54:
33:
215: species). In the case of the gall-forming species, when the female lays her eggs she injects a stimulant and the gall starts to form before the eggs hatch. Most sawfly galls are hard and individual larva tend to inhabit the gall, feeding on the tissue and leave the gall to pupate in the soil. Most of the species are
347:
i.e. feeds on a single species. Kopelke and other taxonomists have since described many new species, although it is not universally agreed and it is argued that some recently described species are considered to be host plant races. The reason being there are only small genetic and morphological
272:
A gall is an abnormal growth where the host plants cells enlarge and/or multiply providing food and shelter for the gall-causer. Most gall-causers stick to one host species, or a group which are closely related and tend to cause short-term, localised damage to their host plant. Unlike most gall
236:
Most groups of insects tend to have maximum numbers of species in the tropics and decrease towards the poles. The
Nematinae reverse this trend with the highest number probably occurring in the
1798:
1995:
2021:
1731:
Prous, M; Blank, S M; Goulet, H; Heibo, E; Liston, A; Malm, T; Nyman, T; Schmidt, S; Smith, D R; Vardal, H; Viitasaari, M; Vikberg, V; Taeger, A (2014).
1969:
2049:
2082:
1676:
1601:
292:
for the evolution of galls is, they may have started with the larvae of an ancestor that either folded or rolled leaves, culminating in
344:
298:; which does not usually induce a gall but taxonomically belongs to the gall species. The first publication of a sawfly gall was by
1134:
2087:
1419:
2008:
580:
152:
1891:
240:. The reason is not fully understood but could be because of the abundance of species of willow in the region. In the
1948:
2026:
277:
species inject a substance during oviposition which starts the growth of the gall. The female secretions have led
1961:
1694:"Part of a Letter of Mr Anthony van Leuwenhoeck, F.R.S. concerning Excrescencies Growing on Willow Leaves, etc"
273:
insects where the development of the gall is a response to the immature stages living in the gall, females of
1220:
53:
2072:
1453:
309:
1321:
1200:
782:
2077:
1844:
1495:
1338:
1210:
1180:
1057:
1037:
894:
772:
762:
1896:
1389:
1375:
1331:
525:
459:
340:
1348:
1290:
1091:
989:
982:
965:
843:
813:
674:
553:
543:
408:
1382:
1307:
1166:
1118:
1098:
975:
941:
877:
806:
684:
418:
1917:
1513:
1437:
1396:
1365:
1270:
1190:
1173:
1142:
955:
948:
934:
870:
728:
714:
567:
401:
325:
1403:
1300:
1260:
1149:
1074:
999:
887:
863:
833:
792:
752:
738:
636:
629:
605:
533:
394:
1485:
1314:
1108:
1027:
914:
823:
799:
649:
588:
489:
452:
442:
303:
241:
1250:
1230:
1006:
745:
664:
657:
595:
1713:
1627:
1067:
1047:
924:
904:
371:
278:
48:
353:
1555:
Liston, Andrew D; Heibo, Erik; Prous, Marko; Vardal, Hege; Nyman, Tommi; Vikberg, Veli (2017).
335:
was based mostly on the morphology of the adults and the larvae often lived on a wide range of
2034:
2000:
1672:
1646:
1597:
1413:
1081:
621:
615:
559:
496:
264:
species) remain unconfirmed, although at least five species in North
America do gall poplars.
316:
including one on ″growths on the leaves of willows″. The early researchers sometimes mistook
1777:
1744:
1705:
1636:
1572:
1556:
1280:
574:
479:
2039:
1664:
1471:
1447:
1427:
1156:
1013:
853:
704:
694:
643:
469:
225:
169:
32:
1956:
1943:
1019:
428:
324:(1737) was possibly the first to correctly identify a sawfly as a galler, based on the
299:
282:
196:
176:
125:
2066:
1717:
1477:
1461:
1355:
1240:
721:
520:
434:
313:
237:
1128:
512:
220:
161:
1882:
1867:
2013:
1982:
1876:
359:
105:
1577:
506:
348:
differences, which are not enough evidence to treat them as separate species.
317:
293:
289:
252:
species as hosts for their larva. Reports of
European species of stem-galling
1930:
380:
230:
216:
200:
135:
85:
65:
1709:
1650:
1641:
1618:
1904:
1861:
1782:
1766:"Checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera) of Canada, Alaska and Greenland"
1765:
365:
1909:
1749:
1732:
1623:
Hartig (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): one polyphage or many monophages?"
1974:
321:
257:
208:
1987:
192:
115:
95:
75:
1838:
1693:
1935:
1829:
1922:
204:
1842:
203:. Some of the larvae feed externally on plants and some form
281:
to consider gall-inducing species of sawfly to be highly
1733:"The genera of Nematinae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)"
1671:. Old Basing, Hampshire: WildGuides Ltd. pp. 5–6.
219:(i.e., specific to one species of willow) although the
379:, reflecting advances in the understanding of their
1851:
1561:sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae)"
383:. Free-feeding species were also transferred.
351:In 2014 gall-inducing species, on willow, of
343:argued that each sawfly species was strictly
8:
331:Until recently the taxonomy of gall-forming
320:emerging from the galls as the gall-makers.
1669:Britain's Plant Galls. A Photographic Guide
1594:Britain's Plant Galls. A photographic guide
1839:
1596:. Old Basing: WildGuides Ltd. p. 10.
233:feeding on over thirty species of willow.
31:
20:
1781:
1748:
1640:
1576:
1442:(Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2014) comb. nov.
537:(Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2014) comb. nov.
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
994:(Rohwer, 1908) spec. rev., comb. nov.
7:
1962:2fda4c60-2134-416b-b612-99216d03d252
1764:Goulet, H.; Bennett, A.M. (2021).
14:
1692:Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van (1701).
339:species. From the 1980s onwards
52:
1770:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
1737:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
699:(MacGillivray, 1923) comb. nov.
689:(MacGillivray, 1919) comb. nov.
1557:"North European gall-inducing
1507:No longer considered a species
312:wrote numerous letters to the
302:in 1668 with illustrations of
1:
2083:Taxa named by Edward Newman
2104:
1698:Philosophical Transactions
1500:Liston & Vikberg, 2017
1285:(Forsius, 1923) comb. nov.
1123:(Vikberg, 1965) comb. nov.
1113:(Vikberg, 1970) comb. nov.
1103:(Vikberg, 2010) comb. nov.
1086:(Kopelke, 1986) comb. nov.
858:(Cameron, 1876) comb. nov.
733:(Cameron, 1876) comb. nov.
447:(Cameron, 1877) comb. nov.
1807:Plant Parasites of Europe
1592:Chinery, Michael (2011).
1578:10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1
818:(Benson, 1941) comb. nov.
484:(Benson, 1941) comb. nov.
474:(Benson, 1941) comb. nov.
167:
160:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
1786:– via NatureServe.
1225:Kopelke, 2007 comb. nov.
1215:Kopelke, 2007 comb. nov.
1062:Kopelke, 1991 comb. nov.
899:(Konow, 1901} comb. nov.
828:Kopelke, 1994 comb. nov.
1619:"The willow bud galler
1221:Euura plicaphylicifolia
310:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1710:10.1098/rstl.1700.0071
1642:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800042
1520:, is now a synonym of
1496:Euura weiffenbachiella
1339:Euura salicispurpureae
1032:Kopelke, 1991 comb nov
244:all of the species of
2088:Gall-inducing insects
1617:Nyman, Tommi (2002).
1322:Euura saliciscinereae
1201:Euura plicadaphnoides
783:Euura gemmahelveticae
1957:Fauna Europaea (new)
1783:10.3897/jhr.82.60057
1750:10.3897/JHR.40.7442
1211:Euura plicalapponum
1181:Euura phylicifoliae
1058:Euura myrtilloidica
1038:Euura myrsinifoliae
1028:Euura myrsiniticola
895:Euura kriechbaumeri
773:Euura gemmafoetidae
763:Euura gemmacinereae
375:were placed in the
242:Western Palaearctic
1390:Euura shibayanagii
1376:Euura scoulerianae
1332:Euura salicisnodus
1048:Euura myrtilloides
600:(W.F. Kirby, 1882)
460:Euura anomaloptera
341:Jens-Peter Kopelke
238:boreal forest zone
2060:
2059:
2035:Open Tree of Life
1845:Taxon identifiers
1519:
1501:
1491:
1490:(Zirngiebl, 1955)
1481:
1467:
1457:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1414:Euura testaceipes
1409:
1371:
1361:
1349:Euura salicisovum
1344:
1326:
1296:
1291:Euura reticulatae
1286:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1195:
1186:
1162:
1138:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1092:Euura nigritarsis
1087:
1082:Euura nigricantis
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
995:
990:Euura megacephala
983:Euura medullarius
971:
966:Euura leucosticta
961:
960:(Tischbein, 1846)
930:
920:
910:
900:
883:
859:
849:
844:Euura hastatavora
839:
829:
819:
814:Euura glabrifrons
788:
778:
768:
758:
734:
710:
700:
690:
680:
675:Euura daphnoidica
670:
653:
625:
616:Euura collactanea
611:
601:
584:
563:
554:Euura brevicornis
549:
544:Euura boreoalpina
538:
529:
516:
502:
497:Euura arcticornis
485:
475:
465:
448:
438:
424:
423:{Lindqvist, 1949}
414:
409:Euura acutifoliae
184:
183:
156:
16:Genus of sawflies
2095:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2014:NHMSYS0020481165
2004:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1840:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1803:(Thomson, 1871)"
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1704:(269): 786–792.
1689:
1683:
1682:
1665:Chinery, Michael
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1552:
1517:
1499:
1489:
1475:
1466:(Brischke, 1883)
1465:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1417:
1407:
1383:Euura serissimae
1369:
1359:
1342:
1324:
1308:Euura salicicola
1294:
1284:
1281:Euura pustulator
1274:
1264:
1254:
1245:(Serville, 1823)
1244:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:(Thomson), 1863
1193:
1184:
1167:Euura perturbans
1160:
1135:Audinet-Serville
1132:
1122:
1119:Euura nudipectus
1112:
1102:
1099:Euura nitidinota
1085:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1017:
993:
976:Euura longiserra
969:
959:
942:Euura lasiolepis
928:
918:
909:(Brischke, 1883)
908:
898:
881:
878:Euura ischnocera
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:Euura geyerianae
786:
776:
766:
756:
732:
708:
698:
688:
685:Euura delicatula
678:
668:
647:
619:
609:
599:
578:
575:Euura bridgmanii
557:
547:
536:
524:
510:
500:
483:
480:Euura arbusculae
473:
463:
446:
432:
422:
419:Euura acutiserra
413:(Zinovjev, 1985)
412:
248:are attached to
151:
57:
56:
35:
21:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1847:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1801:Euura crassipes
1796:
1795:
1791:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1678:978-190365743-0
1663:
1662:
1658:
1621:Euura mucronata
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1603:978-190365743-0
1591:
1590:
1586:
1554:
1553:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1522:Euura crassipes
1514:Euura lapponica
1504:
1472:Euura viminalis
1448:Euura vesicator
1438:Euura unigallae
1428:Euura triandrae
1397:Euura soboensis
1370:(Förster, 1854)
1366:Euura scotaspis
1360:(Malaise, 1921)
1325:(Retzius, 1783)
1295:(Malaise, 1921)
1275:(Cameron, 1884)
1271:Euura purpureae
1265:(Zaddach, 1883)
1255:(Zaddach, 1883)
1235:(Zaddach, 1883)
1191:Euura piliserra
1174:Euura petandrae
1157:Euura pedunculi
1143:Euura orbitalis
1014:Euura mucronata
956:Euura leucapsis
949:Euura lemmoniae
935:Euura lasiokpis
871:Euura insularis
854:Euura herbaceae
848:(Vikberg, 2014)
729:Euura femoralis
715:Euura elaeagnos
709:(Thomson, 1871)
705:Euura dolichura
695:Euura destricta
644:Euura crassipes
568:Euura breweriae
470:Euura aquilonis
464:(Förster, 1854)
402:Euura acuminata
389:
328:of the larvae.
270:
226:Euura mucronata
180:
173:
170:Euura mucronata
150:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Tenthredinidae
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1944:Fauna Europaea
1940:
1927:
1914:
1901:
1888:
1873:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1825:
1824:External links
1822:
1820:
1819:
1789:
1756:
1723:
1684:
1677:
1656:
1635:(4): 288–295.
1609:
1602:
1584:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1468:
1458:
1444:
1434:
1432:(Benson, 1941)
1424:
1410:
1404:Euura subgemma
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1345:
1335:
1328:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1301:Euura saliceti
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1261:Euura prussica
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1161:(Hartig, 1837)
1153:
1150:Euura pacifica
1146:
1139:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1088:
1078:
1075:Euura nigrella
1071:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1010:
1003:
1000:Euura mexicana
996:
986:
979:
972:
970:(Hartig, 1837)
962:
952:
945:
938:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
888:Euura kincaidi
884:
882:(Thomson, 1863
874:
867:
864:Euura hoppingi
860:
850:
840:
834:Euura hastatae
830:
820:
810:
803:
796:
793:Euura gemmarum
789:
779:
769:
759:
757:(Hartig, 1837)
753:Euura gallarum
749:
742:
739:Euura flavipes
735:
725:
718:
711:
701:
691:
681:
671:
669:(Liston, 2005)
661:
654:
640:
637:Euura cosensii
633:
630:Euura cooperae
626:
612:
606:Euura cinereae
602:
592:
585:
571:
564:
550:
540:
534:Euura bigallae
530:
517:
503:
493:
486:
476:
466:
456:
449:
439:
429:Euura amerinae
425:
415:
405:
398:
395:Euura abortiva
390:
388:
385:
300:Francesco Redi
269:
266:
197:Tenthredinidae
195:of the family
191:is a genus of
182:
181:
174:
165:
164:
158:
157:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
126:Tenthredinidae
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Sawfly genera
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1518:Kopelke, 1996
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:Euura virilis
1483:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:Euura venusta
1459:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:Euura samolad
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:Kopelke, 2014
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1315:Euura salicis
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1241:Euura proxima
1238:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:Kopelke, 2007
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:Kopelke, 2001
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1109:Euura nivalis
1106:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:Kopelke, 1996
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:Kopelke, 2001
1040:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
991:
987:
985:
984:
980:
978:
977:
973:
968:
967:
963:
958:
957:
953:
951:
950:
946:
944:
943:
939:
937:
936:
932:
929:Malaise, 1921
927:
926:
922:
919:Malaise, 1921
917:
916:
915:Euura lanatae
912:
907:
906:
902:
897:
896:
892:
890:
889:
885:
880:
879:
875:
873:
872:
868:
866:
865:
861:
856:
855:
851:
846:
845:
841:
838:Malaise, 1921
836:
835:
831:
826:
825:
824:Euura glaucae
821:
816:
815:
811:
809:
808:
804:
802:
801:
800:Euura gemmura
797:
795:
794:
790:
787:Kopelke, 2001
785:
784:
780:
777:Kopelke, 2001
775:
774:
770:
767:Kopelke, 2001
765:
764:
760:
755:
754:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
740:
736:
731:
730:
726:
724:
723:
722:Euura exiguae
719:
717:
716:
712:
707:
706:
702:
697:
696:
692:
687:
686:
682:
679:Kopelke, 2001
677:
676:
672:
667:
666:
662:
660:
659:
655:
651:
646:
645:
641:
639:
638:
634:
632:
631:
627:
623:
618:
617:
613:
610:Kopelke, 1996
608:
607:
603:
598:
597:
593:
591:
590:
589:Euura butleri
586:
582:
577:
576:
572:
570:
569:
565:
561:
556:
555:
551:
548:Kopelke, 2001
546:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:Euura auritae
518:
514:
509:
508:
504:
501:(Konow, 1904)
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
490:Euura arctica
487:
482:
481:
477:
472:
471:
467:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
453:Euura angusta
450:
445:
444:
443:Euura anglica
440:
436:
431:
430:
426:
421:
420:
416:
411:
410:
406:
404:
403:
399:
397:
396:
392:
391:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Royal Society
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
291:
286:
284:
283:host specific
280:
276:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:
178:
172:
171:
166:
163:
159:
154:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1852:
1831:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1800:
1797:Ellis, W N.
1792:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1668:
1659:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1593:
1587:
1571:(1): 1–115.
1568:
1564:
1558:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1494:
1484:
1470:
1460:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1412:
1408:Liston, 2006
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1347:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1251:Euura polita
1249:
1239:
1231:Euura polita
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1129:Euura oblita
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1012:
1007:Euura moenia
1005:
998:
988:
981:
974:
964:
954:
947:
940:
933:
923:
913:
903:
893:
886:
876:
869:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
812:
805:
798:
791:
781:
771:
761:
751:
746:Euura gallae
744:
737:
727:
720:
713:
703:
693:
683:
673:
665:Euura cyrnea
663:
658:Euura cynips
656:
642:
635:
628:
614:
604:
596:Euura calais
594:
587:
573:
566:
552:
542:
532:
519:
505:
495:
488:
478:
468:
458:
451:
441:
427:
417:
407:
400:
393:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
350:
336:
332:
330:
304:
294:
287:
274:
271:
261:
253:
249:
245:
235:
224:
221:type species
212:
199:, subfamily
187:
186:
185:
168:
162:Type species
146:
145:
40:
24:
18:
1983:iNaturalist
1877:Wikispecies
1068:Euura nigra
925:Euura lappo
905:Euura laeta
372:Tubpontania
360:Phyllocolpa
345:monophagous
318:parasitoids
279:taxonomists
231:polyphagous
205:plant galls
132:Subfamily:
106:Hymenoptera
2067:Categories
1532:References
1454:Bremi-Wolf
507:Euura atra
354:Eupontania
326:morphology
305:E. proxima
290:hypothesis
256:, galling
217:monophages
112:Suborder:
86:Arthropoda
1868:Q15710899
1812:29 August
1776:: 21–67.
1718:186209975
381:phylogeny
201:Nematinae
136:Nematinae
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1905:BugGuide
1862:Wikidata
1743:: 1–69.
1667:(2011).
1651:11920137
1628:Heredity
1478:Linnaeus
1420:Brischke
435:Linnaeus
366:Pontania
193:sawflies
122:Family:
116:Symphyta
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
2001:1337464
1975:9013381
1923:3766117
1834:gallers
1565:Zootaxa
1480:, 1758)
1456:, 1849)
1422:, 1883)
1137:, 1823)
1022:, 1837)
652:, 1871)
650:Thomson
624:, 1854)
622:Förster
583:, 1883)
581:Cameron
562:, 1854)
560:Förster
526:Kopelke
515:, 1807)
437:, 1758)
387:Species
322:Reaumur
295:E. atra
262:Populus
209:willows
179:, 1837)
142:Genus:
102:Order:
96:Insecta
92:Class:
2027:112295
1988:334169
1949:355336
1936:1EUURG
1910:557284
1716:
1675:
1649:
1600:
1524:
1020:Hartig
528:, 2000
513:Jurine
258:poplar
177:Hartig
155:, 1837
153:Newman
2050:euura
2047:PPE:
2040:36589
1996:IRMNG
1897:80428
1883:Euura
1853:Euura
1832:Euura
1714:S2CID
1559:Euura
377:Euura
337:Salix
333:Euura
275:Euura
268:Galls
254:Euura
250:Salix
246:Euura
229:, is
213:Salix
188:Euura
147:Euura
41:Euura
25:Euura
2022:NCBI
1970:GBIF
1931:EPPO
1892:BOLD
1830:The
1814:2020
1673:ISBN
1647:PMID
1598:ISBN
1569:4302
369:and
288:One
43:sp.
2009:NBN
1918:EoL
1778:doi
1745:doi
1706:doi
1637:doi
1573:doi
207:on
2069::
2037::
2024::
2011::
1998::
1985::
1972::
1959::
1946::
1933::
1920::
1907::
1894::
1879::
1864::
1805:.
1774:82
1772:.
1768:.
1741:40
1739:.
1735:.
1712:.
1702:22
1700:.
1696:.
1645:.
1633:88
1631:.
1625:.
1567:.
1563:.
1539:^
363:,
357:,
308:.
285:.
223:,
1816:.
1799:"
1780::
1753:.
1747::
1720:.
1708::
1681:.
1653:.
1639::
1606:.
1581:.
1575::
1476:(
1452:(
1418:(
1133:(
1018:(
648:(
620:(
579:(
558:(
511:(
433:(
260:(
211:(
175:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
