Tiriyó language - Knowledge (XXG)

299:, and for many years they were the only contact the Tiriyó had with foreign populations. The first recorded contact between the Tiriyó and a European took place in 1843 between a ‘Drio’ village and Robert Schomburgk; this and the meeting between French explorer Jules Crevaux and a few ‘Trio’ were the only two points of contact between Tiriyó and Europeans in the 19th century. Subsequent contact between Europeans and Tiriyó in the first half of the twentieth century produced ethnographic and linguistic studies of the region and Tiriyó subgroups in particular. After the ‘exploratory phase’ of contact came the ‘ 3322:, where the subject of an intransitive sentence and the object of a transitive sentence are marked in the same way, can be observed in certain cases: namely, in remote past clauses and ‘potential participant’ nominalizations. When the remote past form of a verb is used, the subject of a transitive clause is marked with the postposition _:ja; the subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitive sentences are both unmarked. The first example below shows the marking of the transitive subject and the second shows the lack of marking of an intransitive subject: 3534:

subjects of transitive sentences, subjects of intransitive sentences, and objects are all marked differently, also exist in Tiriyó. Certain tenses even have more than one pattern at a time; one hypothesis to explain these variations is that the language's case marking patterns are “fossil remnants of older constructions”. In other words, the different constructions within each pattern are linked because of the history of the language, not because of their meaning.

391:. This documentation began in 1993 under Dr. Spike Gildea's Northern Brazilian Cariban Languages Documentation Project, and continued through 1999. Meira's documentation included specific focus on stress patterns, contrastive demonstratives, and locative postpositions. There have been relatively few ethnographic studies on the Tiriyó, with the exception of the works by missionary Protasio Frikel and English anthropologist 395:. Between the 1950s and 1970s, Frikel wrote seven works (Frikel 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961a,b, 1964, 1971, 1973) relating to the Tiriyó. Rivière has published a number of works (Rivière 1963, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1981a,b, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1994, 1995a,b, 2000) beginning in 1963, notably Marriage Among the Trio. In his writing, he addresses errors made by Frikel. 371:. It also provides a list of words commonly borrowed into Tiriyó, and a preliminary English-Tiriyó dictionary. Eithne Carlin has also written a descriptive grammar of Tiriyó, that focuses on Tiriyó as spoken by people in Suriname. Carlin has also published other works about Tiriyó (Carlin 1997, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2011), primarily concerned with semantics and 2985:

These groups (non-possessed, possessed) are not the majority. Most nouns in Tiriyó are optionally possessible, but to different degrees. Some nouns are usually possessed, others rarely. For example, body parts are optionally possessible- but in actuality they are almost always possessed. From Meira's

347:

in 1882, consisting of 31 entries including two sentences in Ndyuka-Tiriyó, a pidgin language. In 1909, Claudius Henricus De Goeje wrote a short grammar of Tiriyó alongside a longer wordlist of around 500 entries that he had published previously in 1904. In-depth linguistic studies of Tiriyó were not

4118:

In present and future tenses, Tiriyó distinguish between things the speaker is certain of and things they are not. This distinction, represented as suffixes –e for certainty and –ne or –nɛ for doubt, is not present in collective forms. To use the certain form, a speaker must have absolute confidence

2543:

follows; as well, it does not have a derived collective form (instead, kɨmɛnjamo and anja are used). Anja is similar to third person pronouns, but is not affected by any of the semantic features that affect the rest of the third-person pronouns; thus, it is listed separately. Examples to illustrate:

430:

Demographically, H-Tiriyó is the most important dialect (~ 60% of the speakers). It is the dialect spoken in the village of Kwamalasamutu, Suriname, and in the villages along the Western Paru river (Tawainen or Missão Tiriós, Kaikui Tëpu, Santo Antônio) and also along the Marapi river (Kuxare, Yawa,

3546:. The non-factual mood contains hypotheticals, incredulatives, and admonitives. The factual mood contains past, present, and future events, but does not imply that the speaker is necessarily certain that an event will occur or has occurred. The tenses of Tiriyó, past; present; and future, have both 3533:

According to Sergio Meira, two other forms of case agreement exist in the language. ‘Split-S systems’, where the subjects of intransitive verbs are sometimes marked the same way as the subjects of transitive ones, but sometimes are marked with objects instead, exist. Tripartite constructions, where

1658:

Internal reduplication affects the interior of a word. In most cases, it can be seen as affecting the stem prior to the addition of person- or voice-marking prefixes; in some cases, however, it affects some pre-stem material as well (cf. the table below, in which '+' signs separate affixes from the

1577:

reduplication. External reduplication is a regular process that copies the first two moras of a complete word (i.e., the first two syllables if they are light, or the first syllable if it is heavy). Coda consonants are not reduplicated: the preceding vowel is copied as long (i.e. as a VV sequence).

3429:

are also found throughout the language; notable examples are object-verb order sentences when the transitive subject or object are in third person, negative, supine, and habitual past form phrases. In all the above, the subjects of transitive and intransitive sentences pattern together, while the

2981:

terms, generic nouns, some nominalizations, and some unclassified nouns. The nominalizations are specific infinitives and “actual” Agents and Objects. The unclassified nouns are a small group: arɨ (“leaf, contents”); eperu (“fruit”); epɨ (“tree, plant”); enɨ (“container”); jo(mɨ) (“wrapping”); po

2936:

Possession in Tiriyó is denoted by the addition of a prefix that expresses the person of the possessor and a suffix that indicates possession to the stem of the noun being possessed. This suffix takes one of three forms: -ri, -hpɛ, or –ø. Nouns in Tiriyó, like in all languages, can be classified

3617:

The past imperfective (-(ja)kɛ(ne)), on the other hand, describes an unbounded event in the past, usually a habitual action. It is increasingly rare. Meira found in 1999 that many speakers characterize it as “old people’s language”, and do not believe it is commonly used among younger speakers.

2283:. Tiriyó has a wide variety of adverbial forms, and a variety of postpositions including directional, locative, perlative, relational, and experiencer. These mark for person and number. Interrogatives in Tiriyó consist of nominal, non-spatial adverbial, and spatial adverbial interrogatives. 2944:. These nominalizations are: “potential” Agents, Objects, and Subjects; generic infinitives; and adverbial nominalizers. This means that to indicate possession of an animal one must use indirect possession, where the inflection is not applied to the animal name, but to a generic noun. 1513:) syllables, except for the last syllable, which is extrametric, i.e. never forms a foot. This would explain the lack of stress in bisyllabic words: an initial light syllable, left alone by the extrametricity of the final syllable, cannot form a foot by itself and remains unstressed. 3951:

Perfect and imperfect in the future are used to distinguish actions that have a limited duration and actions that are not limited. The future imperfect (-ta-e, -ta-(ne)) is the more common form, and is used to express a potential future action that does not have durational limits.

427:. The main difference thus far reported is phonological: the different realization of what were (historically) clusters involving /h/ and a stop (see Phonology section below). Grammatical and/or lexical differences may also exist, but the examples thus far produced are disputed. 3310:

of Tiriyó are no exception to this, as they vary considerably and “almost every possible combination of participants is instantiated in some construction”—the best way to describe the language is thus to say that Tiriyo is a complicated ‘split-participant’ system.

2279:, including past possession. Verbs also have derivational morphology. They mark for past, present, and future tense, as well as for certainty, doubt, and non-factual, hypothetical, incredulative, and admonative statements. Imperatives may also be conjugated as a 2074:) and later disappears, causing (when possible) the compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel (cf. Gildea 1995). Comparative evidence suggests that many, perhaps all, morpheme-internal clusters in the Cariban family were formed as a result of this process. 267:. Because Tiriyó is spoken by the entire Tiriyó population, its level of endangerment is low. However, it may be threatened by the presence of a newly installed radar station staffed by a considerable number of non-Indigenous people close to the main village. 3762:

The present imperfective (-(ja)-e, -(ja)-(nɛ)) is used to express ongoing progressive, habitual, or typical actions, as well as “general truths”. It can also be used to talk about the immediate future, although this is not its most common use.

2859:

begin with the letter ‘a’, similar to ‘wh-words’ in English. The only exceptions, ‘eeke’ and ‘eekanmao’ (‘how’ and ‘when’, respectively) come from an earlier ‘aeke’. They are also the only words to be affected by the ‘_hpe’ particle, an

4159:

It is important to note that the certainty and doubt forms do not express the source of the information; that is to say, they are not evidentials. They communicate how confident a speaker is in their assessment of a situation.

278:

The modern Tiriyó is formed from various different Indigenous communities; some of these, such as the Aramixó, are mentioned in European writings as early as 1609–1610. Many of the now-Tiriyó groups lived between Brazil and

358:

has conducted a great deal of research into Tiriyó, including in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2005. His descriptive grammar of Tiriyó (1999) was the first major text on the language, and describes aspects of Tiriyó's phonology,

1977:'mouth'). The full form occurs when the following material (affix, stem, clitic) has a consonant cluster, i.e. is CCV-initial (the first consonant resyllabifies as the coda of the reducing syllable), or then starts with 4109:

These phrases have the same functional meaning, and both are acceptable; however using the present imperfective with the particle _pitɛ is more common. This construction is potentially replacing the future perfective.

3138:

Nouns that are usually not possessed include plant names. Similarly to animal names, they may be indirectly possessed by means of a generic noun; however they may also be directly possessed in some cases, for example:

294:

As such, the Tiriyó established contact relatively early with runaway slave groups that settled in the area around the end of the 18th century. They maintained regular commercial relations with one group, the

3562:

The past perfective (-ne) is used to describe past events but does not convey that the events are necessarily relevant to the present. With an adverb, it carries the meaning of referring to a distant past.

1785:

is the process whereby the final syllable of certain morphemes (mostly stems, though also sometimes affixes) is changed depending on the shape of the following element. These morphemes will typically have:

303:

phase,’ wherein newly built airstrips facilitated contact between missionaries and the Tiriyó. These missions tried to concentrate the Tiriyó population in larger villages to more easily convert them to

352:

of Tiriyó in 1965, as did Morgan Jones in 1972. The two dialects of Tiriyó were first described in that work by Jones. A short morphological study by Ruth Wallace was published in 1980.

311:

Today, the Tiriyó have a high degree of independence because their settlements are difficult to access. However, they are interested in reinforcing relationships with the foreign world.

1578:

If a syllable contains two vowels, some (older?) speakers copy both vowels, while other (younger?) speakers copy only the first vowel and lengthen it (i.e. turn it into a VV sequence).

2645:

Third person pronouns are affected by features including visibility, proximity, and animacy. In the following example, ‘who’ is considered animate and ‘what’ is considered inanimate:

4119:

in an event. For example, if there are rainclouds in the sky visible to both speaker and addressee and the speaker would like to say that it will rain, they must use the doubt form.

2937:

according to possessibility. Some nouns may not be possessed, others must always be. These conditions exist along a spectrum, where the majority of nouns are optionally possessible.

4047:

Future perfective is not the only way of representing temporary future events. Speakers of Tiriyó may also use the present imperfective, along with a particle _pitɛ (for a second).

1365:

A non-(C)V syllable anywhere in the word attracts stress (except in the always unstressed final position) and disturbs the pattern, forcing it to restart as if a new word had begun.

291:

allied with the Portuguese. Together, the Portuguese and Oyampi drove these groups westward, and they mingled with the groups that were in the area to form the modern Tiriyó group.

2009:- results, and the length grade in the other cases (the zero grade for verb stems, when no clitics follow). Reducing syllables generally consist of a stop or nasal and the vowels 1469:

above). For these words, an underlying sequence of identical vowels is proposed. Cognate words from related languages provide evidence for this analysis: compare the Tiriyó stem

3051:

Other nouns that are optionally possessible include relational terms, manufactured items, and plant names. Relational terms, like body parts, are almost always possessed, e.g.:

2536:, as well as objects. However, pronouns cannot bear possessive morphology. The first-person pronoun, wɨ(ɨ), is unique in that it has a long vowel sound that is only heard if a 431:

etc.). K-Tiriyó is spoken in the villages along the Eastern Paru river (Mataware, and some people at Bonna) in Brazil, and in the villages of Tepoe and Paloemeu in Suriname.

4000:

The perfect future tense (-(ja)-kɛ(mɨ)) emphasizes that a future event will only last for a short amount of time, and implies that afterwards another event will take place.

4580: 4743: 388: 1546:'I keep going, I always go, I go again and again'); on nouns and adverbials, several examples of an entity, or several instances of a phenomenon (e.g.: 762: 816:

shows a considerable amount of variation. Some speakers have , others have or , or even . The following vowel also influences the pronunciation of

2125:

In Tiriyó, as in most Cariban languages, there is a class of stems which has two forms in different morphosyntactic environments: a form which is

913:, with a weakly realized , while younger H-Tiriyó speakers have ~ (K-Tiriyó speakers have only ); all in all, its status is, however, marginal. 1488:

Since stress depends only on the type and number of syllables, morphological processes that involve syllabic prefixes or suffixes affect stress:

1659:

stem in the first column). In many, but not all, cases, internal reduplication may result from the simplification of external reduplication:

1358:

In (C)V-only words, every second syllable from the beginning of the word is stressed, except the final syllable, which is never stressed (

3892:

The present perfective (ø) expresses an action that has been completed very recently, and is still relevant to the present. For example,

4573: 3076:

The other groups illuminate other parts of the continuum. Manufactured items are found equally in possessed and non-possessed forms.

4363: 4314: 2868:

distinction as certain pronouns; ‘Akɨ’ is similar to the English ‘who,’ but is used to ask about any animate being. To illustrate:

446:

Tiriyó has 7 vowels and 10 consonants, as shown in the chart below. (Orthographic symbols in bold, IPA values in square brackets.)

4736: 520: 205: 5115: 4566: 2064:, leading to the formation of consonant clusters, in which the first element typically 'debuccalizes' to a glottal element ( 4283: 493: 1485:, suggesting a historical process of syllable reduction with subsequent compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. 5120: 731: 540: 191: 743: 483: 31: 5076: 4305:(2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). 260: 243:, the majority of whom are monolingual. Although Tiriyó is the preferred spelling, the Tiriyó refer to themselves as 5125: 4840: 4729: 795: 698: 688: 559: 1766:

There are two general morphophonological processes that have important effects on the shapes of Tiriyó morphemes:

319:

Tiriyó has been classified as belonging to the Taranoan group of the Guianan sub-branch of Cariban, together with

5130: 4473: 2263:

nor highly isolating. Tiriyó exhibits many forms of nominalization that distinguish between potential and actual

783: 4810: 3554:

forms. Non-past tenses (present and future) distinguish between certainty and doubt on the part of the speaker.

4925: 4432: 2276: 503: 360: 215: 1837:, in which the final syllable is dropped, and the preceding vowel is 'compensatorily lengthened' (becomes VV); 1278:), in which case they are realized as long vowels. In this case, no coda consonants are possible (i.e., no *(C 4455: 2260: 710: 435: 327:, in Suriname, the former with a few, and the latter with apparently no, speakers left. Gildea (2012) lists 2533: 2401: 2104: 2070: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1407: 1395: 978: 964: 950: 936: 894: 890: 886: 866: 862: 858: 825: 821: 817: 813: 4826: 4589: 4483:

Gildea, Spike (1995). "A comparative description of syllable reduction in the Cariban language family".

665: 655: 2532:

in Tiriyó: speech act participant pronouns and the third-person pronouns. Pronouns can be subjects of

2272: 5056: 5038: 4975: 4964: 4903: 4760: 4624: 4151: 4039: 3992: 3938: 3884: 3850: 3800: 3749: 3674: 3609: 3480: 3413: 2585: 2540: 1347: 2940:

Nouns that are never possessed include pronouns, proper nouns, human groups, animal names, and some

2157:, and with the non-possessed form (prefixless); all other person-marked forms have the front grade. 5063: 5032: 4995: 4920: 4858: 4833: 4768: 4649: 836: 324: 85: 2616: 4986: 4795: 4538: 4500: 2856: 622: 348:

written until later in the 20th century, when Ernest Migliazza published an investigation of the

130: 5070: 5026: 4882: 4780: 5001: 4931: 4752: 4685: 4639: 4359: 4310: 3547: 2861: 2268: 1981:. The reduced forms occur when this is not the case: the coda grade when a possible cluster - 909:, is stronger and there is no spirantization). Older H-Tiriyó speakers have a fourth cluster 642: 632: 530: 384: 320: 236: 122: 5049: 5043: 4958: 4887: 4815: 4774: 4690: 4634: 4629: 4603: 4530: 4492: 3543: 3307: 3204:

Meira hypothesizes that the continuum of possessibility is structured something as follows:

861:

is the most obvious difference between the two main dialects. K-Tiriyó is a dialect without

627: 392: 372: 240: 95: 1501:

In Hayes' framework, one could argue that stress placement is based on pairs of syllables (

4969: 4892: 4820: 4804: 4785: 4710: 4700: 4675: 4670: 4644: 4619: 3748:

Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 5 word(s) in line 1, 6 word(s) in line 2 (

3426: 2264: 2259:

Tiriyó morphology is in most respects typical of the Cariban family. It is neither highly

1750:

Finally, some cases are idiosyncratic and probably need to be listed independently (e.g.,

1538:(irregularly: not all of them). On verbs, it usually marks iteration or repetition (e.g.: 637: 114: 2056:

Historically, syllable reduction results from the weakening and loss of the high vowels

5096: 5081: 4952: 4897: 4705: 4680: 3868: 2941: 403:

There seem to be two main dialects in the Tiriyó-speaking area, called by Jones (1972)

4127: 4016: 3968: 3915: 3650: 3586: 3447: 183: 5109: 4865: 4542: 4504: 4330: 4309:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. 4302: 3834: 3784: 3386: 3319: 2562: 2488: 2467: 2430: 2420: 1522: 754: 465: 344: 296: 280: 264: 1844:, in which the final syllable is dropped without any changes on the preceding vowel. 4654: 2149:). With nouns, for instance, the back grade occurs with the inclusive (1+2) prefix 355: 305: 17: 1351: 777: 477: 460: 288: 196: 2053:

syllables only reduce stem-initially (and apparently never have a coda grade).

308:, and over time, other Indigenous groups such as the Akuriyó joined them here. 4184: 4179: 4103:'I will go with him for a little while (, and then I will do something else)' 649: 551: 470: 300: 869:, K-Tiriyó shows a VV sequence (realized as a long vowel). In H-Tiriyó, each 3551: 2280: 1535: 1004: 723: 514: 368: 349: 176: 160: 3048:

Only in specific contexts like the case above can they appear unpossessed.

383:

Tiriyó has been partially documented as part of Meira's research with the

167: 4478:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang (Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften). 4036:'I will go and talk (to him) for a minute (, and then I will come back)”' 1000: 223: 211: 71: 56: 4558: 2612: 270:

Ewarhuyana, listed in Campbell (2012), is an alternate name for Tiriyó.

2978: 2865: 2529: 2370: 2365: 682: 284: 219: 81: 915:

The examples in the table below illustrate these various realizations:

3618:

Instead, younger speakers express this state with the habitual past.

3303: 2537: 1461: 846:

has usually no rounding (), and sometimes (especially if followed by

364: 67: 4721: 601:

is usually , but is also heard, especially after a velar consonant;

4534: 4496: 3390: 3382: 3353: 3349: 2907: 2684: 1011: 905:, is weakly realized and spirantizes the following plosive; with 839:() and may have some laterality (); simple taps () are also heard. 1850:

The table below illustrates the various grades of the verb stems

4413:

Wallace, Ruth (1982). "Notas verbais da língua Tiriyó (Karíb)".

3671:‘I stayed/used to stay a long time in my hammock, feeling well.’ 3306:

is the least understood out of all its grammatical aspects. The

1531: 1527: 4725: 4562: 3919: 3576: 3451: 3183: 2621: 2566: 4020: 3904: 3900: 3734: 3700: 3639: 3512: 3493: 3465: 3338: 3159: 3117: 3059: 3006: 2952: 2602: 2598: 2552: 1816:, in which the final syllable is reduced to a coda consonant ( 4521:

Meira, Sérgio (1998). "Rhythmic stress in Tiriyó (Cariban)".

2275:

as well as Circumstance and Event nominalizers. It marks for

1562:'a number of black things' (including also the plural marker 4552:

A reconstruction of Proto-Taranoan: Phonology and Morphology

3590: 3572: 3542:

Verbs in Tiriyó distinguish between factual and non-factual

1667:. (Some examples from Carlin 2004 support this hypothesis.) 2855:

Tiriyó is the only known Cariban language where almost all

3606:‘I grew up in the (no longer extant) village of Tɛpɛpuru.’ 1350:

follows a rhythmic pattern of the kind Hayes (1995) calls

222:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

4024: 3923: 3594: 3455: 2877: 2654: 2625: 2570: 2049:

syllables can also reduce, but with some irregularities;

1372:

Examples (acute accents mark stress, and colons length):

594:) are very close to their usual values in, e.g., Spanish. 1569:

Formally, there are two reduplicative patterns, termed

3430:

object of a transitive sentence patterns differently.

2153:, the third-person coreferential ('reflexive') prefix 1798:, in which the final syllable occurs in its full form; 1554:'painful all over, feeling pain all over one's body'; 1459:

Note that some words apparently follow the opposite -

4381:

Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Antropologia

3302:

Tiriyó belongs to the Cariban language family, whose

259:, exist. The Tiriyó are located on both sides of the 4379:

Migliazza, E. "Notas fonologicas da lingua Tiriyo".

5019: 4985: 4945: 4913: 4875: 4850: 4794: 4759: 4663: 4612: 4596: 190: 174: 158: 153: 111: 101: 91: 77: 63: 51: 39: 3668:3InAna_Temp 1-hammock:Pos_Loc 1SA-Cop-Pst.Ipf well 2897:'Who is this one?', 'What kind of animal is this?' 897:) - has a different realization: , , (i.e., with 4475:A Grammar of Trio: A Cariban Language of Suriname 4358:. Frankfurt am Main, New York, etc.: Peter Lang. 4356:A Grammar of Trio, a Cariban language of Suriname 3746:‘When I was still a child, I used to play a lot.’ 1225:, in which all vowels and all consonants (except 3370:Jaguar 3-voice:Pos REM-hear-REM squirrel.sp_Agt 1473:'bite' with e.g. Waiwai, Katxuyana, Hixkaryana 1166:) occur only word-initially; all vowels except 27:Cariban language of Brazil, Suriname and Guyana 820:: -like realizations are more frequent before 4737: 4574: 4523:International Journal of American Linguistics 4485:International Journal of American Linguistics 343:The first wordlist of Tiriyó was compiled by 8: 3743:child_Attr_Still 1 when a.lot play-Pst.Hab 1 1961:The reducing syllable can be the final one ( 1368:Bisyllabic words do not have obvious stress. 1025:) -- i.e., the possible syllable types are: 1826:if the reducing syllable is not nasal (NV): 4982: 4872: 4744: 4730: 4722: 4581: 4567: 4559: 4460:Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics 389:Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics 36: 4307:The Indigenous Languages of South America 2727:Animate: ‘who?’ (Collective: akɨ-ja(mo)) 1704:'not telling it (despite many requests)' 419:dialects, and by Meira (2000, to appear) 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 3373:‘The squirrel heard the jaguar’s voice.’ 3206: 3141: 3078: 2988: 2977:Nouns that are always possessed include 2712: 2359: 2295: 1860: 1669: 1580: 1374: 1027: 918: 616: 453: 4516:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4415:Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4172: 1969:'to bury/hide O'), or the initial one ( 216:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 3474:Jaguar 3Neg-hear-Neg_1SA-Cop:PRS.PRF 1 608:is usually , but or are also common. 239:language used in everyday life by the 55: 4450: 4448: 4331:Tiriyó - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil 3477:‘I haven't heard the jaguar's voice.’ 2783: 2534:transitive and intransitive sentences 1688:im + ponoo + sewa 7: 4398:Jones, M. (1972). "Trio Phonology". 3740:muremenkɛrɛ wɨ ahtao kutuma emaminae 1270:) can be made of identical vowels (V 1217:The most frequent syllable type is C 1820:if the syllable had a nasal onset, 995:Syllable Structure and Phonotactics 4150:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4038:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3991:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3986:rain 3SA-come-Fut.Ipf-Dbt tomorrow 3937:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3883:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3849:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3799:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3673:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3608:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3479:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 3412:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 2802:an + Simple Spatial Postposition: 2584:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 1732:s + et + ainka 283:until they were driven out by the 25: 4333:. Instituto Socioambiental (ISA). 3603:Tɛpɛpuru-PST_LOC 1SO-grow-PST.PRF 1505:) consisting of either two (C)V ( 794: 782: 761: 742: 730: 709: 697: 687: 664: 654: 558: 539: 529: 519: 502: 492: 482: 4329:Denise Fajardo Grupioni (2005). 3524:‘I used to listen to my father.’ 2864:. ‘Akɨ’ and ‘atɨ’ have the same 3847:'I go walking around every day' 3844:day every 1A-stroll:Prs.Ipf-Cty 434:Tiriyo was also a basis of the 1652:'I pushed it again and again' 1170:are possible in this position. 247:; other variations, including 1: 4093:1SA-go-:Prs.Ipf-Cty_A.little 3367:kaikui i_jomi t-ɛta-e meri_ja 1629:'you kept waking him/her up' 323:(Carijona), in Colombia, and 84:(Baixo Amazonas mesoregion), 2528:There are two categories of 2159: 1414:'you all helped him/her/it' 976: 962: 948: 934: 4033:talk-Prp_Rpt 1SA-go-FUT.PRF 3794:basket 1A-weave-Prs.Ipf-Cty 3665:irɛmao jehkehpo wahkɛn kure 3471:kaikui in-eta-ewa_w-ei (wɨ) 32:Tirio language (New Guinea) 5147: 4354:Carlin, Eithne B. (2004). 2641:'We (excl.) have arrived.' 387:, in conjunction with the 29: 5090: 4145:3AO-come-fut-1pf-Dbt rain 4102: 4059: 4054: 3196:Your cashew (e.g. a tree) 2801: 2778: 2767: 2764: 2745: 2742: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2424: 2369: 2364: 2175: 2172: 2162: 1726:'I hit it several times' 1418: 1391: 760: 729: 202: 44: 4554:. Munich: LINCOM Europa. 4400:Languages of the Guianas 3935:'We have just come back' 3932:1+3_Rpt 3SA-come:PRS.PRF 1744:'I kept running (away)' 1714:'I hit/broke it' (stem: 1692:'not telling it' (stem: 865:; where H-Tiriyó has an 30:Not to be confused with 4472:Carlin, Eithne (2004). 4190:(subscription required) 3989:'It will rain tomorrow' 3881:'I am going to help you 3600:tɛpɛpurunpɛpo janɨhtane 3410:'The tapir ran (away).' 335:as distinct languages. 57:[taɽəːnɔijoːmi] 4550:Meira, Sérgio (2000). 4514:Metrical stress theory 4456:"The Language Archive" 3797:'I am making a basket' 2200:'eye(s)' (in general) 2137:) and a form which is 1429:'you woke him/her up' 1309:'that one (animate)', 1134:Onsetless syllables (V 857:The glottal fricative 261:Brazil-Suriname border 204:This article contains 107:2,100 (2003–2006) 5116:Languages of Suriname 4590:Languages of Suriname 4512:Hayes, Bruce (1995). 4060:Present Imperfective 3878:12AO-help:Prs.Ipf-Cty 3308:case marking patterns 3169:{1-fruit.food cashew} 3145:Indirectly Possessed 2774:‘how many/how much?’ 2356:Third-Person Pronouns 2248:'his/her own eye(s)' 1621:'you woke him/her up' 1558:'(something) black', 1530:(regularly) and also 1453:'you bit him/her/it' 4664:Indigenous languages 4625:Caribbean Hindustani 4148:'The rain will come' 3983:konopo nehtan kokoro 3841:wei wararɛ jurakanae 3407:REM:SA-run-REM tapir 3284:Certain nominalizers 3248:Certain nominalizers 3235:Certain nominalizers 1758:'bitten all over'). 1710:wi + pahka 1542:'I go, I am going', 436:Ndyuka-Tiriyó Pidgin 289:Tupi-Guaranian group 5121:Languages of Brazil 4285:A Grammar of Tiriyo 4114:Certainty and Doubt 3837:-stroll:Prs.Ipf-Cty 3521:1:father hear-Hab 1 3427:Nominative patterns 3422:Nominative Patterns 3148:Directly Possessed 1858:'to bury, hide O'. 1611:'I kept giving it' 1509:) or one non-(C)V ( 1259:'wood, tree, plant' 339:Linguistic Research 86:Sipaliwini District 18:Ewarhuyana language 4613:Regional languages 4282:Meira, S. (1999). 4055:Future Perfective 3787:-weave-Prs.Ipf-Cty 3623:Past Imperfective: 3298:Case and Agreement 3268:Elements of nature 3255:Manufactured items 3162:-fruit.food cashew 2789:‘where? whither?’ 2768:Definite: ‘which?’ 2746:Inanimate: ‘what?’ 1783:Syllable reduction 1778:Syllable reduction 1768:syllable reduction 1526:in Tiriyó affects 1441:'we (I+you) were' 1316:'brother-in-law', 1262:Vowel sequences (V 1214:'bread-like food'. 604:The central vowel 597:The central vowel 5126:Cariban languages 5103: 5102: 5097:extinct languages 5015: 5014: 4941: 4940: 4753:Cariban languages 4719: 4718: 4597:Official language 4188:(18th ed., 2015) 4130:-come-fut-1pf-Dbt 4107: 4106: 4030:ɛturɛɛpa wɨtɛɛkɛn 3971:-come-Fut.Ipf-Dbt 3871:-help:Prs.Ipf-Cty 3860:Immediate Future: 3320:Ergative patterns 3315:Ergative Patterns 3290: 3289: 3202: 3201: 3136: 3135: 3046: 3045: 2853: 2852: 2526: 2525: 2353: 2352: 2252: 2251: 1959: 1958: 1870:Length (VV) Grade 1754:'bitten', 'bit', 1748: 1747: 1656: 1655: 1465:- pattern (e.g., 1457: 1456: 1131: 1130: 992: 991: 809: 808: 800:⟨j⟩ 788:⟨w⟩ 767:⟨r⟩ 748:⟨h⟩ 736:⟨s⟩ 715:⟨k⟩ 703:⟨t⟩ 693:⟨p⟩ 670:⟨n⟩ 660:⟨m⟩ 571: 570: 564:⟨a⟩ 545:⟨o⟩ 535:⟨ë⟩ 525:⟨e⟩ 508:⟨u⟩ 498:⟨ï⟩ 488:⟨i⟩ 385:Leiden University 230: 229: 212:rendering support 208:phonetic symbols. 16:(Redirected from 5138: 4983: 4873: 4851:Venezuelan Carib 4746: 4739: 4732: 4723: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4555: 4546: 4517: 4508: 4479: 4464: 4463: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4351: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4279: 4192: 4191: 4177: 4155: 4129: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4026: 4022: 4018: 3996: 3970: 3942: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3906: 3902: 3888: 3870: 3854: 3836: 3804: 3786: 3753: 3736: 3702: 3692:child_Attr_Still 3678: 3652: 3642:-hammock:Pos_Loc 3641: 3613: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3574: 3514: 3495: 3484: 3467: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3417: 3404:t-eetainka-e pai 3392: 3388: 3384: 3355: 3351: 3340: 3207: 3185: 3172:My cashew (food) 3161: 3142: 3119: 3079: 3061: 3008: 2989: 2954: 2909: 2879: 2713: 2686: 2656: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2600: 2589: 2579:1 1O-see:PRS.PRF 2572: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2431:Visible:Proximal 2360: 2296: 2237:'his/her eye(s)' 2160: 2106: 2072: 1885:'I still told O' 1861: 1854:'to tell O' and 1700:i-mpo-mponoosewa 1670: 1661:impo-imponoosewa 1581: 1560:siki-sikiman-ton 1497: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1409: 1408:/kɨtapotomapone/ 1397: 1375: 1354:. Phonetically: 1028: 980: 966: 952: 938: 919: 896: 892: 888: 868: 864: 860: 854:) some friction 842:The approximant 827: 823: 819: 815: 801: 798: 789: 786: 768: 765: 749: 746: 737: 734: 716: 713: 704: 701: 694: 691: 671: 668: 661: 658: 617: 565: 562: 546: 543: 536: 533: 526: 523: 509: 506: 499: 496: 489: 486: 454: 417:Sipaliwini basin 409:Tapanahoni basin 373:sociolinguistics 186: 170: 163: 135:Tiriyo languages 117: 59: 37: 21: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5086: 5077:Waimirí Atroarí 5011: 4981: 4937: 4926:Mapoyo-Yawarana 4914:Mapoyo–Tamanaku 4909: 4871: 4846: 4790: 4755: 4750: 4720: 4715: 4659: 4608: 4592: 4587: 4549: 4520: 4511: 4482: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4435: 4433:"Eithne Carlin" 4431: 4430: 4426: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4353: 4352: 4337: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4281: 4280: 4195: 4189: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4149: 4140: 4132: 4116: 4085:1SA-go-Fut.Prf 4045: 4037: 4028: 4010: 3998: 3990: 3981: 3973: 3962: 3949: 3944: 3936: 3927: 3909: 3890: 3882: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3848: 3839: 3828: 3820: 3812: 3806: 3798: 3791:tunuku wɨkaajae 3789: 3778: 3770: 3760: 3755: 3747: 3738: 3728: 3720: 3712: 3704: 3694: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3663: 3655: 3644: 3633: 3625: 3615: 3607: 3598: 3580: 3560: 3540: 3531: 3526: 3516: 3506: 3498: 3486: 3478: 3469: 3459: 3443:in-eta-ewa_w-ei 3440: 3424: 3419: 3411: 3402: 3394: 3375: 3365: 3363:squirrel.sp_Agt 3357: 3343: 3332: 3317: 3300: 3295: 3245:Human relations 3198: 3188: 3174: 3164: 3132: 3122: 3108: 3098: 3074: 3064: 3042: 3037:{eye:NPos like} 3032: 3021: 3011: 2975: 2965: 2957: 2942:nominalizations 2934: 2929: 2927:'What is this?' 2919: 2911: 2899: 2889: 2881: 2711: 2706: 2704:'What is that?' 2696: 2688: 2676: 2666: 2658: 2643: 2638:-arrive:PRS.PRF 2637: 2629: 2619: 2606: 2591: 2583: 2574: 2556: 2358: 2294: 2289: 2257: 2168: 2123: 2118: 1946: 1937: 1936:'I will hide O' 1926:'I still hid O' 1895:'I will tell O' 1864:Full (CV) Grade 1825: 1780: 1764: 1762:Morphophonology 1665:impo-mponoosewa 1646: 1519: 1499: 1381:Underlying form 1344: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1230: 1229:) are possible. 1224: 1220: 1186:'his/her eye'; 1171: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1009: 997: 914: 799: 787: 766: 747: 735: 714: 702: 692: 669: 659: 615: 563: 544: 534: 524: 507: 497: 487: 452: 444: 401: 381: 341: 317: 276: 210:Without proper 182: 166: 159: 149: 118: 115:Language family 113: 104: 103:Native speakers 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5144: 5142: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5108: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4547: 4535:10.1086/466366 4529:(4): 352–378. 4518: 4509: 4497:10.1086/466245 4480: 4466: 4465: 4444: 4424: 4405: 4390: 4371: 4364: 4335: 4322: 4315: 4303:Campbell, Lyle 4294: 4193: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4133: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4011: 4003: 4002: 3974: 3963: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3910: 3895: 3894: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3729: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3695: 3687: 3684:Habitual Past: 3682: 3681: 3656: 3645: 3634: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3581: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3529:Other Patterns 3527: 3518:pahko eta-e wɨ 3507: 3499: 3488: 3487: 3460: 3446:3Neg-hear-Neg_ 3441: 3433: 3432: 3423: 3420: 3395: 3377: 3376: 3358: 3344: 3333: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3313: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3258:Cultural items 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3200: 3199: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3134: 3133: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3054: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2986:1999 Grammar: 2958: 2947: 2946: 2933: 2930: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2882: 2871: 2870: 2857:interrogatives 2851: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2826:‘where from?’ 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2710: 2709:Interrogatives 2707: 2701:wh.INAN 3InInv 2689: 2678: 2677: 2674:'Who is that?' 2659: 2648: 2647: 2635: 2615: 2607: 2593: 2592: 2582:'S/he saw me.' 2557: 2547: 2546: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2390:Non-Collective 2387: 2382: 2380:Non-Collective 2377: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302:Non-collective 2300: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2141:-initial (the 2129:-initial (the 2122: 2119: 2076: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1927: 1916: 1915: 1906: 1896: 1886: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1867:Coda (C) Grade 1865: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1827: 1803:reduced grades 1799: 1779: 1776: 1763: 1760: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1740:se-tain-tainka 1737: 1736:'I ran (away)' 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1566:; see below). 1518: 1515: 1490: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1193:'you (sg.)'; 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1007: 996: 993: 990: 989: 986: 984: 981: 975: 974: 971: 969: 967: 961: 960: 957: 955: 953: 947: 946: 943: 941: 939: 933: 932: 929: 926: 923: 917: 916: 885:(historically 855: 840: 829: 812:The fricative 807: 806: 804: 802: 792: 790: 780: 774: 773: 771: 769: 759: 757: 751: 750: 740: 738: 728: 726: 720: 719: 717: 707: 705: 695: 685: 679: 678: 676: 674: 672: 662: 652: 646: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 614: 611: 610: 609: 602: 595: 569: 568: 566: 556: 554: 548: 547: 537: 527: 517: 511: 510: 500: 490: 480: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 451: 448: 443: 440: 400: 397: 380: 377: 340: 337: 316: 315:Classification 313: 275: 272: 228: 227: 214:, you may see 200: 199: 194: 188: 187: 180: 172: 171: 164: 156: 155: 154:Language codes 151: 150: 148: 147: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 141: 121: 119: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 79: 75: 74: 65: 64:Native to 61: 60: 53: 49: 48: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5143: 5132: 5131:Tiriyó people 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946:Guianan Carib 4944: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876:Pemóng–Panare 4874: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4365:3-631-52900-7 4361: 4357: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4316:9783110255133 4312: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4287: 4286: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4142:nehtan konopo 4139: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4111: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3913: 3908: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3584: 3579: 3569: 3568:tɛpɛpurunpɛpo 3564: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3444: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3232:Generic words 3231: 3229:Kinship terms 3228: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3131: 3130:his/her canoe 3128: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030:eye:NPos like 3028: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2982:(“clothes”). 2980: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2924:wh.INAN 3InPx 2922: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2632: 2631:anja ni-tunta 2628: 2610: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2421:Demonstrative 2419: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:polysynthetic 2254: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2224:'our eye(s)' 2223: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2213:'your eye(s)' 2212: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965:'to tell O', 1964: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1679:Reduplication 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1639:'I pushed it' 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1607:weka-wekarama 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1590:Reduplication 1589: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1523:Reduplication 1517:Reduplication 1516: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1489: 1486: 1464: 1463: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419:non-(C)V-only 1417: 1413: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1402:'toucan sp.' 1401: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378:Syllable type 1377: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200:'giant ant'; 1199: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1169: 1133: 1132: 1110: 1096: 1082: 1072: 1071: 1056: 1046: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1013: 1006: 1003:template is ( 1002: 994: 987: 985: 982: 977: 972: 970: 968: 963: 958: 956: 954: 949: 944: 942: 940: 935: 930: 927: 924: 921: 920: 912: 908: 904: 900: 884: 880: 876: 872: 856: 853: 849: 845: 841: 838: 834: 830: 811: 810: 805: 803: 797: 793: 791: 785: 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 770: 764: 758: 756: 753: 752: 745: 741: 739: 733: 727: 725: 722: 721: 718: 712: 708: 706: 700: 696: 690: 686: 684: 681: 680: 677: 675: 673: 667: 663: 657: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 618: 612: 607: 603: 600: 596: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572: 567: 561: 557: 555: 553: 550: 549: 542: 538: 532: 528: 522: 518: 516: 513: 512: 505: 501: 495: 491: 485: 481: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 456: 455: 449: 447: 441: 439: 437: 432: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 398: 396: 394: 393:Peter Rivière 390: 386: 379:Documentation 378: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 353: 351: 346: 345:Jules Crevaux 338: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 314: 312: 309: 307: 302: 298: 292: 290: 286: 282: 281:French Guiana 273: 271: 268: 266: 265:South America 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241:Tiriyó people 238: 234: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 207: 201: 198: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 179: 178: 173: 169: 165: 162: 157: 152: 140: 137: 136: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128: 127:Guianan Carib 126: 125: 124: 120: 116: 110: 106: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 52:Pronunciation 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 19: 5092: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5031: 5020:Unclassified 5006: 4994: 4974: 4957: 4930: 4902: 4864: 4857: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4803: 4773: 4695: 4655:Sranan Tongo 4551: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4459: 4436:. Retrieved 4427: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4355: 4325: 4306: 4297: 4284: 4183: 4175: 4162: 4158: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4108: 4046: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4015: 4012: 4008:talk-Prp_Rpt 4007: 4004: 3999: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3914: 3911: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3726:play-Pst.Hab 3725: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3653:-Cop-Pst.Ipf 3649: 3646: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3585: 3582: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3492: 3489: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3425: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3381: 3379:t-eetainka-e 3378: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3348: 3345: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3318: 3301: 3278:Proper nouns 3203: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3182: 3179: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3085:Unpossessed 3075: 3071: 3069:1-friend:Pos 3068: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2995:Unpossessed 2984: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2967:j-ekɨ tonoro 2966: 2962: 2959: 2951: 2948: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2875: 2872: 2854: 2834:‘where by?’ 2818:‘where to?’ 2810:‘where at?’ 2730:Non-spatial 2703: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2671:wh.AN 3AnInv 2670: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2611: 2608: 2597: 2594: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2561: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2527: 2508: 2487: 2466: 2429: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2292:SAP Pronouns 2258: 2243: 2232: 2219: 2208: 2195: 2184: 2173:FRONT GRADE 2164: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1949: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1890: 1888: 1880: 1878: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1841: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1739: 1731: 1722:wi-pah-pahka 1721: 1715: 1709: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1647: 1642: 1634: 1624: 1616: 1606: 1598: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1521: 1520: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1487: 1460: 1458: 1371: 1359: 1345: 1337:'fish bait'. 1332: 1331: 1330:(tree sp.), 1325: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1295:'your arm', 1290: 1289: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1167: 998: 910: 906: 902: 898: 882: 878: 874: 870: 851: 847: 843: 832: 605: 598: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574:The vowels ( 445: 433: 429: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 402: 382: 356:Sergio Meira 354: 342: 332: 328: 318: 310: 306:Christianity 293: 277: 269: 256: 252: 248: 244: 232: 231: 203: 175: 138: 46:tarëno ijomi 45: 5057:Paravilyana 3929:anjapa nepɨ 3689:muremenkɛrɛ 3631:3InAna_Temp 3213:Very Often 3127:3:canoe:Pos 3062:-friend:Pos 3040:like an eye 3019:His/her eye 2973:My pet bird 2894:wh.AN 3AnPx 2522:mɛkɨja(mo) 2503:ohkɨja(mo) 2305:Collective 2189:'my eye(s)' 2176:BACK GRADE 2135:front grade 1914:'I told O' 1873:Zero Grade 1824:otherwise); 1648:wai-waitëne 1643:waa-waitëne 1625:mee-mempaka 1603:'I gave it' 1552:kuu-kuutuma 1550:'painful', 1498:'my house' 1496:/ji-pakoro/ 1481:, Karihona 1423:/mempakane/ 1396:/amatakana/ 1360:extrametric 1251:'friend!', 959:Brazil nut 922:Proto-form 873:-cluster - 831:The rhotic 778:Approximant 263:in Lowland 218:instead of 5110:Categories 5064:Pawishiana 4859:Tiverikoto 4834:Pimenteira 4769:Hixkaryana 4761:Parukotoan 4650:Saramaccan 4491:: 62–102. 4438:2017-10-17 4185:Ethnologue 4167:References 4075:wɨtɛepitɛ 3875:kokoronmae 3865:kokoronmae 3341:-voice:Pos 3242:Body Parts 3120::canoe:Pos 3103:canoe:Npos 3096:canoe:Npos 3082:Possessed 2992:Possessed 2970:1-pet bird 2932:Possession 2862:indefinite 2797:‘whence?’ 2719:Adverbial 2497:oonito(mo) 2482:mɛɛja(mo) 2476:mɛrɛto(mo) 2455:serɛto(mo) 2445:mɛesa(mo) 2395:Collective 2385:Collective 2338:kɨmɛnjamo 2277:possession 2255:Morphology 2147:back grade 1905:'I told O' 1842:zero grade 1544:wïtë-wïtëe 1536:adverbials 1494:'house' → 1179:'caiman'; 999:The basic 613:Consonants 361:morphology 301:missionary 5095:indicate 4775:Katxúyana 4543:143440293 4505:144099297 4291:(Thesis). 4067:wɨtɛɛkɛn 3831:jurakanae 3810:Habitual: 3583:janɨhtane 3571:Tɛpɛpuru- 3552:imperfect 3072:My friend 3066:ji-pawana 3056:ji-pawana 3016:3:eye:Pos 2516:mɛnto(mo) 2509:Invisible 2439:sento(mo) 2409:irɛto(mo) 2402:Anaphoric 2366:Inanimate 2327:ɛmɛnjamo 2281:hortative 1973:'shoes', 1953:'I hid O' 1945:'I hid O' 1756:tëëkaakae 1477:, Panare 1467:/meekane/ 1447:/meekane/ 1435:/kehtəne/ 1392:(C)V-only 1323:'quiet', 1247:'stone', 1243:'brige', 1239:'gourd', 1235:'house', 928:K-Tiriyó 925:H-Tiriyó 837:retroflex 835:is often 724:Fricative 442:Phonology 369:semantics 350:phonology 177:Glottolog 161:ISO 639-3 92:Ethnicity 5039:Japréria 5002:Karihona 4987:Taranoan 4976:Wayumara 4965:Ye'kuana 4953:Kari'nja 4932:Tamanaku 4904:Purukotó 4796:Pekodian 4686:Mawayana 4640:Javanese 4013:wɨtɛɛkɛn 4005:ɛturɛɛpa 3979:tomorrow 3781:wɨkaajae 3768:Ongoing: 3723:emaminae 3636:jehkehpo 3504:hear-Hab 3275:Pronouns 3193:2-cashew 3166:ji-nnapɨ 3156:ji-nnapɨ 3124:i-kawana 3114:i-kawana 3009::eye:Pos 2921:atɨ serɛ 2842:‘when?’ 2779:Spatial 2757:atɨtoome 2752:‘when?’ 2749:eekanmao 2716:Nominal 2668:akɨ mɛkɨ 2620:-arrive: 2609:ni-tunta 2576:wɨ j-ene 2541:particle 2530:pronouns 2343:1st+3rd 2332:1st+2nd 2287:Pronouns 2192:Non-poss 2167:'eye(s)' 1963:pono(pï) 1852:pono(pï) 1835:VV grade 1796:CV grade 1694:pono(pï) 1599:wekarama 1575:external 1571:internal 1556:sikinman 1492:/pakoro/ 1462:trochaic 1384:Phonetic 1302:'how?', 1255:'s/he', 1207:'wasp'; 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