1750:
2163:
1763:
1849:
1446:
807:
1735:
1434:
1478:
1834:
997:
96:
1462:
1864:
1336:
1720:
1351:
1235:
38:
1912:
47:
957:
651:
1179:(ATPalpha). Variation in ATPalpha has been surveyed in various CTS-adapted species spanning six insect orders. Among 21 CTS-adapted species, 58 (76%) of 76 amino acid substitutions at sites implicated in CTS resistance occur in parallel in at least two lineages. 30 of these substitutions (40%) occur at just two sites in the protein (positions 111 and 122). CTS-adapted species have also recurrently evolved
1500:
638:
1819:
1600:, but their flight mechanisms are only analogous, so their wings are examples of functional convergence. The two groups have independently evolved their own means of powered flight. Their wings differ substantially in construction. The bat wing is a membrane stretched across four extremely elongated fingers and the legs. The airfoil of the bird wing is made of
5646:
1562:
1371:
3211:
Safavi-Hemami, Helena; Gajewiak, Joanna; Karanth, Santhosh; Robinson, Samuel D.; Ueberheide, Beatrix; Douglass, Adam D.; Schlegel, Amnon; Imperial, Julita S.; Watkins, Maren; Bandyopadhyay, Pradip K.; Yandell, Mark; Li, Qing; Purcell, Anthony W.; Norton, Raymond S.; Ellgaard, Lars; Olivera, Baldomero
2193:
proceed by assuming that evolution has occurred without convergence. Convergent patterns may, however, appear at higher levels in a phylogenetic reconstruction, and are sometimes explicitly sought by investigators. The methods applied to infer convergent evolution depend on whether pattern-based or
2214:
model of trait evolution along a phylogeny. More recent methods also quantify the strength of convergence. One drawback to keep in mind is that these methods can confuse long-term stasis with convergence due to phenotypic similarities. Stasis occurs when there is little evolutionary change among
2392:
evolutionary convergence, which, quoting .. Simon Conway Morris .. is the 'recurring tendency of biological organization to arrive at the same "solution" to a particular "need". .. the 'Tasmanian tiger' .. looked and behaved like a wolf and occupied a similar ecological niche, but was in fact a
973:
When two species are similar in a particular character, evolution is defined as parallel if the ancestors were also similar, and convergent if they were not. Some scientists have argued that there is a continuum between parallel and convergent evolution, while others maintain that despite some
876:
disputes this conclusion, arguing that convergence is a dominant force in evolution, and given that the same environmental and physical constraints are at work, life will inevitably evolve toward an "optimum" body plan, and at some point, evolution is bound to stumble upon intelligence, a trait
813:
and analogy in mammals and insects: on the horizontal axis, the structures are homologous in morphology, but different in function due to differences in habitat. On the vertical axis, the structures are analogous in function due to similar lifestyles but anatomically different with different
1090:(i.e. has a methyl group). The methyl group of threonine greatly restricts the possible orientations of triad and substrate, as the methyl clashes with either the enzyme backbone or the histidine base. Consequently, most threonine proteases use an N-terminal threonine in order to avoid such
1174:
Many examples of convergent evolution exist in insects in terms of developing resistance at a molecular level to toxins. One well-characterized example is the evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids (CTSs) via amino acid substitutions at well-defined positions of the α-subunit of
977:
When the ancestral forms are unspecified or unknown, or the range of traits considered is not clearly specified, the distinction between parallel and convergent evolution becomes more subjective. For instance, the striking example of similar placental and marsupial forms is described by
1794:
European and East Asian lineages diverged, as there are some skin-lightening genetic differences that are common to both groups. However, after the lineages diverged and became genetically isolated, the skin of both groups lightened more, and that additional lightening was due to
2324:
However, all organisms share a common ancestor more or less recently, so the question of how far back to look in evolutionary time and how similar the ancestors need to be for one to consider parallel evolution to have taken place is not entirely resolved within evolutionary
947:
of retaining potential functionality over time. The time scale of this process varies greatly in different phylogenies; in mammals and birds, there is a reasonable probability of remaining in the genome in a potentially functional state for around 6 million years.
1946:
life cycle, living for only one growing season. The annual life cycle independently emerged in over 120 plant families of angiosperms. The prevalence of annual species increases under hot-dry summer conditions in the four species-rich families of annuals
3424:
Dobler, S., Dalla, S., Wagschal, V., & Agrawal, A. A. (2012). Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 109(32), 13040–13045.
1657:
organs, specialised for the dietary intake of that insect group. Convergent evolution of many groups of insects led from original biting-chewing mouthparts to different, more specialised, derived function types. These include, for example, the
2194:
process-based convergence is expected. Pattern-based convergence is the broader term, for when two or more lineages independently evolve patterns of similar traits. Process-based convergence is when the convergence is due to similar forces of
1608:), with only tiny remnants of two fingers remaining, each anchoring a single feather. So, while the wings of bats and birds are functionally convergent, they are not anatomically convergent. Birds and bats also share a high concentration of
2073:
2143:
substitutions. These changes were not at the enzymes' catalytic sites, but rather on the exposed surfaces of the proteins, where they might interact with other components of the cell or the digestive fluid. The authors also found that
1210:. Studies have found convergence in amino acid sequences in echolocating bats and the dolphin; among marine mammals; between giant and red pandas; and between the thylacine and canids. Convergence has also been detected in a type of
1634:
are much alike in their body plans, with gliding wings stretched between their limbs, but flying squirrels are placental mammals while sugar gliders are marsupials, widely separated within the mammal lineage from the placentals.
1749:
1543:—with one sharp difference: the cephalopod eye is "wired" in the opposite direction, with blood and nerve vessels entering from the back of the retina, rather than the front as in vertebrates. As a result, vertebrates have a
1056:
provides some of the clearest examples of convergent evolution. These examples reflect the intrinsic chemical constraints on enzymes, leading evolution to converge on equivalent solutions independently and repeatedly.
1303:
The marsupial fauna of
Australia and the placental mammals of the Old World have several strikingly similar forms, developed in two clades, isolated from each other. The body, and especially the skull shape, of the
934:
In some cases, it is difficult to tell whether a trait has been lost and then re-evolved convergently, or whether a gene has simply been switched off and then re-enabled later. Such a re-emerged trait is called an
964:
position. In each case, the left-hand species changes from having alanine (A) at a specific position in a protein in a hypothetical ancestor, and now has serine (S) there. The right-hand species may undergo
1894:
are both primates. Ancestral primates had brown eyes, as most primates do today. The genetic basis of blue eyes in humans has been studied in detail and much is known about it. It is not the case that one
2154:
tend to have their expression increased when the plant is stressed, leading the authors to suggest that stress-responsive proteins have often been co-opted in the repeated evolution of carnivory.
5302:
Lengyel, S.; Gove, A. D.; Latimer, A. M.; Majer, J. D.; Dunn, R. R. (2010). "Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey".
2226:
Methods to infer process-based convergence fit models of selection to a phylogeny and continuous trait data to determine whether the same selective forces have acted upon lineages. This uses the
2162:
1903:. However, a single locus is responsible for about 80% of the variation. In lemurs, the differences between blue and brown eyes are not completely known, but the same gene locus is not involved.
988:
as a case of convergent evolution, because mammals on each continent had a long evolutionary history prior to the extinction of the dinosaurs under which to accumulate relevant differences.
5391:
Stayton, C. Tristan (2015). "The definition, recognition, and interpretation of convergent evolution, and two new measures for quantifying and assessing the significance of convergence".
3872:
2218:
Distance-based measures assess the degree of similarity between lineages over time. Frequency-based measures assess the number of lineages that have evolved in a particular trait space.
367:
3649:
Feigin, Charles Y.; Newton, Axel H.; Doronina, Liliya; Schmitz, Jürgen; Hipsley, Christy A.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Gower, Graham; Llamas, Bastien; Soubrier, Julien (January 2018).
828:
In morphology, analogous traits arise when different species live in similar ways and/or a similar environment, and so face the same environmental factors. When occupying similar
5288:
2248: – Characteristic of phylogenetic analysis: the presence of multiple alleles in ancestral populations might lead to the impression that convergent evolution has occurred.
2064:) has evolved independently more than 100 times, and is present in more than 11,000 plant species. It is one of the most dramatic examples of convergent evolution in biology.
3902:
1123:
that is more similar to fish insulin protein sequences than to insulin from more closely related molluscs, suggesting convergent evolution, though with the possibility of
5194:
3541:
Foote, Andrew D.; Liu, Yue; Thomas, Gregg W. C.; Vinař, Tomáš; Alföldi, Jessica; Deng, Jixin; Dugan, Shannon; Elk, Cornelis E. van; Hunter, Margaret E. (March 2015).
1697:, but these are completely different in structure, having six fingers including the thumb, which develops from a wrist bone entirely separately from other fingers.
4142:
Kozmik, Z; Ruzickova, J; Jonasova, K; Matsumoto, Y.; Vopalensky, P.; Kozmikova, I.; Strnad, H.; Kawamura, S.; Piatigorsky, J.; Paces, V.; Vlcek, C. (1 July 2008).
682:
3690:
Partha, Raghavendran; Chauhan, Bharesh K; Ferreira, Zelia; Robinson, Joseph D; Lathrop, Kira; Nischal, Ken K.; Chikina, Maria; Clark, Nathan L. (October 2017).
920:. Homoplastic traits caused by convergence are therefore, from the point of view of cladistics, confounding factors which could lead to an incorrect analysis.
4558:"Association of the OCA2 Polymorphism His615Arg with Melanin Content in East Asian Populations: Further Evidence of Convergent Evolution of Skin Pigmentation"
2874:
Waters, Jonathan M.; McCulloch, Graham A. (2021). "Reinventing the wheel? Reassessing the roles of gene flow, sorting and convergence in repeated evolution".
5063:
290:
1612:
in the skin of their wings. This improves skin flexibility, a trait useful for flying animals; other mammals have a far lower concentration. The extinct
601:
1445:
5829:
5701:
5711:
3316:
Rodrigues, Wenderson Felipe Costa; Lisboa, Ayrton Breno P.; Lima, Joni Esrom; Ricachenevsky, Felipe Klein; Del-Bem, Luiz-Eduardo (10 January 2023).
823:
409:
5248:
5569:"SURFACE: detecting convergent evolution from comparative data by fitting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models with stepwise Akaike Information Criterion"
3864:
3802:
2169:
phylogeny of orders based on classification by the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The figure shows the number of inferred independent origins of C
1223:
763:, which occurs when two independent species evolve in the same direction and thus independently acquire similar characteristics; for instance,
115:
872:
argued that if one could "rewind the tape of life the same conditions were encountered again, evolution could take a very different course."
5219:
5098:
5018:
4287:
4122:
3835:
3741:
Sackton, TB; Grayson, P; Cloutier, A; Hu, Z; Liu, JS; Wheeler, NE; Gardner, PP; Clarke, JA; Baker, AJ; Clamp, M; Edwards, SV (5 April 2019).
3111:
2754:
2727:
2699:
2607:
2568:
2468:
2414:
2373:
596:
1433:
543:
2831:
Arendt, J; Reznick, D (January 2008). "Convergence and parallelism reconsidered: what have we learned about the genetics of adaptation?".
738:
have independently evolved the useful capacity of flight. Functionally similar features that have arisen through convergent evolution are
4525:
4319:
4128:
3841:
2760:
5225:
4293:
2379:
1477:
1414:
1417:(around 119 and 110 million years ago, respectively). Around 20 million years after acquiring that ability, both groups evolved active
5678:
5628:
2308:
2287:
1350:
675:
404:
235:
3895:
2437:
2278:– A form of selective breeding to recreate the traits of an extinct species, but the genome will differ from the original species.
1370:
137:
5434:
Stayton, C. Tristan (2008). "Is convergence surprising? An examination of the frequency of convergence in simulated datasets".
5114:
Kadereit, G.; Borsch, T.; Weising, K.; Freitag, H (2003). "Phylogeny of
Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the Evolution of C
4205:
1539:(such as jellyfish). Their last common ancestor had at most a simple photoreceptive spot, but a range of processes led to the
1461:
394:
362:
2227:
1278:) all converged on the same streamlined shape. A similar shape and swimming adaptations are even present in molluscs, such as
752:
are analogous structures, but their forelimbs are homologous, sharing an ancestral state despite serving different functions.
5650:
1979:
616:
399:
4052:
Lavoué, Sébastien; Miya, Masaki; Arnegard, Matthew E.; Sullivan, John P.; Hopkins, Carl D.; Nishida, Mutsumi (14 May 2012).
1653:
Insect mouthparts show many examples of convergent evolution. The mouthparts of different insect groups consist of a set of
3443:
Yang, L; Ravikanthachari, N; Mariño-Pérez, R; Deshmukh, R; Wu, M; Rosenstein, A; Kunte, K; Song, H; Andolfatto, P. (2019).
2976:
Bohutínská, Magdalena; Peichel, Catherine L. (April 2024). "Divergence time shapes gene reuse during repeated adaptation".
2933:
Cerca, José (October 2023). "Understanding natural selection and similarity: Convergent, parallel and repeated evolution".
5824:
2113:
1284:. The fusiform bodyshape (a tube tapered at both ends) adopted by many aquatic animals is an adaptation to enable them to
668:
655:
4427:"The extremely long-tongued Neotropical butterfly Eurybia lycisca (Riodinidae): Proboscis morphology and flower handling"
4227:
Ben-Hamo, Miriam; Muñoz-Garcia, Agustí; Larrain, Paloma; Pinshow, Berry; Korine, Carmi; Williams, Joseph B. (June 2016).
2132:
586:
3590:
Hu, Yibo; Wu, Qi; Ma, Shuai; Ma, Tianxiao; Shan, Lei; Wang, Xiao; Nie, Yonggang; Ning, Zemin; Yan, Li (January 2017).
2266:– The repeated evolution of a specific trait or body plan from the same ancestral lineage at different points in time.
642:
3651:"Genome of the Tasmanian tiger provides insights into the evolution and demography of an extinct marsupial carnivore"
2493:"Intrinsic evolutionary constraints on protease structure, enzyme acylation, and the identity of the catalytic triad"
4054:"Comparable Ages for the Independent Origins of Electrogenesis in African and South American Weakly Electric Fishes"
3692:"Subterranean mammals show convergent regression in ocular genes and enhancers, along with adaptation to tunneling"
2405:
Reece, J.; Meyers, N.; Urry, L.; Cain, M.; Wasserman, S.; Minorsky, P.; Jackson, R.; Cooke, B. (5 September 2011).
2245:
1556:
142:
5035:
508:
483:
463:
443:
120:
2037:; their accessory tissues form the apple's core, surrounded by structures from outside the botanical fruit, the
1762:
1335:
5754:
4482:
Wilhelmi, Andreas P.; Krenn, Harald W. (2012). "Elongated mouthparts of nectar-feeding
Meloidae (Coleoptera)".
2190:
2109:
1783:
1772:
1136:
1124:
912:
for any reason other than that they share a common ancestry. Taxa which do share ancestry are part of the same
498:
493:
468:
423:
389:
383:
372:
1786:, they moved to more northern latitudes with less intense sunlight. It was beneficial to them to reduce their
5728:
3277:— the close relationship between bacteriocuprein and the copper-zinc superoxide-dismutase of teleost fishes"
2715:
611:
518:
513:
458:
419:
220:
4229:"The cutaneous lipid composition of bat wing and tail membranes: a case of convergent evolution with birds"
832:(that is, a distinctive way of life) similar problems can lead to similar solutions. The British anatomist
5671:
4744:"The Evolution of Annual and Perennial Plant Life Histories: Ecological Correlates and Genetic Mechanisms"
4743:
3995:
Liu, Yang; Cotton, James A.; Shen, Bin; Han, Xiuqun; Rossiter, Stephen J.; Zhang, Shuyi (1 January 2010).
3360:
Zhen, Ying; Aardema, Matthew L.; Medina, Edgar M.; Schumer, Molly; Andolfatto, Peter (28 September 2012).
1215:
523:
478:
300:
195:
4398:
Krenn, Harald W.; Plant, John D.; Szucsich, Nikolaus U. (2005). "Mouthparts of flower-visiting insects".
2086:
has evolved multiple times independently in plants in widely separated groups. In three species studied,
5282:
5188:
3494:"Parallel Sites Implicate Functional Convergence of the Hearing Gene Prestin among Echolocating Mammals"
2554:
1638:
1200:
1017:
864:
806:
621:
503:
448:
414:
327:
748:
structures or traits have a common origin but can have dissimilar functions. Bird, bat, and pterosaur
1106:
but difference of protein fold indicates that the active site evolved convergently in those families.
5687:
5580:
5539:
5490:
5443:
5350:
5311:
5271:
4682:
4438:
4354:
4155:
4065:
4008:
3754:
3603:
3373:
3225:
3097:
2985:
2942:
2883:
2840:
2644:
2504:
2257:
2150:
1540:
1426:
1180:
1149:
1095:
1073:
984:
856:
707:
473:
130:
87:
4789:
Hjertaas, Ane C.; Preston, Jill C.; Kainulainen, Kent; Humphreys, Aelys M.; Fjellheim, Siri (2023).
3798:
1782:
Convergent evolution in humans includes blue eye colour and light skin colour. When humans migrated
1604:, strongly attached to the forearm (the ulna) and the highly fused bones of the wrist and hand (the
702:
of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates
5779:
5723:
4850:"The evolutionary responses of life-history strategies to climatic variability in flowering plants"
2589:
2263:
2100:
2038:
1544:
1520:
1390:
1009:
966:
873:
756:
719:
563:
553:
488:
453:
337:
240:
165:
100:
3592:"Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas"
1734:
5774:
5733:
5718:
5598:
5416:
5135:
5036:"What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass?"
4771:
4724:
4672:
4499:
4380:
4034:
3780:
3273:"Evidence for a natural gene-transfer from the ponyfish to its bioluminescent bacterial symbiont
2915:
2232:
1654:
1593:
1566:
1219:
1079:
1072:
have caused identical triad arrangements to evolve independently more than 20 times in different
1060:
Serine and cysteine proteases use different amino acid functional groups (alcohol or thiol) as a
837:
810:
760:
744:
606:
538:
322:
250:
215:
1876:
Despite the similarity of appearance, the genetic basis of blue eyes is different in humans and
71:, are only distantly related, but the species within each have converged on a similar body form.
2053:. This implies convergent evolution under selective pressure, in this case the competition for
1848:
5749:
5664:
5624:
5508:
5459:
5408:
5368:
5215:
5176:
5094:
5086:
5055:
5014:
5006:
4987:
4930:
4879:
4871:
4830:
4812:
4763:
4716:
4698:
4638:
4609:"The convergent evolution of blue iris pigmentation in primates took distinct molecular paths"
4589:
4517:
4464:
4315:
4283:
4258:
4183:
4118:
4112:
4093:
4026:
3950:
3831:
3825:
3772:
3723:
3672:
3631:
3572:
3523:
3515:
3474:
3407:
3389:
3339:
3298:
3253:
3193:
3164:"Unconventional serine proteases: variations on the catalytic Ser/His/Asp triad configuration"
3144:
3107:
3075:
3001:
2958:
2907:
2899:
2856:
2813:
2750:
2744:
2723:
2695:
2672:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2532:
2464:
2410:
2369:
2195:
2178:
2083:
2077:
1971:
1921:
1285:
1087:
1005:
969:, parallel, or convergent evolution at this amino acid position relative to the first species.
916:; cladistics seeks to arrange them according to their degree of relatedness to describe their
869:
795:
779:
307:
185:
175:
170:
95:
5209:
4277:
3103:
2363:
1166:
s IRT1, but their three-dimensional structures are similar, suggesting convergent evolution.
5588:
5547:
5498:
5451:
5400:
5358:
5319:
5263:
5166:
5127:
5047:
4977:
4969:
4920:
4910:
4861:
4820:
4802:
4755:
4706:
4690:
4628:
4620:
4579:
4569:
4491:
4454:
4446:
4407:
4370:
4362:
4248:
4240:
4173:
4163:
4083:
4073:
4016:
3977:
3940:
3762:
3713:
3703:
3662:
3621:
3611:
3562:
3554:
3505:
3464:
3456:
3397:
3381:
3329:
3288:
3243:
3233:
3183:
3175:
3136:
3065:
3032:
2993:
2950:
2891:
2848:
2803:
2795:
2662:
2652:
2522:
2512:
1896:
1787:
1768:
1706:
1327:
1115:
1069:
844:
829:
342:
4341:
Herrera, Carlos M. (1992). "Activity pattern and thermal biology of a day-flying hawkmoth (
4144:"From the Cover: Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components"
996:
5339:"Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory"
4848:
Boyko, James D.; Hagen, Eric R.; Beaulieu, Jeremy M.; Vasconcelos, Thais (November 2023).
4759:
3945:
3928:
3093:
3070:
3053:
2433:
2211:
2145:
2094:
1939:
1833:
1686:
1627:
1605:
1203:
1176:
1065:
1043:
1001:
979:
852:
295:
285:
147:
56:
4899:"Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis"
5584:
5543:
5494:
5447:
5354:
5315:
4711:
4686:
4660:
4442:
4358:
4159:
4069:
4012:
3968:
Werdelin, L. (1986). "Comparison of Skull Shape in
Marsupial and Placental Carnivores".
3758:
3607:
3377:
3229:
2989:
2946:
2887:
2844:
2648:
2508:
1911:
1064:. In order to activate that nucleophile, they orient an acidic and a basic residue in a
17:
5769:
4982:
4953:
4949:
4925:
4898:
4825:
4790:
4633:
4608:
4584:
4557:
4459:
4426:
4366:
4253:
4228:
4178:
4143:
4088:
4053:
3718:
3691:
3626:
3591:
3567:
3542:
3469:
3444:
3402:
3361:
3248:
3213:
3188:
3163:
2808:
2783:
2667:
2632:
2527:
2492:
2335:
2272: – Misidentification of later taxon superficially resembling earlier extinct taxon
2054:
2007:
1528:
1289:
1263:
1234:
1211:
787:
377:
280:
37:
3742:
3293:
3272:
3140:
1863:
1147:
have converged in structure, likely to take up Fe efficiently. The IRT1 proteins from
46:
5818:
5249:"Evolution of fruit types and seed dispersal: A phylogenetic and ecological snapshot"
4775:
4728:
2919:
2312:
2275:
2251:
2011:
1667:
1494:
1452:
1418:
1406:
1314:
1159:
1008:
towards the same catalytic triads organisation of acid-base-nucleophile in different
940:
528:
200:
5602:
5139:
4384:
4201:
4038:
3784:
1719:
1693:, like humans and other apes, monkeys, and lemurs. Opposable thumbs also evolved in
759:, where related species evolve different traits. Convergent evolution is similar to
5759:
5420:
4791:"Convergent evolution of the annual life history syndrome from perennial ancestors"
4503:
3127:
Dodson, G.; Wlodawer, A. (September 1998). "Catalytic triads and their relatives".
2281:
2207:
2061:
1952:
1943:
1916:
1775:, different genes were involved in European (left) and East Asian (right) lineages.
1694:
1631:
1293:
1275:
1144:
1099:
1091:
1021:
956:
833:
548:
533:
317:
312:
230:
5267:
5051:
4897:
Williams, B. P.; Johnston, I. G.; Covshoff, S.; Hibberd, J. M. (September 2013).
4574:
4078:
3054:"Detection of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level"
5803:
5764:
5323:
4279:
On the Wing: Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, Bats and the
Evolution of Animal Flight
2269:
2104:, there has been convergence at the molecular level. Carnivorous plants secrete
1642:
1621:
1609:
1512:
1361:
1297:
1271:
1242:
1140:
1103:
1083:
1061:
944:
848:
764:
558:
275:
225:
67:
5455:
4694:
3596:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2997:
2852:
2633:"Mechanical basis of morphogenesis and convergent evolution of spiny seashells"
2497:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2206:
Earlier methods for measuring convergence incorporate ratios of phenotypic and
1183:
duplications of ATPalpha, with convergent tissue-specific expression patterns.
5793:
5503:
5478:
4807:
4495:
4450:
4411:
4021:
3996:
3667:
3650:
3214:"Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails"
2339:
2166:
2140:
2088:
2042:
1999:
1983:
1948:
1900:
1570:
1532:
1508:
1504:
1468:
1410:
1196:
1049:
1013:
961:
903:
731:
332:
255:
210:
190:
104:
5155:"Apple SEPALLATA1/2 -like genes control fruit flesh development and ripening"
4875:
4816:
4767:
4702:
3519:
3393:
2903:
2617:
5593:
5568:
5552:
5527:
5363:
5338:
4168:
3767:
3616:
3510:
3493:
3385:
3238:
2657:
2517:
2136:
2125:
2117:
1926:
1659:
1613:
1557:
Flying and gliding animals § Evolution and ecology of aerial locomotion
1527:
One of the best-known examples of convergent evolution is the camera eye of
1394:
1376:
1357:
1323:
1305:
1280:
1131:
Ferrous iron uptake via protein transporters in land plants and chlorophytes
1053:
917:
886:
815:
768:
723:
715:
711:
699:
591:
205:
125:
61:
5512:
5463:
5412:
5372:
5180:
5059:
4991:
4973:
4934:
4883:
4834:
4720:
4642:
4593:
4468:
4262:
4244:
4187:
4097:
4030:
3776:
3743:"Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in paleognathous birds"
3727:
3676:
3635:
3576:
3527:
3478:
3460:
3411:
3343:
3318:"Ferrous iron uptake via IRT1 / ZIP evolved at least twice in green plants"
3257:
3197:
3005:
2962:
2911:
2860:
2817:
2799:
2676:
2536:
2025:
with a wide variety of structural origins have converged to become edible.
1499:
1300:: they still have four legs, but these are strongly modified for swimming.
836:
was the first to identify the fundamental difference between analogies and
5645:
3954:
3445:"Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity"
3426:
3302:
3179:
3148:
3079:
3037:
3020:
2072:
637:
2315:
between insect and mammal body plans, to the surprise of many biologists.
2050:
1995:
1956:
1690:
1675:
1597:
1536:
1511:(right) developed independently and are wired differently; for instance,
1267:
1238:
878:
581:
180:
4915:
3929:"Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds"
3896:"The Marine Environment as a Selective Force for Secondary Marine Forms"
3708:
2045:. Other edible fruits include other plant tissues; the fleshy part of a
5798:
5788:
5656:
4624:
4375:
2121:
2105:
1991:
1960:
1818:
1601:
1341:
1309:
1259:
1207:
1120:
936:
929:
882:
5404:
5171:
5154:
4962:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4866:
4849:
3997:"Convergent sequence evolution between echolocating bats and dolphins"
3981:
3334:
3317:
2954:
2895:
5479:"Convergent Evolution within an Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fishes"
2128:
2046:
2034:
1891:
1887:
1617:
1516:
1397:(dolphins and whales) and bats, but from the same genetic mutations.
1025:
5526:
Arbuckle, Kevin; Bennett, Cheryl M.; Speed, Michael P. (July 2014).
3558:
3492:
Liu, Zhen; Qi, Fei-Yan; Zhou, Xin; Ren, Hai-Qing; Shi, Peng (2014).
1670:, or the biting-sucking mouthparts of blood-sucking insects such as
1561:
5131:
4677:
3449:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
2230:
to test different scenarios of selection. Other methods rely on an
1790:. It appears certain that there was some lightening of skin colour
4659:
Poppenwimer, Tyler; Mayrose, Itay; DeMalach, Niv (December 2023).
3021:"Convergence and Parallelism in Evolution: A Neo-Gouldian Account"
2161:
2071:
2026:
2022:
2003:
1978:, one of the three major carbon-fixing biochemical processes, has
1910:
1877:
1616:
independently evolved wings from their fore- and hindlimbs, while
1585:
1578:
1560:
1498:
1233:
1218:, such as in their rates of evolution; this could indicate either
995:
955:
913:
909:
805:
791:
775:
749:
4954:"Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C
4661:"Revising the global biogeography of annual and perennial plants"
4425:
Bauder, Julia A.S.; Lieskonig, Nora R.; Krenn, Harald W. (2011).
3927:
Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995).
1102:
use the N-terminal residue as a nucleophile. This commonality of
974:
overlap, there are still important distinctions between the two.
5477:
Muschick, Moritz; Indermaur, Adrian; Salzburger, Walter (2012).
2030:
1689:
allowing the grasping of objects are most often associated with
1671:
1596:
limbs because they are both ultimately derived from terrestrial
1255:
1154:
727:
5660:
5621:
Improbable Destinies: Fate, Chance, and the Future of Evolution
3865:"Meet Phylliroe: the sea slug that looks and swims like a fish"
706:
that have similar form or function but were not present in the
1663:
1589:
1574:
1192:
735:
2463:(in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Humanist forlag. p. 404.
2284:(contrastable with convergent evolution; involves teleology)
1308:(Tasmanian tiger or Tasmanian wolf) converged with those of
908:
In cladistics, a homoplasy is a trait shared by two or more
2556:
Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
2334:
The prior existence of suitable structures has been called
2260: – Study of external forms and structures of organisms
1569:(from forelimbs), but analogous as organs of flight in (1)
1421:, producing weak electric fields to help them detect prey.
5528:"A simple measure of the strength of convergent evolution"
3162:
Ekici, O. D.; Paetzel, M.; Dalbey, R. E. (December 2008).
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2236:
specification of where shifts in selection have occurred.
2428:
2426:
1170:
Na,K-ATPase and Insect resistance to cardiotonic steroids
5304:
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
3362:"Parallel Molecular Evolution in an Herbivore Community"
1801:
1707:
Human skin color § Genetics of skin color variation
3543:"Convergent evolution of the genomes of marine mammals"
2690:
Lomolino, M; Riddle, B; Whittaker, R; Brown, J (2010).
2595:
Life's solution: inevitable humans in a lonely universe
1963:), indicating that the annual life cycle is adaptive.
1710:
843:
In biochemistry, physical and chemical constraints on
2254: – Evolution of crustaceans into crab-like forms
2139:-related protein, the authors found many convergent
4748:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2746:
Homoplasy: The Recurrence of Similarity in Evolution
774:
Many instances of convergent evolution are known in
5742:
5694:
4654:
4652:
2784:"Dollo's law and the re-evolution of shell coiling"
2491:Buller, A. R.; Townsend, C. A. (19 February 2013).
2108:into the digestive fluid they produce. By studying
1157:have extremely different amino acid sequences from
3438:
3436:
3434:
3355:
3353:
1645:have evolved similar flight and feeding patterns.
1292:environment. Similar body shapes are found in the
939:. From a mathematical standpoint, an unused gene (
5287:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3025:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2057:by animals through consumption of fleshy fruits.
1925:have a hard coating and an attached oil body, an
1135:Distant homologues of the metal ion transporters
2631:Chirat, R.; Moulton, D. E.; Goriely, A. (2013).
1899:is responsible, say with brown dominant to blue
1245:converged on many adaptations for fast swimming.
1082:use the amino acid threonine as their catalytic
767:have evolved in parallel from multiple types of
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4148:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3218:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2637:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1624:that evolved separately from different organs.
5567:Ingram, Travis; Mahler, D. Luke (1 May 2013).
2743:Sanderson, Michael J.; Hufford, Larry (1996).
5672:
2722:. Oxford University Press. pp. 353–376.
1086:. Unlike cysteine and serine, threonine is a
676:
8:
5270:(inactive 12 September 2024). Archived from
5193:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5034:Zhu, X. G.; Long, S. P.; Ort, D. R. (2008).
2749:. Academic Press. pp. 330, and passim.
2290:– effect of evolutionary history on outcomes
5386:
5384:
5382:
5337:Fukushima, K; Fang, X; et al. (2017).
5247:Lorts, C.; Briggeman, T.; Sang, T. (2008).
1068:. The chemical and physical constraints on
5679:
5665:
5657:
4345:) under Mediterranean summer conditions".
722:of flight is a classic example, as flying
683:
669:
78:
5702:Coloration evidence for natural selection
5592:
5551:
5502:
5362:
5170:
5153:Ireland, Hilary, S.; et al. (2013).
4981:
4924:
4914:
4865:
4824:
4806:
4710:
4676:
4632:
4613:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4583:
4573:
4458:
4374:
4252:
4177:
4167:
4087:
4077:
4020:
3944:
3766:
3717:
3707:
3666:
3625:
3615:
3566:
3509:
3468:
3401:
3333:
3292:
3247:
3237:
3187:
3069:
3036:
2807:
2666:
2656:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2526:
2516:
27:Independent evolution of similar features
3830:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 133.
2210:distance by simulating evolution with a
824:List of examples of convergent evolution
778:, including the repeated development of
5120:International Journal of Plant Sciences
4282:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
4131:from the original on 12 September 2016.
3427:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202111109
2598:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
2461:Darwins teori, evolusjon gjennom 400 år
2354:
2300:
1423:
1320:
86:
5280:
5186:
4316:"Analogy: Squirrels and Sugar Gliders"
2720:Developmental Plasticity and Evolution
4760:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024638
4742:Friedman, Jannice (2 November 2020).
4431:Arthropod Structure & Development
4400:Arthropod Structure & Development
4318:. University of California Berkeley.
4296:from the original on 14 February 2017
3946:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189
3844:from the original on 15 February 2017
3801:. University of California Berkeley.
3071:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025789
2763:from the original on 14 February 2017
2440:from the original on 19 November 2016
2436:. University of California Berkeley.
2382:from the original on 15 February 2017
1541:progressive refinement of camera eyes
1094:. Several evolutionarily independent
7:
5256:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
5085:Sage, Rowan; Russell Monson (1999).
5005:Sage, Rowan; Russell Monson (1999).
4528:from the original on 16 October 2015
4322:from the original on 27 January 2017
3908:from the original on 2 February 2017
3271:Martin, J. P.; Fridovich, I (1981).
1439:Gymnotiform electrolocation waveform
855:to evolve independently in separate
794:adapted to be eaten by animals, and
2694:. Sinauer Associates. p. 426.
1980:arisen independently up to 40 times
1662:of flower-visiting insects such as
1191:Convergence occurs at the level of
877:presently identified with at least
4607:Meyer, W. K.; et al. (2013).
4367:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1992.tb01038.x
4208:from the original on 18 March 2017
3824:Selden, Paul; Nudds, John (2012).
2788:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2309:evolutionary developmental biology
2288:Contingency (evolutionary biology)
1767:Despite the similar lightening of
25:
5228:from the original on 1 April 2019
5066:from the original on 1 April 2019
4556:Edwards, M.; et al. (2010).
3875:from the original on 26 July 2019
3805:from the original on 2 April 2017
2978:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2833:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2782:Collin, R.; Cipriani, R. (2003).
2393:marsupial not a placental mammal.
2362:Kirk, John Thomas Osmond (2007).
2006:including several species in the
1994:including 46% of grasses such as
1483:Mormyrid electrolocation waveform
952:Parallel vs. convergent evolution
5830:Evolutionary biology terminology
5644:
5573:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
5532:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
5040:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
3863:Helm, R. R. (18 November 2015).
2368:. Csiro Publishing. p. 79.
2189:Phylogenetic reconstruction and
1862:
1847:
1832:
1817:
1761:
1748:
1733:
1718:
1476:
1460:
1444:
1432:
1413:of Africa independently evolved
1369:
1349:
1334:
714:term for the same phenomenon is
650:
649:
636:
94:
45:
36:
4117:. Nelson Thornes. p. 274.
3933:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3498:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3019:Pearce, T. (10 November 2011).
1982:. About 7,600 plant species of
755:The opposite of convergence is
643:Evolutionary biology portal
5436:Journal of Theoretical Biology
5343:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5093:. Elsevier. pp. 228–229.
5013:. Elsevier. pp. 551–580.
4114:Biology: A Functional Approach
3827:Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems
3655:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3129:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2191:ancestral state reconstruction
1455:electric fish of South America
602:Creation–evolution controversy
356:History of evolutionary theory
1:
3970:Australian Journal of Zoology
3294:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69131-3
3141:10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01254-7
3052:Zhang, J.; Kumar, S. (1997).
2148:in the non-carnivorous plant
1938:While most plant species are
1531:(such as squid and octopus),
1515:fibres reach the vertebrate
5268:10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08039
5052:10.1016/j.copbio.2008.02.004
4575:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000867
4276:Alexander, David E. (2015).
4202:"Plant and Animal Evolution"
4079:10.1371/journal.pone.0036287
2692:Biogeography, Fourth Edition
2407:Cambell Biology, 9th Edition
2133:pathogenesis-related protein
1565:Vertebrate wings are partly
1119:produces a distinct form of
1000:Evolutionary convergence of
943:) has a steadily decreasing
587:Evolution as fact and theory
5619:Losos, Jonathan B. (2017).
5324:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.08.001
1990:carbon fixation, with many
1519:from the front, creating a
1254:Swimming animals including
1110:Cone snail and fish insulin
5846:
5456:10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.01.008
4795:Frontiers in Plant Science
4695:10.1038/s41586-023-06644-x
4518:"When is a thumb a thumb?"
3799:"How do analogies evolve?"
2998:10.1016/j.tree.2023.11.007
2853:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.011
2434:"Homologies and analogies"
2246:Incomplete lineage sorting
2228:Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
1704:
1554:
1492:
1393:has evolved separately in
1041:
1012:. Shown are the triads of
927:
901:
821:
622:Nature-nurture controversy
5504:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.048
4808:10.3389/fpls.2022.1048656
4496:10.1007/s00435-012-0162-3
4451:10.1016/j.asd.2010.11.002
4412:10.1016/j.asd.2004.10.002
4204:. University of Waikato.
4022:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.058
3668:10.1038/s41559-017-0417-y
3102:. W. W. Norton. pp.
2076:Molecular convergence in
1919:, seeds such as those of
1874:
1807:
1804:
1760:
1409:of South America and the
1389:As a sensory adaptation,
851:arrangements such as the
509:Evolutionary neuroscience
484:Evolutionary epistemology
464:Evolutionary anthropology
444:Applications of evolution
5755:Anti-predator adaptation
4343:Macroglossum stellatarum
4111:Roberts, M.B.V. (1986).
2716:West-Eberhard, Mary Jane
2559:. W.W. Norton. pp.
2409:. Pearson. p. 586.
2060:Seed dispersal by ants (
1929:, for dispersal by ants.
1535:(including mammals) and
1415:passive electroreception
1125:horizontal gene transfer
499:Evolutionary linguistics
494:Evolutionary game theory
469:Evolutionary computation
18:Evolutionary convergence
5729:Paradox of the plankton
5594:10.1111/2041-210X.12034
5553:10.1111/2041-210X.12195
5364:10.1038/s41559-016-0059
4522:Understanding Evolution
4169:10.1073/pnas.0800388105
3894:Ballance, Lisa (2016).
3768:10.1126/science.aat7244
3617:10.1073/pnas.1613870114
3386:10.1126/science.1226630
3239:10.1073/pnas.1423857112
3212:M. (10 February 2015).
2658:10.1073/pnas.1220443110
2518:10.1073/pnas.1221050110
2459:Thunstad, Erik (2009).
2365:Science & Certainty
2089:Cephalotus follicularis
1471:electric fish of Africa
1216:cis-regulatory elements
612:Objections to evolution
519:Evolutionary psychology
514:Evolutionary physiology
459:Evolutionary aesthetics
438:Fields and applications
420:History of paleontology
5208:Heuvelink, Ep (2005).
4974:10.1098/rstb.2005.1737
4245:10.1098/rspb.2016.0636
3461:10.1098/rstb.2018.0246
3275:Photobacter leiognathi
2800:10.1098/rspb.2003.2517
2222:Process-based measures
2202:Pattern-based measures
2186:
2080:
1930:
1639:Hummingbird hawk-moths
1582:
1524:
1427:weakly electric fishes
1246:
1199:sequences produced by
1029:
1010:protease superfamilies
970:
819:
544:Speciation experiments
524:Experimental evolution
479:Evolutionary economics
301:Recent human evolution
159:Processes and outcomes
5695:Patterns of evolution
4347:Ecological Entomology
3511:10.1093/molbev/msu194
3180:10.1110/ps.035436.108
2600:164, 167, 170 and 235
2165:
2075:
1942:, about 6% follow an
1934:The annual life-cycle
1914:
1705:Further information:
1581:, evolved separately.
1564:
1555:Further information:
1502:
1312:such as the red fox,
1237:
1038:Protease active sites
1018:prolyl oligopeptidase
999:
959:
822:Further information:
809:
710:of those groups. The
504:Evolutionary medicine
449:Biosocial criminology
415:History of speciation
328:Evolutionary taxonomy
291:Timeline of evolution
5825:Convergent evolution
5707:Convergent evolution
5688:Evolutionary ecology
5653:at Wikimedia Commons
5651:Convergent evolution
5214:. CABI. p. 72.
3099:The Blind Watchmaker
2590:Conway Morris, Simon
2258:Morphology (biology)
2158:Methods of inference
2151:Arabidopsis thaliana
2049:is the walls of the
1286:travel at high speed
1230:In animal morphology
1150:Arabidopsis thaliana
1096:enzyme superfamilies
1074:enzyme superfamilies
985:The Blind Watchmaker
857:enzyme superfamilies
708:last common ancestor
704:analogous structures
696:Convergent evolution
474:Evolutionary ecology
88:Evolutionary biology
5780:Distraction display
5724:Divergent evolution
5623:. Riverhead Books.
5585:2013MEcEv...4..416I
5544:2014MEcEv...5..685A
5495:2012CBio...22.2362M
5448:2008JThBi.252....1S
5355:2017NatEE...1...59F
5316:2010PPEES..12...43L
4916:10.7554/eLife.00961
4687:2023Natur.624..109P
4443:2011ArtSD..40..122B
4359:1992EcoEn..17...52H
4160:2008PNAS..105.8989K
4070:2012PLoSO...736287L
4013:2010CBio...20..R53L
3759:2019Sci...364...74S
3709:10.7554/eLife.25884
3608:2017PNAS..114.1081H
3378:2012Sci...337.1634Z
3372:(6102): 1634–1637.
3230:2015PNAS..112.1743S
3038:10.1093/bjps/axr046
2990:2024TEcoE..39..396B
2947:2023MolEc..32.5451C
2888:2021MolEc..30.4162W
2845:2008TEcoE..23...26A
2794:(1533): 2551–2555.
2649:2013PNAS..110.6015C
2509:2013PNAS..110E.653B
2264:Iterative evolution
2177:photosynthesis and
2114:glycoside hydrolase
2101:Sarracenia purpurea
1503:The camera eyes of
1224:purifying selection
1080:Threonine proteases
941:selectively neutral
874:Simon Conway Morris
757:divergent evolution
720:recurrent evolution
698:is the independent
576:Social implications
564:Universal Darwinism
554:Island biogeography
489:Evolutionary ethics
454:Ecological genetics
400:Molecular evolution
338:Transitional fossil
166:Population genetics
82:Part of a series on
5775:Deimatic behaviour
5734:Predator satiation
5719:Parallel evolution
4625:10.1002/ajpa.22280
4239:(1833): 20160636.
3455:(1777): 20180246.
2187:
2081:
2078:carnivorous plants
1931:
1583:
1525:
1247:
1220:positive selection
1181:neo-functionalized
1030:
992:At molecular level
971:
820:
761:parallel evolution
607:Theistic evolution
539:Selective breeding
251:Parallel evolution
216:Adaptive radiation
5812:
5811:
5750:Signalling theory
5649:Media related to
5489:(24): 2362–2368.
5405:10.1111/evo.12729
5221:978-1-84593-149-0
5172:10.1111/tpj.12094
5159:The Plant Journal
5118:Photosynthesis".
5100:978-0-12-614440-6
5020:978-0-12-614440-6
4968:(1465): 173–194.
4867:10.1111/nph.18971
4671:(7990): 109–114.
4289:978-0-19-999679-7
4154:(26): 8989–8993.
4124:978-0-17-448019-8
3982:10.1071/ZO9860109
3837:978-1-84076-623-3
3335:10.1111/nph.18661
3287:(12): 6080–6089.
3113:978-0-393-31570-7
2955:10.1111/mec.17132
2941:(20): 5451–5462.
2935:Molecular Ecology
2896:10.1111/mec.16018
2882:(17): 4162–4172.
2876:Molecular Ecology
2756:978-0-08-053411-4
2729:978-0-19-512235-0
2701:978-0-87893-494-2
2643:(15): 6015–6020.
2609:978-0-521-60325-6
2570:978-0-09-174271-3
2470:978-82-92622-53-7
2416:978-1-4425-3176-5
2375:978-0-643-09391-1
2196:natural selection
1922:Chelidonium majus
1885:
1884:
1799:genetic changes.
1788:skin pigmentation
1780:
1779:
1649:Insect mouthparts
1088:secondary alcohol
1006:cysteine protease
870:Stephen Jay Gould
862:In his 1989 book
847:have caused some
830:ecological niches
693:
692:
384:Origin of Species
186:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
5837:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5658:
5648:
5634:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5399:(8): 2140–2153.
5388:
5377:
5376:
5366:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5286:
5278:
5277:on 18 July 2013.
5276:
5253:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5184:
5174:
5165:(6): 1044–1056.
5150:
5144:
5143:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5091:C4 Plant Biology
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5011:C4 Plant Biology
5002:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4948:Osborne, C. P.;
4945:
4939:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4869:
4860:(4): 1587–1600.
4845:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4810:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4714:
4680:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4553:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4081:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4024:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3770:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3602:(5): 1081–1086.
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3513:
3504:(9): 2415–2424.
3489:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3440:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3328:(6): 1951–1961.
3313:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3224:(6): 1743–1748.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3094:Dawkins, Richard
3090:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2359:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2305:
2146:homologous genes
1881:
1866:
1851:
1836:
1821:
1802:
1776:
1765:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1711:
1687:Opposable thumbs
1682:Opposable thumbs
1628:Flying squirrels
1480:
1464:
1448:
1436:
1373:
1353:
1338:
1204:structural genes
1165:
1116:Conus geographus
1070:enzyme catalysis
960:Evolution at an
685:
678:
671:
658:
653:
652:
645:
641:
640:
617:Level of support
410:Current research
395:Modern synthesis
390:Before synthesis
343:Extinction event
101:Darwin's finches
98:
79:
49:
40:
21:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5738:
5690:
5685:
5641:
5631:
5618:
5615:
5613:Further reading
5610:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5483:Current Biology
5476:
5475:
5471:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5390:
5389:
5380:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5279:
5274:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5222:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5185:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4957:
4950:Beerling, D. J.
4947:
4946:
4942:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4854:New Phytologist
4847:
4846:
4842:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4568:(3): e1000867.
4555:
4554:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4233:Proc. R. Soc. B
4226:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4125:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4001:Current Biology
3994:
3993:
3989:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3838:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3753:(6435): 74–78.
3740:
3739:
3735:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3559:10.1038/ng.3198
3547:Nature Genetics
3540:
3539:
3535:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3322:New Phytologist
3315:
3314:
3310:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3174:(12): 2023–37.
3168:Protein Science
3161:
3160:
3156:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3058:Mol. Biol. Evol
3051:
3050:
3046:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2610:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2571:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2311:has identified
2306:
2302:
2297:
2242:
2224:
2212:Brownian motion
2204:
2185:in parentheses.
2182:
2176:
2172:
2160:
2095:Nepenthes alata
2070:
2020:
1989:
1975:
1969:
1967:Carbon fixation
1936:
1909:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1684:
1651:
1606:carpometacarpus
1559:
1553:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1425:Convergence of
1403:
1401:Electric fishes
1387:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1322:Convergence of
1276:of the Mesozoic
1252:
1232:
1189:
1172:
1163:
1133:
1112:
1098:with different
1066:catalytic triad
1046:
1044:Catalytic triad
1040:
1035:
994:
980:Richard Dawkins
954:
932:
926:
906:
900:
895:
853:catalytic triad
826:
804:
783:
689:
648:
635:
634:
627:
626:
577:
569:
568:
439:
431:
430:
429:
357:
349:
348:
347:
296:Human evolution
286:History of life
270:
269:Natural history
262:
261:
260:
160:
152:
107:
75:
74:
73:
72:
57:succulent plant
52:
51:
50:
42:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5843:
5841:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5770:Apparent death
5767:
5762:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5640:
5639:External links
5637:
5636:
5635:
5630:978-0399184925
5629:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5579:(5): 416–425.
5559:
5538:(7): 685–693.
5518:
5469:
5426:
5378:
5329:
5294:
5262:(3): 396–404.
5239:
5220:
5200:
5145:
5132:10.1086/378649
5115:
5106:
5099:
5077:
5046:(2): 153–159.
5026:
5019:
4997:
4955:
4940:
4889:
4840:
4781:
4754:(1): 461–481.
4734:
4648:
4619:(3): 398–407.
4599:
4539:
4509:
4474:
4417:
4390:
4333:
4307:
4288:
4268:
4219:
4193:
4134:
4123:
4103:
4044:
4007:(2): R53–R54.
3987:
3976:(2): 109–117.
3960:
3919:
3886:
3855:
3836:
3816:
3790:
3733:
3682:
3661:(1): 182–192.
3641:
3582:
3553:(3): 272–275.
3533:
3484:
3430:
3417:
3349:
3308:
3263:
3203:
3154:
3119:
3112:
3085:
3044:
3031:(2): 429–448.
3011:
2984:(4): 396–407.
2968:
2925:
2866:
2823:
2774:
2755:
2735:
2728:
2707:
2700:
2682:
2623:
2608:
2576:
2569:
2542:
2503:(8): E653–61.
2476:
2469:
2451:
2422:
2415:
2397:
2374:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2336:pre-adaptation
2327:
2317:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2223:
2220:
2203:
2200:
2183:photosynthesis
2180:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2156:
2069:
2066:
2055:seed dispersal
2019:
2016:
2008:Chenopodiaceae
1987:
1976:photosynthesis
1973:
1968:
1965:
1935:
1932:
1908:
1905:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1778:
1777:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1699:
1683:
1680:
1668:flower beetles
1650:
1647:
1552:
1549:
1493:Main article:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1419:electrogenesis
1402:
1399:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1264:marine mammals
1251:
1248:
1231:
1228:
1212:non-coding DNA
1188:
1185:
1171:
1168:
1132:
1129:
1111:
1108:
1092:steric clashes
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
993:
990:
953:
950:
928:Main article:
925:
922:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
894:
891:
865:Wonderful Life
803:
800:
788:seed dispersal
784:photosynthesis
781:
691:
690:
688:
687:
680:
673:
665:
662:
661:
660:
659:
646:
629:
628:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:Social effects
594:
589:
584:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
323:Classification
320:
315:
310:
305:
304:
303:
293:
288:
283:
281:Common descent
278:
276:Origin of life
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
112:
109:
108:
99:
91:
90:
84:
83:
54:
53:
44:
43:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5842:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5560:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5240:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5126:(6): 959–86.
5125:
5121:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4944:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4562:PLOS Genetics
4559:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:(4): 325–37.
4489:
4485:
4484:Zoomorphology
4478:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4220:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4064:(5): e36287.
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3874:
3870:
3869:Deep Sea News
3866:
3859:
3856:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3817:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:J. Biol. Chem
3278:
3276:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:(9): 347–52.
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3064:(5): 527–36.
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:deep homology
2310:
2304:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:Breeding back
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:Carcinisation
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:as well as a
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2012:Amaranthaceae
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:out of Africa
1774:
1773:out of Africa
1771:after moving
1770:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:sugar gliders
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:Eye evolution
1488:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:Gymnotiformes
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1315:Vulpes vulpes
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:earless seals
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:Nucleic acids
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:Chlamydomonas
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:protein folds
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
991:
989:
987:
986:
981:
975:
968:
963:
958:
951:
949:
946:
942:
938:
931:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
905:
897:
892:
890:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
867:
866:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
825:
817:
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:gliding frogs
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
666:
664:
663:
657:
647:
644:
639:
633:
632:
631:
630:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
573:
572:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Phylogenetics
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
435:
434:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:Before Darwin
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
353:
352:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
266:
265:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
201:Genetic drift
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
156:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
81:
80:
77:
70:
69:
64:
63:
58:
48:
39:
30:
19:
5760:Alarm signal
5706:
5620:
5576:
5572:
5562:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5396:
5392:
5346:
5342:
5332:
5310:(1): 43–55.
5307:
5303:
5297:
5283:cite journal
5272:the original
5259:
5255:
5242:
5230:. Retrieved
5210:
5203:
5189:cite journal
5162:
5158:
5148:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5090:
5080:
5068:. Retrieved
5043:
5039:
5029:
5010:
5000:
4965:
4961:
4943:
4906:
4902:
4892:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4668:
4664:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4565:
4561:
4530:. Retrieved
4521:
4512:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4437:(2): 122–7.
4434:
4430:
4420:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4353:(1): 52–56.
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4324:. Retrieved
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4278:
4271:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4210:. Retrieved
4196:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4113:
4106:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3939:(1): 28–52.
3936:
3932:
3922:
3912:19 September
3910:. Retrieved
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3868:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3826:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3793:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3452:
3448:
3420:
3369:
3365:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3266:
3221:
3217:
3206:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3098:
3088:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2839:(1): 26–32.
2836:
2832:
2826:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2745:
2738:
2719:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2594:
2555:
2545:
2500:
2496:
2460:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2406:
2400:
2391:
2384:. Retrieved
2364:
2357:
2330:
2320:
2303:
2282:Orthogenesis
2231:
2225:
2217:
2208:phylogenetic
2205:
2188:
2149:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2062:myrmecochory
2059:
2021:
1970:
1953:Brassicaceae
1937:
1920:
1917:myrmecochory
1886:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1695:giant pandas
1685:
1652:
1643:hummingbirds
1637:
1626:
1610:cerebrosides
1584:
1526:
1404:
1391:echolocation
1388:
1385:Echolocation
1313:
1302:
1279:
1272:ichthyosaurs
1253:
1243:ichthyosaurs
1190:
1173:
1158:
1148:
1145:chlorophytes
1134:
1114:
1113:
1078:
1059:
1047:
1022:TEV protease
983:
976:
972:
933:
907:
893:Distinctions
863:
861:
842:
834:Richard Owen
827:
773:
754:
743:
739:
703:
695:
694:
549:Sociobiology
534:Paleontology
382:
318:Biogeography
313:Biodiversity
245:
231:Coextinction
221:Co-operation
196:Polymorphism
121:Introduction
76:
66:
60:
29:
5804:Unkenreflex
5765:Aposematism
5442:(1): 1–14.
5349:(3): 0059.
5232:17 December
5070:29 December
4406:(1): 1–40.
4376:10261/44693
2551:Gould, S.J.
2270:Elvis taxon
2110:phosphatase
1984:angiosperms
1769:skin colour
1533:vertebrates
1529:cephalopods
1513:optic nerve
1509:cephalopods
1507:(left) and
1505:vertebrates
1453:gymnotiform
1362:timber wolf
1356:Skulls of
1298:eared seals
1222:or relaxed
1201:translating
1177:Na,K-ATPase
1141:land plants
1104:active site
1084:nucleophile
1062:nucleophile
945:probability
849:active site
559:Systematics
368:Renaissance
246:Convergence
236:Contingency
226:Coevolution
68:Astrophytum
5819:Categories
5794:Camouflage
4909:: e00961.
4678:2304.13101
4326:10 January
4300:21 January
4212:10 January
3848:26 January
3809:26 January
2767:21 January
2444:10 January
2386:23 January
2350:References
2340:exaptation
2167:Angiosperm
2141:amino acid
2043:hypanthium
2039:receptacle
2033:with five
2000:sugar cane
1949:Asteraceae
1901:eye colour
1897:gene locus
1655:homologous
1614:pterosaurs
1594:homologous
1571:pterosaurs
1567:homologous
1545:blind spot
1521:blind spot
1411:Mormyridae
1288:in a high
1197:amino acid
1050:enzymology
1014:subtilisin
962:amino acid
904:Cladistics
898:Cladistics
845:mechanisms
838:homologies
790:by fleshy
745:homologous
742:, whereas
732:pterosaurs
333:Cladistics
256:Extinction
241:Divergence
211:Speciation
191:Adaptation
105:John Gould
5393:Evolution
4876:0028-646X
4817:1664-462X
4776:225237602
4768:1543-592X
4729:260332117
4703:1476-4687
4532:14 August
3520:1537-1719
3394:0036-8075
2920:235460165
2904:1365-294X
2618:156902715
2307:However,
2137:thaumatin
2126:chitinase
2118:glucanase
2084:Carnivory
2068:Carnivory
1940:perennial
1927:elaiosome
1907:In plants
1797:different
1676:mosquitos
1660:proboscis
1598:tetrapods
1395:cetaceans
1377:Thylacine
1360:(left),
1358:thylacine
1328:placental
1324:marsupial
1306:thylacine
1281:Phylliroe
1250:Bodyplans
1054:proteases
967:divergent
918:phylogeny
887:cetaceans
816:phylogeny
796:carnivory
769:tree frog
740:analogous
716:homoplasy
712:cladistic
700:evolution
592:Dysgenics
308:Phylogeny
206:Gene flow
176:Diversity
171:Variation
62:Euphorbia
5712:examples
5603:86382470
5513:23159601
5464:18321532
5413:26177938
5373:28812732
5226:Archived
5211:Tomatoes
5181:23236986
5140:83564261
5064:Archived
5060:18374559
4992:16553316
4952:(2006).
4935:24082995
4884:37194450
4835:36684797
4721:37938778
4712:10830411
4643:23640739
4594:20221248
4526:Archived
4469:21115131
4385:85320151
4320:Archived
4294:Archived
4263:27335420
4206:Archived
4188:18577593
4129:Archived
4098:22606250
4058:PLOS ONE
4039:16117978
4031:20129036
3903:Archived
3901:. UCSD.
3873:Archived
3842:Archived
3803:Archived
3785:96435050
3777:30948549
3728:29035697
3677:29230027
3636:28096377
3577:25621460
3528:24951728
3479:31154978
3412:23019645
3344:36626937
3258:25605914
3198:18824507
3096:(1986).
3006:38155043
2963:37724599
2912:34133810
2861:18022278
2818:14728776
2761:Archived
2718:(2003).
2677:23530223
2592:(2005).
2553:(1989).
2537:23382230
2438:Archived
2380:Archived
2325:biology.
2240:See also
2233:a priori
2051:pericarp
2010:and the
1992:monocots
1957:Fabaceae
1701:Primates
1691:primates
1602:feathers
1537:cnidaria
1469:mormyrid
1379:skeleton
1344:skeleton
1296:and the
1268:dolphins
1266:such as
1260:herrings
1258:such as
1239:Dolphins
1208:proteins
1195:and the
1033:Proteins
879:primates
811:Homology
802:Overview
656:Category
582:Eugenics
424:timeline
405:Evo-devo
363:Overview
181:Mutation
143:Evidence
138:Glossary
59:genera,
5799:Mimicry
5789:Crypsis
5743:Signals
5581:Bibcode
5540:Bibcode
5491:Bibcode
5444:Bibcode
5421:3161530
5351:Bibcode
5312:Bibcode
4983:1626541
4958:plants"
4926:3786385
4826:9846227
4683:Bibcode
4634:3746105
4585:2832666
4504:9194699
4460:3062012
4439:Bibcode
4355:Bibcode
4254:4936036
4179:2449352
4156:Bibcode
4089:3351409
4066:Bibcode
4009:Bibcode
3955:7877495
3879:26 July
3755:Bibcode
3747:Science
3719:5643096
3627:5293045
3604:Bibcode
3568:4644735
3470:6560278
3403:3770729
3374:Bibcode
3366:Science
3303:6787049
3249:4330763
3226:Bibcode
3189:2590910
3149:9787641
3104:100–106
3080:9159930
2986:Bibcode
2943:Bibcode
2884:Bibcode
2841:Bibcode
2809:1691546
2668:3625336
2645:Bibcode
2561:282–285
2528:3581919
2505:Bibcode
2129:enzymes
2106:enzymes
2035:carpels
1961:Poaceae
1808:Lemurs
1805:Humans
1618:insects
1364:(right)
1342:Red fox
1330:mammals
1310:Canidae
1121:insulin
937:atavism
930:Atavism
924:Atavism
883:corvids
724:insects
148:History
131:Outline
5627:
5601:
5511:
5462:
5419:
5411:
5371:
5218:
5179:
5138:
5097:
5058:
5017:
4990:
4980:
4933:
4923:
4882:
4874:
4833:
4823:
4815:
4774:
4766:
4727:
4719:
4709:
4701:
4665:Nature
4641:
4631:
4592:
4582:
4502:
4467:
4457:
4383:
4286:
4261:
4251:
4186:
4176:
4121:
4096:
4086:
4037:
4029:
3953:
3834:
3783:
3775:
3726:
3716:
3675:
3634:
3624:
3575:
3565:
3526:
3518:
3477:
3467:
3410:
3400:
3392:
3342:
3301:
3256:
3246:
3196:
3186:
3147:
3110:
3078:
3004:
2961:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2859:
2816:
2806:
2753:
2726:
2698:
2675:
2665:
2616:
2606:
2567:
2535:
2525:
2467:
2413:
2372:
2215:taxa.
2135:and a
2047:tomato
2027:Apples
2023:Fruits
2018:Fruits
2004:dicots
2002:, and
1959:, and
1944:annual
1892:humans
1888:Lemurs
1878:lemurs
1792:before
1577:, (3)
1573:, (2)
1551:Flight
1517:retina
1270:, and
1026:papain
1024:, and
1002:serine
885:, and
792:fruits
776:plants
734:, and
718:. The
654:
378:Darwin
5599:S2CID
5417:S2CID
5275:(PDF)
5252:(PDF)
5136:S2CID
4903:eLife
4772:S2CID
4725:S2CID
4673:arXiv
4500:S2CID
4381:S2CID
4035:S2CID
3906:(PDF)
3899:(PDF)
3781:S2CID
3696:eLife
2916:S2CID
2295:Notes
2122:RNAse
2031:pomes
1996:maize
1986:use C
1672:fleas
1622:wings
1620:have
1592:have
1586:Birds
1579:birds
1206:into
1164:'
914:clade
750:wings
728:birds
116:Index
5625:ISBN
5509:PMID
5460:PMID
5409:PMID
5369:PMID
5289:link
5234:2016
5216:ISBN
5195:link
5177:PMID
5095:ISBN
5072:2018
5056:PMID
5015:ISBN
5007:"16"
4988:PMID
4931:PMID
4880:PMID
4872:ISSN
4831:PMID
4813:ISSN
4764:ISSN
4717:PMID
4699:ISSN
4639:PMID
4590:PMID
4534:2015
4465:PMID
4328:2017
4302:2017
4284:ISBN
4259:PMID
4214:2017
4184:PMID
4119:ISBN
4094:PMID
4027:PMID
3951:PMID
3914:2019
3881:2019
3850:2017
3832:ISBN
3811:2017
3773:PMID
3724:PMID
3673:PMID
3632:PMID
3573:PMID
3524:PMID
3516:ISSN
3475:PMID
3408:PMID
3390:ISSN
3340:PMID
3299:PMID
3254:PMID
3194:PMID
3145:PMID
3108:ISBN
3076:PMID
3002:PMID
2959:PMID
2908:PMID
2900:ISSN
2857:PMID
2814:PMID
2769:2017
2751:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2673:PMID
2614:OCLC
2604:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2533:PMID
2465:ISBN
2446:2017
2411:ISBN
2388:2017
2370:ISBN
2124:and
2098:and
2029:are
1998:and
1890:and
1674:and
1666:and
1664:bees
1641:and
1630:and
1590:bats
1588:and
1575:bats
1489:Eyes
1405:The
1326:and
1290:drag
1256:fish
1241:and
1155:rice
1153:and
1143:and
1048:The
1004:and
910:taxa
736:bats
126:Main
65:and
55:Two
5589:doi
5548:doi
5499:doi
5452:doi
5440:252
5401:doi
5359:doi
5320:doi
5264:doi
5167:doi
5128:doi
5124:164
5087:"7"
5048:doi
4978:PMC
4970:doi
4966:361
4921:PMC
4911:doi
4862:doi
4858:240
4821:PMC
4803:doi
4756:doi
4707:PMC
4691:doi
4669:624
4629:PMC
4621:doi
4617:151
4580:PMC
4570:doi
4492:doi
4488:131
4455:PMC
4447:doi
4408:doi
4371:hdl
4363:doi
4249:PMC
4241:doi
4237:283
4174:PMC
4164:doi
4152:105
4084:PMC
4074:doi
4017:doi
3978:doi
3941:doi
3763:doi
3751:364
3714:PMC
3704:doi
3663:doi
3622:PMC
3612:doi
3600:114
3563:PMC
3555:doi
3506:doi
3465:PMC
3457:doi
3453:374
3398:PMC
3382:doi
3370:337
3330:doi
3326:237
3289:doi
3285:256
3244:PMC
3234:doi
3222:112
3184:PMC
3176:doi
3137:doi
3066:doi
3033:doi
2994:doi
2951:doi
2892:doi
2849:doi
2804:PMC
2796:doi
2792:270
2663:PMC
2653:doi
2641:110
2523:PMC
2513:doi
2501:110
2338:or
2041:or
1915:In
1193:DNA
1139:in
1137:ZIP
1052:of
982:in
103:by
5821::
5597:.
5587:.
5575:.
5571:.
5546:.
5534:.
5530:.
5507:.
5497:.
5487:22
5485:.
5481:.
5458:.
5450:.
5438:.
5415:.
5407:.
5397:69
5395:.
5381:^
5367:.
5357:.
5345:.
5341:.
5318:.
5308:12
5306:.
5285:}}
5281:{{
5260:46
5258:.
5254:.
5224:.
5191:}}
5187:{{
5175:.
5163:73
5161:.
5157:.
5134:.
5122:.
5089:.
5062:.
5054:.
5044:19
5042:.
5038:.
5009:.
4986:.
4976:.
4964:.
4960:.
4929:.
4919:.
4905:.
4901:.
4878:.
4870:.
4856:.
4852:.
4829:.
4819:.
4811:.
4801:.
4799:13
4797:.
4793:.
4770:.
4762:.
4752:51
4750:.
4746:.
4723:.
4715:.
4705:.
4697:.
4689:.
4681:.
4667:.
4663:.
4651:^
4637:.
4627:.
4615:.
4611:.
4588:.
4578:.
4564:.
4560:.
4542:^
4524:.
4520:.
4498:.
4486:.
4463:.
4453:.
4445:.
4435:40
4433:.
4429:.
4404:34
4402:.
4379:.
4369:.
4361:.
4351:17
4349:.
4292:.
4257:.
4247:.
4235:.
4231:.
4182:.
4172:.
4162:.
4150:.
4146:.
4127:.
4092:.
4082:.
4072:.
4060:.
4056:.
4033:.
4025:.
4015:.
4005:20
4003:.
3999:.
3974:34
3972:.
3949:.
3937:12
3935:.
3931:.
3871:.
3867:.
3840:.
3779:.
3771:.
3761:.
3749:.
3745:.
3722:.
3712:.
3702:.
3698:.
3694:.
3671:.
3657:.
3653:.
3630:.
3620:.
3610:.
3598:.
3594:.
3571:.
3561:.
3551:47
3549:.
3545:.
3522:.
3514:.
3502:31
3500:.
3496:.
3473:.
3463:.
3451:.
3447:.
3433:^
3406:.
3396:.
3388:.
3380:.
3368:.
3364:.
3352:^
3338:.
3324:.
3320:.
3297:.
3283:.
3279:.
3252:.
3242:.
3232:.
3220:.
3216:.
3192:.
3182:.
3172:17
3170:.
3166:.
3143:.
3133:23
3131:.
3106:.
3074:.
3062:14
3060:.
3056:.
3029:63
3027:.
3023:.
3000:.
2992:.
2982:39
2980:.
2957:.
2949:.
2939:32
2937:.
2914:.
2906:.
2898:.
2890:.
2880:30
2878:.
2855:.
2847:.
2837:23
2835:.
2812:.
2802:.
2790:.
2786:.
2759:.
2671:.
2661:.
2651:.
2639:.
2635:.
2612:.
2602:.
2579:^
2563:.
2531:.
2521:.
2511:.
2499:.
2495:.
2479:^
2425:^
2390:.
2378:.
2198:.
2173:-C
2120:,
2116:,
2112:,
2092:,
2014:.
1955:,
1951:,
1678:.
1547:.
1467:A
1451:A
1318:.
1262:,
1226:.
1214:,
1127:.
1076:.
1020:,
1016:,
889:.
881:,
868:,
859:.
840:.
798:.
786:,
771:.
730:,
726:,
5680:e
5673:t
5666:v
5633:.
5605:.
5591::
5583::
5577:4
5556:.
5550::
5542::
5536:5
5515:.
5501::
5493::
5466:.
5454::
5446::
5423:.
5403::
5375:.
5361::
5353::
5347:1
5326:.
5322::
5314::
5291:)
5266::
5236:.
5197:)
5183:.
5169::
5142:.
5130::
5116:4
5103:.
5074:.
5050::
5023:.
4994:.
4972::
4956:4
4937:.
4913::
4907:2
4886:.
4864::
4837:.
4805::
4778:.
4758::
4731:.
4693::
4685::
4675::
4645:.
4623::
4596:.
4572::
4566:6
4536:.
4506:.
4494::
4471:.
4449::
4441::
4414:.
4410::
4387:.
4373::
4365::
4357::
4330:.
4304:.
4265:.
4243::
4216:.
4190:.
4166::
4158::
4100:.
4076::
4068::
4062:7
4041:.
4019::
4011::
3984:.
3980::
3957:.
3943::
3916:.
3883:.
3852:.
3813:.
3787:.
3765::
3757::
3730:.
3706::
3700:6
3679:.
3665::
3659:2
3638:.
3614::
3606::
3579:.
3557::
3530:.
3508::
3481:.
3459::
3414:.
3384::
3376::
3346:.
3332::
3305:.
3291::
3260:.
3236::
3228::
3200:.
3178::
3151:.
3139::
3116:.
3082:.
3068::
3041:.
3035::
3008:.
2996::
2988::
2965:.
2953::
2945::
2922:.
2894::
2886::
2863:.
2851::
2843::
2820:.
2798::
2771:.
2732:.
2704:.
2679:.
2655::
2647::
2620:.
2573:.
2539:.
2515::
2507::
2473:.
2448:.
2419:.
2342:.
2181:4
2179:C
2175:4
2171:3
1988:4
1974:4
1972:C
1947:(
1880:.
1523:.
1274:(
1028:.
818:.
782:4
780:C
684:e
677:t
670:v
426:)
422:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.