381:, as president of government (prime minister), with the Progressives forming the core of his parliamentary support. However, the Queen Regent's refusal to issue a constitutional charter recognising the principle of national sovereignty alienated the Progressives. They insisted on a return to the Constitution of 1812, or the drafting of a more progressive constitution.
326:
Ferdinand VII died in 1833, succeeded by his daughter Isabel II. Isabel's young age allowed a series of regents to pivot the monarchy in a new direction; this came at a time when several
European monarchies were undergoing internal conservative-liberal democratisation: the Isabelline period fell into
388:
and accede to the demands of the
Progressives, who held a majority in congress. The result was the Constitution of 1837, a compromise between the two liberal parties, the more radical Progressives and the more conservative Moderates. This constitution upheld several of the fundamental principles of
255:
The group's social base consisted of the urban middle classes, as well as a large portion of the new generation of military officers that had been produced by the War of
Independence. This latter group, of middling to humble social origins and influenced by the ideas of the French Revolution, had a
472:
This realignment of parties brought political instability. As the
Moderates veered to the right over the 1840s, the Democrats and Progressives pressed for a change in government. A revolution in 1852, mirroring those elsewhere in Europe in 1848, backed by the progressive general Espartero and the
437:
The
Democratic Progressive Party (more formally, the Democratic Progressive Party) was formed in 1849 by the left-wing Progressives. These had long been demanding a root-and-branch institutional reform of the Isabelline Monarchy. In 1848 were inspired by the example of the proclamation of the
425:
united with the
Moderates to oust him. Relations between the two liberal parties had soured, leading the Moderates to turn to the absolutists for support, and draft a distinctly more conservative constitution in 1845. This sparked fears that the Progressives would henceforth be excluded from
357:
The
Progressive Party ended up as one of the two main Spanish political parties between 1834 and 1870, alternating in power with the more conservative, but still liberal, Moderate Party. This rapprochement between the radical-liberal and conservative-liberal traditions was facilitated by the
416:
By 1840 relations between the radical-liberal and conservative-liberal groups had soured. A reform of local administration by one
Moderate government, seen as a power-grab by the Progressive deputies, prompted the latter to walk out of parliament and demand that the widely popular war hero
188:
They rejected the
Moderates' compromises with the absolute monarchy, in favour of a new regime with greater progressive and democratic content than the Constitution of 1812. Because they sought a brand new constitution for the year 1820 they were labelled
197:
than the
Moderates, hoping to transform society and culture with Enlightenment values rather than merely setting out the legal rules for parliamentary government. The Exaltados could thus roughly be thought of as the counterpart of the French Republic's
456:
The Liberal Union was formed (1858) as a synthesis of the various centrist liberal currents to the right of the Democrats. Unlike the republican and universal-suffragist Democrats, the party remnants accepted
480:, O'Donnell gathered to him the moderate elements from the Progressive Party and the liberal elements from the Moderate Party, forming the Liberal Union which dominated Spanish government from 1858 to 1868.
465:; this brought them close to the position of the conservative-liberals on the centrist wing of the Moderate Party. As a result, the centrist wing of both parties merged to form the Liberal Union.
233:
Their legislative programme consisted of measures that would lead to the eradication of institutions associated with the Ancien Regime: the transformation of property from feudal to
108:
But a significant number of Spaniards opposed the Napoleonic regime due to its foreign origins or autocratic nature, while agreeing with some or all of the principles of the
230:. If a new constitution were not possible, they sought to implement to the letter the more transformative elements of the Constitution of 1812, complemented by legislation.
302:. The Exaltados leveraged the situation to have one of their own elected President of Government, Evaristo San Miguel. In response, in 1823 the French absolute monarch
648:
105:
because of its Enlightened direction. Many others opposed it because of both its progressivism and its foreign origins, wishing to restore the absolute monarchy.
488:
By 1863, the radical wing of the Progressive Party had split; by 1888 these had formed the Radical Democratic Party, known informally as the Radical Party.
450:, leaving to form a new party dedicated to these principles. The Democrats considered their new party to be the true heir to the radical tradition of the
290:, they were sidelined for two years by the more socially-conservative liberal Moderates. The Exaltados were brought back to power in July 1822, when the
496:
Before and during the Second Republic, the main political party of the republican left, the Radical Socialist Republican Party, was associated with the
354:
and like-minded radical democrats; by 1836 many, though not all, of them had organised themselves into a more structured entity, the Progressive Party.
222:. In common with Radicals elsewhere, they regarded the Revolution as an ongoing process of permanent progress. In constitutional terms, they envisaged
306:
led an invasion to restore the deposed Ferdinand VII. The restoration of the absolute monarchy led to a ten-year period of repression against the
102:
245:
a particular demand. They sought a three-level educational reform, and a territorial reorganisation into rational provinces on the model of the
678:
268:
421:
be appointed regent to preserve the spirit of the constitution. Espartero's autocratic rule (1840–43) quickly disillusioned them and the
617:
473:
centre-right General O'Donnell brought the Progressives to power; they were ousted in 1854 after a second revolution by O'Donnell.
688:
518:
310:, including the execution of Riego. Chased out of the parliamentary sphere, radical liberals turned to clandestine organisation (
683:
237:
ownership (disentailment of feudal properties, abolition of aristocratic titles). In religious affairs they sought a system of
673:
193:('Supporters of the Constitution of 1820'), though their proposed constitution never materialised. They also sought a more
378:
272:
668:
61:
477:
402:
332:
242:
276:
227:
398:
370:
291:
218:, as well as their concern to revolutionise culture with the values of the Enlightenment within the context of
140:
131:
had time to return to office. In the interim, the various liberal factions organised elections to establish a
458:
223:
215:
167:
163:
45:
41:
447:
439:
264:
128:
81:
303:
299:
175:
117:
394:
384:
In 1837 a revolt by radical military officers prompted Maria Cristina to again appoint a government of
139:, to create a national constitution inspired by Enlightenment and French Revolutionary principles: the
575:
Charles W. Fehrenbach. "Moderados and Exaltados: The Liberal Opposition to Ferdinand VII, 1814-1823."
468:
A small number of Progressives remained loyal to the original party, which faded into insignificance.
347:
132:
170:. As they sought to do so by restoring the suspended Constitution of 1812, they came to be labelled
154:
After the restoration of the absolute monarchy in 1814, the liberal tradition of 1812 split in two:
430:
418:
406:
295:
112:. These became known as the Liberals. They fought not to restore the absolutist and traditionalist
65:
29:
346:
was ended, allowing them to organise themselves into a new political faction. By 1834 the Spanish
642:
462:
443:
287:
246:
77:
37:
21:
136:
609:
603:
174:, or 'Supporters of the Constitution of 1812'. They could be thought of as counterparts to the
613:
194:
109:
69:
366:
movement that opposed parliamentary government and wished to restore the absolute monarchy.
260:
124:
113:
73:
336:
315:
283:
20:('Fanatics' or 'Extremists', in the sense of 'radicals') was the label given to the most
120:: an Enlightened, constitutional and parliamentary regime proper to the Spanish nation.
405:; the radicals compromised on other areas, such as the affirmation of the principle of
363:
662:
410:
328:
25:
588:
I. M. Zavala. "La prensa exaltada en el trienio constitucional: 'El Zurriago'".
219:
98:
93:
517:
María J. Viguera; Helmut Georg Koenigsberger; et al. (February 24, 2019).
234:
635:
Sobre los orígenes del liberalismo histórico consolidado en España, 1835-1840
545:
Oxford History of Modern Europe: The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1845-1918
311:
259:
Among their most prominent members were President of Parliament and General
203:
178:
85:
282:
The Exaltados were particularly prominent at the beginning and end of the
127:
and the troops of the French Empire were expelled before the deposed King
359:
238:
199:
256:
grievance against Ferdinand VII for demobilising them after the war.
91:
The war had therefore divided the country. Some Spaniards, known as
433:
in Europe prompted a shake-up of the Spanish parliamentary system:
44:, it corresponded to the political current known more generally as
33:
116:
but for a political system equivalent to, but separate from, the
484:
The Glorious Revolution (1868) and the First Republic (1870-72)
166:
who sought not to revolutionise society or culture but merely
519:"Spain, the French Invasion and the War of Independence"
492:
Radical Republicanism and the Second Republic (1931-39)
52:
The War of Independence and the Constitution of 1812
36:. Associated with, and at times inspired by, French
226:to a highly restricted role, that of executing the
184:The more hardline liberal faction became known as
429:At this moment of volatility, the example of the
322:The Isabelline Monarchy and the Progressive Party
88:in nature but moderately progressive in content.
560:Letters on the Internal Political State of Spain
547:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 132.
409:, the ceremonial role of the monarchy, and the
286:. After playing an active role in the initial
8:
216:radical and revolutionary form of liberalism
101:or Frenchified, lit. French-like) supported
608:. University of California Press. pp.
647:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
147:The Three Liberal Years (1820-23) and the
342:Under the Regency, the repression of the
577:The Hispanic American Historical Review
509:
640:
463:suffrage restricted to property-owners
123:At the end of the War of Independence
562:. London: Lupton Relfe. p. 192.
7:
605:An Historical Essay on Modern Spain
558:Vaudoncourt, de, Guillaime (1825).
318:by sympathetic military officers.
14:
350:had a sizeable faction of former
267:, the future heads of government
633:Adame de Heu, Wladimiro (1997).
592:, vol. 69, n°3-4, 1967. pp. 384.
442:. They now took a hard-line on
294:was mobilised to suppress the
241:, with the dissolution of the
168:constitutionalise the monarchy
164:socially-conservative liberals
60:emerged following the Spanish
1:
333:Belgian Revolution of 1830-31
327:a similar line as the French
202:faction, or the contemporary
679:Political movements in Spain
407:popular national sovereignty
371:Queen Regent Maria Cristina
214:came from the group's more
705:
564:the exaltados, or jacobins
275:, and the future minister
243:Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
195:root-and-branch revolution
162:(Moderates) were the more
440:Second Republic in France
76:had been replaced with a
523:Encyclopaedia Britannica
403:bill of citizens' rights
64:(1808-1814) against the
689:Radicalism (historical)
459:constitutional monarchy
411:abolition of the Senate
379:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal
273:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal
80:which, inspired by the
684:Republicanism in Spain
637:. Seville. p. 19.
602:Herr, Richard (1974).
277:Antonio Alcalá Galiano
265:Francisco Espoz y Mina
32:in nineteenth-century
674:19th century in Spain
579:50, no. 1 (1970): 52.
224:limiting the monarchy
141:Constitution of Cádiz
28:political current of
543:Taylor, AJP (1966).
348:Congress of Deputies
337:English Great Reform
269:José María Calatrava
133:Constituent assembly
590:Bulletin Hispanique
431:Revolutions of 1848
393:tradition, notably
284:Three Liberal Years
78:Napoleonic monarchy
62:War of Independence
669:Socialism in Spain
478:Revolution of 1854
444:universal suffrage
300:counter-revolution
288:Revolution of 1820
228:will of parliament
419:General Espartero
176:French Republic's
110:French Revolution
70:absolute monarchy
696:
653:
652:
646:
638:
630:
624:
623:
599:
593:
586:
580:
573:
567:
566:
555:
549:
548:
540:
534:
533:
531:
529:
514:
448:republican state
399:National Militia
395:citizens' juries
373:named a veteran
316:pronunciamientos
292:National Militia
125:Joseph Bonaparte
704:
703:
699:
698:
697:
695:
694:
693:
659:
658:
657:
656:
639:
632:
631:
627:
620:
601:
600:
596:
587:
583:
574:
570:
557:
556:
552:
542:
541:
537:
527:
525:
516:
515:
511:
506:
494:
486:
324:
261:Rafael de Riego
158:Those known as
152:
137:Cortes of Cádiz
118:French Republic
54:
12:
11:
5:
702:
700:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
661:
660:
655:
654:
625:
618:
594:
581:
568:
550:
535:
508:
507:
505:
502:
493:
490:
485:
482:
470:
469:
466:
454:
397:, a citizens'
364:ultra-royalist
323:
320:
208:
207:
182:
151:
145:
103:the new regime
53:
50:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
701:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
650:
644:
636:
629:
626:
621:
619:9780520025349
615:
611:
607:
606:
598:
595:
591:
585:
582:
578:
572:
569:
565:
561:
554:
551:
546:
539:
536:
524:
520:
513:
510:
503:
501:
499:
491:
489:
483:
481:
479:
474:
467:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
435:
434:
432:
427:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
358:emergence of
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
331:of 1830, the
330:
329:July Monarchy
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
251:
250:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
201:
196:
192:
191:Veinteañistas
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:
155:
150:
149:Veinteañistas
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:Ferdinand VII
126:
121:
119:
115:
114:Ancien Regime
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
95:
89:
87:
83:
82:Enlightenment
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:French Empire
63:
59:
51:
49:
47:
43:
42:republicanism
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
634:
628:
604:
597:
589:
584:
576:
571:
563:
559:
553:
544:
538:
526:. Retrieved
522:
512:
497:
495:
487:
475:
471:
451:
428:
426:government.
422:
415:
390:
385:
383:
374:
368:
356:
351:
343:
341:
325:
307:
298:' attempted
296:Royal Guards
281:
258:
254:
248:
232:
211:
209:
190:
185:
171:
159:
153:
148:
122:
107:
99:Francophiles
94:afrancesados
92:
90:
57:
55:
17:
15:
500:tradition.
312:carbonarism
304:Louis XVIII
249:départments
220:Romanticism
172:Doceañistas
26:progressive
663:Categories
504:References
476:After the
452:Exaltados.
335:, and the
263:, General
235:capitalist
186:Exaltados.
97:(roughly,
86:autocratic
68:. The old
46:Radicalism
38:Jacobinism
30:liberalism
643:cite book
423:Exaltados
386:Exaltados
352:Exaltados
344:Exaltados
339:of 1832.
308:Exaltados
212:Exaltados
210:The term
206:in Italy.
204:Carbonari
160:Moderados
58:Exaltados
22:left-wing
18:Exaltados
528:March 3,
498:Exaltado
401:, and a
391:Exaltado
375:Exaltado
369:In 1835
181:faction.
179:Girondin
143:(1812).
74:Bourbons
360:Carlism
247:French
239:laicity
200:Jacobin
72:of the
616:
461:and a
446:and a
135:, the
84:, was
610:79–84
362:, an
314:) or
34:Spain
649:link
614:ISBN
530:2019
389:the
271:and
56:The
40:and
16:The
24:or
665::
645:}}
641:{{
612:.
521:.
413:.
377:,
279:.
252:.
48:.
651:)
622:.
532:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.