ayer Publishing. p. 115. 4844:from the original on 8 June 2009 4723:from the original on 6 June 2011 4658:from the original on 6 June 2011 4580:Edwards, Rob (1 February 2009). 4549:Edwards, Rob (24 January 2010). 3619:Council Meeting, 20th July, 2006 2849:from the original on 15 May 2013 2033:BirdLife International. (2021). 1953:mentioned this bird in his book 1656:and organisations including the 1628:From January to April 2009, the 1453:Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene 549:, the sparrowhawk. According to 103: 5398:BirdLife species factsheet for 5307:. Forgotten Books. p. 58. 4677:Edwards, Rob (23 August 2008). 4523:. 23 March 2004. Archived from 4096:"How, and why, is the Goshawk ( 2801:Wyllie, I.; Newton, I. (1993). 1867:omens were read from its flight 1778:but are also capable of taking 5233:Harting, James Edmund (1965). 3895:10.1080/03014223.1993.10422862 3883:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3082:Selås, V.; Rafoss, T. (1997). 2007:It also appears in Tennyson's 943:south for the winter, some to 1: 5009:British Trust for Ornithology 4808:"A Brief History of Falconry" 4426:British Trust for Ornithology 4139:British Trust for Ornithology 3743:. 14 May 2007. Archived from 3137:British Trust for Ornithology 2544:. Collins. pp. 146–153. 2365:British Trust for Ornithology 2265:British Trust for Ornithology 888:, with 100 pairs resident on 846:British Trust for Ornithology 5446:at VIREO (Drexel University) 5431:"Eurasian sparrowhawk media" 4950:. UK: Cassell plc. pp. 4214:10.1016/0143-148X(86)90030-3 3737:Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow 3284:. New Holland. p. 134. 3248:Journal of Field Ornithology 2843:"European Longevity Records" 2223:] (in French). pp. 2167:Greenoak, Francesca (1979). 1842:, the sparrowhawk, known as 5991:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 5981:Birds of the Canary Islands 5001:"BTO BirdFacts – Corncrake" 4921:. Routledge. p. 1980. 4838:Public Broadcasting Service 4200:following the ban on DDT". 4021:Principles of Ecotoxicology 3541:adult annual survival rate" 1962:One Thousand and One Nights 1759:, meaning 'a fly', via the 6012: 4946:Falconry: Art and Practice 4870:. Microsoft Encarta Online 4107:Journal of Raptor Research 3997:. CRC Press. p. 113. 3953:Journal of Natural History 1927:The Merry Wives of Windsor 1879:Norman conquest of England 1623:Central Science Laboratory 984:adult male eating a pigeon 591:are generally recognised: 583:. Geographic variation is 577:rufous-chested sparrowhawk 416:owners and people rearing 369:; females catch primarily 5054:Teutonic Mythology Part 2 4616:Scottish Natural Heritage 4521:Scottish Natural Heritage 3973:10.1080/00222939000770691 3836:Walters, Michael (1994). 2257:[Linnaeus, 1758]" 2106:Martin, Brian P. (1992). 2051:: e.T22695624A199751254. 1930:, Mrs Ford greets Robin, 1834:An adult male in Slovakia 1654:Scottish Natural Heritage 1614:Scottish Natural Heritage 1482:partridges". Writing for 1471:polychlorinated biphenyls 1046:Contour-hugging in flight 1043:High soaring and stooping 323:Northern sparrowhawk call 300: 293: 261: 252: 233: 228: 205: 198: 100:Scientific classification 98: 76: 67: 62: 53: 48: 39: 34: 5996:Birds of prey of Eurasia 5436:Internet Bird Collection 5426:. Retrieved 4 March 2010 5422:20 November 2012 at the 5413:. Retrieved 10 July 2009 4975:Glasier, Philip (1986). 4915:Partridge, Eric (1977). 4171:Public Health Statements 3947:in British sparrowhawks 3650:Journal of Avian Biology 3169:Journal of Avian Biology 2169:All The Birds of the Air 1911:Gloster Aircraft Company 1905:bolt, and later a small 1865:(doom), indicating that 1510:of the 18th century for 1040:Short-stay-perch-hunting 860:Distribution and habitat 828:is considerably larger. 697:. It is very similar to 675:in 1890, is confined to 657:in 1900, is resident in 532:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 5986:Birds described in 1758 5153:Oxford University Press 4354:Oxford University Press 3537:predation and Blue Tit 3430:Speakman, J.R. (1991). 3278:Burton, Robert (2006). 2540:Génsbøl, Benny (2008). 836:Lifespan and demography 725:The resemblance of the 717:of Eurasian sparrowhawk 701:, being large and pale. 683:. It is small and dark. 4398:10.1098/rspb.1998.0540 4346:Lovegrove, R. (2007). 4299:Johnson, T.B. (1851). 4284:. Pitt Press. p. 3991:Walker, C. H. (2001). 3877:Sherley, G.H. (1993). 3710:10.1525/auk.2009.09108 3229:10.1098/rstb.1996.0141 3054:Jonsson, Lars (1996). 2968:Accipiter nisus granti 2578:Forsman, Dick (1999). 2512:on interactive DVD-ROM 2421:"Eurasian Sparrowhawk" 2299:University of Adelaide 2005: 1978: 1967:Richard Francis Burton 1895: 1835: 1792:Sportsman's Dictionary 1693: 1498: 1367: 1317: 1269: 1167: 1013: 1001: 985: 869: 812:, but larger than the 795:Eurasian reed warblers 734: 718: 673:Richard Bowdler Sharpe 581:Madagascar sparrowhawk 545:, meaning 'hawk', and 407:BirdLife International 324: 5822:Paleobiology Database 5809:Paleobiology Database 5034:Murray, John (1735). 4748:Ecology and Evolution 4326:Murray, John (1870). 3769:Holloway, S. (1996). 3281:Garden Bird Behaviour 2892:10.1093/auk/100.2.344 2697:10.1093/beheco/arr008 2359:Baker, Kevin (1993). 2139:Treasury of Bird Lore 1986: 1982:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 1971: 1944:British Poet Laureate 1890: 1833: 1683: 1492: 1365: 1315: 1267: 1165: 1102:; females often take 1007: 991: 983: 971:Behaviour and ecology 892:and 200 pairs on the 867: 724: 713: 534:in 1760. The current 519:in his 1758 landmark 442:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 337:), also known as the 322: 35:Eurasian sparrowhawk 5666:Fauna Europaea (new) 5347:Newton, Ian (1986). 5248:Gifford, T. (2009). 5078:Skok, Petar (1972). 4977:Falconry and Hawking 4356:. pp. 132–134. 4073:. pp. 127–131. 3133:BTO Garden Birdwatch 2764:Hackett, J. (1998). 2367:. pp. 174–176. 2333:Raptors of the World 1477:Conflict with humans 915:. The Norwegian and 538:is derived from the 339:northern sparrowhawk 329:Eurasian sparrowhawk 18:Eurasian Sparrowhawk 5118:Spence, L. (1979). 4942:Ford, Emma (1995). 4760:2022EcoEv..12E8856P 4719:. 25 January 2010. 4717:Scottish Government 4392:(1410): 2057–2062. 4278:Jenyns, L. (1835). 4071:Chatto & Windus 3965:1990JNatH..24.1101A 3945:Leucocytozoon toddi 3794:Newton, I. (2001). 3615:"Policy on Raptors" 3456:on 18 October 2012. 3221:1996RSPTB.351.1559G 3215:(1347): 1559–1577. 2978:European Commission 2954:on 8 December 2012. 2831:on 18 October 2012. 2632:1983Oikos..40..145W 2425:Birds of Kazakhstan 1922:William Shakespeare 1704:(1542–1605) of the 1630:Scottish Government 1347:Leucocytozoon toddi 1086:Males tend to take 902:European Commission 651:A. n. wolterstorffi 629:Allan Octavian Hume 438:William Shakespeare 307:Linnaeus, 1758 246:A. n. wolterstorffi 238:A. n. melaschistos 70:Conservation status 5330:Idylls of the King 5096:Teutonic Mythology 5051:Grimm, J. (2003). 4896:on 4 February 2009 4098:Accipiter gentilis 4094:Widén, P. (1997). 3932:on 5 January 2013. 3914:Journal of Zoology 3842:Dorling Kindersley 3747:on 18 October 2015 3590:10.1007/BF00299662 3565:on 5 January 2013. 3496:, pp. 107–108 3307:, pp. 102–105 3261:10.1111/jofo.12350 3112:on 5 January 2013. 3020:. pp. 28–29. 2914:, pp. 291–294 2768:Accipiter virgatus 2713:Collins Bird Guide 2684:Behavioral Ecology 2010:Idylls of the King 1836: 1694: 1499: 1368: 1318: 1283:A. n. melaschistos 1270: 1168: 1014: 1002: 994:common wood pigeon 986: 976:Diet and predation 951:data collected at 870: 826:A. n. melaschistos 810:Levant sparrowhawk 735: 719: 625:A. n. melaschistos 434:Teutonic mythology 325: 282: Non-breeding 240:A. n. nisosimilis 5943: 5942: 5796:Open Tree of Life 5456:Taxon identifiers 5383:978-84-87334-15-3 5358:978-0-85661-041-7 5314:978-1-60620-830-4 5261:978-0-415-31189-2 5193:978-0-486-40726-5 5166:978-0-19-860092-3 5131:978-0-405-08989-3 5064:978-0-7661-7743-7 4986:978-0-7134-5555-7 4961:978-0-7137-2248-2 4928:978-0-415-05077-7 4814:on 19 August 2012 4768:10.1002/ece3.8856 4424:(Press release). 4363:978-0-19-852071-9 4312:978-1-905124-28-2 4148:978-0-00-219728-1 4080:978-0-7011-6907-7 4031:978-0-7484-0940-2 4004:978-0-7484-0962-4 3908:Moss, D. (1978). 3851:978-1-56458-175-4 3780:978-0-85661-094-3 3691:Passer domesticus 3629:on 7 January 2014 3517:978-0-7136-3523-2 3481:10.1111/mam.12060 3389:10.1111/ibi.12918 3291:978-1-84537-597-3 3065:978-0-7136-4422-7 3041:11 September 2014 2750:978-0-19-565506-3 2722:978-0-00-219728-1 2589:978-0-7136-6515-4 2551:978-0-00-724814-8 2521:978-1-898110-39-2 2466:978-84-87334-67-2 2374:978-0-903793-18-6 2342:978-0-7136-8026-3 2178:978-0-233-97037-0 2153:978-0-233-99435-2 2117:978-0-7153-9782-4 1776:common blackbirds 1603:peregrine falcons 1559:Second World Wars 1208:, and birds with 1163: 1073:common blackbirds 655:Otto Kleinschmidt 627:was described by 612:was described by 610:A. n. nisosimilis 320: 314: 313: 93: 16:(Redirected from 6003: 5976:Birds of Eurasia 5936: 5935: 5923: 5922: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5868: 5856: 5855: 5843: 5842: 5830: 5829: 5817: 5816: 5804: 5803: 5791: 5790: 5778: 5777: 5765: 5764: 5762:NHMSYS0000530120 5752: 5751: 5739: 5738: 5726: 5725: 5713: 5712: 5700: 5699: 5687: 5686: 5674: 5673: 5661: 5660: 5648: 5647: 5635: 5634: 5622: 5621: 5609: 5608: 5596: 5595: 5583: 5582: 5570: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5547: 5546: 5534: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5521:DB376A66278ED21E 5511: 5510: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5451: 5440: 5387: 5362: 5334: 5333: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5210:. Archived from 5204: 5198: 5197: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4949: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4622:on 12 April 2008 4618:. Archived from 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4527:on 10 April 2008 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4458: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4235: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4067:Birds Britannica 4062: 4051: 4050:, pp. 92–93 4045: 4036: 4035: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3988: 3977: 3976: 3959:(5): 1101–1107. 3940: 3934: 3933: 3928:. Archived from 3905: 3899: 3898: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3804: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3625:. Archived from 3611: 3602: 3601: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3561:. Archived from 3528: 3522: 3521: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3452:. Archived from 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3349:. 12 August 2015 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3125: 3114: 3113: 3108:. Archived from 3079: 3070: 3069: 3051: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3015: 3003: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2950:. Archived from 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2827:. Archived from 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2774: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2675: 2669: 2668:, pp. 28–30 2663: 2652: 2651: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2575: 2556: 2555: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2504: 2471: 2470: 2450: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2379: 2378: 2356: 2347: 2346: 2328: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2301:. Archived from 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2248: 2229: 2228: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2133: 2122: 2121: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2030: 1840:Slavic mythology 1784:Eurasian magpies 1772:common starlings 1571:European magpies 1547:Eurasian Goshawk 1520:southern England 1495:common pheasants 1437:English Midlands 1403:peregrine falcon 1234:peregrine falcon 1230:Eurasian Goshawk 1197:Eurasian Goshawk 1189:common redshanks 1164: 1055:Hunting by sound 998:Columba palumbus 934:Eurasian Goshawk 818:Eurasian Goshawk 768:peregrine falcon 521:10th edition of 321: 308: 287: 281: 275: 269: 257: 211: 108: 107: 87: 82: 81: 58: 44: 32: 21: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5931: 5926: 5918: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5885: 5879:Accipiter-nisus 5877: 5872: 5864: 5859: 5851: 5846: 5838: 5833: 5825: 5820: 5812: 5807: 5799: 5794: 5786: 5783:Observation.org 5781: 5773: 5768: 5760: 5755: 5747: 5742: 5734: 5729: 5721: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5695: 5690: 5682: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5656: 5651: 5643: 5638: 5630: 5625: 5617: 5612: 5606:accipiter-nisus 5604: 5599: 5591: 5586: 5578: 5573: 5565: 5563: 5555: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5508:Accipiter_nisus 5506: 5501: 5494:Accipiter nisus 5492: 5491: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5464:Accipiter nisus 5458: 5429: 5424:Wayback Machine 5400:Accipiter nisus 5394: 5384: 5365: 5359: 5349:The Sparrowhawk 5346: 5343: 5341:Further reading 5338: 5337: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5214:on 12 June 2008 5206: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4487:Telegraph.co.uk 4480: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4233: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4198:Accipiter nisus 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4149: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3990: 3989: 3980: 3949:Accipiter nisus 3942: 3941: 3937: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3802: 3798:Accipiter nisus 3793: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3687:Accipiter nisus 3682: 3681: 3677: 3662:10.2307/3677240 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3539:Parus caeruleus 3535:Accipiter nisus 3530: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3205:Accipiter nisus 3202: 3201: 3197: 3164:Accipiter nisus 3161: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3127: 3126: 3117: 3086:Accipiter nisus 3081: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3056:Birds of Europe 3053: 3052: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3013: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2928:Accipiter nisus 2923: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2807:within Britain" 2805:Accipiter nisus 2800: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2655: 2640:10.2307/3544210 2617: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2597: 2590: 2577: 2576: 2559: 2552: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2506: 2505: 2474: 2467: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2382: 2375: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2330: 2329: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2295:eBooks@Adelaide 2289: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2255:Accipiter nisus 2251:Robinson, R.A. 2250: 2249: 2232: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2118: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2037:Accipiter nisus 2032: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1976: 1974: 1828: 1790:. In 1735, the 1728:in the city of 1702:Akbar the Great 1678: 1575:Bookham Commons 1479: 1464:UK government's 1360: 1355: 1327: 1310: 1301:Sexual maturity 1262: 1218: 1185:grey partridges 1157: 1058:Hunting on foot 1010:common starling 978: 973: 930:Accipiter nisus 905:Birds Directive 862: 838: 832:further north. 742:but typical in 731:Cuculus canorus 708: 689:, described by 671:, described by 653:, described by 551:Greek mythology 536:scientific name 523:Systema Naturae 454: 334:Accipiter nisus 316: 306: 289: 285: 283: 279: 277: 273: 271: 267: 245: 243: 241: 239: 237: 224: 213: 209:Accipiter nisus 207: 194: 157:Accipitriformes 102: 94: 83: 79: 72: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6009: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5948: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5924: 5911: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5870: 5857: 5844: 5831: 5818: 5805: 5792: 5779: 5766: 5753: 5740: 5727: 5714: 5701: 5688: 5675: 5662: 5653:Fauna Europaea 5649: 5636: 5623: 5610: 5597: 5584: 5571: 5561: 5548: 5535: 5525: 5512: 5499: 5484: 5468: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5427: 5414: 5408: 5403: 5393: 5392:External links 5390: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5363: 5357: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5320: 5313: 5301:Burton, R. F. 5293: 5278:. SparkNotes. 5267: 5260: 5240: 5225: 5199: 5192: 5172: 5165: 5137: 5130: 5110: 5085: 5070: 5063: 5043: 5026: 4992: 4985: 4967: 4960: 4934: 4927: 4907: 4881: 4855: 4825: 4799: 4734: 4700: 4669: 4633: 4603: 4572: 4538: 4517:Press Releases 4504: 4473: 4443: 4428:. March 2010. 4413: 4369: 4362: 4335: 4318: 4311: 4291: 4270: 4250: 4219: 4188: 4158: 4147: 4123: 4113:(2): 107–113. 4086: 4079: 4052: 4037: 4030: 4010: 4003: 3978: 3935: 3920:(3): 297–314. 3900: 3889:(3): 211–217. 3869: 3867:, pp. 213 3857: 3850: 3844:. p. 57. 3825: 3786: 3779: 3758: 3724: 3703:(2): 411–420. 3675: 3640: 3603: 3584:(5): 317–323. 3568: 3523: 3516: 3498: 3486: 3475:(3): 160–174. 3459: 3422: 3420:, pp. 137 3410: 3383:(3): 928–947. 3360: 3334: 3309: 3297: 3290: 3267: 3254:(4): 367–374. 3234: 3195: 3176:(2): 226–236. 3154: 3115: 3100:(2): 269–276. 3071: 3064: 3043: 3030: 2995: 2957: 2916: 2904: 2886:(2): 344–354. 2860: 2834: 2819:(4): 434–440. 2793: 2756: 2749: 2728: 2721: 2703: 2690:(3): 574–579. 2670: 2653: 2626:(1): 145–149. 2610: 2595: 2588: 2557: 2550: 2527: 2520: 2472: 2465: 2442: 2411: 2380: 2373: 2348: 2341: 2316: 2305:on 15 May 2009 2282: 2230: 2205: 2184: 2177: 2159: 2152: 2123: 2116: 2098: 2077:Brisson, 1760" 2064: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2015: 1827: 1824: 1677: 1674: 1618:racing pigeons 1508:Parish records 1478: 1475: 1429:nature reserve 1426:Coombes Valley 1414:United Kingdom 1391:seed dressings 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1326: 1323: 1309: 1306: 1261: 1258: 1217: 1214: 1069:house sparrows 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052:Low quartering 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1020:, tree-belts, 977: 974: 972: 969: 913:common buzzard 909:common kestrel 898:egg-collecting 894:Canary Islands 861: 858: 837: 834: 791:brood parasite 787:common cuckoos 781:A study using 764:countershading 707: 704: 703: 702: 684: 681:Canary Islands 666: 648: 622: 614:Samuel Tickell 607: 556:, the king of 467:Middle English 453: 450: 395:Organochlorine 349:in the family 341:or simply the 312: 311: 310: 309: 298: 297: 291: 290: 284: 278: 276: Resident 272: 270: Breeding 266: 259: 258: 250: 249: 244:A. n. punicus 231: 230: 226: 225: 214: 203: 202: 196: 195: 188: 186: 182: 181: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 96: 95: 77: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6008: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5374:Lynx Edicions 5371: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5294: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5114: 5111: 5098: 5097: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5027: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4911: 4908: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4688: 4684: 4683:Sunday Herald 4680: 4673: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4591: 4587: 4586:Sunday Herald 4583: 4576: 4573: 4560: 4556: 4555:Sunday Herald 4552: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4459:. Edinburgh: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4444: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4240:. p. 8. 4239: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693:) in Britain" 3692: 3688: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3641: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553:(4): 580–84. 3552: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3533:"Sparrowhawk 3527: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469:Mammal Review 3463: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3444:(3): 123–42. 3443: 3439: 3438: 3437:Mammal Review 3433: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129:"Sparrowhawk" 3124: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3067: 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Retrieved 2081:ITIS reports 2080: 2074: 2067: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1972: 1960: 1954: 1939: 1925: 1919: 1896: 1891: 1886:Miscellanies 1885: 1883: 1874: 1862: 1860:Proto-Slavic 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1791: 1769: 1764: 1756: 1750: 1725: 1721: 1710:common quail 1695: 1670: 1666: 1627: 1607: 1594: 1583: 1563: 1543: 1541:, Scotland. 1528: 1500: 1480: 1461: 1449: 1441: 1411: 1375:insecticides 1369: 1346: 1343:Forest of Ae 1339: 1328: 1319: 1299: 1295: 1287:jungle crows 1282: 1271: 1250:stone marten 1238:golden eagle 1219: 1203: 1194: 1173: 1169: 1140: 1134:, and young 1085: 1077:wood pigeons 1065: 1061: 1030: 1015: 997: 961: 945:north Africa 938: 929: 926: 885: 871: 851: 839: 830: 825: 807: 803: 780: 775: 761: 748: 736: 730: 698: 686: 669:A. n. granti 668: 650: 644: 635:through the 624: 609: 595: 573:superspecies 570: 546: 542: 527: 522: 514: 510:stone falcon 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 485: 477: 470: 460: 455: 411: 398:insecticides 391: 379: 351:Accipitridae 347:bird of prey 342: 338: 333: 332: 328: 326: 303: 263: 242:A. n. nisus 235: 234: 208: 206: 190: 189: 177: 167:Accipitridae 29: 5891:Falco nisus 5705:iNaturalist 5488:Wikispecies 5103:16 December 5019:21 November 4626:21 November 4531:23 November 4497:23 November 4181:27 November 3865:Newton 1986 3815:: 143–154. 3633:23 November 3494:Newton 1986 3418:Newton 1986 3305:Newton 1986 3039:Irish Times 2912:Newton 1986 2853:21 February 2666:Newton 1986 2275:26 February 2091:28 November 1940:eyas musket 1915:Sparrowhawk 1788:corn crakes 1780:common teal 1753:Middle Ages 1551:pine marten 1531:Sandringham 1504:wood pigeon 1484:gamekeepers 1424:bought its 1418:East Anglia 1407:convulsions 1395:agriculture 1254:pine marten 964:territories 957:Kaliningrad 884:. The race 824:, although 740:vertebrates 706:Description 645:nisosimilis 633:Afghanistan 621:subspecies. 596:A. n. nisus 528:Falco nisus 475:Old English 343:sparrowhawk 304:Falco nisus 229:Subspecies 5966:True hawks 5950:Categories 5906:Q122583485 5874:Xeno-canto 5218:1 February 5155:. p. 5151:. Oxford: 4864:"Falconry" 4727:30 January 4565:30 January 4485:. London: 4069:. London: 3147:1 February 2988:1 February 2309:1 February 2017:References 1947:Ted Hughes 1875:Spearhafoc 1826:In culture 1816:black-bird 1761:Old French 1642:Kilmarnock 1587:introduced 1389:– used as 1387:heptachlor 1372:cyclodiene 1358:Pollutants 1335:incubation 1154:consumed. 1081:great tits 1034:Ian Newton 953:Heligoland 854:Senescence 776:Accipiters 774:and other 589:subspecies 498:hedge hawk 486:sparrhaukr 478:spearhafoc 446:Ted Hughes 5971:Accipiter 5005:BirdFacts 4776:2045-7758 3405:234071190 3397:0019-1019 3016:. Sandy: 2783:: 73–74. 2075:Accipiter 1881:in 1066. 1820:fieldfare 1740:, and in 1686:falconers 1638:Edinburgh 1567:songbirds 1539:Caithness 1516:Berkshire 1331:altricial 1242:eagle owl 1226:tawny owl 1216:Predators 1176:blue tits 1128:squirrels 1108:starlings 874:Old World 637:Himalayas 618:Kamchatka 575:with the 543:accipiter 506:spur hawk 502:spar hawk 494:blue hawk 482:Old Norse 462:Accipiter 430:Falconers 426:passerine 422:gamebirds 382:Old World 375:starlings 262:Range of 185:Species: 178:Accipiter 123:Kingdom: 117:Eukaryota 5961:Falconry 5900:Wikidata 5835:Species+ 5749:22695624 5723:10661898 5544:22695624 5539:BirdLife 5528:BioLib: 5473:Wikidata 5420:Archived 5280:Archived 5013:Archived 4842:Archived 4794:35475189 4721:Archived 4687:Archived 4653:Archived 4590:Archived 4559:Archived 4491:Archived 4465:Archived 4463:. 2008. 4430:Archived 4242:Archived 4175:Archived 4153:Archived 4115:Archived 3817:Archived 3719:86228079 3322:The RSPB 3141:Archived 3022:Archived 2982:Archived 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