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logical, thus making the direct application of presented information by policy-makers an unlikely scenario. These factors encompass information gaps, secrecy, the necessity for rapid responses versus slow data availability, political expediency (what is popular), and a lack of interest among policy-makers in making policies more scientifically grounded. When a discrepancy is identified between the scientific process and political process, those seeking to reduce this gap face a choice: either to encourage politicians to adopt more scientific methods or to prompt scientists to employ more political strategies.
665:(RCTs), arguing that evidence from RCTs is not always sufficient for making decisions. They suggest that applying experimental evidence to a policy context requires an understanding of the conditions present within the experimental setting and an assertion that these conditions also exist in the target environment of the proposed intervention. Additionally, they argue that the prioritization of RCTs could lead to the criticism of evidence-based policy being overly focused on narrowly defined 'interventions', which implies surgical actions on one causal factor to influence its effect.
227:, as optimal for policymakers to consider, others argue that not all policy-relevant areas are best served by quantitative research. This discrepancy has sparked debates about the types of evidence that should be utilized. For example, policies concerning human rights, public acceptability, or social justice may necessitate different forms of evidence than what randomized trials provide. Furthermore, evaluating policy often demands moral philosophical reasoning in addition to the assessment of intervention effects, which randomized trials primarily aim to provide.
546:(ODI) asserts that research-based evidence can significantly influence policies that have profound impacts on lives. Illustrative examples mentioned in the UK's Department for International Development's (DFID) new research strategy include a 22% reduction in neonatal mortality in Ghana, achieved by encouraging women to initiate breastfeeding within one hour of childbirth, and a 43% decrease in mortality among HIV-positive children due to the use of a widely accessible antibiotic.
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development of a research agenda centered on policy issues instead of purely academic interests, the acquisition of new skills or the formation of multidisciplinary teams, the establishment of new internal systems and incentives, increased investment in communications, the production of a different range of outputs, and enhanced collaboration within partnerships and networks.
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alternative policy. Second, the specific policy is supported by this evidence according to at least one of the individual's or organisation's preferences in the given policy area. Third, the individual or organisation can provide a sound account for this support by explaining the evidence and preferences that lay the foundation for the claim.
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Following numerous policy initiatives, the ODI conducted an evaluation of their evidence-based policy efforts. This analysis identified several factors contributing to policy decisions that are only weakly informed by research-based evidence. Policy development processes are complex, seldom linear or
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The use of cost-benefit analysis in policy-making was first mandated by
President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12291 in 1981. This order stated that administrative decisions should use sufficient information regarding the potential impacts of regulation. Maximizing the net benefits to society was
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The ODI suggested that, in the face of limited progress in evidence-based policy, individuals and organizations possessing relevant data should leverage the emotional appeal and narrative power typically associated with politics and advertising to influence decision-makers. Instead of relying solely
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Qualitative evidence comprises non-numerical data gathered through methods such as observations, interviews, or focus groups. It is often used to craft compelling narratives to influence decision-makers. The distinction between qualitative and quantitative data does not imply a hierarchy; both types
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The use of cost-benefit analysis in these executive orders highlights its importance in evidence-based policy. By comparing the potential impacts of different policy options, cost-benefit analysis aids in making policy decisions that are based on empirical evidence and designed to maximize societal
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This involves routinely measuring and reporting outcome data to determine whether programs are achieving their desired results. It includes developing meaningful outcome measures for programs, agencies, and the community, conducting regular audits of systems for collecting and reporting performance
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This ensures that programs are effectively delivered and remain faithful to their intended design. Key aspects include establishing quality standards for program implementation, building and maintaining capacity for ongoing quality improvement and monitoring of fidelity to program design, balancing
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Furthermore, the ODI posited that transforming a person who merely 'finds' data into someone who actively 'uses' data within our current system necessitates a fundamental shift towards policy engagement over academic achievement. This shift implies greater involvement with the policy community, the
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and logical frameworks, the ODI recommended identifying key players, crafting compelling narratives, and simplifying complex research data into clear, persuasive stories. Rather than advocating for systemic changes to promote evidence-based policy, the ODI encouraged data holders to actively engage
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is a term that was first introduced by Gordon Guyatt. Nevertheless, examples of EBM can be traced back to the early 1900s. Some contend that the earliest instance of EBM dates back to the 11th century when Ben Cao Tu Jing from the Song dynasty suggested a method to evaluate the efficacy of ginseng.
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Recent discussions have emerged about the potential conflicts of interest in evidence-based decision-making applied to public policy development. In their analysis of vocational education in prisons run by the
California Department of Corrections, researchers Andrew J. Dick, William Rich, and Tony
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Hoffman, Steven J.; Baral, Prativa; Rogers Van Katwyk, Susan; Sritharan, Lathika; Hughsam, Matthew; Randhawa, Harkanwal; Lin, Gigi; Campbell, Sophie; Campus, Brooke; Dantas, Maria; Foroughian, Neda; Groux, Gaëlle; Gunn, Elliot; Guyatt, Gordon; Habibi, Roojin; Karabit, Mina; Karir, Aneesh; Kruja,
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Later presidents, including Bill
Clinton and Barack Obama, modified but still emphasized the importance of cost-benefit analysis in their executive orders. For example, Clinton's Executive Order 12866 kept the need for cost-benefit analysis but also stressed the importance of flexibility, public
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Waters found that political factors inevitably influenced "evidence-based decisions," which were ostensibly neutral and technocratic. They argue that when policymakers, who have a vested interest in validating previous political judgments, fund evidence, there is a risk of corruption, leading to
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This process involves conducting rigorous evaluations of new and untested programs to ensure they warrant continued funding. This includes leveraging available resources to conduct evaluations, targeting evaluations to high-priority programs, making better use of administrative data for program
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The Future Health
Systems consortium, based on research undertaken in six countries across Asia and Africa, has identified several key strategies to enhance the incorporation of evidence into policy-making. These strategies include enhancing the technical capacity of policy-makers; refining the
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in Kenya. They experimented with new textbooks and flip charts, and smaller class sizes, but they discovered that the only intervention that boosted school attendance was treating intestinal worms in children. Their findings led to the establishment of the Deworm the World
Initiative, a charity
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was established, funded by the ESRC, Big
Lottery, and Nesta, to advocate for the use of evidence in social policy and practice. The Alliance, operating throughout the UK, promotes the use of high-quality evidence to inform decisions on strategy, policy, and practice through advocacy, research
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An individual or organisation is justified in claiming that a specific policy is evidence-based if, and only if, three conditions are met. First, the individual or organisation possesses comparative evidence about the effects of the specific policy in comparison to the effects of at least one
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This process incorporates the evidence of program effectiveness into budget and policy decisions, prioritizing funding for programs that deliver a high return on investment. It involves integrating program performance information into the budget development process, presenting information to
337:(ESRC) furthered the drive for more evidence-based policymaking by granting ÂŁ1.3 million to the Evidence Network in 1999. Similar to both the Campbell and Cochrane Collaborations, the Evidence Network functions as a hub for evidence-based policy and practice. More recently, the
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This involves systematic reviews of the available evidence on the effectiveness of public programs, the development of a comprehensive inventory of funded programs, categorization of these programs by their proven effectiveness, and identification of their potential return on
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The initial instance of evidence-based policy was manifested in tariff-making in
Australia. The legislation necessitated that tariffs be informed by a public report issued by the Tariff Board. This report would cover the tariff, industrial, and economic implications.
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framework. It is designed to estimate a net payoff if the policy is implemented. Due to the difficulty in quantifying some effects and outcomes of the policy, the focus is primarily on whether benefits will outweigh costs, rather than assigning specific values.
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do not necessitate evidence of an invariant causal relationship under intervention. Hence, mechanistic evidence and observational studies are often adequate for implementing institutional reforms and actions that do not alter the causes of a causal claim.
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During Obama's administration, Executive Order 13563 further strengthened the role of cost-benefit analysis in regulatory review. It encouraged agencies to consider values that are hard or impossible to quantify, like equity, human dignity, and fairness.
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policymakers in user-friendly formats, including relevant studies in budget hearings and committee meetings, establishing incentives for implementing evidence-based programs and practices, and building performance requirements into grants and contracts.
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Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a method used in evidence-based policy. It is an economic tool used to assess the economic, social, and environmental impacts of policies. The aim is to guide policymakers toward decisions that increase societal welfare.
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Hyder, A; Syed, S; Puvanachandra, P; Bloom, G; Sundaram, S; Mahmood, S; Iqbal, M; Hongwen, Z; Ravichandran, N; Oladepo, O; Pariyo, G; Peters, D (2010). "Stakeholder analysis for health research: Case studies from low- and middle-income countries".
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Furthermore, there have been reports of frontline public servants, such as hospital managers, making decisions that detrimentally affect patient care to meet predetermined targets. This argument was presented by
Professor Jerry Muller of the
242:. Despite these nuances, the phrase "evidence-based policy" is still widely employed, generally signifying a desire for evidence to be used in a rigorous, high-quality, and unbiased manner, while avoiding its misuse for political ends.
209:. This concept presents a stark contrast to policymaking predicated on ideology, 'common sense', anecdotes, or personal intuitions. The methodology employed in evidence-based policy often includes comprehensive research methods such as
583:, collaborates with different US states to promote the use of evidence-based policymaking in the development of their laws. The initiative has created a framework that serves as an example of how to implement evidence-based policy.
329:
was established in 1999 as a sibling organization to the
Cochrane Collaboration. The Campbell Collaboration undertakes reviews of the most robust evidence, analyzing the impacts of social and educational policies and practices.
291:", where research findings are utilized to support clinical decisions. In this model, evidence is collected through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compare a treatment group with a placebo group to measure outcomes.
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in
Scotland, contends that proponents of the approach often underestimate the complexity of policy-making and misconstrue how policy decisions are typically made. Nancy Cartwright and Jeremy Hardie question the emphasis on
238:. This semantic shift allows for continued reflection on the need to elevate the rigor and quality of evidence used, while sidestepping some of the limitations or reductionist notions occasionally associated with the term
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in social policy was notably later than in the medical field. Although elements of an evidence-based approach can be traced back as far as the fourteenth century, it was popularized more recently during the tenure of the
1564:; Lee, Olivia; Li, Binxi; Nagi, Ranjana; Naicker, Kiyuri; Røttingen, John-Arne; Sahar, Nicola; Srivastava, Archita; Tejpar, Ali; Tran, Maxwell; Zhang, Yu-qing; Zhou, Qi; Poirier, Mathieu J. P. (9 August 2022).
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Guyatt, G. H. (1 December 1993). "Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group".
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While the earliest published RCTs in medicine date back to the 1940s and 1950s, the term 'evidence-based medicine' did not appear in published medical research until 1993. In the same year, the
672:'s interventionist theory of causality. However, policy-making also involves other types of decisions, such as institutional reforms and predictive actions. These other forms of evidence-based
322:, emphasized the need for policies that "really deal with problems, are forward-looking and shaped by evidence rather than a response to short-term pressures; tackle causes not symptoms."
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The effectiveness of evidence-based policy hinges upon the presence of quality data, proficient analytical skills, and political backing for the utilization of scientific information.
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Syed, Shamsuzzoha B; Hyder, Adnan A; Bloom, Gerald; Sundaram, Sandhya; Bhuiya, Abbas; Zhenzhong, Zhang; Kanjilal, Barun; Oladepo, Oladimeji; Pariyo, George; Peters, David H (2008).
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during the 1980s. However, the term 'evidence-based policy' was not adopted in the medical field until the 1990s. In social policy, the term was not employed until the early 2000s.
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was established in the UK. This organization works to keep all RCTs up-to-date and provides "Cochrane reviews", which present primary research in human health and health policy.
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in the United Kingdom. This government expressed a desire to shift away from ideological decision-making in policy formulation. For instance, a 1999 UK Government white paper,
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213:(RCT). Good data, analytical skills, and political support to the use of scientific information are typically seen as the crucial elements of an evidence-based approach.
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Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William R (5 November 2019). "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency".
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themselves through surveys. Both evidence-based medicine (EBM) and evidence-based public health policy constructions extensively utilize quantitative evidence.
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The usage of the keyword EBM has seen a significant increase since the 2000s, and the influence of EBM has substantially expanded within the field of medicine.
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evaluations, requiring evaluations as a condition for continued funding for new initiatives, and developing a centralized repository for program evaluations.
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presentation of research findings; leveraging social networks; and establishing forums to facilitate the connection between evidence and policy outcomes.
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Hyder, A.A.; Corluka, A.; Winch, P.J.; El-Shinnawy, A.; Ghassany, H.; Malekafzali, H.; Lim, M.K.; Mfutso-Bengo, J.; Segura, E.; Ghaffar, A. (2011).
426:. The outcomes of various tests may hold varying degrees of credibility within the scientific community, influenced by factors such as the type of
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This shift in policy formulation led to an upswing in research and activism advocating for more evidence-based policy-making. As a result, the
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While proponents of evidence-based policy have identified certain types of evidence, such as scientifically rigorous evaluation studies like
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of evidence can be effective in different contexts. Policymaking often involves a combination of qualitative and quantitative evidence.
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is a non-governmental organization dedicated to using data, science, and facts to serve the public good. One of its initiatives, the
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journals, public surveillance systems, or individual programs. Quantitative data can also be collected by the government or
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some studies include policy options with varying levels of specificity or detail or compare possible rough pathway-options
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They test a theory as to why the policy will be effective and what the impacts of the policy will be if it is successful.
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Capstick, Stuart; Thierry, Aaron; Cox, Emily; Berglund, Oscar; Westlake, Steve; Steinberger, Julia K. (September 2022).
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890:"When is it justified to claim that a practice or policy is evidence-based? Reflections on evidence and preferences"
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Evidence-based policy has faced several critiques. Paul Cairney, a professor of politics and public policy at the
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program fidelity requirements with local needs, and conducting data-driven reviews to improve program performance.
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They identify uncertainties and control for external influences outside of the policy that may affect the outcome.
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Evidence-based policy employs various methodologies, but they all commonly share the following characteristics:
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They include a counterfactual: an analysis of what would have occurred if the policy had not been implemented.
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1688:"Planetary boundaries assessment of deep decarbonisation options for building heating in the European Union"
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that advocates for policy decisions to be grounded on, or influenced by, rigorously established objective
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McKinnon, Madeleine C.; Cheng, Samantha H.; Garside, Ruth; Masuda, Yuta J.; Miller, Daniel C. (2015).
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The shift towards contemporary evidence-based policy is deeply rooted in the broader movement towards
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1524:"Evidence-Based Policymaking: What is it? How does it work? What relevance for developing countries?"
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beyond the production of content relating to issues addressed via policy through various channels:
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2479:. Proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. 171. Oxford University Press. pp. 290–322.
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1969:"Exploring evidence-policy linkages in health research plans: A case study from six countries"
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In response to such complexities, some policy scholars have moved away from using the term
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or activism in various ways such as by holding press conferences, actively engaging with
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Strengthening Evidence Based Policy in the Australian Federation: Roundtable Proceedings
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Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU)
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1346:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 21 September 2006. Archived from
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The Politics of Evidence: from Evidence Based Policy to the Good Governance of Evidence
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438:. Advocates for evidence-based policy strive to align societal needs (as framed within
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Various types of data can be considered evidence in evidence-based policy making. The
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1936:"Policy Entrepreneurs: Their Activity Structure and Function in the Policy Process".
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1225:"Tampering with the evidence: a critical appraisal of evidence-based policy-making"
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The application of evidence-based policy varies among practitioners. For instance,
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The concept of intervention within the evidence-based policy movement aligns with
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The Philosophy of Causality in Economics: Causal Inferences and Policy Proposals
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2020:"National policy-makers speak out: are researchers giving them what they need?"
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They examine both direct and indirect effects that occur because of the policy.
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1566:"International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects"
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524:, writing collectively-signed public documents, social media activities, or
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organizes this data into tests to validate or challenge specific beliefs or
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Approach to decision-making and policy based on empirical data and analysis
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1985:
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1004:
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38:, an approach that utilizes evidence-based methods in police departments.
1778:"Civil disobedience by scientists helps press for urgent climate action"
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1953:
1862:
1627:"Do international treaties actually work? Study says they mostly don't"
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Brownson, Ross C.; Chriqui, Jamie F.; Stamatakis, Katherine A. (2009).
353:, curious about strategies to enhance students' test scores, conducted
810:
Baron, Jon (1 July 2018). "A Brief History of Evidence-Based Policy".
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2504:
What Works? Evidence-based Policy and Practice in the Public Services
488:
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2241:"Executive Order 13563 - Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review"
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Quantitative evidence for policymaking includes numerical data from
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533:
Evidence-based policy initiatives by non-governmental organizations
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some science-related organizations devise concrete policy proposals
812:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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a primary focus among the five general requirements of the order.
2405:"Government by numbers: how data is damaging our public services"
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publication, idea sharing, advice, event hosting, and training.
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data, and regularly reporting performance data to policymakers.
405:
The methodology used in evidence-based policy aligns with the
2665:"U.S. House bill passed to enact some of CEP recommendations"
1686:
Weidner, Till; Guillén-Gosálbez, Gonzalo (15 February 2023).
1103:"Evidence-Based Policy Making: What is It? How Do We Get It?"
3008:
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH)
34:, research conducted to support a pre-determined policy, or
2306:
Evidence-Based Policy: A Practical Guide to Doing It Better
1425:
Prison Vocational Education and Policy in the United States
1256:
943:"Evidence, hierarchies, and typologies: Horses for courses"
2642:"U.S. Evidence-Based Policymaking Commission Act of 2016"
2124:
1232:
The Drawing Board: An Australian Review of Public Affairs
926: This article incorporates text available under the
3023:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
1218:
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867:. Vol. 1. Productivity Commission. pp. 13–26.
586:
Pew's five key components of evidence-based policy are:
260:. This shift was largely influenced by the emergence of
2656:
1276:
Claridge, Jeffrey A.; Fabian, Timothy C. (1 May 2005).
858:"2 Evidence-based policy: principles and requirements"
1877:
Bik, Holly M.; Goldstein, Miriam C. (23 April 2013).
1422:
Dick, Andrew J.; Rich, William; Waters, Tony (2016).
1034:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
2475:. In Dawid, A.P.; Twining, W.; Vasilaki, M. (eds.).
2345:
Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation
2211:"Executive Orders Disposition Tables Clinton - 1993"
2107:"Evidence-Based Policymaking: A guide for effective"
1938:
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
1278:"History and Development of Evidence-based Medicine"
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1464:"Understanding Evidence-Based Public Health Policy"
1179:Payne-Palacio, June R.; Canter, Deborah D. (2016).
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They can be tested and replicated by a third party.
2502:Davies, H.T.O.; Nutley, S.M.; Smith, P.C. (2000).
1776:
1661:"AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023 — IPCC"
1522:Court, Julius; Sutcliffe, Sophie (November 2005).
3003:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
414:Types of evidence in evidence-based policy making
2473:"A theory of evidence for evidence-based policy"
1879:"An Introduction to Social Media for Scientists"
392:They incorporate some measurement of the impact.
2798:Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries
2773:Evidence-based library and information practice
2540:Educational Research, Policymaking and Practice
1570:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1428:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–40, 281–306.
1386:
1384:
3033:WHO Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet)
2561:The Myth of Research-Based Policy and Practice
2156:"Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice"
1070:The Myth of Research-Based Policy and Practice
947:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
640:involvement, and coordination among agencies.
627:Cost-benefit analysis in evidence-based policy
3095:
2687:
175:
8:
3018:German Agency for Quality in Medicine (AEZQ)
2272:The politics of evidence-based policy making
1182:The Profession of Dietetics: A Team Approach
495:some studies investigate existing policies (
2471:Cartwright, Nancy; Stegenga, Jacob (2011).
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
3102:
3088:
3080:
2961:
2694:
2680:
2672:
2653:"U.S. Commission on Evidence-based Policy"
2303:Cartwright, Nancy; Hardie, Jeremy (2012).
1026:
1024:
182:
168:
42:
2604:
2043:
1994:
1984:
1912:
1894:
1861:
1721:
1711:
1607:
1589:
1495:
966:
905:
805:
803:
801:
2101:
2099:
1746:"GermanZero - Creating a better climate"
851:
849:
478:
475:Scholarly communication in policy-making
797:
363:
305:History of evidence-based policy making
54:
2111:Pew-MacArthur Results First Initiative
1639:from the original on 15 September 2022
785:Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System
1825:from the original on 4 September 2022
1517:
1515:
1457:
1455:
1453:
7:
3049:Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
2485:10.5871/bacad/9780197264843.003.0011
1946:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a037081
1540:from the original on 3 December 2021
1160:from the original on 8 December 2021
335:Economic and Social Research Council
3596:Digital media use and mental health
3310:Sociology of the history of science
1403:from the original on 20 August 2019
483:Example of the policy cycle concept
234:policy, adopting alternatives like
2581:"Sustainability: Map the evidence"
2415:from the original on 11 April 2018
2323:from the original on 30 April 2024
2135:from the original on 30 April 2024
1973:Health Research Policy and Systems
1324:from the original on 30 April 2024
1199:from the original on 30 April 2024
1120:Guyatt, Gordon H. (1 March 1991).
272:History of evidence-based medicine
25:
3305:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3150:History and philosophy of science
3132:Economics of scientific knowledge
2125:"About The Pew Charitable Trusts"
1468:American Journal of Public Health
1185:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
3898:
3897:
3872:
2251:from the original on 4 June 2023
2221:from the original on 6 June 2023
2191:from the original on 14 May 2023
1756:from the original on 17 May 2023
1692:Energy Conversion and Management
1391:Thompson, Derek (15 June 2015).
921:
907:10.1332/174426421X16905606522863
141:Library and information practice
2477:Evidence, Inference and Enquiry
1667:from the original on 2 May 2023
1531:Overseas Development Institute)
1223:Marston, G.; Watts, R. (2003).
740:Knowledge-based decision making
3111:Science and technology studies
2438:. Princeton University Press.
1713:10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602
1344:"Evidence-based policy making"
683:Catholic University of America
544:Overseas Development Institute
538:Overseas Development Institute
1:
2783:Evidence-based medical ethics
277:Evidence-based medicine (EBM)
3658:Normalization process theory
3215:Philosophy of social science
2913:Policy-based evidence making
2877:Health technology assessment
1896:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001535
1378:Retrieved 10 September 2014.
1266:Retrieved 10 September 2014.
1138:10.7326/ACPJC-1991-114-2-A16
760:Policy-based evidence making
663:randomized controlled trials
520:themselves to attract media
446:indicates as most probable.
372:policy-based evidence making
355:randomized controlled trials
339:Alliance for Useful Evidence
311:randomized controlled trials
225:randomized controlled trials
211:randomized controlled trials
32:Policy-based evidence making
2872:Randomized controlled trial
2748:Evidence-based conservation
2348:. Oxford University Press.
2309:. Oxford University Press.
1101:Banks, Gary (29 May 2009).
487:Academics provide input to
440:Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
3962:
3281:construction of technology
2808:Evidence-based prosecution
2768:Evidence-based legislation
2245:Obama White House Archives
2082:10.1016/j.puhe.2009.12.006
2024:Health Policy and Planning
1803:10.1038/s41558-022-01461-y
1624:University press release:
1369:The Campbell Collaboration
1257:The Cochrane Collaboration
1109:. Productivity Commission.
990:Parkhurst, Justin (2017).
710:Evidence-based legislation
559:in the political process.
430:(blind vs. double-blind),
249:
29:
3868:
3813:Politicization of science
2823:Evidence-based toxicology
2818:Evidence-based scheduling
2778:Evidence-based management
2743:Evidence-based assessment
2506:. Bristol: Policy Press.
2434:Muller, Jerry Z. (2017).
2369:Maziarz, Mariusz (2020).
1434:10.1057/978-1-137-56469-6
1294:10.1007/s00268-005-7910-1
1122:"Evidence-based medicine"
1107:ANU Public Lecture Series
765:Politicization of science
715:Evidence-based management
605:Implementation Oversight:
571:The Pew Charitable Trusts
508:some academics engage in
442:) with outcomes that the
199:evidence-based governance
3946:Evidence-based practices
3220:Philosophy of technology
2892:Pragmatic clinical trial
2763:Evidence-based education
2753:Evidence-based dentistry
2630:"Modernising Government"
2342:Woodward, James (2005).
1480:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156224
1282:World Journal of Surgery
1262:25 December 2019 at the
1046:10.1001/jama.270.21.2598
888:Gade, Christian (2023).
824:10.1177/0002716218763128
725:Evidence-based practices
56:Evidence-based practices
30:Not to be confused with
2803:Evidence-based policing
2788:Evidence-based medicine
2717:Evidence-based practice
2703:Evidence-based practice
2558:Hammersley, M. (2013).
2537:Hammersley, M. (2002).
2181:"Executive Order 12291"
1591:10.1073/pnas.2122854119
1374:28 January 2018 at the
1067:Hammersley, M. (2013).
745:Libertarian paternalism
730:Evidence-based research
720:Evidence-based policing
289:evidence-based medicine
262:evidence-based medicine
258:evidence-based practice
252:Evidence-based practice
36:Evidence-based policing
3293:Sociology of knowledge
2987:Science-Based Medicine
2982:Campbell Collaboration
2977:Cochrane Collaboration
2793:Evidence-based nursing
2436:The tyranny of metrics
2274:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2270:Cairney, Paul (2016).
687:The Tyranny of Metrics
658:University of Stirling
484:
327:Campbell Collaboration
320:Modernising Government
296:Cochrane Collaboration
287:as an evolution from "
3941:Public administration
3860:Transition management
3850:Technology assessment
3818:Regulation of science
3793:Evidence-based policy
3678:Sociotechnical system
3527:Traditional knowledge
3407:Psychology of science
3380:Mapping controversies
3286:shaping of technology
3245:Social constructivism
3210:Philosophy of science
3167:History of technology
2813:Evidence-based policy
2758:Evidence-based design
2722:Hierarchy of evidence
2543:. Paul Chapman/Sage.
2154:Boardman, Anthony E.
2036:10.1093/heapol/czq020
1986:10.1186/1478-4505-6-4
1854:10.1093/biosci/biz088
1783:Nature Climate Change
1005:10.4324/9781315675008
999:. London: Routledge.
959:10.1136/jech.57.7.527
941:Petticrew, M (2003).
894:Evidence & Policy
577:Pew Charitable Trusts
556:cost–benefit analysis
526:creating open letters
510:science communication
482:
450:Quantitative evidence
285:evidence-based policy
283:Many scholars regard
195:Evidence-based policy
18:Evidence based policy
3765:Women in engineering
3611:Financial technology
3591:Digital anthropology
3360:Criticism of science
3273:Actor–network theory
3235:Religion and science
3127:Economics of science
2512:10.2307/j.ctt1t892t3
856:Head, Brian (2010).
619:Targeted Evaluation:
466:Qualitative evidence
3606:Engineering studies
3576:Cyborg anthropology
3365:Demarcation problem
3250:Social epistemology
2972:James Lind Alliance
2659:on 17 January 2020.
2597:2015Natur.528..185M
2247:. 18 January 2011.
1795:2022NatCC..12..773C
1723:20.500.11850/599236
1704:2023ECM...27816602W
1582:2022PNAS..11922854H
1576:(32): e2122854119.
1393:"The Greatest Good"
735:Inverse benefit law
612:Outcome Monitoring:
598:Budget Development:
591:Program Assessment:
309:The application of
3886:History of science
3803:Funding of science
3673:Skunkworks project
3370:Double hermeneutic
3155:History of science
2738:Effective altruism
2636:on 10 August 2009.
2217:. 15 August 2016.
1350:on 14 January 2011
705:Effective altruism
485:
364:cost-effectiveness
351:Rachel Glennerster
201:) is a concept in
3928:
3927:
3855:Technology policy
3586:Dematerialization
3395:black swan events
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
2897:Spaced repetition
2857:Systematic review
2571:978-1-4462-9171-9
2550:978-1-84787-645-4
2494:978-0-19-726484-3
2382:978-0-429-34642-2
2281:978-1-137-51781-4
2215:National Archives
1443:978-1-137-56469-6
1040:(21): 2598–2601.
874:978-1-74037-311-1
750:March for Science
444:scientific method
420:scientific method
236:evidence-informed
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
3953:
3901:
3900:
3876:
3828:Right to science
3808:Horizon scanning
3783:Academic freedom
3683:Technical change
3544:Women in science
3539:Unity of science
3320:Strong programme
3104:
3097:
3090:
3081:
2962:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2668:
2667:. November 2017.
2660:
2655:. Archived from
2648:
2646:
2637:
2632:. Archived from
2618:
2608:
2575:
2554:
2533:
2498:
2458:
2457:
2431:
2425:
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2422:
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2294:
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2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2113:. November 2014.
2103:
2094:
2093:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1964:
1958:
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1916:
1898:
1874:
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1593:
1556:
1550:
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1499:
1459:
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1388:
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1355:
1340:
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1248:
1247:
1229:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1126:ACP Journal Club
1117:
1111:
1110:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1028:
1019:
1018:
998:
987:
981:
980:
970:
938:
932:
925:
919:
909:
885:
879:
878:
862:
853:
844:
843:
807:
428:blind experiment
358:highly rated by
316:Blair Government
184:
177:
170:
43:
21:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3864:
3823:Research ethics
3769:
3668:Reverse salient
3562:
3555:
3331:
3324:
3315:Sociotechnology
3259:
3171:
3136:
3113:
3108:
3078:
3069:
3053:
3037:
2991:
2953:
2929:Archie Cochrane
2917:
2902:Risk assessment
2867:Umbrella review
2837:
2726:
2705:
2700:
2663:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2628:
2625:
2606:10.1038/528185a
2591:(7581): 185–7.
2578:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2536:
2522:
2501:
2495:
2470:
2467:
2465:Further reading
2462:
2461:
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2428:
2418:
2416:
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2118:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2066:
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2017:
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2012:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1889:(4): e1001535.
1876:
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1668:
1659:
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1642:
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1632:York University
1625:
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1376:Wayback Machine
1367:
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1264:Wayback Machine
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674:decision-making
654:
629:
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477:
468:
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416:
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274:
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248:
197:(also known as
188:
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89:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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3847:
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3840:
3833:Science policy
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Digital divide
3785:
3779:
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3768:
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3755:
3750:
3745:
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3710:
3704:Technological
3702:
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3618:
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3608:
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3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Design studies
3578:
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3565:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3536:
3535:
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3524:
3519:
3517:Scientometrics
3514:
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3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
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3462:
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3427:
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3409:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3390:Paradigm shift
3387:
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3357:
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3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Postpositivism
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Antipositivism
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3160:and technology
3152:
3146:
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2959:
2955:
2954:
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2951:
2949:John Ioannidis
2946:
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2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:GRADE approach
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Clinical trial
2848:
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2445:978-0691174952
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2355:978-0198035336
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2316:978-0199986705
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2160:Cambridge Core
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2095:
2076:(3): 159–166.
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1562:Lavis, John N.
1551:
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1474:(9): 1576–83.
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1238:(3): 143–163.
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1014:978-1138939400
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497:policy studies
476:
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451:
448:
415:
412:
403:
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347:Michael Kremer
306:
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250:Main article:
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240:evidence-based
232:evidence-based
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59:
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
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2:
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3711:
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3693:Technoscience
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Media studies
3661:
3659:
3656:
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3651:
3647:
3644:
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3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Early adopter
3599:
3597:
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3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Co-production
3569:
3568:
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3550:
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3448:
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3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:communication
3418:
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3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
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3403:
3402:Pseudoscience
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
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3363:
3361:
3358:
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3353:
3351:
3350:Boundary-work
3348:
3346:
3345:Bibliometrics
3343:
3341:
3338:
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3335:
3333:
3327:
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3318:
3316:
3313:
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3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
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3268:
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3262:
3256:
3255:Transhumanism
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
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3226:
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3201:
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3112:
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3100:
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3009:
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3000:
2998:
2994:
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2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
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2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Iain Chalmers
2937:
2935:
2934:David Sackett
2932:
2930:
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2888:
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2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Meta-analysis
2860:
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2521:1-86134-191-1
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2375:. Routledge.
2374:
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2100:
2096:
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2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:Public Health
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
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1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
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1939:
1932:
1929:
1924:
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1750:germanzero.de
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1080:9781446280805
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1060:
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587:
584:
582:
581:Results First
578:
570:
568:
564:
560:
557:
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547:
545:
537:
532:
527:
523:
519:
518:direct action
515:
511:
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494:
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474:
472:
465:
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456:peer-reviewed
449:
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204:
203:public policy
200:
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185:
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157:
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119:
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99:
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91:
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86:
83:
81:
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73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3908:Associations
3792:
3743:criticism of
3653:Leapfrogging
3636:linear model
3522:Team science
3512:Scientocracy
3435:Neo-colonial
3185:Anthropocene
2996:Governmental
2882:PICO process
2845:and concepts
2828:Journalology
2812:
2731:Applications
2657:the original
2634:the original
2588:
2584:
2560:
2539:
2503:
2476:
2435:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2408:
2399:
2371:
2364:
2344:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2305:
2298:
2271:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2110:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2030:(1): 73–82.
2027:
2023:
2013:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1937:
1931:
1886:
1883:PLOS Biology
1882:
1872:
1845:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1789:(9): 773–4.
1786:
1782:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1655:
1643:15 September
1641:. Retrieved
1630:
1573:
1569:
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1530:
1471:
1467:
1424:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1397:The Atlantic
1396:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1285:
1281:
1271:
1252:
1235:
1231:
1201:. Retrieved
1181:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1129:
1125:
1115:
1106:
1069:
1062:
1037:
1033:
992:
985:
953:(7): 527–9.
950:
946:
936:
920:
897:
893:
883:
864:
818:(1): 40–50.
815:
811:
775:Scientocracy
755:Nudge theory
700:Argument map
686:
685:in his book
679:
667:
655:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
585:
574:
565:
561:
552:
548:
541:
486:
469:
460:policymakers
453:
417:
407:cost-benefit
404:
381:
368:
344:
332:
324:
319:
308:
300:
293:
284:
282:
275:
266:
255:
239:
235:
231:
229:
222:
219:
215:
198:
194:
193:
145:
126:Conservation
40:
3753:theories of
3738:and society
3734:Technology
3728:transitions
3718:determinism
3713:convergence
3688:Technocracy
3470:controversy
3456:Scientific
3440:post-normal
3385:Metascience
3355:Consilience
3340:Antiscience
3205:Neo-Luddism
3200:Fuzzy logic
3065:Examine.com
2908:uncertainty
2906:Scientific
2833:Metascience
1954:10945/53405
1863:2445/151800
1203:16 December
780:Technocracy
594:investment.
516:, engaging
436:replication
432:sample size
378:Methodology
156:Prosecution
136:Legislation
3935:Categories
3891:Technology
3843:science of
3838:history of
3723:revolution
3631:disruptive
3621:Innovation
3616:Hype cycle
3561:Technology
3532:ecological
3505:skepticism
3495:misconduct
3480:enterprise
3298:scientific
3225:Positivism
3195:Empiricism
3177:Philosophy
2965:Non-profit
2944:Ken Harvey
2454:1005121833
2409:Apolitical
2391:1143838629
2185:Wikisource
2139:8 December
1846:BioScience
1698:: 116602.
1544:8 December
1328:8 December
1164:8 December
1132:(2): A16.
792:References
648:benefits.
514:news media
424:hypotheses
118:Toxicology
85:Scheduling
75:Management
65:Assessment
3798:Factor 10
3626:diffusion
3465:consensus
3460:community
3425:education
3265:Sociology
3240:Scientism
3119:Economics
2710:Key terms
2530:472670136
2327:2 October
2290:946724638
1905:1545-7885
1819:251912378
1811:1758-6798
1732:0196-8904
1600:0027-8424
1488:0090-0036
1302:1432-2323
1244:1832-1526
1146:1056-8751
928:CC BY 4.0
916:261138726
840:149924800
832:0002-7162
652:Critiques
522:attention
131:Education
93:Dentistry
3918:Scholars
3913:Journals
3903:Category
3877:Portals
3758:transfer
3748:dynamics
3698:feminist
3500:priority
3485:literacy
3445:rhetoric
3411:Science
3375:Logology
3042:Academic
3013:EUnetHTA
2615:26659166
2564:. Sage.
2419:10 April
2413:Archived
2321:Archived
2249:Archived
2219:Archived
2189:Archived
2133:Archived
2090:20227095
2054:20547652
2005:18331651
1940:. 1991.
1923:23630451
1823:Archived
1754:Archived
1671:18 April
1665:Archived
1637:Archived
1618:35914153
1560:Krista;
1535:Archived
1506:19608941
1401:Archived
1372:Archived
1322:Archived
1318:21457159
1310:15827845
1260:Archived
1197:Archived
1158:Archived
1154:78930206
1073:. Sage.
977:12821702
930:license.
693:See also
362:for its
360:GiveWell
207:evidence
151:Policing
113:Pharmacy
103:Medicine
80:Research
48:a series
46:Part of
3881:Science
3563:studies
3475:dissent
3415:citizen
3332:studies
3330:Science
3277:Social
3142:History
2843:Methods
2593:Bibcode
2129:pew.org
2045:4031573
1996:2329631
1914:3635859
1791:Bibcode
1700:Bibcode
1609:9372541
1578:Bibcode
1497:2724448
1407:6 March
1354:6 March
1054:8230645
968:1732497
246:History
108:Nursing
3775:Policy
3708:change
3641:system
3490:method
3430:normal
2958:Groups
2922:People
2613:
2585:Nature
2568:
2547:
2528:
2518:
2491:
2452:
2442:
2389:
2379:
2352:
2313:
2288:
2278:
2255:14 May
2225:14 May
2195:14 May
2165:14 May
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