188:. The movement towards evidence-based practices attempts to encourage and, in some instances, require professionals and other decision-makers to pay more attention to evidence to inform their decision-making. The goal of evidence-based practice is to eliminate unsound or outdated practices in favor of more-effective ones by shifting the basis for decision making from tradition, intuition, and unsystematic experience to firmly grounded scientific research. The proposal has been controversial, with some arguing that results may not specialize to individuals as well as traditional practices.
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to learn from hard scientific evidence about 'what works'. Opponents of this view argue that it is hard to assess teaching methods because it depends on a host of factors, not least those to do with the style, personality and beliefs of the teacher and the needs of the particular children. Others argue the teacher experience could be combined with research evidence, but without the latter being treated as a privileged source. This is in line with a school of thought suggesting that evidence-based practice has limitations and a better alternative is to use
353:
1006:
464:) can yield only weak recommendations. The term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the practice of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians about individual patients. Use of the term rapidly expanded to include a previously described approach that emphasized the use of evidence in the design of guidelines and policies that apply to groups of patients and populations ("evidence-based practice policies").
231:
alternative practice. Second, the specific practice is supported by this evidence according to at least one of the individual's or organisation's preferences in the given practice area. Third, the individual or organisation can provide a sound account for this support by explaining the evidence and preferences that lay the foundation for the claim.
338:
differences. In response, researchers have made an effort to test whether particular practices work better for different subcultures, personality types etc. Some authors have redefined evidence-based practice to include practice that incorporates common wisdom, tradition, and personal values alongside practices based on evidence.
509:) maintain updated information on their websites on evidence-based practices in psychology for practitioners and the general public. An evidence-based practice consensus statement was developed at a summit on mental healthcare in 2018. As of June 23, 2019, this statement has been endorsed by 36 organizations.
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can improve students' rate of learning. Some commentators have suggested that the lack of any substantial progress in the field of education is attributable to practice resting in the unconnected and noncumulative experience of thousands of individual teachers, each re-inventing the wheel and failing
1864:
National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: an evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups (NIH Publication No.
1841:
National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (NIH Publication No. 00-4769). Washington, DC:
467:
Whether applied to medical education, decisions about individuals, guidelines and policies applied to populations, or administration of health services in general, evidence-based medicine advocates that to the greatest extent possible, decisions and policies should be based on evidence, not just the
484:
A process has been specified that provides a standardised route for those seeking to produce evidence of the effectiveness of interventions. Originally developed to establish processes for the production of evidence in the housing sector, the standard is general in nature and is applicable across a
271:
in 1972. Cochrane's book argued for the importance of properly testing health care strategies, and was foundational to the evidence-based practice of medicine. Cochrane suggested that because resources would always be limited, they should be used to provide forms of health care which had been shown
337:
Some critics argue that since research is conducted on a population level, results may not generalise to each individual within the population. Therefore, evidence-based practices may fail to provide the best solution for each individual, and traditional practices may better accommodate individual
296:
providers, which have sometimes refused coverage of practices lacking systematic evidence of usefulness. It is now expected by most clients that medical professionals should make decisions based on evidence, and stay informed about the most up-to-date information. Since the widespread adoption of
230:
An individual or organisation is justified in claiming that a specific practice is evidence-based if, and only if, three conditions are met. First, the individual or organisation possesses comparative evidence about the effects of the specific practice in comparison to the effects of at least one
287:
in 1990 in an unpublished program description, and the term was later first published in 1992. This marked the first evidence-based practice to be formally established. Some early experiments in evidence-based medicine involved testing primitive medical techniques such as
729:, established in 2002, evaluates numerous educational programs, in twelve categories, by the quality and quantity of the evidence, and the effectiveness. It is operated by the federal National Center for Education Evaluation, and Regional Assistance, part of the
400:
rank at the bottom. There is broad agreement on the relative strength of the different types of studies, but there is no single, universally-accepted hierarchy of evidence. More than 80 different hierarchies have been proposed for assessing medical
572:, is a model in which policy-makers and educators use empirical evidence to make informed decisions about education interventions (policies, practices, and programs). In other words, decisions are based on scientific evidence rather than opinion.
2468:
480:
can be determined and applied. It promotes the use of formal, explicit methods to analyze evidence and makes it available to decision makers. It promotes programs to teach the methods to medical students, practitioners, and policymakers.
723:(the United States K–12 public education policy signed by President Obama in 2015). It also provides information on programs that do meet the Every Student Succeeds Act standards as well as those that do not.
322:. This process includes quantitative evidence, does not include non-scientific prejudices, but includes qualitative factors such as clinical experience and the discernment of practitioners and clients.
1742:"Knowledge creation as an approach to facilitating evidence informed practice: Examining ways to measure the success of using this method with early years practitioners in Camden (London)"
684:, U.S. Department of Education. It gives educators and researchers reviews about the strength of the evidence supporting a variety of English programs available for students in grades
586:
2448:
502:
498:
334:. Some degree of reliance on "the way it was always done" can be found in almost every profession, even when those practices are contradicted by new and better information.
168:
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531:, which seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing waste. It is also known as "research on research" and "the science of science", as it uses
2238:
2213:
824:
799:
127:
99:
601:
716:
646:
223:), there is also a movement to apply evidence-based practices in scientific research itself. Research into the evidence-based practice of science is called
593:
examined quantitative research studies on many areas of reading instruction, including phonics and whole language. In 2000 it published a report entitled
2443:
582:
Since 2000, studies in
Australia, England, Scotland and the USA have supported the use of research to improve educational practices in teaching reading.
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1111:
1755:
595:
Teaching
Children to Read: An Evidence-based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Instruction
1808:
654:
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and poor performance. Even when overt quackery is not present, the quality and efficiency of tradition-based practices may not be optimal. As the
719:. It offers free up-to-date information on current PK-12 programs in reading, writing, math, science, and others that meet the standards of the
161:
2458:
2127:
1555:
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to study how research is done and where improvements can be made. The five main areas of research in metascience are methodology, reporting,
1859:
2489:
1361:
Buysse, V.; Wesley, P.W. (2006). "Evidence-based practice: How did it emerge and what does it really mean for the early childhood field?".
1836:
1024:
Bourgault, Annette M.; Upvall, Michele J. (2019). "De-implementation of tradition-based practices in critical care: A qualitative study".
1462:
Evidence-Based
Medicine Working Group (November 1992). "Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine".
1095:
1068:
523:
There has since been a movement for the use of evidence-based practice in conducting scientific research in an attempt to address the
506:
292:, and studying the effectiveness of modern and accepted treatments. There has been a push for evidence-based practices in medicine by
251:
has become increasingly recognized as a sound means to evaluate practices, evidence-based practices have become increasingly adopted.
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154:
34:
709:, as a lead charity in partnership with Impetus Trust, together being the government-designated What Works Centre for UK Education.
2473:
2120:
1240:
1936:"Using Evidence in the Classroom: What Works and Why, Nelson, J. and O'Beirne, C. (2014). Slough: NFER. ISBN 978-1-910008-07-2"
1585:
730:
681:
631:
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and other major issues affecting scientific research. The application of evidence-based practices to research itself is called
272:
in properly designed evaluations to be effective. Cochrane maintained that the most reliable evidence was that which came from
701:
589:
convened a national panel to assess the effectiveness of different approaches used to teach children to read. The resulting
239:
For most of history, professions have based their practices on expertise derived from experience passed down in the form of
1882:
2223:
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809:
612:
84:
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suggested in 1996 that education would be more effective if teaching, like medicine, was a "research-based profession".
385:
2312:
2188:
829:
774:
748:
642:
457:
273:
112:
981:"When is it justified to claim that a practice or policy is evidence-based? Reflections on evidence and preferences"
472:'s opinion, which may be limited by knowledge gaps or biases, is supplemented with all available knowledge from the
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advocated for a closer working partnership between teacher-researchers and the wider academic research community.
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71:
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Insight 17 - A seven year study of the effects of synthetic phonics teaching on reading and spelling attainment
789:
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that provided a comprehensive review of what was known about best practices in reading instruction in the U.S.
560:
306:
200:
117:
79:
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evidence-based practices in medicine, the use of evidence-based practices has rapidly spread to other fields.
360:
Evaluating scientific research is extremely complex. The process can be greatly simplified with the use of a
2417:
2243:
2228:
1326:
882:
Leach, Matthew J. (2006). "Evidence-based practice: A framework for clinical practice and research design".
845:
835:
814:
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School of
Education's Center for Data-Driven Reform in Education (established in 2004) and is funded by the
419:
310:
280:
192:
137:
89:
2427:
2422:
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819:
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752:(RCTs) in policy decisions. It offers information on twelve types of social programs including education.
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Ioannidis, John P. A.; Fanelli, Daniele; Dunne, Debbie Drake; Goodman, Steven N. (2 October 2015).
739:
576:
185:
1544:
Standard for
Producing Evidence – Effectiveness of Interventions – Part 1: Specification (StEv2-1)
690:
Mathematics, Reading, Writing, Science, Comprehensive school reform, and Early childhood
Education
2178:
1868:
915:
524:
461:
441:
220:
1969:
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Ioannidis, John P. A.; Fanelli, Daniele; Dunne, Debbie Drake; Goodman, Steven N. (2015-10-02).
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219:, and other fields. In light of studies showing problems in scientific research (such as the
543:, and incentives. Metascience has produced a number of reforms in science such as the use of
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243:. Many of these practices have not been justified by evidence, which has sometimes enabled
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2307:
2106:"Development of evidence-based medicine explored in oral history video, AMA, JAN 27, 2014"
1953:"The role of research in teacher education: reviewing the evidence-BERA-RSA, January 2014"
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Swedish Agency for Health
Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU)
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the relative strengths of results obtained from scientific research, which is called a
264:
17:
1860:"National Reading Panel (NRP) – Publications and Materials – Reports of the Subgroups"
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beliefs of practitioners, experts, or administrators. It thus tries to ensure that a
449:
381:
284:
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de Groot, M.; van der Wouden, J. M.; van Hell, E. A.; Nieweg, M. B. (31 July 2013).
919:
742:'s Evidence-Based Policy team. The team is composed of the former leadership of the
715:
began in 2017 and is produced by the Center for
Research and Reform in Education at
2322:
2268:
706:
638:
445:
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216:
191:
Evidence-based practices have been gaining ground since the formal introduction of
669:
The following websites offer free analysis and information on education research:
1687:
1628:
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2348:
2273:
1345:"Evidence-based Practice vs. Evidence-informed Practice: What's the Difference?"
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518:
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Evidence-based medicine is an approach to medical practice intended to optimize
397:
224:
66:
1153:
1571:"SCCAP Division 53 – The Society for Child Clinical and Adolescent Psychology"
1405:
1195:"Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine"
1818:
1696:
1671:"Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices"
1637:
1612:"Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices"
1374:
1218:
1161:
903:
746:, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization advocating the use of well-conducted
330:
Evidence-based practice is a philosophical approach that is in opposition to
2005:
1837:"National Reading Panel (NRP) – Publications and Materials – Summary Report"
1520:
1390:"Evidence-based practice for individuals or groups: let's make a difference"
469:
361:
331:
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240:
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support, evidence-based medicine goes further, classifying evidence by its
2112:
1528:
1493:
1312:
1226:
1194:
1179:
1078:
372:. The design of the study and the endpoints measured (such as survival or
1586:"Most science research findings are false. Here's how we can change that"
1297:"The Myth of Evidence-Based Practice: Towards Evidence-Informed Practice"
433:
429:
402:
244:
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to provide scientific evidence to guide education practice and policy .
600:
This occurred around the same time as such international studies as the
2051:"Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) | U.S. Department of Education"
1112:"Development of evidence-based medicine explored in oral history video"
964:
947:
437:
365:
1439:"Philosophical critique exposes flaws in medical evidence hierarchies"
1296:
1037:
1763:
Australian Government Department of Education, Science and Training
1061:
Effectiveness and Efficiency. Random Reflections on Health Services
269:
Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services
2036:
2022:
611:
Subsequently, evidence-based practice in education (also known as
448:
strength and requiring that only the strongest types (coming from
351:
2050:
1507:
Eddy DM (1990). "Practice Policies – Where Do They Come from?".
946:
Li, Rita Yi Man; Chau, Kwong Wing; Zeng, Frankie Fanjie (2019).
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to assess the effects of educational interventions. In 2014 the
2116:
2071:
460:) can yield strong recommendations; weaker types (such as from
2088:
493:
To improve the dissemination of evidence-based practices, the
485:
variety of practice areas and potential outcomes of interest.
259:
One of the earliest proponents of evidence-based practice was
497:
and the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (
184:
is the idea that occupational practices ought to be based on
2449:
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH)
1987:
1777:"Independent review of the teaching of early reading, 2006"
1917:
551:
with the goal of bettering scientific research practices.
1865:
00-4754). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
1009: This article incorporates text available under the
495:
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT)
2464:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
1093:
http://www.cochrane.org/about-us/history/archie-cochrane
587:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
1570:
932:
For example: Trinder, L. and Reynolds, S. (eds) (2000)
494:
948:"Ranking of Risks for Existing and New Building Works"
1295:
Nevo, Isaac; Slonim-Nevo, Vered (September 1, 2011).
1193:
Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group (1992-11-04).
2498:
2482:
2436:
2405:
2398:
2362:
2282:
2171:
2150:
1883:"Teacher's Guide, Put Reading First - K-3, NICHD, "
651:
Using Evidence in the Classroom: What Works and Why
694:effectiveness of technology and struggling readers
376:) affect the strength of the evidence. Typically,
2444:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
649:, Berkshire, England published a report entitled
606:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
2239:Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries
2214:Evidence-based library and information practice
1063:. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.
825:Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries
800:Evidence-based library and information practice
641:advocated in 2013 for systemic change and more
2474:WHO Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet)
1270:The Myth of Research-Based Policy and Practice
1136:Sackett, D L; Rosenberg, W M (November 1995).
688:. The reviews cover programs in areas such as
615:), came into prominence in the U.S. under the
602:Programme for International Student Assessment
575:EBE has gained attention since English author
2128:
2037:"Center for Research and Reform in Education"
1729:Evidence-Based Practice: A critical appraisal
1356:
1354:
934:Evidence-Based Practice: A Critical Appraisal
759:offer information on research and education.
162:
8:
2459:German Agency for Quality in Medicine (AEZQ)
1241:"A Brief History of Evidence-based Practice"
717:Johns Hopkins University School of Education
647:National Foundation for Educational Research
1509:Journal of the American Medical Association
713:Evidence for the Every Student Succeeds Act
2402:
2135:
2121:
2113:
1727:Trinder, L. and Reynolds, S. (eds) (2000)
169:
155:
29:
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1686:
1645:
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1475:
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1169:
1026:International Journal of Nursing Practice
996:
963:
884:International Journal of Nursing Practice
665:Reviews of existing research on education
305:More recently, there has been a push for
1281:Thomas, G. and Pring, R. (eds.) (2004).
1142:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
655:British Educational Research Association
2066:
2064:
874:
384:rank at the top of the hierarchy while
41:
1138:"The need for evidence-based medicine"
432:from well-designed and well-conducted
7:
2490:Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
1807:Johnston, Rhona S; Watson, Joyce E,
1283:Evidence-based Practice in Education
1245:Evidence Based Practice in Optometry
744:Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy
1900:"Building Evidence into Education"
1327:"Working in Health Promoting Ways"
1301:The British Journal of Social Work
507:American Psychological Association
356:Hierarchy of evidence in medicine.
25:
1584:Rathi, Akshat (22 October 2015).
1394:Perspectives on Medical Education
692:; and include such topics as the
676:is a free website created by the
436:. Although all medicine based on
2009:educationendowmentfoundation.org
1970:"Research and Teacher Education"
1486:10.1001/JAMA.1992.03490170092032
1211:10.1001/jama.1992.03490170092032
1004:
998:10.1332/174426421X16905606522863
896:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00587.x
757:A variety of other organizations
619:of 2001, replace in 2015 by the
320:Evidence-informed Practice (EIP)
128:Library and information practice
1842:U.S. Government Printing Office
731:Institute of Education Sciences
705:was established in 2011 by The
682:Institute of Education Sciences
632:Institute of Education Sciences
195:in 1992 and have spread to the
1331:Tasmanian Department of Health
1091:Cochrane Collaboration (2003)
702:Education Endowment Foundation
674:The Best Evidence Encyclopedia
1:
2224:Evidence-based medical ethics
2072:"WWC | Find What Works!"
1515:(9): 1265, 1269, 1272, 1275.
1249:University of New South Wales
810:Evidence-based medical ethics
613:Scientifically based research
2354:Policy-based evidence making
2318:Health technology assessment
1988:"Best Evidence Encyclopedia"
1731:, Oxford, Blackwell Science.
1688:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264
1629:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264
1116:American Medical Association
936:. Oxford, Blackwell Science.
749:randomized controlled trials
643:randomized controlled trials
628:U.S. Department of Education
570:evidence-based interventions
458:randomized controlled trials
386:randomized controlled trials
274:randomised controlled trials
2313:Randomized controlled trial
2189:Evidence-based conservation
2089:http://toptierevidence.org/
830:Evidence-based philanthropy
775:Evidence-based conservation
2557:
2249:Evidence-based prosecution
2209:Evidence-based legislation
1992:Best Evidence Encyclopedia
1437:Siegfried T (2017-11-13).
1154:10.1177/014107689508801105
795:Evidence-based legislation
721:Every Student Succeeds Act
621:Every Student Succeeds Act
558:
547:and the implementation of
516:
428:by emphasizing the use of
417:
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2264:Evidence-based toxicology
2259:Evidence-based scheduling
2219:Evidence-based management
2184:Evidence-based assessment
2091:Social programs that work
1406:10.1007/s40037-013-0071-2
857:Evidence-based toxicology
852:Evidence-based scheduling
805:Evidence-based management
770:Evidence-based assessment
736:Social programs that work
197:allied health professions
2531:Evidence-based practices
2333:Pragmatic clinical trial
2204:Evidence-based education
2194:Evidence-based dentistry
1315:– via Silverchair.
1285:. Open University Press.
979:Gade, Christian (2023).
790:Evidence-based education
780:Evidence-based dentistry
727:What Works Clearinghouse
678:Johns Hopkins University
617:No child left behind act
566:Evidence-based education
561:Evidence-based education
307:evidence-based education
43:Evidence-based practices
2244:Evidence-based policing
2229:Evidence-based medicine
2158:Evidence-based practice
2144:Evidence-based practice
1521:10.1001/jama.263.9.1265
1059:Cochrane, A.L. (1972).
846:Evidence-based research
836:Evidence-based policing
815:Evidence-based medicine
420:Evidence-based medicine
311:evidence-based learning
281:evidence-based medicine
193:evidence-based medicine
182:Evidence-based practice
18:Evidence based practice
2428:Science-Based Medicine
2423:Campbell Collaboration
2418:Cochrane Collaboration
2234:Evidence-based nursing
1867:. 2000. Archived from
1844:. 2000. Archived from
1268:Hammersley, M. (2013)
820:Evidence-based nursing
591:National Reading Panel
545:study pre-registration
357:
267:who authored the book
2254:Evidence-based policy
2199:Evidence-based design
2163:Hierarchy of evidence
1548:Standards of Evidence
985:Evidence & Policy
841:Evidence-based policy
785:Evidence-based design
659:Royal Society of Arts
568:(EBE), also known as
474:scientific literature
418:Further information:
390:observational studies
370:hierarchy of evidence
355:
348:Hierarchy of evidence
346:Further information:
27:Pragmatic methodology
549:reporting guidelines
462:case-control studies
283:" was introduced by
2536:Health care quality
2413:James Lind Alliance
2023:"Evidence for ESSA"
1813:, IAC:ASU Schools,
1313:10.1093/bjsw/bcq149
832:—effective altruism
740:Arnold Ventures LLC
738:is administered by
577:David H. Hargreaves
440:has some degree of
342:Evaluating evidence
313:techniques such as
186:scientific evidence
2179:Effective altruism
2108:. 27 January 2014.
2039:. 11 January 2024.
1756:"Teaching Reading"
1542:Vine, Jim (2016),
1098:2021-02-24 at the
965:10.3390/su11102863
525:replication crisis
454:systematic reviews
378:systematic reviews
358:
221:replication crisis
2541:Scientific method
2518:
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2338:Spaced repetition
2298:Systematic review
1557:978-1-911056-01-0
1205:(17): 2420–2425.
1118:. 27 January 2014
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315:spaced repetition
249:scientific method
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2349:uncertainty
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529:metascience
519:Metascience
513:Metascience
503:Division 53
388:rank above
225:metascience
143:Prosecution
123:Legislation
2525:Categories
2406:Non-profit
2385:Ken Harvey
2076:ies.ed.gov
2055:www.ed.gov
1793:2020-07-31
1448:2018-05-16
1122:2020-12-23
869:References
541:evaluation
279:The term "
205:management
105:Toxicology
72:Scheduling
62:Management
52:Assessment
2151:Key terms
1819:1478-6796
1697:1545-7885
1638:1544-9173
1472:CiteSeerX
1375:0736-8038
1219:0098-7484
1162:0141-0768
1011:CC BY 4.0
904:1440-172X
608:in 2001.
555:Education
470:clinician
442:empirical
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332:tradition
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2483:Academic
2454:EUnetHTA
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1656:26431313
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920:37311515
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763:See also
657:and the
476:so that
434:research
430:evidence
414:Medicine
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255:Medicine
245:quackery
138:Policing
100:Pharmacy
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67:Research
35:a series
33:Part of
2284:Methods
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1780:(PDF)
1759:(PDF)
916:S2CID
499:SCCAP
366:ranks
364:that
263:, an
1922:NFER
1815:ISSN
1711:PMID
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1634:ISSN
1597:2019
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1075:OCLC
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686:K–12
396:and
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