472:
373:
disciplined religious conversion and institutionalization of
European customs. Aside from being assimilated, the Tupi were found to be of use to the Portuguese, who required laborers for cultivating and shipping their exports. This use in harvesting resources led to their eventual enslavement and in turn, the spread of fatal European diseases on the plantations they worked at. This combination of factors nearly led to their complete annihilation, with the exception of a few isolated communities. The remnants of these tribes are today confined to
460:, Estevão Pinto, Hélène Clastres), many of them dealing directly with indigenous peoples, that point to the direction of anthropophagy being well established as a social and cultural practice. He was particularly criticized for trying to discredit the association of the Tupi with savagery, not by realizing that the Europeans failed to comprehend the meaning of traditional practices such as cannibalism, but by promptly negating their existence altogether.
517:
618:
39:
402:, a German soldier, mariner, and mercenary, traveling to Brazil to seek a fortune, who was captured by the Tupi in 1552. In his account published in 1557, he tells that the Tupi carried him to their village where it was claimed he was to be devoured at the next festivity. There, he allegedly won the friendship of a powerful chief, whom he cured of a disease, and his life was spared.
2015:
151:
275:
146:
550:, the Portuguese colonization was impractical. The number of Portuguese men in Brazil was very small and Portuguese women were even fewer in number. The proliferation of mixed-race people in the wombs of indigenous women provided for the occupation of the territory and the consolidation of the Portuguese presence in the region.
432:, where he claims that when concerning the Tupinambá, "rather than dealing with an instance of serial documentation of cannibalism, we are more likely confronting only one source of dubious testimony which has been incorporated almost verbatim into the written reports of others claiming to be eyewitnesses".
394:
captured from other Tupi tribes were eaten as it was believed by them that this would lead to their strength being absorbed and digested; thus, in fear of absorbing weakness, they chose only to sacrifice warriors perceived to be strong and brave. For the Tupi warriors, even when prisoners, it was a
599:
culture in the interior of Brazil. They acculturated the indigenous tribes who lived in isolation, and took the language of the colonizer, which was not
Portuguese yet, but Nheengatu itself, to the most inhospitable corners of the colony. Nheengatu is still spoken in certain regions of the Amazon,
372:
Upon discovering the existence of the Tupi people, it was assumed by
Portuguese settlers that they lacked any sort of religion, a belief that began the process of assimilating the Tupi to Christianity. The settlers began erecting villages for the Tupi, known as aldeias, with the intention of more
491:
Many indigenous peoples were important for the formation of the
Brazilian people, but the main group was the Tupi. When the Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil in the 16th century, the Tupi were the first indigenous group to have contact with them. Soon, a process of mixing between Portuguese
641:, Brazilian society gradually started to lose its Tupi characteristics. The Portuguese language became dominant and Língua Geral virtually disappeared. The rustic indigenous techniques of production were replaced by European ones, in order to elevate the capacity of
802:
The Tupi people had a great cultural influence on the countries they inhabited. Innumerable people, streets, neighborhoods, cities, rivers, animals, fruits, plants, football clubs, companies in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and
Uruguay are named in Guarani.
1837:
443:
people of the Tupi-Guaraní linguistic and cultural family confirmed that their ancestors had practiced anthropophagical rituals similar to the ones described in the 16th century. Other
Brazilian scholars have criticized Arens for what they perceived as
385:
According to primary source accounts by primarily
European writers, the Tupi were divided into several tribes which would constantly engage in war with each other. In these wars the Tupi would normally try to capture their enemies to kill later in
1953:
1808:
504:
was an old native tradition of incorporating strangers to their community. The
Natives offered the Portuguese an Indigenous girl as wife. Once he agreed, he formed a bond of kinship with all the Natives of the tribe.
1829:
395:
great honor to die valiantly during battle or to display courage during the festivities leading to the sacrifice. The Tupi have also been documented to eat the remains of dead relatives as a form of honoring them.
600:
although the Tupi-speaking
Natives did not live there. The Nheengatu language, as in other regions of the country, was introduced there by Bandeirantes from São Paulo in the 17th century. The way of life of the
492:
settlers and indigenous women started. The
Portuguese colonists rarely brought women, making the native women the "breeding matrix of the Brazilian people". When the first Europeans arrived, the phenomenon of "
1331:
609:
could almost be confused with the Natives. Within the family, only Nheengatu was spoken. Agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering of fruits were also based on indigenous traditions. What differentiated the
1778:
562:
to which they had no resistance or because of slavery, a large population of maternal Tupi ancestry occupied much of Brazilian territory, taking the ancient traditions to several points of the country.
424:
Because our understanding of Tupi cannibalism relies mostly on primary source accounts of primarily European writers, the very existence of cannibalism has been disputed by some in academic circles.
1943:
1800:
2003:
509:, a common practice among South American Indigenous people, was quickly adopted by European settlers. This way, a single European man could have dozens of indigenous wives (
1339:
169:
1,000,000 (historically), Potiguara 10,837, Tupinambá de Olivença 3,000, Tupiniquim 2,630, others extinct as tribes but blood ancestors to Pardo Brazilian population
1714:
286:
first arrived there. In 1500, their population was estimated at 1 million people, nearly equal to the population of Portugal at the time. They were divided into
3226:
1768:
1501:
567:
wrote that the features of the first Brazilians were much more Tupi than Portuguese, and even the language that they spoke was a Tupi-based language, named
3211:
1746:
1996:
3221:
1948:
1629:[The cannibal split in half: perspectives on sacrifice, cannibalism and anthropophagy in tupinological literature] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
1981:
741:. Tupi surnames do exist, but they do not imply any real Tupi ancestry; rather they were adopted as a manner to display Brazilian nationalism.
1832:[The great Guarani Nation, which the Conquest of America did not defeat, so persists its culture, is remembered in a capital street].
3216:
1989:
1690:
1576:
1461:
1428:
1387:
1773:
406:
405:
Cannibalistic rituals among Tupi and other tribes in Brazil decreased steadily after European contact and religious intervention. When
786:
are a different native group that inhabits southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and northern Argentina and speaks the distinct
471:
1830:"La gran Nación Guaraní, a la que la Conquista de América no derrotó pues persiste su cultura, es recordada en una calle capitalina"
1362:
754:
122:
1916:
López Mazz, José M.; López Cabral, Rocío M. (September 2020). "The presence of Guaraní groups in the current Uruguayan territory".
3206:
27:
1630:
60:
418:
374:
103:
2019:
240:
75:
56:
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1706:
693:") – are also derived from the Tupi language. A number of places and cities in modern Brazil are named in Tupi (
1553:
435:
Most Brazilian scholars, however, attest to the cultural centrality of cannibalism in Tupian culture. Anthropologist
259:
236:
2387:
1644:
1509:
2130:
453:
82:
49:
749:
1535:
Staden, Hans. Duas viagens ao Brasil: primeiros registros sobre o Brasil. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 2011, p. 51-52
247:, from about 2,900 years ago the Tupi started to migrate southward and gradually occupied the Atlantic coast of
3067:
2627:
1866:
1736:
1380:
Copy of a Letter of the King of Portugal Sent to the King of Castile Concerning the Voyage and Success of India
248:
1627:"O canibal partido ao meio: Perspectivas de sacrifício, canibalismo e antropofagia na literatura tupinológica"
89:
3231:
2481:
2308:
364:
and many others. There was not a unified Tupi identity despite the fact that they spoke a common language.
3125:
1306:
1241:
1218:
913:
883:
445:
2693:
2397:
1891:[Tupi-Guarani languages and peoples in the sources of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries].
414:
71:
20:
1268:
1253:
1234:
480:
3143:
3063:
2110:
2037:
1211:
787:
646:
580:
476:
1454:
Latin American History and Culture: Encyclopedia of Pre-Colonial Latin America (Prehistory to 1550s)
2856:
2470:
1245:
924:
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and thus a huge number of Indigenous relatives who were induced to work for him, especially to cut
457:
425:
298:
3001:
2851:
1434:
568:
3115:
2951:
2946:
2881:
2407:
2402:
1403:
de la Rosa, Alexandre Coello (2019). "The Marianas as Part of the Universal Christian Project".
1334:[The departure of the Tupi-Guaranis from the Amazon may have occurred 2,900 years ago].
1278:
1065:
1491:
Darcy Ribeiro – O Povo Brasileiro, Vol. 07, 1997 (1997), pp. 28 to 33; 72 to 75 and 95 to 101."
3087:
3079:
3014:
2916:
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2718:
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1457:
1424:
1383:
1358:
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1057:
960:
879:
783:
596:
588:
387:
292:
255:
244:
222:
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was the biggest in the proliferation of Mamelucos, who in the 17th century under the name of
150:
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2906:
2826:
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2736:
2647:
2460:
2417:
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2278:
2243:
1925:
1896:
1605:
1416:
1408:
1226:
449:
263:
145:
614:
from the Tupi was the use of clothes, salt, metal tools, weapons and other European items.
516:
3177:
3156:
2931:
2876:
2670:
2540:
791:
701:
695:
649:
absorbed many words from Tupi. Some examples of Portuguese words that came from Tupi are:
592:
278:
Tupi (violet) and Tupi-Guaraní (pink) languages areas and early probable areas (pink-gray)
3034:
3029:
3019:
2861:
2798:
2361:
572:
316:
243:
in Brazil before its colonization. Scholars believe that while they first settled in the
193:
96:
3024:
2976:
2941:
2896:
2836:
2530:
2507:
2427:
2293:
2258:
2238:
2213:
1741:
1076:
1009:
946:
776:
638:
617:
520:
357:
189:
155:
1438:
3200:
3161:
3039:
2961:
2956:
2921:
2901:
2871:
2866:
2754:
2698:
2675:
2665:
2351:
2313:
2283:
2203:
2178:
2105:
2100:
2072:
1675:
1626:
1312:
1197:
1084:
1029:
989:
894:
813:
576:
564:
436:
1610:
1593:
856:"), Aragua, Taguay, Yaguaratal, Caigua, Carapita, Yaguaracual, Taguapire, Carupano,
290:, each tribe numbering from 300 to 2,000 people. Some examples of these tribes are:
3097:
2971:
2497:
2183:
2173:
2049:
1288:
1184:
1037:
999:
584:
428:
seeks to discredit Staden's and other writers' accounts of cannibalism in his book
410:
341:
210:
2062:
1080:
779:
discovered off the coast of Brazil in 2006 was named in honor of the Tupi people.
417:
in 1541, for instance, he attempted to ban cannibalistic practices in the name of
1156:
439:
who had deeply studied the historical accounts about the Tupi, reported that the
2813:
2685:
2593:
2560:
2476:
2452:
2422:
2288:
2248:
2233:
2193:
2163:
2082:
2067:
1545:
1222:
1202:
1168:
1164:
1136:
1050:
1004:
857:
642:
630:
546:) population was formed, which in fact occupied Brazil. Without the practice of
399:
329:
38:
2981:
2911:
2746:
2728:
2598:
2367:
2341:
2323:
2143:
2057:
1929:
1420:
1412:
1300:
1283:
1230:
1180:
1022:
942:
902:
838:
764:
622:
539:
440:
2512:
2442:
1172:
3009:
2703:
2570:
2550:
2492:
2392:
2228:
2077:
1274:
1106:
1033:
824:
690:
666:
605:
304:
274:
3110:
2886:
2803:
2583:
2377:
2356:
2223:
2148:
1069:
637:
When these areas of large Tupi influence started to be integrated into the
542:
and take it to the ships on the coast. In the process, a large mixed-race (
1889:"Lenguas y pueblos tupí-guaraníes en las fuentes de los siglos xvi y xvii"
1769:"Palavras indígenas nomeiam a maior parte das plantas e animais do Brasil"
1159:, Tatarenda, Saipurú, Capirenda, Itay, Ibamiragera, Carandaytí, Ipaguasú,
2986:
2790:
2657:
2588:
2555:
2487:
2412:
2318:
2268:
2263:
2188:
2158:
2138:
2092:
1652:
1257:
1207:
1160:
1097:
1044:
1016:
872:
543:
524:
506:
310:
283:
1976:
1405:
Gathering Souls: Jesuit Missions and Missionaries in Oceania (1668–1945)
398:
The practice of cannibalism among the Tupi was made famous in Europe by
3133:
2991:
2966:
2603:
2535:
2522:
2465:
2432:
2333:
2298:
2253:
2168:
2120:
2115:
1191:
1152:
1146:
1120:
1061:
995:
974:
953:
906:
846:
713:
707:
559:
391:
353:
333:
2891:
2841:
2502:
2437:
2382:
2372:
2303:
2273:
2208:
2198:
2153:
2023:
2014:
1901:
1888:
1858:
1332:"Saída dos tupi-guaranis da Amazônia pode ter ocorrido há 2.900 anos"
1176:
1091:
968:
935:
853:
830:
682:
674:
558:
Although the Tupi population largely disappeared because of European
361:
349:
2831:
2639:
2545:
2218:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
928:
861:
842:
817:
658:
534:
was used as recruitment of labour. The Portuguese could have many
470:
337:
287:
273:
1130:
769:
345:
282:
The Tupi people inhabited 3/4 of all of Brazil's coast when the
3060:
2775:
2624:
2034:
1985:
1382:(New ed.). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 3–25.
32:
1944:"Seeking the origin of indigenous languages in South America"
1803:[Indigenous names: Know the meaning of these words].
1771:[Indigenous names: Know the meaning of these words].
1707:"Guarani Words in Modern Places: Ibera, Iguazu & Beyond"
1801:"Nomes indígenas: Conheça os significados dessas palavras"
1526:. São Paulo, Associação Editorial Humanitas, 2005. p. 285.
377:
or acculturated to some degree into the dominant society.
262:. Guarani languages are linguistically different from the
1456:(1st ed.). New York City, New York: Facts on File.
595:. They were responsible for the major expansion of the
239:
linguistic families, were one of the largest groups of
1739:[Indigenous languages: rich cultural legacy].
1357:(2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
889:("land of jaguars"), Tuja, Cuyagua, Chivacoa, Urucure
651:
mingau, mirim, soco, cutucar, tiquinho, perereca, tatu
587:, spread throughout the Brazilian territory, from the
1569:
The Man-eating Myth: Anthropology & Anthropophagy
1338:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2008-12-30. Archived from
452:
letters) and historical and anthropological studies (
430:
The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology & Anthropophagy
3170:
3142:
3124:
3096:
3078:
3000:
2812:
2789:
2745:
2727:
2684:
2656:
2638:
2569:
2521:
2451:
2332:
2129:
2091:
2048:
1887:Candela, Guillaume; Melià, Bartomeu (15 May 2015).
1083:("from the rocks"), Yacare, Teranguara, Chachagüí,
653:. The names of several local fauna – such as
500:, "brother in law") began to spread by the colony.
216:
200:
183:
173:
163:
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1674:
1647:[INDIGENOUS NAMES - TUPI & OTHERS].
579:in Brazil until the 18th century. The region of
812:The Tupi people were present in almost all of
1997:
1504:[A German in the Land of Cannibals].
1355:An Atlas and Survey of Latin American History
772:, arguably the best-known lizards of Brazil.
475:A Tupinambá named "Louis Henri", who visited
8:
1142:("plantation of aguai"), Curiyaca, Imambari
138:
19:"Tupis" redirects here. For other uses, see
254:Many Tupi people today are merged with the
3075:
3057:
2786:
2772:
2635:
2621:
2045:
2031:
2004:
1990:
1982:
1353:LaRosa, Michael; Mejia, German R. (2019).
807:Tupi-Guarani placenames in other countries
137:
1900:
1737:"Lenguas indígenas: rico legado cultural"
1651:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from
1625:Moraes, Caléu Nilson (October 24, 2012).
1609:
1508:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from
1032:, since although Suriname is part of the
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
1452:Hawkins, Christina (2017). "Tupinambá".
1075:("fallen fruit or fruit peel"), Acuata,
762:). Its name is also adapted by science:
616:
515:
1323:
1918:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1598:Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais
448:, and for ignoring important sources (
1645:"NOMES INDÍGENAS - TUPI & OUTROS"
1548:[Museum of Art and Origins].
1126:Urcuqui, Timbuyacu, Ambuquí, Timbiré
1079:, Tibacuy, Mocoa, El Jagua, Iguambi,
7:
3227:Indigenous peoples of Eastern Brazil
1028:("down the sea"). (Referring to the
174:Regions with significant populations
61:adding citations to reliable sources
1949:Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
1677:Antônio Carlos Jobim: uma biografia
934:("Extremity, tip, end or border"),
748:tribe is fictitiously portrayed in
3212:Indigenous culture of the Americas
1594:"Diários índios: Os Urubus-Kaapor"
871:("small town"), Uracoa, Aragüita,
677:") – and flora – e.g.
26:For the Brazilian rugby side, see
14:
1502:"Um alemão na Terra dos Canibais"
981:("barrier of the brave") Iguapa
755:How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman
3222:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
2013:
1893:Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez
1735:Pazmino, Patricia (2015-01-29).
1673:Sérgio Cabral (1 January 1997).
1633:from the original on 2023-07-17.
1556:from the original on 2022-08-12.
1040:, in the South Atlantic Ocean).
919:("crown-like or crown-shaped").
149:
144:
37:
28:Brazil national rugby union team
1956:from the original on 2023-06-16
1869:from the original on 2023-09-21
1840:from the original on 2023-09-24
1811:from the original on 2020-11-14
1781:from the original on 2021-02-27
1767:Franzin, Adriana (2015-10-29).
1749:from the original on 2015-08-24
1717:from the original on 2021-01-19
1611:10.1590/S0102-69091998000100017
48:needs additional citations for
1229:("beautiful watering place"),
760:Como Era Gostoso o Meu Francês
1:
1774:Empresa Brasil de Comunicação
897:"), Mucuragua, Cuara, Tucani
206:
3217:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
1895:(in Spanish) (45–1): 57–76.
790:, but these are in the same
1807:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
1777:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
1571:. Oxford University Press.
1552:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
901:("small toucan"), Jacuque,
16:Indigenous people of Brazil
3248:
3062:Indigenous peoples of the
2777:Indigenous peoples of the
2626:Indigenous peoples of the
2036:Indigenous peoples of the
1836:(in Spanish). 2022-10-20.
1681:. Lumiar Editora. p.
1378:Pacifi, Sergio J. (1955).
179:Central and Coastal Brazil
25:
18:
3074:
3056:
2785:
2771:
2634:
2620:
2044:
2030:
1930:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101193
1799:Bidu, João (2020-11-11).
1546:"Museu de Arte e Origens"
1524:O apetite da antropologia
1413:10.1163/9789004394872_002
750:Nelson Pereira dos Santos
527:) woman (circa 1641–1644)
221:
205:
188:
178:
168:
143:
1506:revistadehistoria.com.br
1407:. Brill. pp. 9–17.
927:with Tupi-origin names;
717:). Anthroponyms include
3207:Ethnic groups in Brazil
1592:Mindlin, Betty (1998).
1336:portalsorocabano.com.br
867:("all streams"), Tabay
235:, a subdivision of the
196:, much later Portuguese
158:'s painting of the Tupi
1439:10.1163/j.ctv2gjx0d5.5
1307:De Gestis Mendi de Saa
752:' satirical 1971 film
634:
528:
488:
485:Histoire de la mission
446:historical negationism
375:indigenous territories
328:. The Tupi were adept
279:
260:Tupi–Guarani languages
1101:ypetĩ ("duck's beak")
620:
519:
479:in Paris in 1613, in
474:
368:European colonization
277:
217:Related ethnic groups
1087:, Catambuco, Aguayo
647:Brazilian Portuguese
57:improve this article
2779:Central-West Region
1977:Portugal in America
1861:[History].
1263:Notable Tupi people
1238:Sarãndy del Árape'y
914:Paraguaná Peninsula
912:("Falcon"), Aguay,
775:The large offshore
554:Influence in Brazil
496:" (from Portuguese
458:Florestan Fernandes
140:
3002:Mato Grosso do Sul
2020:Indigenous peoples
1567:Arens, W. (1980).
1421:20.500.12657/53792
1269:Catarina Paraguaçu
1235:Sarandí del Arapey
837:("the hole of the
635:
529:
489:
481:Claude d'Abbeville
454:Viveiros de Castro
280:
241:indigenous peoples
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3068:Southeast Regions
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
1692:978-85-85426-42-2
1649:melhornome.com.br
1578:978-0-19-502793-8
1463:978-1-4381-6344-4
1430:978-90-04-39485-8
1389:978-1-4529-3685-7
1246:daily tasks river
1233:, Yacuy (Salto),
1058:Mauritia flexuosa
1036:, it is near the
925:Venezuelan states
788:Guaraní languages
665:("South American
589:Amazon rainforest
419:the King of Spain
245:Amazon rainforest
229:
228:
133:
132:
125:
107:
3239:
3076:
3058:
2787:
2773:
2636:
2628:Northeast Region
2622:
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2017:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
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1934:
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1907:
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1904:
1902:10.4000/mcv.6129
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1522:Agnolin, Adone.
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523:: a mixed-race (
464:Race-mixing and
330:agriculturalists
264:Tupian languages
249:Southeast Brazil
164:Total population
153:
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128:
121:
117:
114:
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65:
41:
33:
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2012:
2010:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1957:
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1915:
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1910:
1886:
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1872:
1870:
1863:misiones.tur.ar
1857:
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1377:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1297:
1279:Niterói, Brazil
1265:
1227:Balneario Iporá
1195:
1150:
1134:
1124:
1116:("fruit tree")
1110:
1095:
1048:
1020:
993:
972:
828:
800:
792:language family
702:Pindamonhangaba
696:Itaquaquecetuba
591:to the extreme
556:
469:
383:
370:
272:
159:
136:
129:
118:
112:
109:
66:
64:
54:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3126:Santa Catarina
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3119:
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3108:
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3094:
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3080:Espírito Santo
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3015:Guarani-Kaiowá
3012:
3006:
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2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
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2942:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
2939:
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2719:Gavião-Pykobjê
2716:
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2508:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
2505:
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2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1971:External links
1969:
1967:
1966:
1952:. 2023-06-15.
1935:
1908:
1879:
1865:(in Spanish).
1850:
1821:
1791:
1759:
1745:(in Spanish).
1742:Deutsche Welle
1727:
1713:. 2017-11-01.
1698:
1691:
1665:
1636:
1617:
1584:
1577:
1559:
1537:
1528:
1515:
1512:on 2016-10-30.
1493:
1469:
1462:
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1370:
1363:
1345:
1342:on 2011-10-07.
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1250:Sarandí Grande
1212:Sarandí del Yí
1210:("worn out"),
1194:
1189:
1149:
1144:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1047:
1042:
1019:
1014:
992:
987:
985:("all coves")
971:
966:
965:
964:
827:
822:
799:
796:
777:Tupi oil field
768:is a genus of
639:market economy
555:
552:
521:Albert Eckhout
468:
462:
415:Santa Catarina
407:Cabeza de Vaca
382:
379:
369:
366:
342:sweet potatoes
271:
268:
258:, forming the
256:Guaraní people
227:
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190:Tupi languages
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2312:
2310:
2309:White Indians
2307:
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2029:
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2021:
2016:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
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1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
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1669:
1666:
1655:on 2009-04-27
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1364:9781138089068
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1313:Tupi language
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:, founder of
1276:
1273:
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1259:
1255:
1251:
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1243:
1239:
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1220:
1216:
1215:Sarãndy del Y
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:, Paraimiri,
1154:
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1143:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1127:
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1119:
1117:
1115:
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1103:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1085:Puente Aranda
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:Caribbean Sea
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1010:chili pepper"
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
991:
990:French Guiana
988:
986:
984:
980:
979:Karia'y kaysa
976:
970:
967:
962:
958:
955:
952:("Dolphin"),
951:
948:
944:
941:("The macaws
940:
937:
933:
930:
926:
922:
921:
920:
918:
915:
911:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:Burrowing owl
892:
888:
885:
882:"), Guarapo,
881:
877:
874:
870:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
826:
823:
821:
819:
815:
814:South America
810:
808:
804:
797:
795:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
773:
771:
767:
766:
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672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
613:
612:Old Paulistas
608:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:lingua franca
574:
570:
566:
565:Darcy Ribeiro
561:
553:
551:
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545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
522:
518:
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486:
482:
478:
473:
467:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
438:
437:Darcy Ribeiro
433:
431:
427:
426:William Arens
422:
420:
416:
413:, arrived in
412:
408:
403:
401:
396:
393:
390:rituals. The
389:
388:cannibalistic
380:
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116:
113:November 2010
105:
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88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
72:"Tupi people"
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
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3098:Minas Gerais
2857:Enawene Nawe
2799:Avá-Canoeiro
2408:Suruí (Pará)
2038:North Region
1958:. Retrieved
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1157:Itaimbeguasu
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1038:Amazon Delta
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1002:of the name
1000:francization
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585:Bandeirantes
573:Língua Geral
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411:conquistador
409:, a Spanish
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332:; they grew
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253:
237:Tupi-Guarani
232:
230:
211:Christianity
194:língua geral
135:Ethnic group
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
3232:Tupí people
2852:Cinta Larga
2814:Mato Grosso
2477:Cinta Larga
2249:Pira-tapuya
2239:Parintintín
1271:, 1528—1586
977:, Kariakay
884:Chaguaramas
880:red lobster
858:Yaguaraparo
850:Mbarakaja'y
643:exportation
400:Hans Staden
381:Cannibalism
233:Tupi people
3201:Categories
3171:Widespread
3088:Tupiniquim
2982:Yawalapiti
2917:Nambikwara
2847:Chiquitano
2747:Pernambuco
2484:(Rondônia)
2473:(Rondônia)
1960:2023-06-15
1924:: 101193.
1873:2023-01-01
1859:"Historia"
1844:2022-10-20
1815:2020-11-11
1785:2015-10-29
1753:2015-01-29
1721:2017-11-01
1659:2009-06-10
1319:References
1301:Cunhambira
1284:Cunhambebe
1203:Pa'i Sandu
1198:Tacuarembó
1173:Kuruguakua
1163:, Timboy,
1054:Mburiti ka
1026:Parama ývo
1023:Paramaribo
959:("falling
957:Jarara kúi
943:Ara (bird)
917:Paragua na
903:Churuguara
860:, Carupe,
839:Ara (bird)
765:Tupinambis
623:Tupiniquim
548:cunhadismo
540:pau-brasil
532:Cunhadismo
502:Cunhadismo
494:cunhadismo
477:Louis XIII
466:Cunhadismo
293:Tupiniquim
284:Portuguese
207:Indigenous
83:newspapers
3144:São Paulo
3010:Chamacoco
2937:Rikbaktsa
2907:Munduruku
2737:Potiguara
2704:Guajajara
2694:Awá-Guajá
2571:Tocantins
2551:Wapishana
2493:Karitiana
2398:Parkatêjê
2393:Munduruku
2388:Kỳikatêjê
2229:Munduruku
2078:Machinere
2063:Asháninka
1550:faperj.br
1275:Arariboia
1254:Ituzaingó
1112:El Aguay
1107:Nicaragua
1034:Caribbean
947:La Guaira
891:Urukure'a
887:Jaguaráma
876:Tuku pytã
833:, Aracua
825:Venezuela
794:as Tupi.
746:Tupinambá
719:Ubirajara
691:pineapple
667:alligator
606:Paulistas
581:São Paulo
569:Nheengatu
536:temericós
511:temericós
305:Potiguara
299:Tupinambá
184:Languages
3178:Kaingang
3157:Kaingang
3116:Xakriabá
2952:Tapirapé
2947:Tapayúna
2882:Kamayurá
2877:Kalapalo
2686:Maranhão
2671:Tabajara
2594:Tapirapé
2561:Ye'kuana
2556:Yanomami
2541:Patamona
2453:Rondônia
2423:Turiwára
2403:Parakanã
2319:Yanomami
2289:Turiwára
2269:Tenharim
2189:Jamamadi
2159:Barasana
2139:Amahuaca
2131:Amazonas
2111:Karipuna
2083:Yaminawá
2068:Kaxinawá
1954:Archived
1867:Archived
1838:Archived
1809:Archived
1779:Archived
1747:Archived
1715:Archived
1631:Archived
1554:Archived
1295:See also
1208:Chapicuy
1169:Urubichá
1165:Caraparí
1140:Aguai'ty
1137:Aguaytía
1051:Buriticá
1045:Colombia
1017:Suriname
961:jararaca
950:Guayraka
873:Tucupita
679:mandioca
631:Brasília
560:diseases
544:mameluco
525:Mameluco
507:Polygyny
392:warriors
322:Temiminó
311:Tabajara
209:, later
201:Religion
192:, later
3134:Xokleng
3025:Kadiweu
2977:Xavante
2967:Umutina
2912:Nahukuá
2897:Kuikuro
2837:Bakairi
2729:Paraíba
2714:Krĩkatí
2709:Ka'apor
2604:Xerente
2599:Xambioá
2579:Apinajé
2536:Macushi
2531:Akawaio
2523:Roraima
2466:Akuntsu
2433:Wayampi
2428:Wai-wai
2368:Araweté
2342:Amanayé
2324:Zuruahã
2299:Wayampi
2294:Wai-wai
2259:Tariana
2254:Siriano
2169:Cambeba
2144:Apurinã
2121:Wayampi
2116:Palikur
2058:Apurinã
1244:of the
1231:El Ombú
1221:of the
1192:Uruguay
1185:Rogagua
1181:Yaguarú
1153:Yacuiba
1147:Bolivia
1121:Ecuador
1062:Ituango
1056:("from
1008:("mean
996:Cayenne
975:Arakaka
954:Yaracuy
939:Ara gua
910:Taguato
907:Tacuato
847:Maracay
835:Ara kua
784:Guaraní
739:Janaína
731:Jussara
723:Ubiratã
714:Ipanema
708:Caruaru
687:abacaxi
685:") and
627:Cacique
625:chief (
597:Iberian
498:cunhado
441:Ka'apor
354:tobacco
350:peanuts
334:cassava
326:Tamoios
270:History
225:tribes
223:Guaraní
97:scholar
3162:Terena
3152:Aimoré
3111:Kaxixó
3106:Aimoré
3040:Terena
2962:Trumai
2957:Terena
2932:Paresi
2927:Panará
2922:Paiter
2902:Matipu
2892:Kayapo
2887:Karajá
2872:Kaiabi
2867:Ikpeng
2842:Bororo
2827:Apiacá
2822:Aimoré
2804:Karajá
2755:Xukuru
2699:Canela
2676:Tapeba
2666:Kiriri
2648:Pataxó
2584:Karajá
2503:Paiter
2482:Gavião
2461:Aikanã
2438:Wayana
2418:Tiriyó
2383:Kayapo
2378:Karajá
2373:Atikum
2364:(Pará)
2357:Apiacá
2352:Aparai
2347:Anambé
2314:Witoto
2304:Wayana
2284:Tucano
2279:Tiriyó
2274:Ticuna
2244:Pirahã
2224:Matsés
2209:Macuna
2204:Kulina
2199:Korubo
2154:Baniwa
2149:Banawá
2106:Kalina
2101:Aparai
2073:Kulina
2024:Brazil
1689:
1604:(36).
1575:
1460:
1437:
1427:
1386:
1361:
1242:bushes
1219:bushes
1177:Guanay
1092:Panama
1081:Itagüí
1077:Arauca
1073:yvakue
1070:Ibagué
998:, the
983:Yguapa
969:Guyana
936:Aragua
899:Tukã'í
869:Táva'í
854:kitten
831:Cabure
798:Legacy
735:Jurema
683:manioc
675:toucan
671:tucano
663:jacaré
633:, 2007
450:Jesuit
362:cotton
358:squash
317:Caetés
288:tribes
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
3064:South
3035:Ofayé
3030:Mbayá
3020:Guató
2987:Yudjá
2972:Wauja
2862:Guató
2832:Aweti
2791:Goiás
2658:Ceará
2640:Bahia
2589:Krahô
2546:Pemon
2513:Wari’
2498:Kwaza
2488:Kanoê
2471:Arara
2413:Tembé
2362:Arara
2264:Tembé
2219:Matis
2184:Hupda
2174:Cubeo
2093:Amapá
1435:JSTOR
1258:Aiguá
1161:Abapó
1114:Aguai
1098:Ipetí
1005:Kỹiña
932:Apyre
929:Apure
865:Yrapa
862:Irapa
843:Cagua
841:") ,
818:Chile
770:tegus
727:Moema
659:macaw
655:arara
629:) in
593:South
346:beans
104:JSTOR
90:books
3066:and
2992:Zoró
2443:Zo'é
2334:Pará
2234:Mura
2214:Mawé
2194:Juma
2164:Bora
2050:Acre
1687:ISBN
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1458:ISBN
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1384:ISBN
1359:ISBN
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1183:and
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1066:Apía
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782:The
744:The
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575:, a
338:corn
231:The
139:Tupi
76:news
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